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| The Retrocomputing Museum |
The Retrocomputing Museum is 献身的な to programs that induce sensations that hover somewhere between nostalgia and nausea — the freaks, jokes, and 化石s of 計算するing history. Our 展示（する）s 含む many languages, some machine emulators, and a few games.
Most are living history — 環境s that were once important, but are now 単に antiques. A few never 以前 存在するd except as thought 実験s or いたずらs. Most, we hope, 伝える the hacker spirit — and if not that, then at least a hint of what life was like 支援する when programmers were real men and sheep were nervous.
The curators of the Museum are Eric S. Raymond and John Cowan. See Eric's 申し込む／申し出 for more about the 肉親，親類d of things we build and collect.
If you've visited before, check out the what's new section. You, too can 与える／捧げる to the Museum! If you think something belongs here, tell us about it. Take a look at our want 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of things we're looking for. Finally, you can browse a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 関係のある 資源s.
We now carry an 実施 of COMIT, a very 早期に string-過程ing language ancestral to SNOBOL, sed, Perl, and other scripting languages with 正規の／正選手-表現 施設s.
All these 一括s 含む documentation and example programs.
Adventure 鮮明度／定義 Language. Ross Cunniff <cunniff@fc.hp.com> & Tim Brengle, 1987. An adventure language, 半分-反対する-oriented with LISP-like syntax. A superset of the 悪名高い DDL (Dungeon 鮮明度／定義 Language). 利用できる for Unix, MS-DOS, Amiga and Acorn. You can find other adventure-令状ing languages at the Interactive Fiction 古記録.
An interpreter for Algol-60, the ありふれた ancestor of C, Pascal, Algol-68, Modula, Ada, and most other 従来の languages that aren't BASIC, FORTRAN, or COBOL. 正確に 述べるd by Edsger Dijkstra (one of its co-designers) as "a 広大な／多数の／重要な 改良 on many of its 後継者s". This 配当 (which seems to 起こる／始まる here) 含むs TeX source for the Algol 60 報告（する）／憶測. There is a GNU 実施 同様に. More 資源s, 含むing 見本 programs, are 利用できる here.
(Off-場所／位置 link) This page collects 資源s — 実施s, documentation, etc — 関係のある to Algol 68, the most magnificent combination of theoretical success and practical 失敗 in the history of programming languages. More Algol68 資源s can be 設立する at the ソフトウェア 保護 Group.
ADVenture SYStem, another adventure-令状ing system by David Betz, 1986. The language 述べるs it as "LISP-like and 反対する-oriented". We carry it おもに for comparison with ADL. You can find other adventure-令状ing languages at ftp://ftp.gmd.de/if-古記録s/programming.
A very old and very weird APL 実施. Said to 含む／封じ込める 相当な 量s of code written by Ken Thompson, one of UNIX's coinventors.
Before FORTRAN (the first 収集するd langage) was Autocode (the first interpreter), dating from 1954. Amazingly, it has been 生き返らせるd as a 支配（する）／統制する language for microcontrollers!
The BlooP and FlooP languages from 一時期／支部 XIII of Goedel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas R. Hofstadter. BlooP 機械化するs 原始の-recursive 機能（する）／行事s, FlooP 機械化するs general-recursive ones. 完全に 原始の さもなければ. 器具／実施するd as a Perl interpreter which 生成するs Perl and 敏速に 解釈する／通訳するs it (how Hofstadterian!), by John Cowan <cowan@locke.ccil.org>.
BASIC lives — unfortunately. This 見解／翻訳／版 器具／実施するs most of the 悪名高くも bad ANSI X3.113-1987 基準 for 十分な Basic. As the Computer Contradictionary succinctly 観察するs, "Shit with icing".
(Offsite link.) The design of C was based on an earlier language, B, which was an interpretive typeless subset of BCPL. This 実施 含むs a 控訴 of demonstration programs. We also carry a B-to-C 翻訳家.
(Offsite link) This is (more or いっそう少なく) what happened when a Danish schoolteacher got fed up with Basic 支援する in the 早期に 1980s. COMAL 追加するd 手続きs and さまざまな structured-programming 施設s. It was popular in the Commodore-64 community in Europe for a few years. This vesrsion has been ひどく 延長するd, but still 伝えるs some of the flavor of what those 1980s micro languages were like. There is a very 利益／興味ing history of the language (現在のd as introduction to a bibliography) which puts it in 状況 with BASIC.
A compiler for a very, very tiny subset of Algol (no 手続きs, even). More a demonstration on how to 令状 a recursive 降下／家系 parser than anything else. 生成するs stupid but portable C code.
COBOL is still a living language in 2004, but we've 含むd a link to an open-source 実施 because it's nearly as crufty as some of the horrible old dead ones we keep here.
COMIT, dating from 1957, was the first programming language designed 特に for string 巧みな操作. It was 直接／まっすぐに ancestral to SNOBOL, and through SNOBOL to sed(1), perl(1) and all other languages built around 正規の／正選手 表現s. This is an interpreter for the COMIT II language as 述べるd in "Programming with COMIT II" by 勝利者 H. Yngwe, MIT 圧力（をかける） 1972. Excerpts from that 調書をとる／予約する, along with Yngve's 1958 paper on COMIT, are 含むd with the 配当.
Not all features of the language are 解釈する／通訳するd, but enough of them are to run real programs - or, at least, what passed for real programs when COMIT II was a live 研究 道具. Example programs are 含むd and used as correctness 実験（する）s for the interpreter.
Another hideous old design, CUPL — Cornell University Programming Language. It looks something like a really archaic BASIC with linear-algebra builtins. This 1.1 見解／翻訳／版 now also 解釈する／通訳するs and 文書s CUPL's 即座の precdecessor, CORC (Cornell 計算するing Language). I (esr) 逆転する-engineered it from the 初めの 手動式のs, written in 1966 and 1962; the language-description parts of the 手動式のs are 含むd in the docs. If you want to know what programming was like before interactive time-株ing, build this and find out. 要求するs either lex or flex, and bison or yacc.
公式文書，認める: there's a modern CUPL, an EDA 道具, that is 関係のない to this language.
A very archaic 教育の language, a sibling of (and closely 似ているing) MUMPS.
A computer language designed by Don 支持を得ようと努めるd and James Lyons in 1972. INTERCAL is purposely different from all other computer languages in all ways but one; it is 純粋に a written language, 存在 全く unspeakable. Said by the authors to stand for "Computer Language With No Pronounceable Acronym". INTERCAL 充てるs hang out on the alt.lang.intercal newsgroup.
The JCL 爆撃する is a Unix 爆撃する which emulates, in style and syntax, the infamously コンビナート／複合体 and perverse 職業 支配（する）／統制する Language used to 支配（する）／統制する IBM mainframes.
Joss, the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System, was an 早期に interactive calculator language 類似の in 範囲 to Unix's bc(1) calculator, but with a rather more English-like syntax. We have a rudimentary 実施 and two 見本 programs. We'd be very 感謝する to anyone who could 供給（する） documentation.
A very 半端物 little language 申し立てられた／疑わしい to have been used for embedded-systems 支配（する）／統制する on Swedish 核の 潜水艦s in the 1950s. 著名な for its probabilistic-jump 指示／教授／教育.
The language that gave us "海がめ graphics" — ーするつもりであるd (in the approximate words of one coauthor) for 5-year-old children and いっそう少なく educable 存在s, such as 法人組織の／企業の (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs. Rather 前進するd for 1968; it was really a sort of stealth LISP with pretty 陳列する，発揮するs.
(公式文書，認める: we don't carry this 地元で — we don't know the 明言する／公表する of its documentation, or whether it 含むs examples.)
We have an 実施 of MAD, the Michigan Algorithmic Decoder from 1959-1962. The entire 初めの 手動式の, 含むing diagrams and flowcharts, is 含むd in the 配当. So is a chrestomathy of programs.
An 実施 of the MIX pseudoassembler used for algorithm description in Donald E. Knuth's The Art Of Computer Programming, vol I. This is the GNU 実施, which 取って代わるs the MIXAL 一括 I 以前は 持続するd. It 含むs all the 構成要素 Donald Knuth 与える／捧げるd to MIXAL.
Finally, a truly orthogonal language! This unique design, 奮起させるd by a 思索的な thread on alt.lang.intercal in September 1994, is an interpreter for a simple language with two-dimensional 支配（する）／統制する structures...your 支配（する）／統制する flow can go 今後s, backwards, or sideways (or even diagonally!).
The 言及／関連 実施 for IEEE 基準 PILOT, a horrible language designed in 1962 on IBM mainframes that a group of 古代の academics was still insane enough to be using in 1990 —- and not only using but 標準化するing. I (esr) wrote this 実施 as a 週末 切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセス.
HTMLized 見解／翻訳／版 of the CACM paper 述べるing Zuse's Plankalkül design. 公式文書，認める: the diagrams and some of the glyphs in this paper are GIF images. Here's an 実施 and more documentation.
Once upon a time in the 早期に 1960s, there was a monster called PL/1 that was IBM's 試みる／企てる to create The Final Language. Ten years later Gary Kildall wrote a compiler for a tiny subset he called PL/M as a 開発 道具 for 8080 micros (and wrote CP/M as a demonstration 事業／計画（する） for the language). This program is a PL/M-to-C 翻訳家 by Robert Ankeney.
Starting in 1972, Adele Goldberg and other 研究員s at XEROX PARC began 実験s with personal interactive 計算するing that were to tremendously 影響（力） many later 環境s, 特に 含むing the Macintosh. The language they designed for 開発 in their icons-windows-and-mice 環境 was Smalltalk. We 申し込む／申し出 an 実施 here.
One of the most 利益／興味ing, 初めの, and 影響力のある languages of the 1960s, SNOBOL was designed around string-過程ing, pattern-matching, and textual 変形. Like many other one-idea languages (TRAC, APL) it was 極端に powerful and elegant within its problem domain, but weak outside it (there also seems to be a 法律 that such languages must have obscure syntax). It 堅固に 影響（力）d UNIX 正規の／正選手 表現 notation. Docs and example programs are bundled with the いわゆる `vanilla' 配当. (公式文書，認める: we don't keep this 地元で.) (You may also want to check out the Icon home page.)
Yes, it's the Editor From Hell...the 悪名高い TECO, 禁止（する） of lusers and tricky, unforgiving 道具 of master hackers. Build this to find out (a) what we lived with before Emacs, and (b) how expressive line noise can be. This is やすりを削る人／削る機械 先頭 Malsen's ANSIfied 見解／翻訳／版 of TECO for Ultrix. For other 見解／翻訳／版s of TECO, see the collection at http://sunsite.tus.ac.jp/pub/academic/computer-science/history/pdp-11/teco/.
An 極端に funky computer language based 完全に on 大型の 過程ing. There is an interpreter written in Perl, and a text とじ込み／提出する 文書ing the language and the 実施. This 実施 is by John Cowan <cowan@locke.ccil.org>.
Turingol, a language for programming Turing machines. Invented by Donald Knuth to 論証する some technical points in compiler design (featured the first construction of a nontrivial せいにする grammar). See "Semantics of 状況-解放する／自由な Languages", D. Knuth, Math Sys Thy 2:127-145 (1975). This 実施 is written in Java by Georges Focant.
An 実施 of Turingol in C by Peter Gammie. 捨てるs the tape 明言する／公表するs during computation to 基準 生産（高）. This 見解／翻訳／版 has been lightly adapted from Gammie's 初めの for the Museum.
A stack-based, 前へ／外へ-like language for （衆議院の）議長s of Klingon. The author says: "var'aq is the bastard child of a 支援する-room tryst between PostScript and Lisp after a 星／主役にする Trek 条約....it's really something of a Klingon Basic, a simple, loosely-typed programming language designed mostly just to be used for programming things like 命令（する） 陳列する，発揮するs and high-level 支配（する）／統制する systems. In its 結局の final incarnation, we're looking at concurrency, 前進するd mathematics, and even native support for 分配するd programs..."
Retro in a different direction: this programming language uses the orthography and mimics the syntax and gammar of Classical Chinese.
The author 述べるs Unlambda as "Your 機能の Programming Language Nightmares Come True". どこかよそで, there is a Unlambda interpreter in INTERCAL.
You've heard of RISC, 減ずるd 指示／教授／教育 始める，決める Computers? 井戸／弁護士席, here is the 概念 taken to its 論理（学）の extreme — an emulator for a computer with just one (1) 指示／教授／教育 (Subtract and 支店 if 消極的な)! 見本 programs in the OISC machine language are 含むd.
We now have 利用できる have a 改訂するd and 拡大するd 見解／翻訳／版 of oisc called OIC. In the 未来, this may 取って代わる OISC.
There have been several demonstration emulators for machine architectures with 選び出す／独身 指示／教授／教育s. This is another. Examples of its unique 議会 language are 含むd.
Retro in a different direction: this programming language uses the orthography and mimics the syntax and gammar of Classical Chinese.
The DEC PDP/8 was the best-selling computer in the world until the advent of the Apple II. However, we don't 持続する PDP-8 ソフトウェア here, because there is an excellent 古記録 at sunsite.unc.edu in the `/pub/academic/computer-science/history/pdp8' directory; さまざまな emulators are 利用できる in the `emulators' subdirectory. On a modern RISC box, an emulator can run faster than the 古代の TTL 金物類／武器類 it is emulating!
A faithful clone of the classic 追跡（する） The Wumpus game, 正確に／まさに as it appeared in 1972 on the Dartmouth Time-株ing System. Also 含むs an 初めの but strangely 類似の game, superhack.
(This game has popped up in some 半端物 places. You can 現実に play it on a WAP cellphone).
Colossal 洞穴 Adventure - not the 350-point 1977 見解／翻訳／版 in the BSD Games collection, but the 430-point 1995 見解／翻訳／版 that was the last one Crowther & 支持を得ようと努めるd worked on. 問題／発行するd with the 許可 of the authors.
SST2K is a modern Unix port of the University of Texas "星／主役にする Trek" game 初めは written in FORTRAN in the 中央の-1970s. It has 選択s to 制限する its feature 始める，決める to what was in earlier 見解／翻訳／版s.
The Museum has an incomplete BLISS-to-C compiler. A 相当な 量 of BLISS source code is 利用できる for use as 実験（する） code.
実施s, or softcopy specifications, for the に引き続いて languages:
IPL-V, SLIP, RPG, JOVIAL, CORAL, POP-2 or POP-10, 1401 Autocoder, NEAT/3.
Hm, there seens to be a 珊瑚 spec here....
見本 programs to 追加する to the 配当s for the に引き続いて languages:
FOCAL, ALGOL-60, JCL, TECO.
(Off-場所／位置 link) The source code of the Multics operating system has been opened and is now 利用できる from MIT. This was one of the 開拓するing timesharing operating systems of the 中央の-1960s -- 現実に, only the second one ever built, after CTSS -- and was the design ancestor of Unix.
This is an 古記録 of classic AI programs and games 含むing Eliza, Adventure, and many others. Also, 実施s of AI languages 含むing XLISP and many others. The Attic is an FTP 古記録 位置を示すd at: {bongo,ftp}.cc.utexas.edu:pub/AI_ATTIC.
This is a collection of Internet slang, folklore, and history. The 入ること／参加（者） page also 申し込む／申し出s you the 選択 to download it in one of several 判型s.
The collection of open-source ソフトウェア that I wrote and/or 持続する. There is some overlap with this collection, of course.
This is a collection of 実施s of a trivial program (one to print out the lyrics of "99 瓶／封じ込めるs Of Beer On The 塀で囲む") in lots of different languages. A very 利益／興味ing chrestomathy.
Perhaps the ultimate retrocomputing-in-金物類／武器類 事業／計画（する）! Don't 行方不明になる the nifty picture of the 実験（する） 半導体素子.
And this must be the ultimate retrocomputing-in-ソフトウェア 事業／計画（する）; an emulator of Babbage's Analytical Engine, with lots of supporting documentation.
Yet another page of 汚い old languages.
Perhaps the most remarkable 金物類／武器類 retrocomputing 切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセス yet was Tony Sale's painstaking 再建 of the Colossus machine, a 平行の computer built for codebreaking during WWII and kept secret for fifty years afterwards.
A collection of 模擬実験／偽ることs of historical machines.
Another collection that you can reach by running "menu@tty.livingcomputers.org" at a Linux 爆撃する 誘発する. It will give you a menu of emulations of some very old systems you can play with, 含むing for example Unix 見解／翻訳／版 7 and TOPS-10.
法案 Buzbee designed and home-built computer 概略で 同等（の） in 力／強力にする to an eary 8086 using TTL 半導体素子s and wire-包む. Then he 手渡す-built an OS for it, retargeted a C compiler to it, and ported Minix to it. Need we 追加する that it has a 前線 パネル盤 十分な of switches and blinkenlights?
A ne 加える ultra of old-school 切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセスing 支援する in the 1980s from a high-school kid who homebrew-切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセスd an IBM card punch to be driven by a TRS-80...and, １０年間s later, 回復するd the 初めの 金物類／武器類 and 述べるs how he did it. With photographs.
Some 構成要素 on this 場所／位置 may be under copyright by its 初めの authors and 再生するd without 許可 here. We're talking about code and 手動式のs that are １０年間s old and predate even the 概念 of open-source licensing; in some 事例／患者s the 初めの authors are dead or long retired and it is not （疑いを）晴らす how to even begin 位置を示すing them.
This 場所／位置 is a 資源 for hackers and scholars. We have tried to 扱う／治療する all these 構成要素s with 尊敬（する）・点 for the 意向s of their authors. If you are an author, we will be happy to 従う with any requests 関心ing your 構成要素.