Theological Cultural 分析 of the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア Movement
"解放する／自由な ソフトウェア" is computer ソフトウェア for which the source code (the 初めの, human-readable form) is 利用できる under 条件 which give you the "freedom to run, copy, 分配する, 熟考する／考慮する, change and 改善する [it]."1 That is to say, "解放する／自由な ソフトウェア is a 事柄 of liberty, not price. To understand the 概念, you should think of 解放する／自由な as in 解放する／自由な speech, not as in 解放する／自由な beer."2 This essay is a theological cultural 分析 of the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア Movement, a group which believes that ソフトウェア freedom is a moral 問題／発行する.
This is in contrast to the 代案／選択肢 Open Source 率先, which also believes that ソフトウェア with these 権利s 大（公）使館員d is good, but for pragmatic 推論する／理由s3 - by virtue of the method of 生産／産物, it has "better 質, higher reliability, more 柔軟性, [and] lower cost."4 This difference is one which 分裂（する）s the ソフトウェア authoring community.5
This essay will first 試みる／企てる to 述べる and understand the Movement on its own 条件, and will then move on to 解釈する／通訳する it in light of the gospel and 供給する a theological critique. In this, it follows Vanhoozer's analytical hermeneutic.6
The World Of The Text
解放する／自由な ソフトウェア is usually developed in an open, collaborative fashion and may 伴う／関わる individuals and companies from all around the world. In 1984, Richard M. Stallman, "the prophet of the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア movement,"7 started a 事業／計画（する） (GNU8) to produce a 完全にする 解放する／自由な operating system. Such a system, under the 指名する Linux or GNU/Linux,9 now 存在するs and is used on millions of computers 世界的な. In 1985, Stallman created the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 創立／基礎 (FSF), a charity to 促進する and manage the 開発 of 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア, and he remains the Movement's central 人物／姿／数字 and philosopher.
The FSF publishes a 鮮明度／定義 of ソフトウェア freedom - any ソフトウェア which is 利用できる with all the freedoms in the 鮮明度／定義 is counted as 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア.10 Stallman has also written the most popular 始める，決める of 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア licensing 条件, the GNU General Public License (GPL),11 which covers most GNU 事業／計画（する） ソフトウェア and nearly two thirds of all 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア.12 The GPL makes sure that, when you receive ソフトウェア under it, you have all the necessary freedoms, and also says that derivative 作品 (modifications and 改良s) you make and 分配する must also be under the GPL - in other words, you cannot take away from others the freedoms you have.13 The opposite of 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア is proprietary ソフトウェア - ソフトウェア owned and controlled by a 選び出す／独身 （独立の）存在.
As 公式文書，認めるd above, Stallman and the FSF see ソフトウェア freedom as an 倫理的な 問題／発行する. He characterises the question of whether to use and develop proprietary ソフトウェア or to work against it as "a stark moral choice,"14 and calls the proprietary ソフトウェア social system "antisocial," "unethical," and "簡単に wrong."15 His 合理的な／理性的な is his belief that "the golden 支配する 要求するs that if I like a program I must 株 it with other people who like it."16 But this is not just a personal opinion - his 見解（をとる） is that "all programmers [借りがある] an 倫理的な 義務 to 尊敬（する）・点 those freedoms for other people."17 He summarises his 動機s thus: "My work on 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア is 動機づけるd by an idealistic goal: spreading freedom and 協調. I want to encourage 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア to spread, 取って代わるing proprietary ソフトウェア that forbids 協調, and thus make our society better."18 This means that proprietary ソフトウェア is "a social problem."19
The World Behind The Text
The origins of the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア Movement are in Stallman's experiences when working at the Massachusetts 学校／設ける of 科学（工学）技術 (MIT) in the 1970s. From the time general-目的 computers were invented, the culture of the 初めの ソフトウェア 'hackers'20 was one of 株ing the ソフトウェア they wrote. However, as new machines arrived in the 早期に 1980s, their ソフトウェア tended no longer to come with source code - and those who had the code had 調印するd 非，不，無-公表，暴露 協定s 約束ing not to give anyone a copy. So the ability for those at MIT to 共同製作する to 改善する the ソフトウェア they used was lost.
Stallman's "stark moral choice" was either to accede to this 開発 and start a career as an author of proprietary ソフトウェア "building 塀で囲むs to divide people," or to 令状 解放する／自由な programs "to make a community possible once again."21 And so he began the work that continues to this day, although he himself spends more time now travelling the world 促進するing the ideas of 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア.
The World In 前線 Of The Text
The 見通し that the Movement commends is one of a world where all 使用者s have the 利益s of freedom for all the ソフトウェア they use. Stallman's essay "Why ソフトウェア Should Not Have Owners" ends like this:
You deserve to be able to 協力する 率直に and 自由に with other people who use ソフトウェア.
You deserve to be able to learn how the ソフトウェア 作品, and to teach your students with it.
You deserve to be able to 雇う your favorite programmer to 直す／買収する，八百長をする it when it breaks.
You deserve 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア.22
From these three points, we can 抽出する three 倫理的な virtues that the movement espouses.
The first is 株ing and 相互の help within a community. Earlier in the essay, he 令状s "above all society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary 協調 in its 国民s."23 Stallman even 延長するs this 原則 as far as breaking the 法律: "If your friend asks to make a copy [of a piece of proprietary ソフトウェア you have], it would be wrong to 辞退する. 協調 is more important than copyright."24
The second is that of self-改良 and education. In this particular 状況／情勢, this is of necessity 制限するd to those who are able to read and understand the source code, although there is an 関わりあい／含蓄 that this is a 技術 which should be more ありふれた than it 現在／一般に is. どこかよそで Stallman 令状s that "the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア community 拒絶するs the '聖職者 of 科学（工学）技術', which keeps the general public in ignorance of how 科学（工学）技術 作品."25
The third is that of 自治 - one should not need to 捜し出す 許可 to make one's own life better. For example, if ソフトウェア is to be adjudged 解放する／自由な, there can be no 制限s on the uses to which it may be put.26 But personal 自治 is not an utter 絶対の; Stallman's licence, the GPL, does 制限する your freedom of 活動／戦闘 in that you may not 行為／法令／行動する in ways which 減ずる the freedom of others.27 This is an idea taken from libertarianism.28 One might also say it 作品 to maximise the 量 of individual 自治 when considering society as a group - a utilitarian 見解（をとる）.29 But 株ing is not 軍隊d - the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア Movement believes in the 権利 to make 私的な modifications to 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア and not 株 them with anyone.30 So this is not 共産主義.
On what basis are these 倫理的な 原則s defined? For Stallman, 良心 and 推論する／理由 are the ultimate moral 当局. He 令状s that "the ultimate basis of my 倫理的な 見解（をとる）s is 簡単に what my 良心 says about 確かな 事例／患者s. I start with those feelings and try to generalize them using induction. I don't have a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 倫理的な axioms, and never did."31
In The Light Of The Gospel
The history that Stallman tells of the genesis of the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア Movement can easily be cast in 創造/落ちる/Redemption 条件.32 初めは, the ソフトウェア ecosystem was created 解放する／自由な, and 使用者s had freedom. Then, the advent of proprietary ソフトウェア took that away (a "落ちる"), and ever since he and the FSF have been working to redeem the world from social 分割 and 回復する 株ing and 協調 to society.
Insofar as this is used as an 倫理的な 創立／基礎, 取って代わるing the true 創造 and 落ちる, it must be recognised as a 誤った story of origins. But what 調印するs of the true 創造 and 落ちる can we see in the Movement, and the three 倫理的な virtues 公式文書，認めるd above?
The first is 株ing and 相互の help within a community, the 願望（する） for which was the 初めの 誘発する／引き起こす. Stallman himself, although an atheist,33 perceives the similarity with Christian social 倫理学. He 示唆するs that Christianity "要求する[s] the freedom to 株 ソフトウェア. How could you 'love thy neighbor as thyself' while 調印 a 契約34 not to 株 something useful with that neighbor?"35
The Bible does have things to say about how we should 株 our 所有／入手s with others. However, before 急ぐing to 適用する these to ソフトウェア, we need to consider whether ソフトウェア and other （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） should rightly be considered as 所有物／資産／財産. ソフトウェア is unique の中で human cultural 創造s in that it 連合させるs the two せいにするs of 機能（する）／行事 (it does something) and 無-cost copyability.36 If one person has useful ソフトウェア to 成し遂げる a 仕事, and 株 it with another, they can also 成し遂げる the same 仕事 at the same time without 奪うing the sharer. 株ing ソフトウェア is not a 無-sum game. In 経済的な 条件, ソフトウェア is a 非，不，無-rivalrous good.37
So when we look at e.g. 2 Corinthians 8:8-15,38 which 抽出するs 原則s of 相互の help based on the 仮定／引き受けること of a 無-sum 交流,39 how do we 適用する it? The answer isn't 全く （疑いを）晴らす but if the 原則 is "that there should be equality" (詩（を作る） 13), this could be seen as an argument for 株ing your ソフトウェア with everyone 平等に.
Of course, if the 願望（する） to help your 隣人 is 支援するd by a 人道主義者の idea of 株d social 進歩 as an ultimate goal, that would be idolatrous. A Christian would also want to 同意しない with the idea that the imperative to 株 ソフトウェア is more important than our 責任／義務 to obey the 治める／統治するing 当局.40
The second 倫理的な virtue is self-改良 and education. 歴史的に, Christian 関与 in education has been 広範囲にわたる, seeing it as "the 養育する and 開発 of man for his proper end."41 Education into a 技術 such as ソフトウェア authorship is only a small part of that, but it is a part. So, going that far, this virtue is an echo of 創造. If it crosses the line into an Enlightenment-style 見解（をとる） of education as the saviour of mankind, it would be a 調印する of the 落ちる.
The third virtue is 自治 - freedom from 支配（する）／統制する by the author of the ソフトウェア. One's 見解（をとる） of this depends on whether one feels that the ソフトウェア author's 当局 is righteous or not. It should be 公式文書，認めるd that the idea that the author of a cultural work has 当局 over how the work can be used and copied is a 比較して 最近の one. Such a 原則 did not enter English 法律 until the 法令 of Anne in 1709, and even then it was "for the 激励 of Learning," not because of some natural (or, as far as I can see, Biblical) authorial 権利.42
A Christian 返答
So how should Christians, as gospel-形態／調整d people, 反応する to 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア, over and above a dispassionate evaluation of its 親族 technical and 機能の 長所s? There are three major and several minor arguments in favour of a 肯定的な 態度, but also some caveats which need to be 注意するd.
The first major argument is the 増加するd ability to help your 隣人, as discussed above. Using 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア puts you in a better position to do this. One 面 of loving your 隣人 is 会合 his needs.43 If you own a copy of BibleWorks (which is proprietary ソフトウェア) and another Christian who would 利益 from it asks you for a copy, you are in a moral 窮地. You are 肉体的に able to help them, but the 協定 you 調印するd with the authors 妨げるs you.
令状ing 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア puts you in an even better position; you are able to create something which, for the same 量 of 成果／努力, can be useful to one person or a million people. The One Laptop Per Child ("$100 Laptop") 事業／計画（する） 目的（とする）s to 演説（する）／住所 全世界の 教育の 不平等; its 目的（とする）s are 意味ありげに 前進するd by its use of 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア.44
A second argument for producing 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア could be made based on God's glory. If Christians produce 広範囲にわたって-used 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア, and make it （疑いを）晴らす that they are doing it (as they do all things) to the glory of God,45 is God not more glorified than if only a few people know of their work?
The third, 関係のある argument is that from the Cultural 委任統治（領）.46 Christians are 命令（する）d to "fill the earth and subdue it," which has been 解釈する／通訳するd more 広範囲にわたって as a 命令（する） to create culture.47 So it's good to 令状 high 質 ソフトウェア, 十分な stop. But if a Christian produces 質 ソフトウェア and makes it 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア, it can be built upon by others, and greater things can be created. So making your ソフトウェア 解放する／自由な better fulfils the Cultural 委任統治（領） than keeping it proprietary.
Other arguments for a 肯定的な 態度:
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Stewardship - using 無-cost ソフトウェア is good stewardship; proprietary ソフトウェア can be 極端に expensive.
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Small 政府 - copyright is not a natural 権利, but an 人工的な 政府-課すd monopoly on copying. Christians who are 懐疑的な of over-reaching 政府 干渉，妨害 may wish to choose ソフトウェア which neuters the copyright monopoly.
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除去するing 誘惑 - proprietary ソフトウェア comes with 制限s on copying, and also いつかs 制限s on use, which Christians might be tempted to break. Also, most people click "受託する" to long and コンビナート／複合体 EULAs without reading them, which is arguably not letting your Yes be Yes.48
On the 消極的な 味方する, Christians must 避ける any idolatries which can easily come 大（公）使館員d to the 原則s of 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア. We must 避ける elevating the 原則 of 株ing into an idolization of human social 進歩, the rightness of self-改良 into an idolization of education, or the usefulness of 自治 into an idolization of freedom. And we must 尊敬（する）・点 the 命令（する） to obey the 治める／統治するing 当局 in 尊敬（する）・点 of not making copies of proprietary ソフトウェア.
So what of the 倫理的な 姿勢 of the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア Movement? Their position can be 分裂（する） into two points - that making and using 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア is an affirmative 倫理的な 義務, and that making and using proprietary ソフトウェア is a 消極的な 倫理的な 義務.49
For a Christian, 消極的な 倫理的な 義務s (those things God forbids us from doing) are 明確に defined by Scripture, and I see no Scriptural basis for 宣言するing that making and using proprietary ソフトウェア is in this 部類. A 解放する／自由な-ソフトウェア-using friend tells of a time when he was creating an evangelistic ちらし. He was unable to get it to print using 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア, so he used some proprietary ソフトウェア to 達成する his goal.50 Was this sinful? If Scripture is silent on the question, the answer must be no - there are no things that God forbids us to do that he has not told us about.51 And if using proprietary ソフトウェア on some occasions is not sinful, then producing it must also be not sinful.
So we cannot go as far as the 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア Movement and say that proprietary ソフトウェア is ethically bad. But if we have all the caveats in place then, for the 推論する／理由s given above, 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア is a 肯定的な social good and, as such, Christians should be encouraged to produce, use and 株 it.
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1 Richard M. Stallman et al., "The 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 鮮明度／定義," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 5 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/解放する／自由な-sw.html. Examples of 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 含む the Firefox web browser, the Linux operating system and the OpenOffice.org office 控訴. Examples of ソフトウェア for which you 現在／一般に don't have these freedoms ("proprietary ソフトウェア") are Microsoft Office, Skype, Google Earth and Mac OS X.
2 Stallman, "The 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 鮮明度／定義," n.p.
3 It is somewhat unusual to have two movements having very different ends but the same means. Political movements 普通は fracture for 正確に the opposite 推論する／理由 - they have the same ends, but 同意しない on the 訂正する means to use to 達成する the end.
4 "Open Source 率先 Home Page," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 15 December 2007]. Online: http://www.opensource.org/.
5 "The [creators of the Open Source 率先] decided it was time to 捨てる the moralizing and confrontational 態度 that had been associated with '解放する／自由な ソフトウェア' in the past and sell the idea 厳密に on the same pragmatic, 商売／仕事-事例／患者 grounds that had 動機づけるd Netscape [to 解放（する） the source code to its web browser]." Michael Tiemann, "History of the OSI," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 15 December 2007]. Online: http://www.opensource.org/history.
6 Kevin J. Vanhoozer, "What is everyday theology?" in Everyday Theology: How to Read Cultural Texts and 解釈する／通訳する 傾向s (ed. Kevin J. Vanhoozer,, Charles A. Anderson, and Michael J. Sleasman; Grand 早いs, Mich.: パン職人 Academic, 2007), 59-60.
7 Tim Berners-物陰／風下, inventor of the World Wide Web, as 特記する／引用するd on the 支援する cover of Richard M. Stallman, 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア, 解放する／自由な Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman (Boston, 集まり.: GNU 圧力（をかける）, 2002).
8 GNU is a recursive acronym standing for "GNU's Not Unix." Unix is an 存在するing family of operating systems with which GNU is 両立できる.
9 There is a 論争 within the community, 関係のある to the giving of appropriate credit, as to what the system should be called. This essay 言及するs to it as Linux for brevity.
10 "解放する／自由な ソフトウェア ... 言及するs to four 肉親，親類d of freedom, for the 使用者s of the ソフトウェア:
- The freedom to run the program, for any 目的 (freedom 0).
- The freedom to 熟考する／考慮する how the program 作品, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). 接近 to the source code is a 必須条件 for this.
- The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
- The freedom to 改善する the program, and 解放（する） your 改良s to the public, so that the whole community 利益s (freedom 3). 接近 to the source code is a 必須条件 for this.
A program is 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア if 使用者s have all of these freedoms." Stallman, "The 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 鮮明度／定義," n.p.
11 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 創立／基礎, Inc., "GNU General Public License 見解／翻訳／版 3," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 15 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html. 公式文書，認める that the American （一定の）期間ing for the noun, "license," 異なるs from the English "licence."
12 64.14%, によれば "freshmeat.逮捕する: 統計（学） and 最高の，を越す 20," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 15 December 2007]. Online: http://freshmeat.逮捕する/stats/#license. freshmeat.逮捕する is a website which 跡をつけるs and 発表するs new 解放（する）s of (at the time of 令状ing) more than 40,000 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 事業／計画（する）s.
13 This 付加 制限 on the licensing of derivative 作品, which is not 要求するd for ソフトウェア to be 解放する／自由な, is called "copyleft." This is because it builds upon but stands in contrast to copyright - copyright takes away your 権利s to 株 and change, while copyleft 活発に 保存するs them.
14 Richard M. Stallman, "The GNU 事業／計画（する）," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 19 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html.
15 Stallman, "The GNU 事業／計画（する）," n.p.
16 Richard M. Stallman, "The GNU Manifesto," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 5 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html.
17 Louis Suarez-Potts, "Interview: Richard M. Stallman," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 15 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html.
18 Richard M. Stallman, "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 5 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html.
19 Richard M. Stallman, "Why '解放する／自由な ソフトウェア' is better than 'Open Source'," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 5 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/解放する／自由な-ソフトウェア-for-freedom.html.
20 Although the word "hacker" today can mean "computer 犯罪の," most of the ソフトウェア community continue to use it in its 初めの sense: "A person who enjoys 調査するing the 詳細（に述べる）s of programmable systems and how to stretch their 能力s, as …に反対するd to most 使用者s, who prefer to learn only the 最小限 necessary." Eric S. Raymond et al., "Hacker," The Jargon とじ込み／提出する 4.7.7, n.p. [特記する／引用するd 15 December 2007]. Online: http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/hacker.html.
21 Stallman, "The GNU 事業／計画（する）," n.p.
22 Richard M. Stallman, "Why ソフトウェア Should Not Have Owners," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 5 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-解放する／自由な.html.
23 Stallman, "Why ソフトウェア Should Not Have Owners," n.p.
24 Stallman, "Why ソフトウェア Should Not Have Owners," n.p.
25 Richard M. Stallman, "Why schools should 排他的に use 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 5 December 2007]. Online: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/schools.html.
26 "The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any 肉親，親類d of person or organization to use it on any 肉親，親類d of computer system, for any 肉親，親類d of 全体にわたる 職業 and 目的." Stallman, "The 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 鮮明度／定義," n.p.
27 "To 保護する your 権利s, we need to 妨げる others from 否定するing you these 権利s or asking you to 降伏する the 権利s. Therefore, you have 確かな 責任／義務s if you 分配する copies of the ソフトウェア, or if you 修正する it: 責任／義務s to 尊敬（する）・点 the freedom of others." "GNU General Public License 見解／翻訳／版 3," n.p.
28 "The libertarian will 強調する the 絶対の value of human freedom, so that any 行為／法令／行動する or lifestyle is permissible as long as it does not 妥協 the freedom of another person or 現実に 害（を与える） them." Peter Jensen, At the Heart of the Universe (Leicester: InterVarsity 圧力（をかける）, 1994), 49-50.
29 "The utilitarian will 強調する the greatest happiness of the greatest number." Jensen, At the Heart of the Universe, 49.
30 "You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them 個人として in your own work or play, without even について言及するing that they 存在する." Stallman, "The 解放する／自由な ソフトウェア 鮮明度／定義," n.p.
31 Richard M. Stallman, personal email communication.
32 As others have noticed: "It's diagnostic that Richard can no longer 解任する with certainty the year or the other person 伴う／関わるd in [a 重要な] 出来事/事件 that 始める，決める him on the path to '解放する／自由な ソフトウェア'. Once the story had been 吸収するd into Richard's personal narrative of prophecy, struggle, and 使節団, the actual time and circumstances of the story became unimportant to him and forgettable." Eric S. Raymond, "A Fan of Freedom," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 19 December 2007]. Online: http://catb.org/~esr/writings/rms-bio.html.
33 "As an Atheist, I don't follow any 宗教的な leaders, but I いつかs find I admire something one of them has said." Stallman, "The GNU 事業／計画（する）," n.p.
34 By "a 契約," he means the End 使用者 Licence 協定s (EULAs) which …を伴って proprietary ソフトウェア, to which you have to agree ーするために use it. Such 協定s 含む／封じ込める 条項s forbidding you from copying ("株ing") the ソフトウェア.
35 Richard M. Stallman, personal email communication.
36 This can be contrasted with e.g. a car or some food, which has 機能（する）／行事 but not 無-cost copyability (if I give my car to you, I no longer have it) and e.g. a novel, which (in electronic form) has 無-cost copyability but no 重要な 機能（する）／行事.
37 A 競争相手 or rivalrous good is one whose 消費 by one person 妨げるs its 消費 by another person. Most goods (e.g. an apple, a 大打撃を与える) are rivalrous. 非，不，無-rivalrous goods (e.g. a scenic 見解（をとる）, the ありふれた 冷淡な, ソフトウェア) may be 消費するd 同時に by any number of people. "競争 (経済的なs)," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 6 January 2008]. Online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivalry_%28economics%29
38 Bible quotations in this essay are from English 基準 見解／翻訳／版 (London: Collins, 2002). The ESV usage 条件 要求する: "Scripture quotations are from the 宗教上の Bible, English 基準 見解／翻訳／版, published by Harper Collins Publishers (C) 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a 分割 of Good News Publishers. Used by 許可. All 権利s reserved."
39 "Our 願望（する） is not that others might be relieved while you are hard 圧力（をかける）d, but that there might be equality. At the 現在の time your plenty will 供給（する） what they need, so that in turn their plenty will 供給（する） what you need." 2 Corinthians 8:13-14.
40 Romans 13:1: "Let every person be 支配する to the 治める／統治するing 当局. For there is no 当局 except from God, and those that 存在する have been 学校／設けるd by God."
41 R. L. Dabney, as 特記する／引用するd in Douglas Wilson, The 事例／患者 for Classical Christian Education (Crossway 調書をとる／予約するs, 2002), 67.
42 "An 行為／法令／行動する for the 激励 of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed 調書をとる／予約するs in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein について言及するd," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 1 January 2008]. Online: http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html.
43 James 2:15-16: "If a brother or sister is 貧しく 着せる／賦与するd and 欠如（する）ing in daily food, and one of you says to them, 'Go in peace, be warmed and filled,' without giving them the things needed for the 団体／死体, what good is that?"
44 "The Laptop will bring children 科学（工学）技術 as means to freedom and empowerment. The success of the 事業／計画（する） in the 直面する of 圧倒的な 全世界の 多様制 will only be possible by embracing 開いていること／寛大 and by 供給するing the laptop's 使用者s and developers a 深遠な level of freedom." Benjamin Mako Hill, "OLPC on 解放する／自由な/open source ソフトウェア," n.p. [特記する／引用するd 1 January 2008]. Online: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_on_open_source_software.
45 1 Corinthians 10:31: "So, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God."
46 Genesis 1:28: "And God said to them, 'Be 実りの多い／有益な and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves on the earth.' "
47 "In Genesis, God gives what we might call the first 職業 description: 'Be 実りの多い／有益な and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it.' The first phrase, 'be 実りの多い／有益な and multiply' means to develop the social world: build families, churches, schools, cities, 政府s, 法律s. The second phrase, 'subdue the earth,' means to harness the natural world: 工場／植物 刈るs, build 橋（渡しをする）s, design computers, compose music. This passage is いつかs called the Cultural 委任統治（領） because it tells us that our 初めの 目的 was to create cultures, build civilizations - nothing いっそう少なく." Nancy Pearcey, Total Truth (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway 調書をとる／予約するs, 2005).
48 Matthew 5:37: "Let what you say be 簡単に 'Yes' or 'No'; anything more than this comes from evil." I am 感謝する to Robert O'Callahan for this point.
49 "The distinction between affirmative and 消極的な 義務s is [that] ... the latter are all 同時に binding on us at all times. It is possible to obey 'do not 殺人' and 'do not commit 姦通' and 'do not have any gods before the Lord' all at the same time. The former need to be ordered and chosen between because it is not possible at one and the same time to 'visit the 囚人', 'evangelize the unreached', 'spend time with your family' and so on. For a given moment you need to choose which affirmative 義務 is binding upon you." David P. Field, personal email communication.
50 David Anderson, personal email communication.
51 To argue さもなければ would be to say that God has filled life with undetectable 耐える-罠（にかける）s, such that we can sin and have no chance of ever knowing it.
初めの URL: http://www.gerv.逮捕する/writings/christianity-and-fsm/tca-fsm.html