Sensing and 支配（する）／統制する for hobbyists and schools- Actuators
filename: SC1a
Just about anything 電気の can be controlled by systems of your 工夫するing.
A light, a heating element, a sound 生産者, or a モーター is likely to be at the heart of your system. "モーター" is a pretty 幅の広い 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語... besides the obvious 軸 turners, don't forget that with the 権利 mechanical 結合，連鎖s, they can, for instance, open a door, etc. Notice anything about that 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）? They're all 装置s for 変えるing electricity into other forms of energy.
Before we turn to our main discussion of actuators, a quick aside....
In the 計画／陰謀 we are working within, 陳列する，発揮するs would come under the "actuator" 長，率いるing. 陳列する，発揮する? A simple LED is about as simple as 陳列する，発揮するs can get... although with some imagination, they can "say" an awful lot. You could, for instance, 教える them to pass a message in Morse code.
Happily, the 金物類／武器類 to 陳列する，発揮する alphanumerics (letters and digits... the 審査する you are reading this on is an alphanumeric 陳列する，発揮する) has become cheap and 平易な to use. I've given the 支配する of alphanumeric 陳列する，発揮するs a page of its own.
It is 価値（がある） distinguishing two 広大な／多数の／重要な classes of 装置s: Some, like a simple light bulb, are 普通は "on" or "off". Others, for example the （衆議院の）議長 of a 無線で通信する can be "off", "on a little (playing softly)", "on medium", "on high (loud)", and 行う／開催する／段階s in between. These two classes are 指名するd 数字表示式の and analog... unfortunate 指名するs, but that's what we have. A light on a dimmer would be 促進するd to the analog class. When we say "数字表示式の", the 関係 with digits is 深く，強烈に buried... forget about it. Calling some watches "数字表示式の" and others "analog" only 構内／化合物s the 混乱, because the 条件 are 存在 used わずかに 異なって in that 状況. We also speak of "数字表示式の" computers, which doesn't seem to agree with my 鮮明度／定義 for "数字表示式の". (The 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 is used with computers because the 回路・連盟s at their heart only care about "on" and "off". What we see on the surface is the 逮捕する 影響 of millions of "on"s and "off"s.)
数字表示式の actuators: Light bulbs (if your 回路・連盟 doesn't get clever and 会社にする／組み込む a dimmer), door locks (locked or 打ち明けるd), solenoids (in or out), モーターs (if your 回路・連盟 doesn't get clever and 供給する 速度(を上げる） 支配（する）／統制する... see "モーターs" below), heaters (if... (as lights and モーターs!))
Analog actuators: Lights on dimmers, モーターs on 速度(を上げる） 支配（する）／統制する (and see below), heaters with variable 生産（高）.
"数字表示式の analog": This is not a proper 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 in wide use, but I liked it as an introduction to the に引き続いて: What would you call a 装置 which could 支配（する）／統制する water flow, turning it off, or on to any one of 8 possible 出口s? In a sense it is not analog, because there are 9 possible 明言する／公表するs. It would probably be classed as 数字表示式の, though, as it is the sum of 8 数字表示式の （独立の）存在s.
Modern computers are inherently 数字表示式の. Turning lights on or off by computer is child's play. Life, unfortunately, is 一般に analog, so we find ways to 変える from the computer's 数字表示式の world to our analog reality.
Suppose you want a light that is essentially on a dimmer. I.e., you want to be able to have it very 有望な, やめる 有望な, 薄暗い or fully off. One 解答 is called pulse width modulation, often abbreviated PWM. To turn the light on or off, you just send electricity or not. To have the light やめる 有望な, you send electricity for the first 80% of each tenth second, and don't for the last 20%. To have the light 薄暗い, you send electricity for only the first 20% of each tenth second, and not for the last 80%. You are turning the light on and off so 急速な／放蕩な that no one will notice. The longer the "on" part, the brighter the bulb looks.
If you have a little time to do a little learning work, the fact that you have read this far tells me that you are probably someone who would enjoy the 可能性s afforded by the 1-Wire / MicroLan system. My page on actuators for 1-Wire may be useful.
モーターs: The （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） in this section is a "first 試みる／企てる", from long ago!What is said here about モーターs remains true and, I hope, helpful. But once you've skimmed it, you might want to jump to a page introducing more pages, all about モーターs and 類似の gizmos.
There are two 広大な／多数の／重要な classes of モーターs: The "simple" モーターs, and stepper モーターs... and I'll について言及する servos in a moment too, which are いつかs based on one type, いつかs on the other, but you are spared the messy 詳細（に述べる）s.
With simple モーターs, you 適用する a voltage, and they spin. How 急速な／放蕩な and how far depends on many things, and if you care, a feedback system is probably what you need: Something that 対策 what's happening. You can then put 準備／条項s into your ソフトウェア to change the voltage 適用するd (either level, or frequency/ duration of pulses... see PWM above). Of course, "simple" モーターs can be part of fancier systems... for instance they can be at the heart of a system for 開始 or の近くにing curtains, or any other 職業 that needs something "driven" between "open" and "の近くにd", or "up/負かす／撃墜する", "left/権利", etc. (There's also 詳細（に述べる）s there of a shareware Windows program to 支配（する）／統制する such a 装置.)
Stepper モーターs are a little harder to 支配（する）／統制する, but 冷静な／正味の. And the hard bits of controlling them can be taken care of with 献身的な 金物類／武器類. Magenta sells 道具s, for one. (They are a UK company, but what they sell travels through the mail easily enough! Stepper モーター 道具s are certainly 利用できる from many hobbyist ロボット工学 場所／位置s.)
With a stepper モーター, when you send it a signal, it turns clockwise or counterclockwise a 確かな number of degrees. This makes creating 装置s that move to a particular position very 平易な.
Servos: You can buy, やめる inexpensively, the 部隊s used by 無線で通信する 支配（する）／統制する hobbyists to actuate (that word again!) the 支配（する）／統制する surfaces on model airplanes. You don't need the 無線で通信する 支配（する）／統制する part of the "一括".
If you are using a servo モーター with an Arduino, there is a library ("Servo") to make your life 平易な. It 取引，協定s with 生成するing the stream of carefully timed pulses. Beware: Only some of the Arduino's 生産（高）s can be 供給（する）d with a stream of pulses. Which 生産（高）s are pulse- stream- 有能な 変化させるs from 装置 to 装置. In other words, the I/O pins you can use for a servo on, say, a Uno, might be different from the pins you can use on, say, a Mega.
The servos have a little arm which 回転／交替s "up" and "負かす／撃墜する", rather than going "一連の会議、交渉／完成する and 一連の会議、交渉／完成する" like a more typical モーター. You might think of it as the 扱う on an old fashioned (think Titanic) ship's 橋（渡しをする）... the one you've seen in movies that the captain moves to different positions to tell the engine room that he wants "十分な ahead", or "half astern", etc.
So... you can buy a neat little 装置 that has an arm which can be "told" to go to different positions. How do you tell it? PWM again! (See above) Let's agree to say that when the arm is as far 反対する-clockwise as it will go, it is at "無", and let's say that it can only 回転／交替 350 degrees. So we'll call "fully clockwise" "350". Whew. So much for 指名するing of parts. The に引き続いて will have to be adapted for your servo, by the way... but I hope it makes the 原則s （疑いを）晴らす. (Of course, other servos use different 支配（する）／統制する 計画／陰謀s all together.)
To make the servo arm go to "無", we send it a 安定した 無 volts. To make it go to "350", we send it a 安定した 5 volts. To make it go to, say, "10", we send it a PWM signal in which the voltage is usually 無 volts, but for a little bit of each cycle it is at 5v. On the other 手渡す, to make the servo go to "340", we send it a PWM signal in which the voltage is 無 volts for just a little bit of each cycle, and at 5v for most of the cycle. I hope the に引き続いて graphic illustrates those four 事例／患者s for you?
You might also want to look at using the "move-長，率いる-議会" モーター inside an old floppy レコード 運動. It is another source of a servo. Ashish in New Delhi, India is doing lots of fun stuff with these, and has published 公式文書，認めるs to help you have the same fun.
You can also do fun things easily with the servo 部隊s from hobbyist 無線で通信する controlled 装置s... they are stepper モーター based.
開発援助委員会（経済協力開発機構の下部機関）s: In the 場所／位置's sensors section, I've talked about ADCs, "analog to 数字表示式の converters". 開発援助委員会（経済協力開発機構の下部機関）s, 数字表示式の- to- analog converters, 存在する, too. You make the several 数字表示式の (on or off) inputs of the 装置 high or low. It 変えるs that multi-digit binary number to a value, and the 半導体素子s one 生産（高） is made to 供給（する） a corresponding voltage. A ありふれた type of 開発援助委員会（経済協力開発機構の下部機関） has 8 inputs, and will 供給する 0 volts, 0.01 volt, 0.02 volt.... 2.53 volts, 2.54 volts or 2.55 volts on the 生産（高）, depending on the inputs. (Binary 1111 1111 is decimal 255).
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