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肩書を与える: A Century of Our Sea Story
Author: Walter Jeffery
eBook No.: 2100031h.html
Language: English
Date first 地位，任命するd: 2021
Most 最近の update: 2021
This eBook was produced by: Colin Choat
見解（をとる） our licence and header
by
Walter Jeffery
With a Portrait of Lord Nelson
Published in 1900 by John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 1900
Lord Nelson
from a 製図／抽選 in the 国家の Portrait Gallery [London]
made in 1802 by H. Edridge, A.R.A.
This 調書をとる／予約する is an 試みる／企てる to compress into one 容積／容量 a very large 支配する, and must, of necessity, be only an 輪郭（を描く）-sketch of a century of our sea story. A practical knowledge of the sea, かなりの 知識 with ships, sailors, and seaports, a good library, and twenty years' 熟考する／考慮する of sea literature, are the 資格s I 所有する to 令状 upon the 支配する. I ask readers to 受託する these things, as in some 手段, a 始める，決める-off against the faults I am 井戸／弁護士席 aware the 調書をとる／予約する must have. I think it fair to myself to 明言する／公表する, that although this 容積／容量 扱う／治療するs of a 井戸／弁護士席-worn 支配する, there is much new 事柄 in it, at all events much that is new so far as modern 調書をとる／予約するs are 関心d. In 確かな of the 一時期／支部s, such as that on 海軍の War and that on 探検, it was 必須の for the completeness of the work to 令状 them; but the 支配するs have been so often and so 井戸／弁護士席 扱う／治療するd that I have seen no other way of 取引，協定ing with them, than to make the 一時期／支部s a 要約 of the century's annals. In other 一時期／支部s, such as those on sea customs and the sea language, and that on the story of the south seas, I think most of the 事柄 will be new to 調書をとる／予約する readers. All through this work I have 形態／調整d a course for myself, and where I have dredged in the same waters as others, I have done so consciously, but only so far as was necessary in the 過程 of crossing their 跡をつけるs.
W. J.
Sydney, September 1900.
CHAPTER I. SHIPS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE
CENTURY
The 王室の 海軍 and its 軍備—The Merchant Service
CHAPTER II. SEAPORTS AND DOCKYARDS
The Old Seaside 全住民—Shipwrights and Thieves—The
Story of some Ships—The 広大な／多数の／重要な 木材／素質 Question—"What's
in a 指名する?"
CHAPTER III. OFFICERS AND SEAMEN
The 王室の 海軍 and the Merchant Service—The 圧力（をかける）
ギャング（団）—Types of Seamen—Women Sailors
CHAPTER IV. THE SEA LIFE
How Seamen were, and are, Fed, 着せる／賦与するd, and ４半期/4分の1d
CHAPTER V. NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS
The French War Period—How our Merchantmen Fought—The
South Seamen—The ロシアの War—Modern 事件／事情／状勢s
CHAPTER VI. THE GROWTH OF OUR SEA CARRYING
Whalers—"Geordie" Colliers and American Packet
Ships—The Old-Fashioned 仲買人 and the New—Emigrant
Ships and Ocean Liners—Tea and Wool Clippers and Modern 貨物
Steamers
CHAPTER VII. STEAM.
Earliest Steamers—Beginning of the 大西洋 フェリー（で運ぶ）—Steam
War 大型船s
CHAPTER VIII. CUSTOMS OF THE SEA
Old 儀式s—Sea
Songs—Etiquette—罰s—Superstitions—The
Sea Language
CHAPTER IX. THE WRECK LIST OF THE CENTURY
海軍の 災害s—解雇する／砲火／射撃s at Sea—Emigrant
Ships—Panic—Modern 難破させるs
CHAPTER X. EXPLORATION
北極の and 南極の 探検隊／遠征隊s—The North-West and the
North-East Passages—The Search for Franklin
CHAPTER XI. PIRATES AND MUTINEERS
The Last of the 著作権侵害者s—反乱（を起こす）s in the 海軍—Foreigners
in the Merchant Service—Remarkable Gold
強盗—Broaching 貨物
CHAPTER XII. THE SOUTH SEAS
How the Islands were 居住させるd—Castaways の中で the
黒人／ボイコットs—True Stories of Strange Adventures
CHAPTER XIII. ON OUR COAST
The Lifeboat—The Lighthouse—Coasting
Seamen—Smugglers and Wreckers—ヨットs and
Fishermen—Lloyds and 保険 詐欺s
CHAPTERX IV. END OF THE CENTURY SHIPS AND
SAILORS
The 開発 of アイロンをかける and Steel—Modern
Shipbuilders—The 未来—現在の-Day
Seamen—結論
A COMPANY of King Alfred's archers in a war galley, and a torpedo gun-boat and her 乗組員, are not more unlike than the 海軍 of what has been aptly called "eighteen hundred and 戦時," and the 海軍 of to-day. Yet so の近くに to us is this "屈服する and arrow" period of our 海軍の service, that Provo Wallis, who brought the Shannon out of 活動／戦闘 in 1813, died an 海軍大将 of the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い in 1892. Born in 1791, he joined the Cleopatra in 1804, when some of the men of Anson's 騎兵大隊 were still living. Here is a suggestion of service links in a chain, stretching from 1900 負かす／撃墜する to the twilight of English 王室の 海軍の History, when the ships of the Cinque Ports were the war 海軍 on which Englishmen placed their 長，指導者 dependence.
To picture to oneself the ships, the seamen, how they lived, and fought, and died—the sea-life as it was before the peace, as it was, in fact, for a hundred years before, and for a 世代 in this century—I know no better reading than the 海軍の Crononicle. Not those parts of it printed in big type, biographies of 海軍の heroes, descriptions of sea-fights, and the like, which have all been reprinted often enough in modern 調書をとる／予約するs, but the insignificant little paragraphs that tell of what one may call the 国内の history of ships and seamen. The first number of the magazine was printed in January 1799, when folks were still talking of "後部-海軍大将 Sir Horatio Nelson's 約束／交戦 of the Nile." They 解雇する／砲火／射撃d salutes and used much oil in 照明 when the news reached England, but even the young people were hardly so enthusiastic as we are on these occasions now—there was much more talk over the taking of Khartoum—but then such rejoicings were not novelties. Since the Peace of Ryswick in 1697, no child had grown to man's 広い地所 without more than once seeing some 儀式 of the 肉親，親類d, for in a hundred years England, during more than half the period, had been at war.
What the ships in the first half of the century were like, and the story of the changes in shipbuilding, will, I hope, 広げる itself as this 調書をとる／予約する proceeds, without much 引用するing of tonnage and dimension 人物／姿／数字s. The Englishmen who every summer visit Portsmouth, and from the deck where Nelson fell, look around them at the modern war-大型船s 錨，総合司会者d 近づく the Victory, can take in at a ちらりと見ること most of what it would 要求する many pages to 表明する in print. If the form of 表現 may be permitted. Nelson's Victory, 開始する，打ち上げるd in 1765, still afloat and an 海軍大将's 旗艦, in her 指名する personifies the 海軍 of two past centuries, and remains a living comparison wath the ships of the beginning of a third.
On the night of October 4th, 1744, the Victory, Sir John Balchen's 旗艦, and the finest and largest ship of her time, was lost off the Caskets. If a man who had never looked at pictures, or heard, or read of what has happened in the last hundred years, were shown Nelson's Victory and the modern 戦う／戦い-ship Implacable, his mind could no more take in the idea that both were ships, than he could be made to understand that a big water-boiler on wheels was the 後継者 to a team of coach-horses. Yet between Balchen's Victory and Nelson's, the 注目する，もくろむ of a shipwright or a sailor is needed to find a difference; between Balchen's Victory and the men-of-war of a century still earlier, the difference is still only 広大な／多数の／重要な in the 注目する，もくろむs of 専門家s; between Nelson's Victory and the ships that many men still at sea first sailed in, the contrast is scarcely greater.
In 1802 Le 商業 de Marseilles was broken up, and she was then the largest ship in the King's service. Hood brought her out of Toulon in 1793, and sailed her to Portsmouth, but the ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs there were not large enough to 融通する her, and so she was sent to Plymouth, where she was used as a 刑務所，拘置所 ship. Her greatest length was 211 ft. 7 in., but 人物／姿／数字s 表明する little. If she were afloat and 変えるd into a coal hulk, three like her could 嘘（をつく） ahead of each other と一緒に the 最新の White 星／主役にする steamer, the 大洋の, of 704 ft, and the liner would overlap by nearly 70 ft., more than the length of the first British 乗客 steamer. The 排水（気）量 of Le 商業 de Marseilles was 2800 トンs, far ahead of anything then afloat or until the thirties. The 排水（気）量 of the Implacable is 15,000 トンs, that of the 大洋の 28,500 トンs.
The 海軍 at the beginning of the century counted II 戦艦s, 開始するing from 100 to 112 guns. The thirty-two pounder was the 基準 武器, a few forty-twos 存在するd, and sixty-eight pounders were cast, but this was a rare gun, seldom seen on ship board. The carronadc, a short 範囲 gun throwing a 激しい 発射 for its size, had since 1797 been 大部分は used on poop and forecastle in place of the nine-pounder which a century before had 追い出すd the Falcons, Sakers, and Minions, 指名するs old-fashioned, though not strange in the ears of sailors a hundred years ago, but familiar to us only as 古代の history. For a forty-two, 14 lbs. of 砕く was a 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金, and 10 lbs. 11 oz. for a thirty-two, and men 扱うd such 量s of gunpowder with more care than is 明らかな in the modern gunner's ways with a fifty-続けざまに猛撃するs 負わせる cartridge of "cocoa" 砕く.
A distinguished 当局 令状ing on ships and their 軍備s in 1800 shows us what he thought was the 限界 of 可能性 in these things. Mr R. Willett wrote:—
"The size of our ships seems now to have reached nearly its 最終提案; for nature herself, in some 手段, 直す／買収する，八百長をするs its 限界s. It is man who is to navigate and manage them, and unless our bodily strength could be 増加するd likewise, every manoeuvre on board them must be 行為／行うd with difficulty and 延期する. For though the mechanic 力／強力にするs are almost boundless, the 使用／適用 of them, for the 目的s of 航海, is more 限定するd. The cordage, when made larger, will be （判決などを）下すd difficult to pass through the pulleys, and so large, at last, as not to pass at all. 木材／素質, the growth of nature, as much as man, cannot be made to grow larger, and the very element (in harbours at least) in which they are to navigate, have only 確かな depths, that cannot be 増加するd. And let it be remembered, as a 確かな axiom in mechanics, that what we 伸び（る） in 力／強力にする we must be contented to lose in time. Every 操作／手術 on board will therefore become laborious, dilatory, and even uncertain. The French, indeed, have latterly built a ship of most 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の size, 172 ft. keel for tonnage, by 55 ft. 9 in. by the beam, tonnage about 2850 トンs, but she is pronounced to be 完全に unfit for service, and hath never been out of harbour; and the Spaniards are said (and that by such a respectable 当局 as that of the Marquis Del Campo) to have built one still larger; but the Spaniards, on sending this unwieldy monster to sea, 設立する that she must have been lost, if they had not had the 警戒 to send out two other ships with her, which 牽引するd and brought her 支援する again."
The propelling 力／強力にする of ships, that is the sails, the area of them, and the method of setting the canvas and 扱うing it 一般に, was the same at the beginning of the century as it had been a hundred years earlier, and as it remained for all practical 目的s to within a 世代 of the 現在の. 錨，総合司会者s and cables, steering gear, running and standing 船の索具, in the time of Anson, were the same things in the time of Nelson, and officers still 持つ／拘留するing Queen Victoria's （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 would find no difficulty in 扱うing the 軍艦s of Queen Anne.
If a landsman looks at a model or a picture of a 戦艦 of the forties of this century, and of the time of Anson, he can take in at a ちらりと見ること the changes. Beak-長，率いる 屈服するs, and 激しい 厳しい galleries in tiers, いつかs of three one above another, the lateen mizzen, the high poop with big lanterns in which a man could stand upright, a 非常に高い forecastle and a bowsprit with the sprit-mast 築くd upon it, these are the readiest ways of identifying the ships of the earlier period. In the 現在の century the 厳しい was 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd, and small 厳しい-walks took the place of the 激しい galleries, the 屈服するs were lightened, and the beak-長，率いる 除去するd; the spanker-にわか景気 and gaff （機の）カム in, and the lateen sail went out; and the sprit-topsail disappeared from the bowsprit, leaving only the sprit-sail yard in its place. The jack-staff on the 屈服するs of steamers remains to-day a last link, with the picturesque sprit-mast and its 船の索具. In those days they painted 軍艦s 黒人／ボイコット outside and 血-red inside. Nelson introduced the coloured streak, and in 1805 painted the Victory 黒人／ボイコット with yellow streaks 一連の会議、交渉／完成する her, and in that year she was painted inside a dull green and red; now she is the 規則 white inside, and 黒人／ボイコット and white outside.
In 新規加入 to 11 first 率s, there were in the service at the の近くに of the century, 24 second 率s 開始するing from 98 guns to 84 guns, 150 third 率s 開始するing from 80 to 64 guns, 28 fourth 率s 開始するing from 60 guns to 50 guns, 150 fifth 率s 開始するing from 50 to 32 guns, and 72 sixth 率s 開始するing from 30 to 20 guns. Besides these 率d 大型船s there were 190 大型船s 開始するing from 18 guns to 6 guns not 率d, 10 ヨットs, 72 雇うd 武装した 大型船s, 15 luggers, and 38 歳入 切断機，沿岸警備艇s. の中で the ヨットs was the William and Mary, 8 guns, built at Blackwall in 1694, the oldest 大型船 in the 海軍. Altogether, then, there were on the 海軍 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） at the beginning of this century, 435 率d ships, and 325 大型船s not 率d—more than 700 ships.
Our 現在の 海軍 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） only shows about 550 ships. No wonder when the peace （機の）カム there were so many 失業した seamen, for within a few months after the 結論 of the war only 160 ships were left in （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限.
A first 率 of the old 海軍, not counting the poop and forecastle, had five decks, though she was technically a "three-decker," because her main 軍備 was carried upon three decks only. These were the 殴打／砲列s from which a broadside of from 1700 to 2030 lbs. could be 解雇する／砲火／射撃d. I have by me Sir Home Popham's 調書をとる／予約するs of 指示／教授／教育s, etc., published in 1805, 規則s and 指示／教授／教育s relating to His Majesty's Service at Sea, 1796, and many 類似の 作品 dating from the eighties of last century, and comparing these with Mile's Epitome of the 王室の 海軍, published in 1841, and with a personal knowledge from the 早期に seventies, it is remarkable how in their 内部の economy and in anything except from the technical point of 見解（をとる）, the ships of any date from the middle of the seventeenth century to nearly the middle of the eighteenth, 異なる from each other. The hulks in Portsmouth harbour still afloat, whether built in 1805 or in 1850, to the landsman's 注目する，もくろむ are alike.
The five decks of the three-decker were 指名するd upper, main, middle, lower, and orlop. The poop (Castilla de Poppa) was a Spanish word, and we learnt it from the Spaniards—we learnt much of our sea knowledge from the Dutchmen and Spaniards—the poop was, and still is, that part of the ship 特に allotted to the officers, and some of the customs of the sea presently to be 明言する／公表するd peculiarly belong to it and still 生き残る, even in the modern アイロンをかける 戦車／タンク 貨物 運送／保菌者. It 占領するd a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of the upper deck, 延長するing from the 厳しい about half-way to the mainmast, the space between the break of the poop and the mainmast 存在 the ４半期/4分の1-deck, the parade ground of the floating 兵舎, the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where Nelson fell. The ４半期/4分の1-deck is still sacred to the officers, and a place of many 儀式s; but much of its glory has 出発／死d, for though the 広大な／多数の／重要な steering wheels of modern men-of-war are いつかs still upon the ４半期/4分の1-deck, the helmsman is on the 橋（渡しをする） guiding the steam-steerinsc wheel with his finfjer. Between the mainmast and the foremast were the gangways, and 今後 of the foremast, the forecastle.
The main deck, as its 指名する 暗示するs, was the 主要な／長／主犯 "storey" of the structure. It communicated with the ４半期/4分の1-deck by several ladders, its after end was 部分d off, and the space given to the 海軍大将s' or 上級の officers' ４半期/4分の1s. Outside this, 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the 厳しい, and also from two other decks, ran those galleries called 厳しい walks, familiar in the pictures, and of which there still remain slight 代用品，人s on the larger modern ships. Amidships, upon the main deck, the space was reserved for carrying on the mechanical work of the ship. Here sailmakers, ropemakers, blacksmiths, armourers, coopers, and carpenters wrought at their several 貿易（する）s. 今後 of this was the galley, where the meals for a thousand persons were cooked, and 今後 of this again were enclosures for the officers' live-在庫／株—if they were lucky enough to have any. Along the whole length of the deck on both 味方するs were the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of "thirty-twos," seventeen on either 味方する—grim 思い出の品s that from this deck and from all others, when the roll of the 派手に宣伝する （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 to ４半期/4分の1s, carpenters, blacksmiths, and the 残り／休憩（する） of them dropped their 道具s, and from 平和的な artisans 急ぐd to their 駅／配置するs and became sail-trimmers or gunners. Below the main deck was the middle deck, reached by a 二塁打 ladder amidships; at the 底（に届く） of the ladders were the 入ること／参加（者） ports on either 味方する—the main 入り口s to the ship. In the after-part of this deck was the wardroom, the wardroom officers' cabins 占領するing spaces between the guns aft. Petty officers, landsmen, and 海洋s lived amidships, and 今後 and up in the 屈服するs was the sick bay or hospital. From seventeen ports on either 味方する, just as on the deck above, the muzzles of the thirty-twos pointed, and besides these there were probably a couple of eight-インチ guns.
Below the middle was the lower or gun deck, 支えるing the heaviest of the guns, 4 eight-インチ and 28 thirty-two pounders. In the after-part was the gun-room, separated from the 残り／休憩（する） of the deck by a 列／漕ぐ／騒動 of muskets and 海洋s' 銃剣, and within the バリケード the 広大な／多数の／重要な ship's tiller 横断するd. Volunteers, masters, assistants, and 類似の 階級s of officers messed here, and the sleeping cabins of some of the junior wardroom officers were on either 味方する. Before the バリケード of small 武器 lived the main 団体／死体 of seamen, their mess （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs slung by long アイロンをかける hooks from the beams above, and between the guns at meal times—at nights the hammocks in place of the mess （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs. Amidships were the ship's four main pumps, equal to （疑いを）晴らすing her 井戸／弁護士席 of water at the 率 of 9 トンs a minute, and 今後 were the 範囲s of cables for sheet and bower 錨，総合司会者s—the 広大な／多数の／重要な sheet-錨，総合司会者 hempen cable 26 インチs in circumference.
Below the middle deck was the orlop, 今後 the fore 操縦室, and many storerooms, and gunner, boatswain, and carpenter's cabins. And below these again, the 主要な／長／主犯 magazine 含む／封じ込めるing about 35 トンs of 砕く, guarded from 解雇する／砲火／射撃 by 手はず／準備 of water-戦車／タンクs and 麻薬を吸うs for flooding; no light was 認める to the magazine, except through the light room, an apartment 隣接するing but 井戸／弁護士席 separated, and a 歩哨 was on 義務 day and night at the passage to the 入り口. The after 操縦室—where Nelson died—was the home of the youngsters when the ship was not in 活動／戦闘, and in the hour of 戦う／戦い was the operating room of the 外科医s. Below this was the after magazine for small 武器, and filled cartridges for the 広大な／多数の／重要な guns, and more storerooms; and below the orlop amidships were the 持つ／拘留するs for ballast and the 井戸／弁護士席s.
The captain who 命令（する）d a line of 戦う／戦い ship of the class 述べるd had every 推論する／理由 to walk his ４半期/4分の1-deck with the 空気／公表する of a 広大な／多数の／重要な personage. If nowadays the modern 戦艦 costs more in money to build, the old ship carried in her 木材／素質s the growth of ninety or a hundred years of English oak, and a fifty-acre forest was needed for the two thousand 井戸／弁護士席-grown trees 要求するd to find the 木材／素質 for a seventy-four. The cost of building her with all 器具／備品, 排除的 of 準備／条項s, was about ｣120,000, and a couple of hundred shipwrights took a year to do the work.
やめる as beautiful, if いっそう少なく 課すing in their 外見, were the little 大型船s at the 底（に届く） of the 海軍 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）. Brigs with a complement of sixty men and a broadside of 90 lbs. Schooners with raking masts, when a rake was needed to keep their 屈服するs out of water as they were driven along, reeling beneath the 負わせる of fore and aft canvas, 耐えるing home news of victory from the scene of 活動／戦闘; and 切断機，沿岸警備艇s with thirty or forty men of a 乗組員, 命令（する）d by some "sucking Nelson" of tender years, but with heart 広大な／多数の／重要な enough to attack an enemy's フリゲート艦 if luck would only bring him athwart one, so that he might use his six-pounder pop-guns—a broadside that his second in 命令（する）, a grey-長，率いるd boatswain's mate, could carry in his 武器.
The largest and best of the East India Company's 巡洋艦s 異なるd very little from ships of the line in the 王室の 海軍, just as the brigs of war and such small 大型船s in the service of the King only 異なるd from merchant 大型船s in that they carried no 貨物s, and were 命令（する）d by a 中尉／大尉／警部補 in the 海軍, instead of a merchant shipmaster. In the modern 王室の and merchant 海軍s, ships, officers, and men are 完全に unlike; a hundred years ago almost all the difference lay in the 所有権 of the 大型船s. Now, the only connecting link between ships 飛行機で行くing the red and the white ensigns—仲買人s and fighting ships—are those する権利を与えるd to 陳列する，発揮する the blue ensign, the 示す of the 王室の 海軍の Reserve, of 大型船s subsidised, or さもなければ liable to be used by the 政府 in time of war.
早期に in the century nearly every merchant ship carried guns, and there were 正規の／正選手 "武装した merchantmen," "letters of marque," "privateers," 表現s having 事実上 the same meaning, viz., 大型船s 個人として owned but equipped to fight, and authorised to do so by the 明言する／公表する. War 存在 the normal 条件 brought about this 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s. The 仲買人, however 平和的に inclined he might be, could not sail in any sea without 危険 of 落ちるing in with an enemy, and 軍用車隊 could not always be 得るd. Where there was no danger from the ships of an unfriendly 力／強力にする, 著作権侵害者s and savages had to be reckoned with, and besides considerations of self-defence, a 井戸／弁護士席-武装した merchantman often earned something for her owners and 乗組員, by the 逮捕（する） of 大型船s of her own class belonging to the enemy.
The Company's Eastern monopolies were the source of enormous riches, but the cost was in 割合. A return of the losses in the 海軍の service by 難破させる and 逮捕（する） at sea, shows that for a period of two 財政上の years, 1807-8 and 1808-9, 14 大型船s had been lost or 逮捕（する）d, their value, 含むing money expended in manning them, etc., 越えるing ｣1,200,000 英貨の／純銀の. The Accountant General of the Company 概算の that if this sum had not been lost to the service it would have earned for the 株主s 上向きs of ｣1,000,000. The Company, therefore, had every 誘導 to arm their 大型船s and 供給（する） them with 有能な officers and 演習d 乗組員s. The 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the time give accounts of many 井戸／弁護士席-fought 活動／戦闘s between Company's ships and French war-大型船s, and when one of the enemy's privateers fell foul of an East Indiaman under the impression that she had an 平易な 逮捕（する） in a 平和的な merchantman, it more often than さもなければ ended in the Frenchman getting a sound thrashing, if not in his 逮捕（する）.
The North Country collier was the type of our merchantmen at the beginning of the century, and you can see the North Country collier still afloat, with very small difference, the same 肉親，親類d of 船体 that Cook went to sea in. The East and West Indiamen were the 割れ目 大型船s of the time—ships 範囲ing from 300 トンs to 800 トンs, but they were no more types of our merchant service as a whole, than are the 大西洋 Greyhounds of our 商業の 海洋 now. 負かす／撃墜する to the sixties folks talked with pride of uncle George, who 命令（する）d a 罰金 East or West Indiaman, much as they do now of uncle Adolphus, who is captain of a P. & O. or Cunard Liner, "and belongs to the 海軍の Reserve, you know."
In those days there were 装備するs whose very 指名するs are nearly forgotten. Pinks, Snows, Hermaphrodite, and Jackass brigs, and the like, 単に varieties of two-masted or barque-rigged 大型船s, 異なるing so わずかに that in these days of steam we cannot understand why sailors had such fancies. Why, for example, should a man put a small trysail-mast abaft his brig's mainmast, and call his 大型船 a Snow? Did such an alteration make a perceptible difference in her 速度(を上げる）, her steering, or her capacity to sail の近くに to the 勝利，勝つd? 同時代の reading only 知らせるs us that 専門家s 異なるd then on such 事柄s, just as engineers 異なる now over boiler and 燃料 questions, and certainly the modern sailor knows too little of sailing to be able to enlighten us on 専門的事項s which our forefathers 論争d.
Rope-船の索具, 激しい spars, and big 選び出す／独身 topsails in the beginning of the century, ありふれた to all ships, made it difficult, even for a sailor, to distinguish between a merchantman and a war-大型船 when a ship was sighted 船体 負かす／撃墜する. 船体s, too, were not as they now are, 絶対 unlike. No one now could mistake any merchant steamer afloat for any ship on the 海軍 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）. But the 木造の 船体s of the smaller フリゲート艦s and inferior 率s 異なるd in no 構成要素 尊敬（する）・点 from those of the better class of merchantmen—it was even やめる possible in the 現在の 統治する to mistake Geordie's collier Sarah Jane of 船体, for Her Majesty's brig of war Mutine.
But inboard things were different. Merchant ships were much smaller than they are now, yet carried many more men, and these were （人が）群がるd together in an ill-ventilated forecastle, which, if below the one deck, was so evil-smelling and foul, that in 罰金 天候 even old salts preferred to sleep on the forehatch; and if on deck was so ill-保護するd from the sea that it was continually awash, and the 乗組員, as often as not, slept in their oilskins. The outward 面 of the merchant-ship has changed, that is 明らかな to every one; but the accommodation of the seamen remains much the same, and in the modern man-o'-war, with every 願望（する） on the part of his superiors to 扱う／治療する the bluejacket 井戸／弁護士席, the 限られた／立憲的な space in which he is ４半期/4分の1d leaves him in this 尊敬（する）・点 no better off, if so 井戸／弁護士席, as were the sailors of the old line of 戦う／戦い ships.
The story of the changes in ships and in the people who live on them and by them is nowhere more 明確に written than in the history of the growth or 拒絶する／低下する in importance of our seaports. Take for a text Portsmouth, Chatham, or Plymouth, London, Bristol, Liverpool, Glasgow, 船体 or Southampton, at the beginning of the century, and the story of the changes in ship-building and what has happened in the dockyards is, of itself, a whole 見解（をとる） of the century's sea story.
In Portsmouth, when the century opened, the men of Anson's 騎兵大隊 were just dying out, and the townsfolk were reading in the papers (one paper, perhaps, between twenty or thirty 顧客s of the "George" or the "Blue 地位，任命するs") obituary notices such as these:—
"On the 13th February 1804, at the age of 109, George Gregory, the last of the Centurion's 乗組員, died at Kingston. He was 圧力（をかける）d from the brig Mary of North 保護物，者s when in the 負かす／撃墜するs, and he first went to sea in 1714. Lately, at Portsmouth, Captain Hall, 老年の 91. He was a 外科医's mate of the Centurion, and went 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the world with Lord Anson in the year 1740, when the Manilla galleon was taken. Mr Hall （機の）カム home 外科医 of her. It was after this voyage, which lasted three years and nine months, that Lord Anson, when he landed here on the Point, fell upon his 膝s and 申し込む／申し出d an ejaculatory 祈り to Him who had 保存するd him from such 切迫した dangers. Captain Fortescue is the only person living who went on that voyage."
Penny a mile excursion trains now carry Manchester and Birmingham operatives on holidays to 見解（をとる） the sights of Portsmouth. A hundred years ago there were things やめる as wonderful for such people to look upon, if they had then had the time and money, or the audacity and extravagance, to 旅行 such a distance sight-seeing in a market-waggon or on a 行う／開催する／段階-coach.
If they had walked upon Southsea beach, for example, they might have seen lying at Spithead as many ships as were 組み立てる／集結するd at the last Jubilee Review. A couple of hundred sail waiting for 軍用車隊 was not unusual, and fifty King's ships, from the 非常に高い three-decker to a little 派遣（する） 切断機，沿岸警備艇, were much prettier sights to look upon, and not a whit いっそう少なく 課すing than a modern (n)艦隊／(a)素早い.
There were no 楽しみ piers for 禁止（する）d to play upon then, and no steamboats calling at them, but there were hundreds of watermen's wherries, bumboats, tailors' boats, Jew 売買業者s' boats, and men-o'-war 切断機，沿岸警備艇s continually going to and fro the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い off the Motherbank. There were no 罰金 monuments to sea and 兵士 heroes along the sea 前線; the Victory's 錨，総合司会者 was not esteemed beyond its value in 支持を得ようと努めるd and アイロンをかける, and so far from standing on an ornamental pedestal for folks to gaze at, hung at the Victory's 屈服するs or lay in 錨，総合司会者 列／漕ぐ／騒動, of no more account then than was The Ship の中で the other first 率s of His Majesty's (n)艦隊／(a)素早い.
Nelson, arriving at the George Inn in High Street about daybreak on the 14th September 1805, ate his breakfast, then chancing to look out of the window, saw an enormous （人が）群がる waiting for him in the street below, so he slipped 静かに out a 支援する way in Penny Street, and so made his way to Southsea ありふれた, and there, from the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す on which the Victory's 錨，総合司会者 is now 築くd as a monument, he 乗る，着手するd for Trafalgar. Thus wrote Southey at a time (1813) when the Portsmouth （人が）群がる and Southsea beach and the George Inn were as they were when Nelson knew them:— "A （人が）群がる collected in his train, 圧力（をかける）ing 今後 to 得る sight of his 直面する; many were in 涙／ほころびs, and many knelt before him and blessed him as they passed...They 圧力（をかける）d upon the parapet to gaze after him when his 船 押し進めるd off, and he was returning their 元気づけるs by waving his hat. The sentinels who endeavoured to 妨げる them from trespassing upon this ground were wedged の中で the （人が）群がる, and an officer, who not very prudently upon such an occasion ordered them to 運動 the people 負かす／撃墜する with their 銃剣, was compelled speedily to 退却／保養地; for the people would not be debarred from gazing till the last moment upon the hero—the darling hero—of England."
On Southsea beach there were two monuments of a 肉親，親類d. Felton's Gibbet still stood, a guide for little 大型船s making the harbour, and upon the Gosport shore some 恐ろしい remains of Jack the Painter's 団体／死体 still swung in chains from the Arethusa's mainmast, upon which curious gallows, many then living, had seen the incendiary hanged for his 試みる／企てる to 燃やす the dockyard. The 一連の会議、交渉／完成する Towers of the Blockhouses on either 味方する the harbour were then kept 守備隊d, the men in them ready t. "heave taught from towre to towre the mighty chain of Yron to 封鎖する an enemy's 入り口," a means of defence put there first in Henry VIII.'s time, and which remained, some parts of it, until almost the 現在の.
Cumberland Fort was just built, and Southsea 城 was 存在 put ーするために resist the invader, and all over the town were 塀で囲むs and ramparts, and gates, and moats, and drawbridges, separating the civil town from the 軍の one, and 工夫するd to 保護する the yard, the gunwharf, the victualling office, and the 残り／休憩（する） of the important 政府 設立s, so these things remained until the seventies. The 訪問者, if he had taken an 利益／興味 in the townsfolk and had poked about の中で them during the war period, would have 設立する 非，不，無 but seafaring people, or persons who lived honestly, or さもなければ, by sailors. Jews, seamen, and harlots （人が）群がるd the streets, and talked of nothing but the French, prize money, the 圧力（をかける）-ギャング（団）, and the French 囚人s.
Marryat has so 井戸／弁護士席 述べるd it all, that the スピードを出す／記録につけるs and Point and the Blue 地位，任命するs are familiar to people all over the world. Between the stories he tells and the stories in the 地元の papers of the time, I can find no difference. For instance, the Portsmouth inns were 悪名高い for their ゆすり，強要s, and a 報告（する）／憶測 in a 地元の paper about 1810 tells of a landlord who 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d a gentleman a guinea a day for the use of three rooms for himself and family, and would not let them unless they were taken for a week 確かな . The guest only 手配中の，お尋ね者 the rooms for a few hours until the coach for London was ready. A captain in the 海軍 審理，公聴会 the discussion between landlord and guest, asked leave to take over the rooms, and this was agreed upon.
"Now, landlord," says the captain, "I want all three rooms got ready for me to-night."
"What, all three, sir?"
"Yes, 港／避難所't I paid for them?"
In the evening the gallant officer returned, bringing with him his boatswain and two mates. These men were ordered to keep watch and watch, and every half-hour to 報告（する）／憶測 the time, and every four hours 麻薬を吸う the watch on deck, each man in his particular room. After one night of this 治療 the landlord returned the three guineas.
True stories of 圧力（をかける）-ギャング（団）s collected would of themselves make a good-sized and very readable 調書をとる／予約する. In 1803 an impress officer at ten at night 組み立てる／集結するd a party of 海洋s at Gosport, making as much fuss as possible, and giving out that there was a serious 暴動 on the Fort Moncton 味方する of Haslar Creek, marched his men over the 橋（渡しをする）. Thousands, of course, 急ぐd across to see the fun, then the officer drew up his men across the road and 圧力（をかける）d every man likely to be useful. Dozens were 解放（する）d next day on their 現在のing proofs that they were 見習い工s or masters. I wonder what an 見習い工 or a master would say now if he was taken off in this fashion, and only 解放（する）d after spending the night in a receiving-ship. Imagine the scene in Smock Alley or Bathing-House Square when a 圧力（をかける）-ギャング（団） appeared at the door of the "Jolly Sailors" or the "Help the Lame Dog over the Stile," and took from 政治家 and Bet and 告訴する their fancy men!
The history of Portsmouth Point would, if it were written, be more than half the history of the 海軍. What embarkations and debarkations have taken place there, and there have been other sensations. Thirty or forty persons were blown to pieces there in 1809 by the 爆発 of several バーレル／樽s of 砕く, belonging to the 蓄える／店s of a 連隊 then about to 乗る，着手する. An old woman, a 兵士's wife, was smoking her 麻薬を吸う, and she knocked the ashes out on the pebbles, when—puff! half Point was blown away. Fancy 扱うing 弾薬／武器 in such fashion now; and what fights with the 圧力（をかける） there were! The men surprised, half-drunk in some low tavern, fought with their 握りこぶしs, with 木造の （法廷の）裁判s, with pewter マリファナs, the women with mops and brooms and with their talons. These 軍隊s 連合させるd 論争d with the 海洋s and seamen the way to the boats インチ by インチ, while the little Jew rascal who, for a consideration, had betrayed the sailors to the 圧力（をかける）, slunk off wuth his 血-money and such trifles as, in the excitement, the combatants had left on the 床に打ち倒す of the マリファナ-house.
Another of the sights of Portsmouth was the prizes lying in the harbour. A picture of the time shows a whole (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of them; and as a companion to it there is a 見解（をとる） of Southampton that makes of that important seaport a tiny fishing village. And what is written of Portsmouth 適用するs 平等に 井戸／弁護士席 to Plymouth and our other 王室の 海軍の seaports. We could even then 誇る of big 海軍の 設立s abroad, at Bermuda, at Malta, and at Halifax, for instance; though that at Sydney, now one of the most important, had not then been thought of. The breakwater at Plymouth was begun in 1812, and took half the century to finish, and they have been 追加するing to the other dockyards acres of 水盤／入り江s, ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs, and "作品," until the ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる 塀で囲むs now enclose a town.
The French 囚人s in the hulks and the 一時的な 政府 刑務所，拘置所s were not the least curious of the sights. The cost of their keep in England ran to ｣1000 a day. In Porchester 城 there were at one time as many as 5000, and at Forton and the hulks in Portsmouth Harbour 13,000 more. These men frequently escaped, and in a very remarkable manner; for example, in April 1808 eleven Frenchmen 削減（する） a 穴を開ける in the Vigilant hulk, swam to another ship, and there 安全な・保証するd a boat, 着せる／賦与するd themselves in the greatcoats of the boat's 乗組員, then pulled to the master attendant's tender, a 罰金 little 切断機，沿岸警備艇 価値（がある） ｣1000, and sailed coolly out of Portsmouth Harbour, taking the 切断機，沿岸警備艇's 錨，総合司会者-watch of three men with them to Cherbourg.
We did not 扱う／治療する the 囚人s 不正に, though we were （刑事）被告 of doing so, and a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of correspondence took place between the French and English 政府s on the 支配する. We had 囚人s of our own in フラン, and their stories of French 刑務所，拘置所s were not calculated to 静める the anti-French feeling in the seaports. Sir Sydney Smith's 治療, and Captain Wright's death in the 寺 at Paris, and other stories of the 肉親，親類d, can be 始める，決める off for anything 申し立てられた／疑わしい against us. Our 囚人s of war led an 平易な life of it, carving toys out of the beef bones that they saved from their rations, to sell to the children of the villages 近づく their 刑務所，拘置所s; and a 世代 ago you could 会合，会う any number of people who had seen the Frenchmen doing this work and plaiting straw hats from their straw beds in the rooms and grounds of Porchester 城. In 1810 there was a long correspondence over a 提案するd 交流 of 囚人s, to which we would not agree, as the French 手配中の，お尋ね者 to 交流 12,000 Englishmen for our 50,000 囚人s. We would have even agreed to this, though many of their 囚人s were women and children 拘留するd in 違反 of the 法律s of nations, but the French had a number of our Spanish 同盟（する）s in their 刑務所，拘置所s, and we 辞退するd 条件 because the French would not 解放（する） them. Though from 1803 to 1815 the cost of 持続するing French 囚人s to us was about six and a half million 英貨の／純銀の, and only one and a half per cent, of the 50,000 were sick, it has always been said in フラン that we 許すd 囚人s to die of hunger and 冷淡な.
There were 海軍の 同様に as 軍の volunteers when the 恐れる of Bonaparte's 侵略 was upon us, though the Sea Fencibles, as they were called, were not thought any too 高度に of, to 裁判官 from 同時代の accounts of them; thus a writer in 1809:—
"The public 利益 derived from the Sea Fencibles, a 軍隊 costing ｣200,000 a year, I have never been able to learn, as they are 入会させるd only to serve in 事例／患者 of 侵略. Their officers have no 命令（する） over them, and the 量 of their 現在の service is only to 召集（する） once a week, for which each man receives one shilling. によれば the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s they are 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the coasts of the three kingdoms, and doing nothing, while their officers are paid much more than are the officers of ships in （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限."
The 広大な／多数の／重要な 貿易（する）ing ports and their 全住民 have changed no いっそう少なく than the 王室の seaports. There are columns of 人物／姿／数字s showing the values of 輸入するs and 輸出（する）s, ships owned, and the 残り／休憩（する） of it, but they look so 乾燥した，日照りの and uninteresting, and can so easily be got from 調書をとる／予約するs of 言及／関連, that I will not 引用する them. London was in 1800, as now, the first of our seaports, and Liverpool （機の）カム next. London did two-thirds of the whole 貿易（する） of the kingdom, and there were 2666 大型船s owned in the port. すぐに, the three 主要な／長／主犯 ports, London, Liverpool, and Bristol, 手段d by their customs 義務, stood thus:—London, ｣5,000,000; Liverpool, ｣649,684; Bristol, ｣334,909.
The ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs of London, as we know them, have grown up 完全に in the 現在の century. Fifty years ago you might have talked with men who could remember when the 目印s of Blackwall Reach were grim gibbet 地位，任命するs for the 団体／死体s of 著作権侵害者s. When the century opened ships lay in the river, and 発射する／解雇するd into はしけs at Blackwall, whence the goods were carried to rotting old 木造の quays at London 橋（渡しをする）. These were the times when river 強盗 was a 栄えるing 貿易（する）, and fortunes were built on the proceeds of thievery. The 広大な／多数の／重要な seaports in the North were at the beginning of the century of no more account than Falmouth is now, compared with their 現在の-day importance.
世代s of 政府 dockyard men have been born in the 広大な／多数の／重要な 海軍の seaports, have served their 見習いの身分制度s, grown grey in the service of the yards, retired on their 年金s and died, knowing no more of actual 戦時, having no more real idea of what a 明言する／公表する of 海軍の war means, than if they had been born, brought up, and worked out their lives in the heart of the Australian bush. When these men talked shop—of the refitting of this 大型船, the ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるing of that—they might, have been 建設業者s of market waggons for all that their conversation had to do with 海軍の glory. You might have mingled with them any time these last fifty years and have never heard について言及する of prizes, privateers, 圧力（をかける）-ギャング（団）s, 囚人s of war—words that were in the mouths of everyone a hundred years ago, and are still rightly to be 設立する in ninety per cent, of the 海軍の 調書をとる／予約するs published now.
They were building ships in the little English seaports 早期に in the century, 開始する，打ち上げるing 罰金 フリゲート艦s and sloops of war in places that would to-day go wild with excitement if the 地元の boat-建設業者 had a 穏健な-sized schooner on his slips. The 供給（する） of 木材／素質 was the one 広大な／多数の／重要な question agitating the shipbuilding 利益／興味, and the adjacency of suitable 木材／素質 規制するd the position of a shipbuilding yard, just as that of coal and アイロンをかける 影響（力） a "作品" now. But the 状況／情勢s of the King's yards at Portsmouth, at Plymouth, and at Chatham, and at the other dockyards and 海軍の 設立s, were, of course, chosen for 戦略の 推論する／理由s, and "our natural enemy" had decided these things for us long before the beginning of the century.
There is much to see, of course, at the 王室の Yards at Portsmouth or Plymouth now, and when a party of 訪問者s is shown 一連の会議、交渉／完成する by a constable of the dockyard 分割 of the 主要都市の police, a 非，不，無-専門家 leaves the place, after walking over some miles of ground, with a 混乱させるd notion that he has seen more 機械／機構 in an hour than he will ever be likely to see again in a lifetime. Steam, hydraulics, and electricity leave him wondering what they want with nine thousand men in Portsmouth Yard. In 1801 there were only four thousand shipwrights 雇うd in all the King's yards. The old dockyard was under the general superintendence of a Commissioner, chosen from the captains of the 王室の 海軍, who 占領するd a position 類似の to that of the 現在の 海軍大将 Superintendent. The 主要な／長／主犯 officers under him were the Master Shipwright, two Master Attendants, a Clerk of the Check, a Storekeeper, a Clerk of the 調査する, a Clerk of the Rope Yard. The Master Shipwright was the most important officer in the yard, having four assistant master shipwrights under him, one of whom, called the 木材／素質 Master, had 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of all 蓄える／店s of 木材／素質, and directed what pieces should be used, and the order of their uses. The Master Attendant and his assistant controlled the sail lofts and 船の索具 houses, and saw to the mooring and unmooring of ships, and the moving of them about the harbour. The Clerk of the Check kept the men's time, paid them, and did, or rather superintended the clerks who did, the clerical work. He, too, with the 援助（する） of the Clerk of the 調査する and the Storekeeper, bought new 蓄える／店s and sold 非難するd 蓄える／店s, jobbing as much as he could, which （機の）カム 平易な and was natural at the time to every one. The Clerk of the Rope House was a very important person, having 十分な 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of all the hemp, tar, and 類似の 構成要素s used in the rope-walks, and having many ropcmakers under him, as may be imagined in the days when wire 船の索具 was not thought of.
Up to 1805 給料 were paid only once a ４半期/4分の1, and it was the end of the 後継するing ４半期/4分の1 before the 計算／見積りs were 完全にするd and 支払い（額） made. 一方／合間, the men lived by 得るing 前進するs from people called "売買業者s," shop and tavern keepers, who made the most of the credit they gave. The 1805 改革（する） 学校／設けるd the 支払い（額） of subsistence money, by which the dockyard matey, as he was called, was 許すd to draw from the Clerk of the Check from three-fourths to seven-eighths of his week's 収入s on the first Saturday in each month.
These distinguished persons were paid salaries 範囲ing from ｣650 to a 建設業者 or a Clerk of the Check, or a Master Attendant, and ｣500 to a Clerk of the Rope-walk, 負かす／撃墜する to ｣100 a year to a ありふれた clerk, whose 商売／仕事 it was to 追加する two and two together, and who might have been Mr Dickens, the father of Charles Dickens, who, it will be remembered, was a 支払う／賃金 clerk in the yard at Portsmouth.
The workmen were divided into artificers and labourers; these were shipwrights, sail-製造者s, ropemakers, joiners, mast-製造者s, boat-建設業者s, blacksmiths, riggers, and a dozen others whose 肩書を与えるs still remain, while their 義務s are as 類似の as those of the driver of the 急速な／放蕩な 表明する from Euston to Liverpool and the driver of the Mail Coach Red ロケット／急騰する.
The 給料 of these workmen were 事実上 the same as they were in the 統治する of Queen Anne, and the hideous 複雑化s 伴う／関わるd in 支払う／賃金ing them, by 職業, by piece, by tides, by 仕事, and by a dozen other different methods, have 反抗するd the 成果／努力s of a Cambridge mathematical scholar, whose 援助（する） I have sought, to explain them. This much is （疑いを）晴らす, Scavelmen got 3d. a day in lieu of 半導体素子s, and I shall presently explain that 半導体素子s were important. Scavelmen were labourers who pumped out ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs, and they were paid 3s. 6d. a day when outside 労働 was only getting los. 6d. a week. A Board 任命するd to economise, and, if possible, also put a stop to 搾取するing, could not understand why. The 普通の／平均（する） 収入s of a shipwright were 7s. 6d. a day. From 6 A.M. till 6 P.M. in the summer, and from daylight till dark in the winter, were the 正規の／正選手 working hours; but overtime, working on Sunday, during the dinner half-hour, and at night, brought up their 給料. A 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 給料 published in 1806 shows that a working shipbuilder got 2s. 1d. a day, a foreman or quarterman 2s. 2d., labourers is. 2d., pitch heaters is. 6d., joiners 1s. 8d., oakum boys 8d. The quarterman was a sort of ganger of shipwrights who 配達するd an account of 作品 into the office, where it was classed and 定価つきの, and it was in the 利益／興味 of the quarterman and of the clerks to 増加する the general 収入s of a ギャング（団）, so that when all were friendly, and things went 滑らかに, no one was short of a 続けざまに猛撃する or two. Foremen of different 支店s were 許すd also to take 見習い工s, two-thirds of whose 支払う／賃金 went to the foreman, and one-third to the parents of the 見習い工, a perquisite then of かなりの value. The clerical work 伴う／関わるd in the 複雑にするd system of 支払い（額） cost at Plymouth, in 1801, ｣1040 per 年, and the workmen's 給料 for the same year 量d to ｣200,064.
A 訪問者 to Portsmouth to see the dockyard in 1801 would not have had the difficulty in getting in that he would have now. No policeman or 歩哨 would trouble himself in the least about him. There was an old one-legged porter in a 宿泊する, whose only 商売／仕事 was to （犯罪の）一味 the bell morning and evening. The 内部の すぐに after entering has not much altered. Mast-houses and ponds, and neat red brick buildings, 住居s of the 上級の 公式の／役人s, the Commissioner's house, and the 王室の 学院, now the 海軍の College, all remain pretty much the same. But away to the left, where the building slips ran 負かす／撃墜する to the water, you could see the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of French prizes lying in the harbour, where now 嘘（をつく） the hulks of ships that were the pride of the 海軍 fifty years ago.
錨，総合司会者 列／漕ぐ／騒動 was there, and they 誇るd of the 広大な／多数の／重要な thirty hundredweight 錨，総合司会者s that were (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進むd in the yard; on an old hulk a 訪問者 could any time in daylight see the ropemakers stretching hempen cables, with the 援助（する） of these 重大な 錨，総合司会者s, (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進むd in a smithy, where there was a marvellous pair of bellows, so big that the apparatus was worked by a windlass, which was driven by a man, who, slung by the armpits, trod a treadmill, which in its turn 回転するd the windlass! But this remarkable 装置 was becoming 古風な; people were thinking of steam. Brunei, the father of another of that 指名する to be heard of later, in 1804 introduced his wonderful 封鎖する-making 機械／機構 driven by steam. Fourteen 主要な／長／主犯 little machines did the work; five of these made the 爆撃する, and nine the pin and sheave; the man put in some 支持を得ようと努めるd and アイロンをかける, and out （機の）カム a 封鎖する, and they have not beaten Brunei 上級の's idea even at this end of the century.
Another 広大な／多数の／重要な sight in the yard was the rope-walk, 1100 ft. long, 54 ft. wide, and three storeys high, where they spun hemp into rope, 権利 from making spun-yarn, to a 7-トンs 負わせる cable, 要求するing eighty men to work the 職業, taking care ahvays to spin into it the "rogues' yarn," that coloured heart-yarn that distinguishes 政府 from 私的な 所有物／資産／財産 in rope, and which in those days 単に served to 保証（人） the receiver of stolen 所有物／資産／財産 that the rope 申し込む／申し出d was of the best make. Then, not to について言及する the sail-lofts and 船の索具-houses, mast-ponds, mast-houses, and the building-slips—the last-指名するd much as they appear to-day, except in the 事柄 of what is building in them—there was the 巡査 foundry. It 要求するd 4000 sheets of 巡査 to cover the 底（に届く） of a ship of the line, and a トン 負わせる of nails to fasten it on. During the French war they worked up old 巡査 after recasting it; in one year making about 1200 トンs of it in this way.
In 1817 a Plymouth newspaper 述べるd an 操作／手術 at the 地元の dockyard that at that time 越えるd anything that had ever been done before in the annals of shipbuilding. Without 引用するing the rapturous language of the 地元の scribe, this 広大な／多数の／重要な 業績／成就 shall be told in a few words. The Kent, an 80-gun ship, was 運ぶ／漁獲高d up on a 修理ing slip. The 職業 was, in truth, a big 操作／手術, and the whole dockyard took a week working all day, and by candle-light at night, to 準備する for it. The Kent 重さを計るd 1964 トンs, and in forty minutes she was 運ぶ／漁獲高d high and 乾燥した，日照りの out of the water on to the slip. The means 雇うd was a long pull and a strong pull; 1400 men operated the 力／強力にする, and they worked with fourteen capstans, thirty-two treblefold 封鎖するs, with 取り組む of 7-, 8-, and 9-インチ rope, eight 23-インチ cables 攻撃するd to the ship with selvegee strops of 1500 yarns each (no wonder Jasper, Mr W. S. Gilbert's old sailor, was such a bore on the value of the selvegee), and she was ブイ，浮標d up at her after-end by four はしけs. Any number of 錨，総合司会者s and chains to 持つ／拘留する the standing parts of the 取り組むs were buried in the ground. Then all 存在 ready, the chronicler relates that the word was given, and, in the presence of thousands of 観客s, and 元気づけるd by 禁止（する）d of music and 奮起させるing shouts, the 1400 men 運ぶ／漁獲高d on the 取り組むs, and hove on the capstan 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, and the Kent began to move up the inclined 計画（する） at the 率 of 8 or 10 インチs at a time, as the 購入（する）s 行為／法令／行動するd!
People no 疑問 remember the 災害 in the Thames in June 1898, when the Albion, a first-class 戦艦 of 12,950 トンs, was 開始する，打ち上げるd by the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company. She was the largest man-o'-war ever built on the Thames, and the Duchess of York touched the electric button that sent her 事情に応じて変わる 負かす／撃墜する the ways. Everything had, 明らかに, passed off happily, and 元気づけるs were 存在 raised in 祝賀 of the event, when a 行う／開催する／段階ing which had been 築くd around a Japanese 軍艦 in course of construction was swept away by the backwash raised by the Albion. More than one hundred people were suddenly thrown into the water, of whom thirty-five are known to have been 溺死するd. There was a curious 平行の to this 災害 in Septemiber 1825 at Portsmouth, when the Princess Charlotte, of 110 guns, was 開始する，打ち上げるd. Prince Leopold 成し遂げるing the 儀式. A 広大な／多数の／重要な concourse of 観客s had gathered upon one of the 20-feet 橋（渡しをする）s crossing one of the 水盤／入り江s in the yard. The （人が）群がる 原因（となる）d the 橋（渡しをする） to sway, and the 広大な／多数の／重要な 騒動 of the water when the Princess Charlotte slid 負かす／撃墜する the ways 完全にするd the mischief, the 橋（渡しをする） gave way, and about twenty persons were 溺死するd. This is the only serious 事故 that is remembered in the 王室の yards in many years, notwithstanding that such wonderful 操作／手術s as that 述べるd in 関係 with the Kent were going on by no means infrequently.
As I have hinted, people in the King's yards were not 特に honest in the beginning of the century. In the 法廷，裁判所 of King's （法廷の）裁判, in July 1801, two partners in one of the largest 巡査-working 会社／堅いs in London were 設立する 有罪の of embezzling the King's 蓄える／店s from Portsmouth. In the course of the 証拠, it was shown that the loss of 王室の 海軍の 蓄える／店s by 使い込み，横領 量d to not いっそう少なく than ｣500,000 毎年. An officer of the dockyard discovered several 樽s filled with 巡査 sheathing and bolts 示すd with the 幅の広い arrow, 公然と exposed for sale by these "merchants," who were 証明するd to have carried on a system of thieving for years, by which the workmen of the yard carried out the 巡査, and 性質の／したい気がして of it to a 地元の receiver, who in turn sent it to London.
An old writer on the town of Portsmouth 明言する／公表するd:—"The poor people の中で us are 主として supported by their 労働 in the dockyard. These men are much 緩和するd in housekeeping by the beef and pork they procure from the ships, and the 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing they その結果 bring home with them once a day from the yard." This was the time when every one 雇うd in the public service had his perquisites: for example, the shipwrights were する権利を与えるd to take home 半導体素子s—it may be depended upon that they took care to make plenty of them, and make them large enough for their 国内の 解雇する／砲火／射撃s.
Mr Colquhoun, the Thames Police 治安判事, attacked this 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s. A hundred years ago he wrote:—"Many 大型船s in the coasting 貿易（する）, and even ships of foreign nations, are said to touch at Portsmouth and Plymouth 単に for the 目的 of 購入（する）ing cheap 蓄える／店s; and it is 井戸／弁護士席 known that many 売買業者s in 海軍の 蓄える／店s in the neighbourhood of the dockyards are 主として 供給（する）d in this way. The system which 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs at 現在の with regard to the sale of old 蓄える／店s not only 証明するs a 肉親，親類d of 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限 to these fraudulent 売買業者s, but it is also 支配する to 広大な／多数の／重要な 乱用s in the 配達／演説／出産 of larger 量s not 含むd in the public sales, by which the parties （罪などを）犯すing this 種類 of plunder are said to pocket かなりの sums of money. The artificers of the dockyards, availing themselves of their perquisites of 半導体素子s, not only commit 広大な／多数の／重要な 詐欺s through this medium, by often cutting up useful 木材／素質, and wasting time in doing so, but also in frequently 隠すing within their bundles of 半導体素子s, 巡査 bolts, and other 価値のある articles which are 除去するd by their wives and children, and afterwards sold to itinerant Jews, or to the 売買業者s in old アイロンをかける and 蓄える／店s, who are always to be 設立する in 豊富 wherever the dockyards are 据えるd."
Mr Colquhoun then goes on to 見積（る） the cost to 政府 of the 半導体素子s perquisite, which, with the articles 隠すd in the bundles, he calculated （機の）カム to ｣140,000 a year. Give the men 6d. per day extra instead of the 半導体素子s, said Mr Colquhoun, and a saving will be 影響d of ｣117,500 a year. And the 政府 took his advice, first considering the 支配する for a １０年間. Another 発言／述べる of Mr Colquhoun's explains the "rogues yarn," 言及／関連 to which I made a few 宣告，判決s 支援する:— "の中で the multitude of 犯罪の people who are 関心d in it, some are said to keep men 絶えず 雇うd in untwisting cordage, for the 目的 of 除去するing the King's 示す or coloured 立ち往生させる which is introduced into it as a check against 詐欺: while others are, in like manner, 雇うd in knocking the 幅の広い arrow out of 巡査 bolts, nails, 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業-アイロンをかける, and other articles on which it is impressed, so as to elude （犯罪，病気などの）発見."
It is but 明らかにする 司法（官）, however, to 明言する／公表する that they turned out good work in both the 政府 and 私的な shipbuilding yards. Ships, it is true, were いつかs 報告（する）／憶測d bad before they were （疑いを）晴らす of the riggers' 手渡すs, but this was 借りがあるing to 欠陥のある planks, or 不正に pickled 木材／素質. Examples of sound work are still afloat. Take the history of one or two ships as an illustration.
The St Vincent, 開始する，打ち上げるd at Plymouth in 1815, was the second of her 指名する in the service, for a century before a ship 指名するd after the saint was 逮捕（する）d from the French. This second St Vincent, long a 旗艦 for the later years of her life, did 義務 as a training ship for seamen boys at Portsmouth, but in 1899 the Admiralty thought she was too old to be healthy, and at the time of 令状ing a 計画（する） is under consideration for giving the youngsters other ４半期/4分の1s.
The Foudroyant was 開始する，打ち上げるd in 1798, and would have been afloat now, but for an 事故. It will be remembered that she was sold a few years ago to a German 会社／堅い of shipbrokers; bought 支援する again by an English 企業連合（する） who had the idea of 展示（する）ing her at all the English seaports; was caught in a 強風 when 錨，総合司会者d off Blackpool in June 1897; was driven 岸に, and in the course of a few weeks went to pieces.
In 私的な yards shipbuilding for the King was carried on much more extensively than is 一般に known. For example, there were afloat in 1800 sixteen King's ships which had been built in Liverpool during the previous twenty years, the ships 変化させるing from 32- to 50-gun フリゲート艦s. In 1813 a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of King's ships, building in 政府 and in 私的な yards, shows 大型船s on the 在庫／株s at Deptford, Woolwich, Chatham, Portsmouth, Plymouth, and Milford (King's yards), and on 私的な slips at Dartmouth, Brighton, Ipswich, 挟む, Lynn, Bursledon, Southampton, Bridport, 保護物，者s, Bideford, Rochester, Hythe, Redbridge, Topsham, and several others, besides many yards on the Thames and Medway. On the Thames alone in 1814, twenty-two yards were in 存在, with between them forty-one building slips, but the peace threw most of them idle, and only eighteen of the slips were 占領するd. In 1806, of merchant ships alone, returns show the に引き続いて 人物／姿／数字s:— Building on 契約, 50 大型船s, equalling 8961 トンs; on 憶測, 124, equalling 21,300 トンs; and 開始する，打ち上げるd and for sale, 22, equalling 4725 トンs. In the port of London alone, 77 ships, with a tonnage of 18,000, were for sale.
They were beginning to build ships in the 植民地s, too. In 1814, at the request of the Admiralty, 150 shipwrights volunteered from Plymouth Yard to go to the Lakes in Canada to build 大型船s. They were to receive 支払う／賃金 and allowances equal to about 13s. per day. The Sydney (New South むちの跡s) Gazette of April 17th, 1819, says:— "We had the 楽しみ, on the 7th of the 現在の month, to 証言，証人／目撃する the 開始する，打ち上げる of the new schooner, built at His Majesty's dockyard at Sydney, by 命令（する） of His 王室の Highness the Prince Regent, as a 現在の for the King of the 挟む Islands, and 指名するd by His Excellency the 知事, The Prince Regent. The novelty of the sight attracted a 広大な／多数の／重要な number of 観客s, 同様に on shore as on the water; and the stately manner in which she first saluted the retiring wave afforded 広大な／多数の／重要な satisfaction. She is a very 罰金 大型船; her burthen 40 トンs; and will be despatched to the King of the 挟む Islands as soon as 完全に rigged and 適切に equipped for so long a voyage."
But long before this time they had built 資本／首都 little 大型船s on the shores of Sydney Harbour. 罪人／有罪を宣告する shipwrights were plentiful, and the art of stealing 巡査, as the 記録，記録的な／記録するs show, got a new life in the young 植民地; one 囚人's 指名する has been 手渡すd 負かす／撃墜する to posterity for his 技術 in thieving 巡査 bolts. In 1805 they refitted, in Sydney dockyard, Flinders's old 調査するing ship, the 捜査官／調査官, in such a fashion that she was navigated to England after all the 海軍の 専門家s had 非難するd her as only fit to be broken up. The little 29-トン Cumberland, in which Flinders would have reached England if he had not been made 囚人 at the Mauritius by the French, and the Francis, a schooner of 40 トンs, which took part of the shipwrecked 乗組員 to England, were both built in Sydney when the century was a year old. Now, beside the 広大な／多数の／重要な アイロンをかける shipyards on the shores of Sydney Harbour, you can still hear the caulkers' mallets, and see the 半導体素子s 飛行機で行く from the adzes of shipwrights working in little yards where shipbuilding, as 際立った from boiler-making, still goes on. Pearling luggers are 存在 開始する，打ち上げるd for the South Seas, year in and year out, and so late as 1899 I saw within six months a little 10-トン lugger laid 負かす／撃墜する, built, 開始する，打ち上げるd, and rigged, and read of her coming 安全に through a ハリケーン, which had 乱打するd and half-難破させるd more than one 4000-トン steamer, and which she had 天候d in waters a thousand miles away from her birthplace.
India had long been building teak ships, men-of-war for the East India Company, 同様に as merchantmen. In 1799 there arrived in the Thames the Scalby 城, of 1200 トンs, built at Bombay by Parsees, for John Company, and in March of the same year, a Parsee shipowner 開始する，打ち上げるd from his own yard, in the same port, a 大型船 of 1400 トンs. 負かす／撃墜する to 1848 they were building men-of-war for the English 王室の 海軍 in Bombay. Cursetjee Rustomjee, the Parsee 長，率いる 建設業者 of the Hon. Company's yard in Bombay, was a famous 建設業者. He entered the yard in 1800 as an 見習い工 to the shipwrights, under his uncle Framjee, then master 建設業者. He was made fourth assistant in 1805, and was 速く 促進するd, until in 1844 he became 長，率いる 建設業者. In the course of that period, there had been built at the yard 100 ships, large and small, for the Company, and for the 栄冠を与える 10 line of 戦う／戦い ships, 5 フリゲート艦s, and 6 brigs, besides 2 フリゲート艦s and 5 sloops for the 暴君 of Muscat, and any number of merchant 大型船s for English and Indian shipowners.
The British working man has a deservedly high 評判 all the world over, but he will have to 発揮する himself if he is to 保持する his pride of place. In Bombay in the seventies I saw an old Scotch shipwright rather astonished when he saw Parsees come on board a ship and caulk her decks, just 同様に and やめる as quickly as Glasgow caulkers could have done the work. It was a year or two after the first visit of the Shah of Persia to England, and the Parsees in their Persian 長，率いる-dress, long-pointed shoes, and clean white 衣料品s, やめる shocked the old ship-carpenter, who said they were not shipwrights, but Persian noblemen; but the （犯罪の）一味 of their mallets sounded true in his ears, and he was too honest a man not to recognise that they knew their 商売／仕事.
I have said that 木材／素質 was the 悩ますd question in the 早期に part of the century, for we were denuding our forests 速く, and in a 明言する／公表する of war there was no telling how long we might 首尾よく 輸入する it. In Surrey, in one year, 15,000 trees were 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する, and in the fifteen years ending 1808, the price of oak had risen from is. 6d. to 2s. 6d and 3s. a foot. To find 木材／素質, they had taken to building from the forests at the foot of the Grampians. The trees were floated by means of sluices and dams to sawmills on the banks of a rivulet (the Drue), thence to the river Spey, where the スピードを出す／記録につけるs were made up in rafts of about 15,000 スピードを出す／記録につけるs, and sold in the English market. Mr W. Osbourne of 船体, who had for ｣10,000 bought the 権利 to 削減（する） 木材／素質 on the Duke of Gordon's forest 広い地所s, 変えるd his 特権 into ships, 変化させるing from 130 to 600 トンs, and by the year 1802 this shipbuilder had turned out some fifty 大型船s. The 木材／素質 was Highland pine, and every ship built from it 証明するd a 広大な／多数の／重要な success.
The cost of building by 契約, in 1805, a 74-gun ship was about ｣36 a トン, just three times what it was a century earlier, and about half what it is to build the corresponding class of up-to-date steel 戦艦. Some tenders were received in 1804 for building a seventy-four at ｣25 per トン, but this was 異常に low. The 普通の／平均（する） time 占領するd in building such a 大型船 was three and a half years.
Without discussing 専門的事項s any その上の, there is some 利益／興味 in noticing that in 1804 they 開始する，打ち上げるd a 王室の ヨット for King George, called the 王室の 君主, "with every modern 改良, ship-rigged, and handsomely furnished," just as at the end of the century they have 開始する，打ち上げるd a new 王室の ヨット for Queen Victoria. 事情に応じて変わる keels or centre-board 大型船s, the 発明 of Captain Schanck, were creating a 穏やかな sensation. 中尉／大尉／警部補 認める sailed to 調査する the Australian coast in the Lady Nelson, a little brig of 60 トンs, fitted with the new idea.
Modern sailors think they see something comparatively 初めの in the four-masted and five-masted sailing-ships, but in 1799 Richard Hall Gower, of the East India Company, 展示（する）d in London a model of a five-master. The 大型船 was 開始する，打ち上げるd in May of the に引き続いて year at Itchenor, in Sussex, but after a 裁判，公判 trip her fifth mast was taken out. She was soon after taken up by 政府, and appears on the 公式の／役人 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of the time as the "輸送, four-masted advice boat."
One George Matthews, in 1804, wrote from むちの跡s to the 海軍の Chronicle, 示唆するing 計画（する）s for building four-, five-, and six-masted ships, and with his letter enclosed a picture of a five-masted square-rigged ship on the 原則 of a modern 二塁打-ended screw フェリー（で運ぶ） steamer. Mr Matthews explains that he is not a sailor, but he thinks his idea could be carried out. The picture he sent saved the necessity of the explanation.
But a four-masted square-rigged ship was afloat a hundred years ago, and between her and the 現在の-day four-masted 貨物 戦車／タンク, the comparison is all in favour of the former, although the 1801 ship was built by Frenchmen at Bordeaux. The 海軍の Chronicle gives a picture of her in 1804, …を伴ってd by this description:—
"This is an 正確な 代表 of L'発明, 逮捕（する）d by the Inimortalite, Captain Hotham, off Cape Ortigal, on 27th July 1801. She belonged to Bordeaux, carried 24 long six-pounders, 2 twelve-pounders, and 220 men...独立した・無所属 of her 存在 as 罰金 a ship of her class as ever was seen for war, she is a 広大な／多数の／重要な curiosity, 存在 fitted with four masts, at nearly equal distances from each other. The first mainmast, taken from 今後, is the largest, the foremast and the second mainmast are nearly of a 高さ, and the mizzen-mast is the shortest of the whole: she has four 最高の，を越す-gallant yards, rigged aloft, is a 広大な／多数の／重要な length, having thirteen ports on each 味方する on a 紅潮／摘発する deck, and carries her guns very high from the water; she is a 井戸／弁護士席-equipped ship, and her outfit as a privateer must have been very expensive, as she is finished in a style superior to ships of her description; she had been 開始する，打ち上げるd only three weeks, was on her first 巡航する, had been eight days at sea, and made no 逮捕（する）s."
All over the world, in every seaport, can be seen some remains of ships built in the small English shipyards during the first half of the century. Good, honest work was put into them, as the hulks of these ships afloat to-day 証明する. But, いつかs, 借りがあるing to the custom of perpetuating 指名するs and the 混乱 arising therefrom, a belief in the age of our old 木造の 塀で囲むs is carried a little too far. For example: lying off Hobart is a red-painted 砕く-hulk belonging to the Tasmanian 政府. On her 屈服するs she is 指名するd the Aladdin, under her 厳しい is painted Mutine. On August 1st, 1898, the Tasmanian 政府 decorated her with 旗s from 茎・取り除く to 厳しい because it was the centenary of the 戦う／戦い of the Nile, and the brig La Mutine brought the first news of the 広大な／多数の／重要な victory to Naples. To 妨げる 混乱 let us call this 運送／保菌者 of Nelson's despatches Mutine No. 1.
She was 以前は La Mutine, a French war brig which had been 削減（する） out by Hardy (Nelson's Hardy) from Santa Cruz in 1797, and Hardy, then a 中尉／大尉／警部補, was given the 命令（する） of her. In 1803 orders were given for Mutine No. 1 to be sold out of the service, and she was 購入（する）d in 1807 by Mr David Beatson of Rotherhithe. In 1846 a Mr M'Arthur of Hobart-Town, who was 大部分は 利益／興味d in 捕鯨, went to England and bought from a 井戸／弁護士席-known London shipowner 指名するd Bennett a 大型船 called the Aladdin, which the purchaser was 保証するd was the very same Mutine that had carried the Nile despatches. Every one in Tasmania has ever since believed this yarn, as is very natural, unless one has that special knowledge only to be acquired by much 熟考する／考慮する of musty papers and uninteresting 調書をとる／予約するs. The Tasmanian 政府 does not seem to have 追求するd this 熟考する／考慮する, and so they decorated their 砕く-hulk, as I have said, and gaily dressed her with 旗s on the Nile 周年記念日. But the truth is, Mutine No. 1 sold out of the service; Mutine No. 2, a brig-rigged sloop of war, was built at Bideford by Tucker in 1806, and duly （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d, and was at the 砲撃 of Algiers—then, in 1825, she was 非難するd and sold out of the service; and Mutine No. 3 was built at Plymouth Dockyard as a brig of war in February 1842, she was 非難するd and sold to Bennett, the London shipowner, who 登録（する）d her as the Aladdin, and sold her to Mr M'Arthur, her 登録 存在 transferred to Hobart in February 1847, and this is the 砕く-hulk now lying in the Derwent.
The 指名する has been perpetuated in the service. Mutine No. 4, one of 確かな famous 実験の brigs, was 開始する，打ち上げるd at Chatham in 1844, and she was lost four years later; Mutine No. 5, a steam sloop of the sixties, took her place, and, by 1870, was sold, to be 取って代わるd by Mutine No. 6, built at Devonport in 1879, and until recently a harbour service 大型船 in Southampton waters; and Mutine No. 7, an up-to-date ３倍になる 拡大 steel sloop of war, has just been built.
This link-connecting is a fascinating 追跡, but not always 利益／興味ing, though the story of the seven Mutines is here told as showing the danger of growing sentimental over the 指名する of a ship without making sure of her 身元; but though Mutine No. 3, still afloat, is not the Mutine, to the everlasting honour of Plymouth shipwrights, she, though 開始する，打ち上げるd 75 years ago, remains a 信頼できる hulk, a living 証言 to the honesty of the West Country dockyardmen.
Yarns of the 操縦室 are familiar enough to readers of Marryat and Michael Scott; there is more truth in their fiction than in most history. Here, done in 詩（を作る） in 1804, and if published since, very rarely, is a "（民事の）告訴" which, as a description of a youngster's life in the service, will stand good for any period to the sixties, and perhaps is not very far out even at the 現在の time:—
A MIDSHIPMAN'S COMPLAINT.
When in the 操縦室 all was grim,
And not a 中央の. dared show his glim,
A 青年 was all alone;
He scratched his sconce, 調査するd his 着せる／賦与するs.
Then took the other 元気づける dose,
And thus began his moan:—
"A 悪口を言う／悪態 light on that 致命的な day.
When I from home was led astray.
In this 悲惨な 穴を開ける to dwell;
If I had in my country staid,
I then had learnt some useful 貿易（する）,
And 軽蔑（する）d the white lappel.
"When first on board the ship I went,
With belly 十分な I was content,
No 悲しみ touched my heart;
I 見解（をとる）'d my coat, so flash and new,
My gay cockade and hanger, too,
And thought me wond'rous smart.
"But soon, too soon, my cash was spent.
My hanger pawn'd, my coat was rent.
My former friends I 行方不明になるd;
And when of hardship I complain.
My messmates 断言する 'tis all in vain.
And ask what made me, 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）?
"Shiv'（犯罪の）一味 I walk the ４半期/4分の1-deck.
And dread the 厳しい 中尉／大尉／警部補's check,
Who struts the 天候 味方する;
With glass and trumpet in his 手渡す.
He bellows 前へ／外へ his 厳しい 命令（する）
With arrogance and pride.
"But hark! I hear the caitiff tread;
Another dose and then to bed,
Of ev'ry joy bereft."
He shakes his 瓶／封じ込める with a 侮辱する／軽蔑する.
The poor half-pint was やめる 緊張する'd out,
Not one 肉親，親類d 減少（する） was left.
The 青年 with 激怒（する） indignant 燃やすs,
Into his hated hammock turns,
式のs! not long to sleep;
The quartermaster, with hoarse tongue.
Shakes him, and says the bell has rung;
He's roused the watch to keep.
Rising, he cries, "Tip us a light.
Old Square-toes, here, how goes the night?"
"Why, sir, it rains and blows;"
"O, damn my 注目する，もくろむs, I hear the 大勝する!
D'ye 秘かに調査する a 逸脱する 広大な／多数の／重要な-coat about?"
Then, 断言するing, up he goes.
Some letters written in 1818 show how little of exaggeration there was in Marryat's most eccentric character sketches. The writer of the letters is a 海軍の officer, and he is supposed to be 演説（する）／住所ing a youngster on his first voyage. "I am sorry," 令状s the 海軍の officer, "the ship's schoolmaster is not the 肉親，親類d of man you can derive any knowledge from, but don't play いたずらs on him; how can his greasy coat, high cheek bones, and slouched hat 影響する／感情 you?" The modern chaplain and 海軍の 指導者 would be 正確に，正当に indignant if such an insinuation appeared in print now-a-days about him. But the modern cadet is not 推定する／予想するd to be able to 始める，決める his superiors 権利 on the 事柄 of taking a lunar, as this youngster is encouraged to do. "Your attention to the different methods of working the lunar 観察s, I hope, is strict and 正規の／正選手. Never for one moment 許す yourself to think that because perhaps not more than one or two officers on board your ship are conversant with them that they are of little real service; a few months will 納得させる you how impossible it is to ascertain 正確に the 状況／情勢 of the ship without their 援助, 特に when she is not making a direct course, but 巡航するing, as is often the 事例／患者, in one given latitude and longitude, for weeks together, without seeing the land; and I hope to see the time when no midshipman shall be 許すd to pass his examination for a 中尉／大尉／警部補 unless he fully understands them."
The knowledge of seamanship is still 井戸／弁護士席 kept up, but I 疑問 very much if there could be 設立する many 中尉／大尉／警部補s to-day handy at splicing a cable, as is 要求するd by this （裁判所の）禁止（強制）命令:—
"You are, I have no 疑問, by this time fully 熟知させるd not only with the 指名するs, but the use and direction of every rope in the ship; and have long since, to use the 船員's 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語, 'paid your 地盤' in each 最高の，を越す; for it is in the 最高の，を越すs, and on the mast-長，率いるs, that you must qualify yourself 完全に to understand the 義務s of a working 船員: a knowledge 絶対 necessary to make yourself respectable as an officer in their 注目する，もくろむs. You may be a good disciplinarian, a good 航海士 in every 耐えるing of the word, know how to 装備する and work your ship upon 科学の 原則s, and to fight her to the best advantage, for these are the peculiar 義務s of an officer; still, unless the 船員 thinks that you are 平等に 井戸／弁護士席 熟知させるd with his minor 義務s, that in a 事例／患者 of 緊急 you could take his place on the yard, or 補助装置 him in knotting a shroud, or splicing a cable, he would be apt to think lightly of your other 資格s, 価値のある as they really are, because he finds you deficient in those which come more すぐに within the sphere of his own comprehension."
The 支払う／賃金 and prospects of youngsters entering the service in 1801 stood thus:—By the 支配するs they were compelled to serve three years before they were する権利を与えるd to the 支払う／賃金 of an able 船員, and they must have been four years in the service before they could be 率d as midshipmen, when, if of the highest grade, viz., serving on a 旗艦, the 支払う／賃金 was something いっそう少なく than ｣30 a year, and mighty lucky was the young man who after four or five years' service had friends enough to find a vacancy for him. A midshipman was compelled to serve six years before he was given a 中尉／大尉／警部補's （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, and more often served twelve years, when he was paid 4s. 6d. a day; a 地位，任命する-captain was paid 8s. a day; a 陸軍大佐 of a land 連隊, 24s.; a 後部-海軍大将 received when on actual service, 17s. 6d.
The whole system of 給料 was so 工夫するd that 軍の officers materially 増加するd their 支払う／賃金 by perquisites; 海軍の officers invariably 減ずるd theirs by 刑罰，罰則s 課すd upon them by mistakes in the 調書をとる／予約する-keeping of ships' clerks. For example, it was said by an 当局 that the real emoluments rising from the 命令（する） of a 連隊 were underestimated at ｣1000 a year. In 事例／患者 a captain of a man-o'-war neglected to send every two months a 完全にする 召集（する） 調書をとる／予約する of his ship to the 海軍 Office, the 刑罰，罰則 was the 没収 of his whole 給料 for the period, 裁判，公判 by 法廷，裁判所-戦争の, and 解雇／（訴訟の）却下 from the service! Mistakes were punished in this way—not only wilful errors, but involuntary mistakes!
I am afraid, from the 法廷，裁判所-戦争の 報告（する）／憶測s in the first ４半期/4分の1 of the century, that drunkenness was rather ありふれた with 海軍の officers. 報告（する）／憶測s of it are very たびたび（訪れる）, and a 海軍の officer 令状ing just after the 結論 of the war gives some very sad instances of youngsters sent to sea with drunken captains and 中尉／大尉／警部補s, whose careers were 廃虚d by the 副／悪徳行為s they learned from their superiors. Here is the description of a captain of a man-o'-war written in 1818:—
"Unfortunately for himself, the career of young B—— was 運命にあるd to 開始する in a small 大型船, 命令（する）d by a man who had risen from the lowest offices in the ship to his 現在の 階級 by perseverance alone, unassisted by talent, 企業, or knowledge of his profession, beyond that which 構成するs the mere able 船員. Educated in a merchant ship, and impressed into the service, his knowledge of the 持つ／拘留する gave him his first step to the ４半期/4分の1-deck; length of servitude made him a 中尉／大尉／警部補, and the same 推薦, at the age of sixty, a 指揮官.
"Such was a merchant 船員 raised to the 命令（する） of a man-o'-war; and such, or nearly such, are too many of those who, suddenly raised, they scarcely know how, above the 長，率いるs of their former associates, become a pest both to them and to the officers into whose society they are 移植（する）d. の中で those who have 得るd the higher 階級s of the service are certainly some rare exceptions to this 非難, but they 存在する in the persons of men whose talents and 企業 would have distinguished them in any 状況／情勢; and who have likewise thought it necessary to assume the manners of a gentleman with the 階級 of an officer."
I hope that this 抽出する makes it （疑いを）晴らす that this 肉親，親類d of officer was the exception rather than the 支配する, as were young B——'s messmates thus 述べるd:—
"A master's mate, who had been second mate of a West India 仲買人, but was impressed in a drunken excursion on shore; and after some time, from his knowledge of stowing the 持つ／拘留する, elevated to the ４半期/4分の1-deck; a clerk, who was seldom sober after his twelve o'clock dinner, and two ragged 青年s who filled the 状況／情勢 of midshipmen."
After three years' service in this 大型船, during which his character was formed in such fashion as utterly 廃虚d him, the 支配する of these 抽出するs was 任命するd to another ship "命令（する）d by a man who 連合させるd, in every 尊敬（する）・点, the officer and the gentleman; polished in his manners, yet not without that 解放する／自由な and open carriage for which our 海軍の officers are in general distinguished, and at the same time 完全に conversant in everything which regarded his profession."
But the young man was too far gone, and he was soon after 解任するd with 不名誉, and was lost の中で the dregs of the 全住民 of some seaport town.
One of the 現在の popular ideas about the 海軍の officer of Nelson's time is that he entered the service very frequently through the hawsepipe, and that Smollett's caricature of a captain in the 海軍 held good as a type until a comparatively 最近の period. Marryat, though, draws an altogether different picture, and however much he might 誇張する, for the fun of the thing, the eccentricities of his types, his knowledge of the service would not 許す him to put lower-deck seamen on ４半期/4分の1-decks as （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d officers, and Marryat's 海軍の officers were the officers of his time, just as Smollett's pictures are types of a century earlier.
In the old 海軍, 旗-officers and 地位，任命する-captains were 許すd to enter upon the ship's 調書をとる／予約するs a 確かな number of boys as "servants," but who were really "信奉者s" in that sense in which the word was used not many 世代s earlier, when knights went to sea with their men-at-武器 and other "信奉者s." An officer in 命令（する） (with modifications), until やめる 最近の times, could take with him to sea his sons or his 甥s, or his poor relations' sons, where they could learn their 商売／仕事, and in 予定 course become mates, and 中尉／大尉／警部補s, having served their 見習いの身分制度 much as they would have done in a merchantman if they had been bound to the master instead of to the owner. They could not enter these boys on the ships' 調書をとる／予約するs in any of the ordinary ratings, so it became convenient to put them 負かす／撃墜する as "servants." The system was 改革（する）d in 1794, but it was many years later before it was 完全に done away with.
Entering the 王室の 海軍 as a "信奉者" of some 海軍の 指揮官 was not the only way to a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限. The Admiralty had 供給するd a 合法的 school for 産む／飼育するing officers in the 王室の 学院 at Portsmouth Dockyard. By the 支配するs of the 学院, sons of noblemen and gentlemen from twelve years to fifteen years of age, and sons of （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d officers of the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い from eleven years, were 適格の. The headmaster of the 学院 was to receive ｣25 per 年 for each boy, and was in return for this sum to find all those things usually 供給（する）d at 搭乗-schools. The 指示／教授／教育 was in 令状ing, arithmetic, 製図／抽選, 航海, 要塞, French, dancing, 盗品故買者ing, and the firelock 演習. Besides these 支配するs the master-shipwright and boatswain of the yard gave the boys lessons in seamanship, and they went out for 時折の trips in the commissioner of the yard's sailing tender. After three years at the 学院 the boys were given 寝台／地位s in sea-going ships as vacancies occurred, and were 率d as "Volunteers by order," receiving able seamen's 支払う／賃金, and ４半期/4分の1s in the midshipmen's 寝台／地位. Volunteers educated at the 学院 were qualified in point of time to serve as 中尉／大尉／警部補s after six years' service, counting sea-time and school-time, 供給するd two years of that service had been as a mate or a midshipman in a sea-going ship, and they were not under twenty years of age. The Admiralty gave special 特権s to, and paid the 料金s for, sons of poor officers in the 海軍.
In a first 率, such as the Victory, the whole ship's complement would 量 to from 900 to 1000 persons, of whom about 30 were officers. These would be the captain, 指揮官, and seven 中尉／大尉／警部補s, 持つ／拘留するing （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限s, and then, in order of 優先, would come the "任命するd" and "令状" officers thus:— master, chaplain, 外科医, purser, 海軍の 指導者, eight mates, second master, three assistant 外科医s, gunner, boatswain, and carpenter.
The system of dividing the officers into "（売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d," "任命するd," and "令状" officers remained until late in the century. 海軍大将s, captains, and 中尉／大尉／警部補s were the only officers 持つ／拘留するing （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限s, all other 階級s were either 任命するd or 令状 officers. To-day all but the gunner, boatswain, and carpenter, who are 令状 officers, 持つ／拘留する （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限s. The masters used to be the highest grade of the 令状 支店, they 存在 特に 任命するd by the Trinity House as competent to take 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the 航海 and pilotage of ships, and it was in this 支店 of the profession that men did occasionally rise from the lower deck, or more often from the position of merchant service officers to the distinction of a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限. Captain Cook is an illustrious example, and Bligh, of Bounty 反乱（を起こす） fame, who died a 副／悪徳行為-海軍大将 in 1817, another.
In the old line of 戦う／戦い ships, the youngsters were called ４半期/4分の1-deck petty officers, and there would be about twenty-four of them on board, 含むing midshipmen, master's assistants, and the purser's clerks. First-class volunteers were young gentlemen who had entered to qualify for （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限s, and second-class volunteers those who had entered to qualify for officers of the masters, or civil 支店s. All these distinctions have now so 完全に disappeared, that in the smaller ships of the 現在の day there is no separate mess for the wardroom and the gunroom, and you will find the 支払う／賃金 master's clerk dining at the same （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する with the first 中尉／大尉／警部補.
In the old ship there would be about forty inferior petty officers corresponding to 非，不，無-（売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d officers in ｫ the army. The さまざまな grades of these petty officers were bewildering in the number of them. There were 海軍大将s' coxswains, captains' coxswains, captains of the 最高の，を越すs, captains of the forecastle, yeomen of signals, gunners, boatswains, and carpenters' mates, and any number of others. With the 見えなくなる of sails and 船の索具, all these distinctions have gone, and there are now 長，指導者, second, and third-class petty officers, any of whom may be doing 義務 as boatswains' mates in one ship, and as gunners' mates in the next; they are in fact sergeants, corporals, and lance-corporals. Besides petty officers, the old line of 戦う／戦い ship's complement was made up of about 500 or 600 seamen, and 60 or 70 seamen boys, 150 海洋s, with a 海洋 captain and two subalterns.
Officers of the 商業の 海洋, the East India Company's Service excepted, were 見習い工 boys, and seamen who had been taught the three R's in their 青年—a by no means ありふれた degree of learning in their walk of life then—and who by 産業 and sobriety, through the 利益／興味 of friends, were 任命するd mates, and so became masters of 大型船s. There were no Board of 貿易（する） examinations, and the knowledge these men had of 航海 was very 限られた／立憲的な. Dead reckoning, the スピードを出す／記録につける, chart, and the compass, were, as a 支配する, the sum of their knowledge.
For example, eighty years ago it was solemnly discussed in a newspaper correspondence whether a h'eutenant of a man-o'-war could take a 大型船 from the 負かす／撃墜するs to Spithead without a 操縦する, and 認める by both parties to the discussion that a navigating officer, i.e., a master of a King's ship, could certainly be more 安全に ゆだねるd with this 広大な／多数の／重要な 責任／義務 than masters of merchant 大型船s or fighting officers of the 王室の 海軍.
The East India Company's officers were probably the best class of sea-going officers then afloat. The Company's ships carried 貨物s too 価値のある for them to be ゆだねるd to ignorant or drunken 指揮官s and watch keepers, and they sailed in seas that 要求するd men of 航海の science and seamanlike 質 to navigate 安全に. It was a fighting 同様に as a carrying service, but it was 治める／統治するd commercially more than 政治上, so that its ships could not afford to carry one 始める，決める of officers to navigate and another to fight. So efficient was its system in this 尊敬（する）・点, that its 規則s for the 昇進／宣伝 of mates from cadets up to 指揮官s, 説得力のある men to serve 明言する／公表するd periods in each 階級, in order to 伸び（る） 昇進／宣伝 to a higher, dating from 1793, exact no いっそう少なく from Company's officers than is exacted from merchant service officers by the Board of 貿易（する） to-day. But though technically classed as 商業の 海洋, service in the Company's 武装した 巡洋艦s was very different to 雇用 in merchant ships—was, in fact, a 支店 of the sea life for which there is now-a-days no 同等（の）. The officers were a superior class of men, and the 乗組員s were 定期的に 演習d and 井戸／弁護士席-disciplined. Service in the Company was a career for a youngster, from a social point of 見解（をとる）, only a very little below service in the 王室の 海軍, while the emoluments of a sea captain of the Hon. East India Company 量d, with the perquisites of an 普通の／平均（する） voyage, to more in one year than the captain of a man-o'-vvar often earned in a lifetime. And as to the dignity of the 階級, when a 大型船 arrived at her port in India, she was received with a salute of thirteen guns, and the guards at a fort turned out and 現在のd 武器 to her 指揮官.
The 決まりきった仕事 of sea 義務s of 海軍の officers was very much as it is now, excepting, of course, that 広大な／多数の／重要な difference brought about by the almost total 見えなくなる of sails. Mates, a 階級 corresponding to the 現在の sub-中尉／大尉／警部補, and midshipmen were divided into watches subordinate to the 中尉／大尉／警部補s in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金. Then there was a mate under the master in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the 持つ／拘留する, and another under the first 中尉／大尉／警部補 who was all day on 義務, and whose 商売／仕事 it was to superintend the きれいにする of the decks and look after the 寝台／地位ing of the 乗組員. The midshipmen under the mates and 中尉／大尉／警部補s kept 分割 調書をとる／予約するs, saw that the men of their sub-分割s had their hammocks 示すd and stowed 適切に, and that their 着せる／賦与するs were in good order. Their boat and signal 義務s are 井戸／弁護士席 known to every reader of 航海の novels, and we know how in war time a smart youngster often 得るd an 独立した・無所属 命令（する） when his ship had the good fortune to 落ちる in with more prizes than there were 中尉／大尉／警部補s and mates 利用できる for the 命令（する） of them.
The first 中尉／大尉／警部補, when he joined his ship, allotted the men their separate 駅／配置するs, dividing them into two or three watches for sea 義務, and four watches for harbour 義務. The men were also divided into as many 分割s as there were （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d officers in the ship. The several 駅／配置するs were laid 負かす／撃墜する upon watch-法案s, ４半期/4分の1-法案s, 駅／配置する-法案s, and a 解雇する／砲火／射撃-法案, and every one was 推定する／予想するd, from these 文書s, which were hung in some 目だつ place, to know his 駅／配置する. The first 中尉／大尉／警部補 kept no watch, but having a general 監督 over every department of the ship, was busy enough all day to 正当化する his sleeping in all night, 供給するd, of course, all 手渡すs were not called. The first thing a first 中尉／大尉／警部補 did when he （機の）カム on deck in the 早期に morning was to make sail. Men-o'-war always used to 縮める sail at sunset, a custom that many old-fashioned merchant 船長／主将s followed till やめる 最近の times. A 中尉／大尉／警部補 in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of a watch now paces the 橋（渡しをする）, one 注目する，もくろむ on the compass, the other on the look-out for 大型船s; almost his whole 義務 as a watch-keeper is 構成するd in watching the steering and keeping （疑いを）晴らす of 衝突／不一致. This, of course, becomes 複雑にするd when manoeuvring in a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, or keeping 駅／配置する under the 注目する，もくろむ of an 海軍大将 at night, or in 厚い 天候, but in mail steamers or in war 大型船s going straight from port to port, it should be comparatively 平易な, except, perhaps, in a 霧 in the English Channel, when it is as much of a science as cab-運動ing in (n)艦隊／(a)素早い Street in a November 霧. But in the old sailing ship, with 7000 yards of canvas to keep 十分な, or the chance of a sudden squall coming upon him unawares, which might take the three 最高の，を越す-gallant masts out of the ship, leaving a hideous 集まり of 難破させるd spars, torn canvas, and 絡まる of 船の索具 to 耐える 証言，証人／目撃する to his slackness, the 中尉／大尉／警部補 of the watch had indeed to keep his 天候 注目する，もくろむ 解除するing.
The master of the ship was the 操縦する and 航海士, as he had been from 古代の times, but 徐々に his importance fell away as the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d officers grew more 科学の. The 海軍の 学院 by the beginning of the century was 耐えるing fruit, and soon it began to be understood that the captain and 中尉／大尉／警部補s had 共同の 責任／義務 with the master for the 航海 of the ship, though charts, スピードを出す／記録につける, lead, and even canvas, rope, and spars were in the special 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the master 補助装置d by the boatswain until long after the service had grown familiar with steam.
In the civil departments of the ship at the beginning of the century, the chaplain, 外科医, and purser may be said to 階級 with the same class of men on shore, but were inferior to them, and vastly inferior to men of the same 階級 now. Engineers were not officers, but were only of 令状 階級 until after the Crimean War, and pursers who are now paymasters, were always hucksters and very often rogues—there is more than one instance of them 存在 stood in the pillory. The 外科医s did not materially 異なる from the 外科医s of Smollett's time, and the chaplains more often distinguished themselves by their courage in 戦う／戦い than by their piety and good example in the daily life of the ship.
Of the chaplain, by the way, there are 確かな 詩（を作る）s—"The Chaplain's 嘆願（書）"—to be 設立する in the 年次の 登録（する） for 1758, reprinted in the Gentleman's Magazine in 1796, and again in the 海軍の Chronicle in 1817, of which I can only 引用する one 詩（を作る）. These 詩（を作る）s were a 嘆願（書） from the chaplain to be permitted 確かな 特権s of the wardroom from which he had been 除外するd, and which it appears from this 詩（を作る） the cobbler was 認めるd:—
"Ah! what avails it that in days of yore,
The instructive 攻撃するs of the birch I bore,
For four long years with logic stuffed my 長，率いる,
And feeding thought, went supperless to bed;
That last 入会させるd in Alma's 卒業生（する） 禁止（する）d,
I felt the hallowing 負担 of Hoadly's 手渡す,
Since you with whom my lot afloat is thrown,
(O sense! O elegance! to land unknown!)
Superior reverence to the man 辞退する,
Who mends your morals, than who mends your shoes."
The 無関心／冷淡 of England to the seamen who fought her 戦う／戦いs was shameful, but officers fared no better, unless the monuments to 旗 officers, 築くd after their death, is to be taken as a 始める，決める-off for the heroic service of all 階級s. Soon after the peace, hundreds of 海軍の 中尉／大尉／警部補s—whose brilliant 記録，記録的な／記録するs of services would, nowadays, 裁判官d by the way we honour public service, have earned them peerages, Victoria Crosses, and good incomes—were literally left to 餓死する. Mighty lucky was the man who could get the 命令（する） of a mail packet or a signal 駅／配置する when he was put on half 支払う／賃金. I have before me the 記録，記録的な／記録するd services of a 中尉／大尉／警部補 who was fortunate. This was how he spent his life, and this is how his country rewarded him. 中尉／大尉／警部補 Blank entered the service as midshipman and A.B. in 1793, and served in the Channel, North Sea, Ireland, and Jamaica to 1802, when he was 促進するd 中尉／大尉／警部補. From 1802 till 1811 he was continually afloat, serving in the West Indies, Mediterranean and English waters. Then he was given the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of a signal 駅／配置する at a 行う of 8s. a day and "find himself." His service altogether 量d to twentyone years and four months, eighteen of those years spent at sea, the 残りの人，物 on half 支払う／賃金 and at the signal 駅／配置する. During this time he was in 活動／戦闘 about eight times, and was 負傷させるd on five occasions. From 1814 to his death he was on the half 支払う／賃金 of a 指揮官, and thought himself very 井戸／弁護士席 扱う／治療するd in getting 8s. 6d. a day for the 残りの人，物 of his life when there were any number of 平等に deserving officers who had served fifty years in the service thankful for いっそう少なく.
The manning of the 海軍 at the beginning of the century is summed up in one word, "Impressment." I think most of us are accustomed to associate the idea of the 圧力（をかける）-ギャング（団） with Midshipman 平易な and Peter Simple times, but orders to impress are still in 存在 from at any 率 the thirteenth century, and between these King's 委任統治（領）s for impressing ships and men, as given in Sir Nicholas Harris Nicholas's History of the 王室の 海軍, and an Admiralty 令状 of impressment I have now before me, there is very little difference. The 令状, after the usual formal 予選s, 始める，決めるs 前へ／外へ that:—
"We do hereby Impower and Direct you to impress or 原因（となる） to be impressed so many Seafaring Men and Persons whose 占領／職業s and Callings are to work upon 大型船s and Boats upon Rivers as shall be necessary either to Man His Majesty's Ships, giving unto each Man so impressed One Shilling for Prest Money. And in the 死刑執行 hereof you are to take care that neither yourself nor any Officer authorised by you do 需要・要求する or receive any Money, Gratuition, Reward, or other Consideration どれでも for the Sparing, 交流ing or 発射する／解雇するing any Person or Persons impressed or to be impressed, as you will answer it at your 危険，危なくする. You are not to ゆだねる any Person with the 死刑執行 of this 令状 but a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 Officer and to 挿入する his 指名する on the other 味方する hereof and 始める，決める your 手渡す and 調印（する） thereto. This 令状 to continue in 軍隊 till the Thirty-First Day of December 1810, and in the 予定 死刑執行 thereof all 市長s, 郡保安官s, 司法（官）s of the Peace, （強制）執行官s, Constables, 長，率いる-boroughs and all other His Majesty's Officers and 支配するs whom it may 関心 are hereby 要求するd to be 補佐官ing and 補助装置ing unto you, and those 雇うd by you as they tender His Majesty's Service, and will answer the contrary' with their 危険，危なくする."
This is 演説（する）／住所d to the captain of a フリゲート艦 at Spithead, and is duly 調印するd and 反対する-調印するd by the 公式の／役人s of the Admiralty. At the 支援する of the 文書 half-a-dozen lines of type 始める，決める 前へ／外へ that:—
"I do hereby depute 中尉／大尉／警部補 —— under my 命令（する） to impress seamen," etc., etc., and this is 調印するd by the captain of the フリゲート艦.
This particular 令状 is 時代遅れの December 24th, 1809. Picture what sort of Christmas this meant for some Portsmouth families. Does it not make very real that song of Marryat's which Mistress Nancy Corbett of Portsmouth Hard sings:—
"Who ever heard in the sarvice of a フリゲート艦 made to sail
On Christmas Day, it blowing hard with sleet and snow and あられ／賞賛する?
I wish I had the fishing of your 支援する that is so bent,
I'd use the galley poker hot unto your heart's content.
"You've got a roaring 解雇する／砲火／射撃, I'll bet.
In it your toes are jammed,
Let's give him a piece of our mind, my Bet,
Port 海軍大将, you be d——d!"
The personal experience of Mr Thomas Urquhart, an ex-master of a West Indiaman, as told by himself in a 小冊子 that attracted かなりの notice when it was published in London in 1816, gives an idea of the manner in which these impressment 令状s were いつかs 遂行する／発効させるd. Says Mr Urquhart:
"I shall について言及する a circumstance which occurred to myself. While walking in a street in the east of London in the year 1808, in the month of July, about nine o'clock in the evening, with my wife 持つ／拘留するing by one of my 武器, and her sister by the other, I was stopped by a man who 需要・要求するd who I was, on which I 願望（する）d to be 知らせるd by what 当局 he dared to ask me that question. I had hardly uttered the words, when I was 残酷に 掴むd by him and two or three more. My wife received a violent blow on the breast, which compelled her to やめる her 持つ／拘留する, and laid her up for many weeks."
Mr Urquhart was 救助（する）d from the ギャング（団） by the bystanders, and 控訴，上告d to the 法律, but was told that his 治療（薬）, if he thought himself ill-扱う／治療するd, was against the impress officer in a civil 活動／戦闘. So he went to 法律 and got a 判決 for ｣50, which did not 支払う／賃金 even a small 割合 of his doctor's 法案. Urquhart 問題／発行するd his 小冊子 in the form of a letter to Wilberforce, and 勝利，勝つd up thus:—
"Had a negro slave 支えるd a 類似の 乱暴／暴力を加える, and the circumstance had come to your knowledge, would it not have awakened all your indignation, and called 前へ／外へ the strongest 力／強力にするs of your eloquence; the public, inflamed by your means into a sense of the 乱暴／暴力を加える, would have been unable to sleep soundly until they had brought the delinquent to a 裁判，公判."
In the life of Captain Robert William Eastwick (Unwin 1891) there is a good example of the impress system. Eastwick, when 長，指導者 officer of a ship lying in the Thames in 1790, went on shore on leave, and was impressed and sent to the Inconstant フリゲート艦, though 合法的に 免除された from impressment. Eastwick 申し込む／申し出d to produce a 代用品，人, pointing out that as he was the mate of the ship his owners would be 本気で inconvenienced. He was only eighteen years of age, and the man-o'-war captain's answer was a 需要・要求する for two men in 交流, for there was too 広大な／多数の／重要な need of good men to let such a 有能な young fellow go in a merchant ship. To do this particular captain 司法（官）, however, he made the merchant 船員 a master's-mate, and if he had remained in the service, instead of leaving it at the end of the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, Eastwick might, like Cook, have ended as a 地位，任命する captain.
This violent impressment was as a 事柄 of fact an every-day occurrence, and so remained until the war was over. The papers of the time 含む／封じ込める any number of instances of it, and 事例／患者s are frequently adduced, and officers wrote 正当化するing the practice—明言する／公表するing, in fact, that the only way to man the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い was to 誘拐する men in the public streets. 罰金 old fellows with good 保守的な ideas, these men! Their 後継者s in the 海軍 fifty years later were 令状ing letters on the madness of introducing steam into the service.
The King's ships were often in such 海峡s for men that "butchers and パン職人s and candlestick 製造者s" were frequently kidnapped and sent to sea to 完全にする the complements of short-手渡すd ships, and when landsmen were 圧力（をかける）d to man 軍艦s it may be taken for 認めるd that merchant 大型船s either went to sea short-手渡すd, inefficiently 乗組員を乗せた, or were laid up in the seaports, unable to get men. Yet the 商業の 海洋 繁栄するd, and the ships of the time earned a 利益（をあげる） for their owners. But our boys were not encouraged to take to the sea for a profession, if one may 裁判官 from the fact that, in the last year of the war, only four boys were 見習い工d to the merchant service in the port of London.
The 支払う／賃金 of a merchant 船員 at this period 変化させるd from ｣3 to ｣5 per month, and when the 海軍 impressed him the 政府 paid him ｣1, 8s. 6d. a month, 許すing him to make over to his 親族s on shore, to draw while he was at sea, the munificent 量 of 14s. 6d. a month out of his 28s. 6d. So that in return for the 付加 危険 to life and 四肢, and as an 激励 to come 今後 and fight for his 国内の hearth, he was taken by 軍隊 from his lawful 占領／職業 and paid by 政府 ｣30 a year いっそう少なく for his services. At the 高さ of the war about 140,000 men were 要求するd for the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, and of this number it was 概算の that 60,000 were 圧力（をかける）d men.
The 圧力（をかける） was not 限定するd to the shore. It was a very ありふれた occurrence for a man-o'-war to make a merchant 大型船 bring to, send a boat and take every likely man off the 大型船, leaving her just enough 手渡すs to make the nearest port, and this was often done to homeward bound 大型船s, so that men, after 苦しむing the hardships of a long voyage, looking 今後 to a run on shore, and to seeing their families, after perhaps a couple of years absence from England, were made 囚人s, and as likely as not killed in 活動／戦闘 or died in a French 刑務所，拘置所, and their 親族s heard no more of them.
After Buonaparte's 除去 to Elba, a sloop of war that had been engaged in that service went on to India, and when on her way, lying off Madeira, the captain of the sloop sent his boats to two South Seamen lying in the roads, and took nearly all the sailors off them. The masters of the two ships 乗組員を乗せた their boats with 見習い工 boys and 列／漕ぐ／騒動d off to the sloop to beg the captain to leave them, at any 率, enough men to navigate the 大型船s. On coming と一緒に the captain あられ／賞賛するd the boats, asking what was 手配中の，お尋ね者, and on 存在 told, ordered the 見習い工s to come on board, and as soon as they were up the ship's 味方する, he cast off the boats and made sail, taking with him the men and boys, and leaving the two merchant 船長／主将s in their boats to make their way 支援する as best they could. This man was celebrated in the service as a martinet. On this particular voyage, he had both his 中尉／大尉／警部補s 囚人s at one time, one for six and the other for nine months; one of these officers became so ill through his 治療 that he never 回復するd, and the gunner of the ship 現実に died through the captain's cruelty.
At this time, as Mr Urquhart reminds us in his 小冊子, we were 大いに 関心d about the poor slaves in the West Indies.
At the 高さ of the war period the 圧力（をかける） could not find sailors enough to man our ships, and the 政府 申し込む／申し出d bounties for seamen, often very large sums, and frequently 治安判事s, instead of committing thieves to gaol, gave them the 選択 of entering on board a King's ship; so that in the same ship could be 設立する poor but respectable men kidnapped in the streets, 高度に 賄賂d "bounty men," and the scum of the gaols.
In the beginning of the century, therefore, there was no difference between merchant seamen and men-o'-war's men. A man might be 平和的に engaged in the coal 貿易（する） on the coast one year, and fighting his country's 戦う／戦いs under Nelson the next. At the end of the ship's （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, if there were plenty of sailors, he might 餓死する for all the 政府 would do for him, and he was lucky if he could get 支援する to his collier and die in harness, for hundreds of his shipmates at Copenhagen, at the Nile, and at Trafalgar, were begging for bread in the public streets.
Yet Jack was a happy-go-lucky fellow, not, perhaps, やめる such a delightful character as Dibdin's sea songs paint him, but Dibdin's "Tar" and Kipling's "Tommy Atkins" may very 井戸／弁護士席 stand together as, if not 正確に／まさに the real thing, very good types for the 広大な／多数の／重要な British public to believe in. For example, a newspaper in 1806 報告（する）／憶測s the death at Portsea of an old salt 指名するd Covey; and Dr Duncan, chaplain of the Venerable, is 責任がある this story of Covey's behaviour at the 戦う／戦い of Camperdown. Covey was brought to the 操縦室 with both 脚s 発射 away, and the 外科医 approached him with his 器具／実施するs to 削減する off the remains of his 四肢s.
"I suppose," said Covey, "those d——d scissors will finish the 商売／仕事 of the 弾丸, master mate?"
"Indeed, my 勇敢に立ち向かう fellow," said the 外科医, "there is some 恐れる of it."
"井戸／弁護士席, never mind," cried Covey, "I've lost my 脚s, to be sure, and mayhap, may lose my life; but we （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 the Dutch; d——n me, we have （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 the Dutch. This blessed day my 脚s have been 発射 off, so I'll even have another 元気づける for it, huzza! huzza!"
Covey 存在 no longer of any use for any other 目的, they made a cook of him, and he was serving on board a ship in Portsmouth harbour up to the time of his death. によれば Dr Duncan, "he was awful as a swearer, as he afterwards felt and 定評のある, but long before his death, his 誓いs were turned into 賞賛するs, and his last words were, Hallelujah! Hallelujah!"
But a police 報告（する）／憶測 of a 事例／患者 at the Guildhall, in which a shoemaker 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d a bluejacket with 試みる／企てるing to defraud him of a pair of shoes, reads uncommonly like a scene from Marryat:
Jack 存在 called on for his defence, said:—
"I was paid off from his Majesty's ship Northumberland yesterday, and I （機の）カム into this London for the first time this morning. I am bound for Bristol, and 始める，決める sail at three o'clock, in the 行う／開催する／段階 coach for that port. I saw the old man that 新米水夫／不器用な 会談 of (pointing to the shoemaker) standing at the corner of a street. I hove-to, and asked him if he could recommend me to a good place to get a good pair of shoes. He took me under his 軍用車隊, and brought me to that 新米水夫／不器用な's shop. After I had shipped the shoes on me, I 申し込む／申し出d the old man my old ones that I had unshipped, as a reward for his trouble, which he 辞退するd. I had not silver enough to 支払う／賃金 for them, and I lugged out of my pocket a 小包 of bank-公式文書，認めるs, just in this way (putting his 手渡す in his pocket, and producing a 小包 of 公式文書，認めるs rumpled up, as if they were dirty waste paper), some of them for ｣5, ｣2, and others for ｣1. I gave the 新米水夫／不器用な one of the 公式文書，認めるs; he had not change, and 手渡すd it to the old man to get change. He made sail, but was not able to keep his reckoning, so as to make the port again. That 新米水夫／不器用な, thought I, had never 二塁打d Cape Horn. Then the shoemaker asked me to unship the shoes; I told him I had not been at sea all my life for nothing, and that I was not to be taken aback that way, and 主張するd on his giving me my change; on which he said he would send for an officer: that made me contented, as I thought it was one of his Majesty's officers; he laughed at me, and said he was a city officer. He behaved very civil to me, and said he would introduce me to your Honour, who was a civil 治安判事, and that you would do me 司法（官）. I have only one word more to say, which is, that I never saw the old man before I asked him to 形態／調整 my course to a shoemaker's shop, but if ever I again come across his hawse, and can lay my grappling アイロンをかけるs on him, I will have him before your Honour, or some other civil 治安判事."
Alderman Thorpe.—"You unfortunately got into bad company."
Jack.—"I do not know what you call it, but this I know, that that 新米水夫／不器用な wants to bamboozle me out of my 公式文書，認める; he 手渡すd it to the old man."
Clerk to the Aldermen.—"The old man called you his son in the 原告，告訴人's shop, which you did not 否定する; and it was natural for him to suppose he was 権利 in giving him the 公式文書，認める to get change."
Jack.—"If he did call me his son, I did not hear him; and if he is my father, it is without my knowledge; and if I am his son, all I can say is, that I have a d——d old rogue of a father."
Alderman Thorpe.—"I wish you had some person to take care of the 残り／休憩（する） of your money."
Jack.—"As to the 事柄 of that, I can take care of it myself: but who would have supposed that the first civil man I spoke to in London should be a rogue. Your Honour won't think I mean any allusions."
Alderman Thorpe.—"I would recommend you to 支払う／賃金 the shoemaker for the shoes, and continue your 旅行 to Bristol."
Jack.—"I am bound beyond that, and for twenty years I have been trying to come at the wish of my heart, that is, to see my parents once more, with some money in my pocket. I would have gone to have seen them before, but I could not 補助装置 them. I ran away from them fifteen years 支援する, and I suppose they think I have gone to Davey's Locker; but if ever I reach Kilmacthomas, in the 郡 of Waterford, I will make their old hearts leap with joy, and 証明する to them that Jack has still a soul to be saved. But I do not think I せねばならない 支払う／賃金 for the shoes again, as the 新米水夫／不器用な himself gave the 続けざまに猛撃する 公式文書，認める to the old rogue."
Alderman Thorpe.—"I honour your 意向s, and I 信用 you will again see your parents, who will, I am sure, 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる your good 意向s. Do not mistake me; I did not order you to 支払う／賃金 for the shoes, I only recommended it to you; in fact, I have no 力／強力にする to make such an order."
Jack.—"The officer was 権利 when he told me you were a civil 治安判事, and there is no advice you can give me that I will not follow."
Alderman Thorpe.—"I can say no more. Follow the course you have intimated with prudence, and I am sure you will do 権利, but you must not stop on the road."
Jack.—"Your Honour may depend I will not; if I could go all the way by sea I would never be out of my latitude; but those 行う／開催する／段階s bring up so often, it makes seven bells thirty times a day: I will never forget what your Honour has said to me; and if ever I hear any one speak of a civil 治安判事, I will be sure to tell them that they will find one in London. Will your Honour tell me what I am to do with the 新米水夫／不器用な?"
Mr Payne.—"He will depend on your honour."
Jack.—"He won't; he does not know what it is. Will your Honour tell me what to do?"
Alderinan Thorpe.—"I have already told you what I recommend."
One of the 保安官 men spoke to Jack, and he turned on him やめる in an indignant manner; "I want 非，不，無 of your advice; I have had it from a civil 治安判事, and here is another 続けざまに猛撃する 公式文書，認める, and let the 新米水夫／不器用な give me change; at the same time it is d——d hard to 支払う／賃金 ｣1, 12s., for a pair of shoes."
Jack having received his change, said to the Alderman, "I wish your civil Honour was not so far from me, for I should have wished to have shaken flippers with you; but if ever I come this way again you may depend upon it I will give you a call, and that by my own doing."
In the "good old times" long after the war was over, it was possible for the traveller over Portsdown Hill to 会合，会う a sailor riding on horseback, steering his steed by its tail and carrying a boat's 錨，総合司会者 slung to his saddle with which to 錨，総合司会者 the horse when brought up abreast of the 道端 taverns; or he might have fallen in with a 特に 借り切る／憲章d coach with thirty or forty sailors with their girls 船内に, riding on every part of the turn-out, from the necks of the horses to the boot of the 乗り物, all noisily drunk and all with more money in their pockets (for the few days they would keep it) than in these days of ship 貯金 banks and decent homes could be 設立する on a whole ship's company, and these things were, even 井戸／弁護士席 into the second half of the century, I have seen merchant seamen in the seventies come on board for a twelve months' voyage, 所有するing nothing but the 着せる／賦与するs they stood upright in, and these 衣料品s 絶対 nothing but a canvas jacket and a pair of trousers, I have seen a man in this 明言する／公表する finding that by an 事故 he had still a 君主 in his pocket, throw it on the wharf to be fought for by street arabs.
At the の近くに of the last century, the evils of the 前進するd 公式文書，認める system were so 明らかな that 議会 made some 試みる／企てるs to 治療（薬） them, and 改正s of the 法令s covering the 支払い（額） of seamen were passed, and 準備／条項 made to keep men on 十分な 支払う／賃金 when they had been 負傷させるd in 活動／戦闘, or if 宣言するd incurable, to 年金 them, or take them to Greenwich Hospital. But all the 法律 in the world could not save Jack from the landsharks; and the Jews on the Hard continued to make fortunes by the sale of gilded watches, until many years later. The 反乱（を起こす）s, a few years before the century opened, 軍隊d the 政府 into 支払う／賃金ing a sailor 定期的に his shilling a day, putting a stop to the 詐欺s of clerks and pursers, who by ingenious systems of deductions, had hitherto been pocketing twenty-five per cent, of the sailor's 収入s, but the 政府 could not teach Jack to be careful of his own when he （機の）カム by it.
All 調書をとる／予約するs on the sea are 十分な of stories of Jack and his extravagances, the yarn of 海軍大将 Kempenfelt and his waistcoat, which is supposed to have happened twenty years before the century opened, might have occurred within the last fifty years. Jack much admired his 命令（する）ing officer's gold-laced velvet waistcoat, so as soon as the ship reached Portsmouth he made for the 海軍大将's tailor and ordered a 類似の 衣料品—"And, hark'ee, you swab, 支援する and 前線 alike, 非，不，無 of your half-cloth, half-velvet dodge."
Jack got his waistcoat, and looked out for the 海軍大将, who laughed heartily at his get-up, in tarpaulin hat, canvas trousers, and greasy jumper, flapping open, and 陳列する，発揮するing the gorgeous undergarment.
"What do ye think of me, yer honour?" says Jack, 解除するing up the hind part of the jumper. "D——n me, old boy, no 誤った colours, do ye see 茎・取り除く and 厳しい alike, by the Lord."
When seamen were 手配中の，お尋ね者 to 完全にする a 大型船's complement, it was, and so remained until past the middle of the century, the custom to 地位，任命する likely seaports with alluring 掲示s. Here is an actual copy of one that was stuck about on the 塀で囲むs of the Thames ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs in 1816:—
"Who would enter for a small （手先の）技術? whilst the
Leander, the finest and fastest sailing フリゲート艦 in the
world, with a good spar deck 総計費 to keep you 乾燥した，日照りの, warm, and
comfortable; and a lower deck like a barn, where you may play at
leap-frog when the hammocks are hung up; has room for 100 active,
smart seamen, and a dozen stout lads for 王室の yard men. This
wacking 二塁打-banked フリゲート艦 is fitting at Woolwich to be 旗艦
on the 罰金, healthy, 十分な-bellied Halifax 駅／配置する, where you may
get a bushel of potatoes for a shilling, a cod-fish for a 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器,
and a glass of boatswain's grog for twopence. The officers' cabins
are building on the main deck, on 目的 to give every tar a
二塁打 寝台／地位 below. Lots of leave on shore; dancing and fiddling on
board; and 4 lbs. of タバコ served out every month. A few
strapping fellows, who would eat an enemy alive, 手配中の，お尋ね者 for the
海軍大将's 船. The officers already 任命するd are Captain
Skipsey, late Maidstone; 中尉／大尉／警部補 J. P. パン職人, late
王室の 君主, Rippon and Barham; H. Walker,
late Courageaux, and Menelaus; J. S. Dixon, late
Caledonia, and San Joseph; A. P. Le Neve, late
Maidstone; E. A. Haughton, late St Lawrence, and
Princess Charlotte (on the Lakes), who will give every
激励 to their old shipmates. Every good man is almost
確かな of 存在 made a 令状 officer, or getting a snug 寝台／地位 in
Halifax dockyard. All 勇敢に立ち向かう volunteers whom this may 控訴 must 耐える
a 手渡す, and 適用する either on board the Leander, at Woolwich;
at her rendezvous, the Half Moon and Seven 星／主役にするs, Ratclifife
主要道路, nearly opposite Old Gravel 小道／航路; on board the
企業, off the Tower; or at any other general
rendezvous in the kingdom, from whence they will be すぐに
今後d to the Leander.
God save the King!!
The Leander, and a 十分な-bellied 駅／配置する!!!"
It is curious the number of women who took a fancy to the sea in the first years of the century. I （機の）カム across three different 事例／患者s 報告（する）／憶測d in as many years. There is what the lawyers would call a 主要な 事例／患者—that of Mary Anne Talbot, whose adventures would fill a 一時期／支部, and who 早期に in the century was receiving a 年金 of ｣20 a year for 負傷させるs received in 活動／戦闘, when she was before the mast in the 海軍; in another instance, Rebecca Anne Johnson was 見習い工d by her father to a Whitby collier, and served seven years before, in 1808, her sex was discovered. Her mother had served at sea before her, and fell, one of a gun's 乗組員, fighting at Copenhagen.
And here, to end the 一時期／支部, is the 告示 of a wedding in London in which sailors of both sexes were 部隊d:—
"At St Dunstane's in the East, in May 1802, David Jones was married to Anne Robinson. They had been old shipmates on board La Seine, フリゲート艦 on the West Indian 駅／配置する during most part of the war, where the lady bore a most 目だつ part in the different 活動／戦闘s in which the フリゲート艦 was engaged. She was always an attendant in the 外科医's department, and waited upon Jones in his 負傷させるd 明言する／公表する. An attachment took place which ended in their union."
To-day, an officer in the 王室の 海軍 has almost as many separate 控訴s of uniform for his own particular use as would have served to 着せる／賦与する all the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d officers in an old line of 戦う／戦い ship. Even the merchant service officer in most companies is now decked out with gold braid enough to have served Howe or Nelson for a 十分な dress uniform, and the いっそう少なく important the line, the more plentiful the gold lace. On this 支配する I have heard a story:—
The owners of a 確かな steamship company wrote to the Admiralty for 許可 to decorate the officers of their steamers with epaulets. It is 申し立てられた／疑わしい that my lords sent this reply: "By all means we 許す your officers to wear epaulets, with this one 条件: that they do not wear them on the shoulders."
Both Marryat and Michael Scott drew pictures of officers and men that give an excellent idea of how very far from uniform was the dress of the service until after the war was over, and the Admiralty began to 充てる a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of attention to questions of gold lace and buttons. Without going into 詳細（に述べる）, it may be said that the pictures of groups of officers on quarterdecks—the picture of the scene where Nelson fell on the Victory, for example—are 正確な enough to give us a good idea of the 海軍の officers' dress 早期に in the century. The 上級の officers wore three-cornered hats, blue coats with white facings, white breeches, and white waistcoats, and いつかs hessian boots.
The number and pattern of the buttons were the 長，指導者 独特の 示すs, and so remained until 井戸／弁護士席 負かす／撃墜する in the 現在の 統治する. Now, the familiar 栄冠を与える and 錨，総合司会者 is ありふれた to all 階級s; it is the only item in the tailoring line that has escaped the attention of the Admiralty during the last few years. But for a 世代, or longer, after the 夜明け of the century, there were (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する distinctions in buttons. One could, for instance, tell a 外科医 by his buttons 耐えるing the 調印（する） of the Sick and 傷つける Office—a snake curling itself 一連の会議、交渉／完成する an 錨，総合司会者; a master by the 調印（する） of the 海軍 Office—three 錨，総合司会者s; a purser by that of the Victualling Office—two 錨，総合司会者s and cables crossed. These 令状 officers also wore blue facings in place of white, and the 支配するs of their sword hilts were 黒人／ボイコット; this last distinction is now 限定するd to the three remaining 令状 officers, the gunner, boatswain, and carpenter.
Gold （犯罪の）一味s on the coat cuffs, the number of （犯罪の）一味s によれば the 階級 of the officer, a curl distinguishing the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 支店, and a slight （土地などの）細長い一片 of red, white, or purple, the three different civil 支店s, the 長，指導者 modern distinguishing 示すs, had their origin more than a hundred years ago, when 後部-, 副／悪徳行為-, or 十分な 海軍大将s were distinguished by one, two, or three （犯罪の）一味s によれば their 階級. But for the first ４半期/4分の1 of the century, 階級 was distinguished 主として by the epaulet, and the lop-味方するd idea of one epaulet for officers under the 階級 of captain, lasted for many years longer. 規則s published in the 海軍の Chronicle in 1807 引用する former 規則s relating to uniform in 1787, and show no 構成要素 alterations, except in the 事柄 of epaulets, which were introduced at the request of the 海軍の officers, who complained that while army officers could always be recognised by their epaulets, 海軍の officers were frequently mistaken by 軍の men for petty officers by the absence of this 調印する of 階級.
Some 詩（を作る）s published in 1812 言及する to the 譲歩, and incidentally tell something of uniform.
No more shall captain, vain and 厳しい,
Nor flippant army subaltern,
Alone the 'bullion' wear.
No more 海洋 subordinate
On deck 陳列する，発揮する the epaulet
The while your shoulders 明らかにする.
No more shall merchant 船長／主将 dare
Your button late usurped to wear
Now more 尊敬（する）・点d grown.
That button, late an 錨，総合司会者 plain.
The regal 栄冠を与える surmounts again
To 証明する you the King's own.
The poet goes on to sing of "削除するd sleeve and epaulet, 削減する cock'd hat with neat rosette," and to wish "each luff" success with his epaulet, and 迅速な 昇進／宣伝 to a pair of them.
I think the 現在の white lappel on midshipmen's collars, which irreverent youngsters have called the "示す of the beast," is about the oldest unaltered distinction 示す in the service. William IV. took a fancy to dress (n)役員／(a)執行力のある officers with red facings on their uniforms, but the Admiralty soon （機の）カム 支援する to white, and it has not since been altered, the only bit of red now-a-days is the distinction 示す on the 外科医's sleeves, and the red velvet in the 栄冠を与える of a cap badge. For (n)役員／(a)執行力のある officers the swords were much as they are now, but for the civil 支店s of the service there was a sensible 規則 by which this 支店 wore dress swords with rapier blades, the 肉親，親類d of 武器 worn now by the 外交の service, and 行う／開催する／段階 kings and courtiers.
The 海洋s 供給（する）d the colour, their red coats and white cross-belts made the ４半期/4分の1-deck look uniform. A 始める，決める of 規則s for 1805 lays 負かす／撃墜する that "the 海洋s are to be paraded every morning at ten o'clock when the men's hair is to be 井戸／弁護士席 tied and clubbed, their 直面するs and 手渡すs washed, and shoes cleaned. They are to have clean shirts on Sundays and Thursdays. A guard is to be ready every morning at half-past eight, when the men are in every 尊敬（する）・点 to be 井戸／弁護士席-dressed, their 広大な／多数の／重要な-coats neatly rolled and 井戸／弁護士席 slung, and their 武器 and accoutrements in high order and 井戸／弁護士席-任命するd."
This was written by an officer in 1818:—
"A 血 is known by his 衣装, for an attention to the 規制するd uniform is wholly beneath his notice, with a surtout to hide the coat he 不名誉s, a 一連の会議、交渉／完成する hat, and a formidable cudgel in his 手渡す, he is equipped for the field; and with the 援助 of as much port as he can conveniently carry, is fully 用意が出来ている, either to attack or defend any one so that it leads to a 列／漕ぐ／騒動. The 海軍の uniform is by no means inelegant, but even if it were so, no individual is authorised to alter it, or introduce 革新s in his own person; if it has a fault, it is that of not 存在 十分に 示すd; this is 特に exemplified in the 味方する-武器 worn in the service, to say nothing of the infinite variety of belts to which they are 大（公）使館員d; you will see one tied to a sword as long as himself, another with a dirk so small, you would 断言する it had been some bodkin purloined from a lady's 長，率いる; and not one officer in twenty wearing the sword 任命するd for him by the 規則s of the service. Custom has 許可／制裁d wearing the dirk in lieu of the sword on ordinary 義務; the latter, in a small boat, 存在 frequently 設立する an ぎこちない encumbrance; but it was never 熟視する／熟考するd such fantastic articles would be introduced, as may now be seen stuck to the 味方するs of our young officers, of all 形態／調整s and sizes; nay, some are so peaceably inclined, that their 味方する-武器 were never made to draw, but consist 単に of a hilt stuck to an ornamented scabbard. The dirk or dagger has frequently been 設立する a formidable 武器 in 搭乗, when carried in the left 手渡す, and may be used as a 武器 both of offence and defence; for if laid 支援する along the arm, a blow might be received upon it which could not other ways be 区d; were this 武器, therefore, 公式に 許可／制裁d and directed to be worn not as an 陳謝, but an appendage to the sword, and its length 規制するd together with a sling or knot, to 妨げる its 存在 lost from the 手渡す on service, it would at once put an end to the ridiculous toys at 現在の worn under the 指名する of 味方する-武器, form a handsome 新規加入 to the uniform, 知らせる our young men of its real use, and, placed in the 前線 of the sword belt, might be 許すd (as it is at 現在の) to be worn on ordinary 義務, instead of the more cumbrous sword, while on real service both would be 設立する useful; thus one belt only would be necessary for the sword and dirk which might be 規制するd both as to breadth and ornament."
When the Queen （機の）カム to the 王位, the dress 規則s were pretty （疑いを）晴らす and not unlike what they are now, except that an undress and a 十分な-dress uniform were considered variety 十分な for an officer. As to the seamen, it was not until 1851 that uniform for them was 設立するd, and the men of Nelson's time, as can be seen from the pictures, decked themselves as their fancy pleased them. But the sea has a way of teaching men how to 着せる／賦与する themselves sensibly, and Jack, because the 勝利，勝つd would blow away an awkwardly 形態／調整d hat, soon took to wearing caps, and because he 手配中の，お尋ね者 freedom in his 四肢s, to loose trousers, and for 緩和する in his feet, high-lows, or "purser's crabs," as the low shoes were called. Pigtails were, of course, the 方式 when the century opened, but soon went out, except with the 海洋s, who, 存在 more than half 兵士s, and not having to go aloft and lay out on yards, kept up their 軍の stiffness.
There are some remarkable examples of how lax, or rather, how 完全に absent, were dress 規則s in the dress of 王室の 海軍の seamen. A famous 冒険的な 海軍大将, I have been 保証するd by an officer who sailed with him, selected his 乗組員 for their physical and fisticuff 能力s: his boat's 乗組員 could, as a schoolboy would put it, "whop" any other men in the ship's company, and the coxswain of his gig could "whop" the gig's 乗組員, and the midshipmen of the boat could lick any other youngster in the gun-room. These men were dressed in a fancy 装備する composed of the gallant officer's racing colours. While another 井戸／弁護士席-known 類似の 事例／患者 is that of the Harlequin's gig's 乗組員, a sloop of war of Crimean war time, who were all dressed as harlequins.
The dress of seamen 負かす／撃墜する to the 設立 of uniform was by 推論する／理由 of their own ありふれた sense, 一般に blue jacket, white duck trousers, and tarpaulin hat; men in the tropics soon learnt the value of the straw hat and so took to wearing it, while those in the Channel stuck to the warm flannel and 恐れる-nought petticoats of their father's time. Soft cloth and knitted caps, ありふれた to merchant seamen, then, as now, do not seem to have been general in the 海軍, and so, I infer, men on King's ships went aloft and jammed their hats so hard upon their 長，率いるs as not to lose them. Sea-dandies wore （土地などの）細長い一片d shirts, and decorated their pantaloons with little tags of canvas, as costers do their 衣料品s with pearl buttons.
In the 王室の 海軍 during the last half of the century, the food of the seamen has been vastly 改善するd, but I do not think the bluejacket's ４半期/4分の1s are as comfortable as they were in the old days. The old line of 戦う／戦い ship was not （人が）群がるd with a thousand men on board as is the modern ship with より小数の men. Men could find a 静かな corner somewhere on her, that is, of course, when the hammocks were stowed, but at night the men's deck, then, as now, was closely packed. The hammocks were slung in 平行の 列／漕ぐ／騒動s fore and aft the ship, 権利 from one 味方する of her to the other, the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s 存在 only fourteen インチs apart, leaving no passage between them unless a man stooped or 押し進めるd them apart with his shoulders. Readers of Smollett will remember what unpleasant adventure befell Roderick 無作為の when he went to …に出席する a sick man, and got jammed between two hammocks.
証拠 on the 明言する／公表する of the 商業の 海洋 given before a 王室の （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 in 1853, shows how our merchant seamen were ４半期/4分の1d. A 証言，証人／目撃する on the 支配する said:—
"In British ships the men are not 扱う／治療するd as they せねばならない be. I have taken particular notice of their place of abode, which is on almost every ship of small size, a small dark 洞穴, without light or warmth, or not such a 肉親，親類d of place wherein they may 残り／休憩（する） and repose themselves; and in point of size it is いつかs six or seven feet square, for six or seven men, stowed half-十分な of rope and sails, damp and wet. The very small accommodation the poor men have in bad 天候, 完全に enervates them; they are thus （判決などを）下すd unable to 成し遂げる their 義務, and shipwrecks follow from the 無（不）能 of the men. I went into the forecastle of ten different ships and 手段d them, and I have the 手段 here. There was no proper accommodation where they could stretch themselves out, there was room for the hammocks, but in several of them there was no skylight, and if they shut the hatches of the forecastle, there was no 空気／公表する and no light. I also consider that the want of accommodation in the forecastle of the ship may be one of the 原因（となる）s of intemperance, because if the men have no place to repose themselves in a seaport after arriving at the port, the men are compelled to go to a public house, and thus becomie intemperate. Comparing them with foreign ships, the contrast is most obvious. There is ample space for every foreign 船員; they have box-beds (standing, or 直す／買収する，八百長をするd bed-places, which our large ships also have), and uniformly a painted cabin for the seamen. They can sit 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and talk and read, and amuse themselves, and they have a place of repose whenever they retire from their work; but in nine-tenths of smaller British ships it is やめる the contrary; indeed, I have the particulars here of the さまざまな sizes of different forecastles; I believe there was only one in ten 大型船s that I 手段d that was painted; the others were all 明らかにする 支持を得ようと努めるd.
"This is a serious reflection on the shipowner, and should be 治療（薬）d. There is such heartlessness in consigning human 存在s to the dog-穴を開けるs that are but too often appropriated to the use of seamen, as to create much surprise in those who are not aware of what an 吸収するing 原則 the love of 伸び（る） is. There is one thing that has been pointed out to me frequently by shipmasters, すなわち: the insufficiency of the 乗組員s in number; the 現在の 割合s may be said to be from 100 to 150 (トンs) six; from 150 to 200, eight; from 200 to 250, ten. Now, I do not say that these 割合s 存在する in all shipping; but that they do 存在する frequently, I know; 反して it is thought the 割合 せねばならない be at least a fifth or sixth more, すなわち: from 100 to 150, eight; 150 to 200, ten; 200 to 250, twelve. Of course I am not speaking dictatorially; I am only 説 what a proper 海洋 board せねばならない have the 力／強力にする of 直す／買収する，八百長をするing."
The food on board men-of-war has vastly 改善するd in 質 and 量, and Jack is now given 施設s to 追加する to his dietary 規模 by the 購入（する） of little 高級なs. The messes by clubbing their money, and a judicious 支出 of a small 量, can かなり 改善する on the 規則 allowance, although there is very little to growl at in the 政府 rations, and trained cooks in place of worn-out old sailors now make the food palatable. By one of the many 行為／法令／行動するs of 議会 passed for the 利益 of seamen, the merchant shipowner was compelled to give sailors 確かな rations, and I know that in very many ships this "続けざまに猛撃する and pint" 法律 has resulted in the men 存在 infinitely worse fed. 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器 and salt beef one day, 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器 and salt pork the next, peas, oatmeal, beer or ワイン, or rum, flour, and vinegar, were, and (omitting the beer and ワイン) still are, the 主要な／長／主犯 rations. The water is the only ration that has 改善するd in 質, for before the twenties, the water carried in 木造の 樽s was いつかs very foul drinking, and the ration was very small, a couple of quarts a day, instead of three quarts as at 現在の, 存在 the 量 usually 許すd.
"Cracker hash" and "dandyfunk" are 指名するs of food messes now made by sailors, the first from 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s 法外なd in water and mixed with pork fat; the second, 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s mixed with molasses; sensible sailors, when the meat is very bad, contrive to disguise some of its vileness by thus mixing it. Not twenty years ago I was in a ship, that, 借りがあるing to the bad meat on board had nearly all her 乗組員 ill with scurvy, and the few who escaped 借りがあるd their 免疫 to "cracker hash." There was, and is, no other 推論する／理由 for an 突発／発生 of scurvy but the neglect and meanness of owners and shipmasters. Some of the men died on this voyage of a year's duration, from a 病気 that Captain Cook contrived to 避ける in all his long voyages. I am happy to say the captain got ひどく 罰金d, and the owners long since became 破産者／倒産した and no longer send ships to sea.
One method of husbanding water forty or fifty years ago, has been 述べるd to me at different times by old men-o'-war's men. The men's drinking allowance for the day was put in a scuttle-butt, such as most of us have seen in small coasters. To 得る a drink it was necessary to use the dipper, a long, 狭くする, tin cup, the only 大型船 that would fit the bung-穴を開ける of the 樽. This dipper was kept at the main 王室の-mast-長，率いる, and any one who 手配中の，お尋ね者 a drink had to climb the 船の索具, bring 負かす／撃墜する the cup, take his drink and return the dipper to its place aloft. A 歩哨 was put over the 樽 to see that this 二塁打 旅行 was 成し遂げるd for each drink, and it may be taken for 認めるd that, even on a hot day in the tropics, men did not quench their かわき very often—between parched lips, and a 二塁打 run up and 負かす／撃墜する to the main-トラックで運ぶ of a seventy-four, there was not much to choose.
I believe the stories that are told of men carving タバコ boxes out of their allowance of beef I have seen beef that could be used for this 目的, and that shore people could not have （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd from 支持を得ようと努めるd; and I have seen 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s that could not be broken without the use of an 器具／実施する such as a 大打撃を与える or the 厚い end of a marlinespike. This 肉親，親類d of bread is good; it is too hard to harbour vermin. I have seen it printed somewhere that a distinguished naturalist has said that the yarns of sailors about weevily 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s are untrue, that no insect of the 肉親，親類d gets into sea 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s. If that naturalist had ever been to sea in a ship where the softer 質 of 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器 was in the 蓄える／店s, he would have 得るd an ounce 負わせる of experience out of every 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器, that would have for ever knocked the 底（に届く） out of his theorising. Not once but a hundred times have I seen men skim the maggots in spoonfuls from the tea in which their 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s were soaked. But I think the worst form of food on shipboard is the pork, いつかs still so vile that I have in 最近の years seen the hardest old shellbacks retch violently at the smell of it cooking in the galley. Men use the fat of it in slush lamps instead of oil in places where the shipowner is too mean to 供給（する） the 乗組員 with enough lamp oil, and the smell of the lamp in the forecastle is so bad that it is only lit when 絶対 necessary.
The 法案 of fare in harbour is often roast beef and boiled potatoes and soup. It sounds good, but the soup is just greasy, hot water, in which a few bones have been boiled for two or three days, and this mess is 強化するd by boiling the 共同のs in it. When 確かな of the 共同のs are about half-cooked, they are taken out of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 巡査 and baked brown in the galley oven—thus is the sailor 供給（する）d with his roast and boiled. The potatoes, it may be depended upon, are of the worst possible 質, and are served in their 肌s, about two to each man. The food is served in a disgusting fashion in small, 木造の tubs or mess "kids," the meat and vegetables 密談する／（身体を）寄せ集めるd together in one, the soup in another. At sea, a tub of peasoup and a tub of meat one day; soft bread, viz., the sailor's allowance of flour made up into rolls, and beef, the next. The allowance for a watch is 捨てるd into a tub, and each man 削減（する）s off his "whack" with his jack-knife.
Of course all merchant ships are not alike, and on steamers, 特に on the better class of them, the food is very good indeed. It comes cheaper to 料金d the 乗組員 on fresh food than on the 行為／法令／行動する of 議会 rations on board such steamers, but on many of the sailing ships lying in foreign seaports, a 訪問者 can easily see for himself how atrociously the 乗組員 are 宿泊するd and fed. Of course, when the ship has been some days in port, the salt meat disappears, but a day after entering port, before the harness-樽s are cleaned, as they call the tubs in which the ration for a period is kept, a 訪問者 can see and smell the 質 of the meat. But this experience is as nothing to what it would be if landsmen could visit the ship when she is lying becalmed on the 赤道. Then the 法外な-tub, in which the meat is soaked all night in salt water before 存在 boiled next day in salt water, gives 前へ／外へ an odour that would betray the sailing-ship's 周辺 to the 乗客s on a mail-boat, when the 大型船s were 船体 負かす／撃墜する to each other. In such ships, with such accommodation and such food, parents are still foolish enough to 支払う／賃金 賞与金s to have their sons 見習い工d. The boys are supposed to be 分かれて 宿泊するd from the seamen, and to be taught the 貿易（する） of the sea with a 見解（をとる） to their becoming officers. As a 事柄 of fact they are 宿泊するd in a house on deck, very often more uncomfortable than the forecastle, and in company no better than that of the seamen, and they are taught nothing. What little they learn is 選ぶd up by chance, and because, though their masters 主として 雇う them in polishing brasswork and きれいにする pigsties, the ships are now so short-手渡すd that the seamen in the forecastle take care to make the 見習い工s do as much work as possible.
The monotony of the sea life, in peace or in war, in 貿易（する）ing-大型船 or in 軍艦, in the beginning or at the end of the century, can be little understood by shore-going folk. Readers of sea-調書をとる／予約するs are told of the weariness of that time, when we were 封鎖ing the French ports, but a 一時期／支部 or two 述べるing an 活動／戦闘 追い散らすs the impression, and we think only of the 派手に宣伝する （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing to ４半期/4分の1s and of all the excitement of 戦う／戦い. But the 決まりきった仕事 life on a man-o'-war in the old days was the dullest life it is possible to imagine. Often as ships were in 戦う／戦い, there were many ships, and there were not 戦う／戦いs enough to go 一連の会議、交渉／完成する, even though the fighting had been 平等に 分配するd, which it was not. The modern fighting ship is even duller, and certainly no one who wants change せねばならない take to the sea now, any more than then.
The nine hundred or a thousand persons on an old line of 戦う／戦い ship were every day 雇うd doing the same thing that they were doing the day before. The excitement of （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing to ４半期/4分の1s must have been a welcome change to the dullness of 巡航するing. When the order "（疑いを）晴らす ship for 活動／戦闘" was given, the boatswain's whistle sounded shrilly at the hatchways, and the boatswain's mates hoarsely cried, "（疑いを）晴らす lower deck, up all hammocks." Every sailor ran to his hammock, and in it stowed his bedding in a neat roll, and passed the 攻撃するing 一連の会議、交渉／完成する it—the art of passing a hammock-攻撃するing 適切に is still one of the first 専門的事項s taught to 船員 boys. The hammocks were then carried to the upper deck and stowed by the ４半期/4分の1-masters in the hammock nettings—a 二塁打 網状組織 supported by アイロンをかける stanchions running along each 味方する of the ship from the forecastle to the poop—and, thus arranged, the seamen's beds made an excellent 障壁 against 発射.
一方／合間 parties of men were 船の索具 preventer を締めるs, slings, and so on, upon the yards, so that should the ordinary gear be carried away by the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of the enemy, the spars would not come 宙返り／暴落するing 負かす／撃墜する on deck, entangling the men in piles of torn canvas, fathoms of 船の索具, and 破片 of 後援d 支持を得ようと努めるd. The carpenter and his 乗組員 用意が出来ている plugs to stop 発射 穴を開けるs in the ship's 船体, and got upon deck spare gear for the chain-pumps in 事例／患者 they should be 負傷させるd in the 約束／交戦. The gunner and his mates saw that the guns were （疑いを）晴らす and ready for use, opened the magazine and 駅／配置するd men in it to pass along the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s, and saw that plenty of cartridges were ready filled. The master and his mates took 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the sail-trimming and steering, 用意が出来ている to make or 縮める sail, and を締める the yards under the orders of the captain; and the 中尉／大尉／警部補s, によれば their number and the size of the ship, took 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 each of a deck or 殴打／砲列, and 一般に 監督するd. This was the exciting break in the 決まりきった仕事, and is the same to-day, except that engineers and stokers have taken the place of sail-trimmers; and torpedo 逮捕するs, サーチライトs and such gear have to be manipulated in 新規加入 to the guns. But the 正規の／正選手 一連の会議、交渉／完成する now is paintwork きれいにする, and, 明らかに, for some 推論する／理由 best known to the 当局, comparatively little 演習, considering how important 演習 is.
In the old days, trimming the sails, pulling the yards first this way, then that, to catch the 微風, what is known to seamen as "pulley-hauley," in light, variable 勝利，勝つd was, and is, only 類似の to the treadmill, and when a man-o'-war was keeping her 駅／配置する, this 肉親，親類d of work was going on continually night and day. There was very little 演習, the cutlass 演習 was not even taught until the teens of the century, and 広大な／多数の／重要な gun 演習 was too often looked upon by captains as a waste of time. Serving out 準備／条項s and water, getting the salt beef and pork from the 持つ／拘留する, bringing the 樽s on deck to 新たにする the brine pickle and 回復するing them to the 持つ／拘留する, 重さを計るing the meat and 法外なing it, serving out slop 着せる／賦与するs, 精密検査するing men's 道具s, and keeping the ship clean, all 占領するd much time when 500 to 1000 men were （人が）群がるd together in a 限定するd space, and with the たびたび（訪れる） interruptions of "All 手渡すs about ship," or 縮める sail or make sail, with the endless 一連の会議、交渉／完成する of rope-making, spun-yarn 新たな展開ing, setting up 船の索具, rope-splicing, and knotting, and making of chafing gear, there was not much idle time on the sailing ship. In the days of studdingsails and of 割れ目ing on to 精密検査する a possible prize, the carrying away of spars from the 圧力（をかける） of canvas, and the loss of canvas when the spars went by the board, gave plenty of work to carpenters and sailmakers; and wooding and watering, two words now almost obsolete, in the days of oak and hemp, took just that place in the 決まりきった仕事 of ships as coaling does in steel and steam.
It was then that men learnt how to 扱う a boat, a 支店 of the profession in merchant ships, now 急速な／放蕩な becoming a lost art—the 普通の／平均（する） 深い-water merchant 船員 cannot pull a boat 適切に, and though in the 海軍 the sailor is taught to sail and 列／漕ぐ／騒動, steam 切断機，沿岸警備艇s and pinnaces are continually in use, and their use 増加するing, makes it いっそう少なく and いっそう少なく important for sailors to remember the teaching of the training-ship.
When the eighteenth century went out and the new one （機の）カム in England's greatest 海軍の 軍人s were in the fullness of their glory. During 1800 there were enough brilliant フリゲート艦 and boat 活動／戦闘s fought to fill a 調書をとる／予約する with the story of them. It was in that year that Cochrane played such havoc on the Spanish coast in the little 迅速な, whose broadside of 28 lbs. Cochrane used to say he could carry in his coat pockets. Most Englishmen remember the 活動／戦闘 in May with the Spanish フリゲート艦, whose broadside was 190 lbs. Cochrane's little brig could not stand up against a 負わせる of metal like this, and so he laid her と一緒に the Spaniard, and then boarded with every officer and man, leaving only the 外科医 to look after the 迅速な. When the Spaniards were driven below and the 死傷者s were counted, only 44 British were left unwounded to guard the 260 Spanish 囚人s, but Cochrane managed, にもかかわらず, to take his brig and her prize into Port Mahon.
On April 2nd, 1801, （機の）カム Copenhagen. When we have forgotten the exact 原因（となる） of the quarrel with the Danes, when the number of ships engaged, their 指名するs and every other 詳細（に述べる） shall have so passed from our minds, that we shall have to 言及する to one of the thousand or more 調書をとる／予約するs on the 支配する to see what it was all about, the fact that Nelson won the 戦う／戦い by his courage to disobey, when disobedience was generalship, will still be fresh in our memories.
"The signal of 解任する is hoisted on the 旗艦."
"Is our signal for の近くに 活動／戦闘 still hoisted?"
"Mind you keep it so."
Pacing the deck, moving the stump of his lost arm in a manner which with him always 示すd 広大な／多数の／重要な emotion. Nelson presently said:—
"Leave off 活動／戦闘 now! Damn me if I do! You know, Foley," turning to the captain, "I have only one 注目する，もくろむ, and I have a 権利 to be blind いつかs;" and then putting his glass to his blind 注目する，もくろむ in that mood which sports with bitterness, he said, "I really do not see the signal!" Presently he exclaimed, "Keep my signal for の近くに 活動／戦闘 飛行機で行くing! That is the way I answer such signals. Nail 地雷 to the mast."
海軍大将 Sir Hyde Parker, there is no 疑問, hoisted the signal from chivalrous 動機s. The 解雇する／砲火／射撃, he said, was too hot for Nelson to …に反対する, a 退却／保養地 he thought must be made. He was aware of the consequences to his own personal 評判, but it would be 臆病な／卑劣な in him to leave Nelson to 耐える the whole shame of the 失敗, if shame it should be みなすd. But Nelson won the 戦う／戦い, and we only half remember the 指揮官-in-長，指導者, or 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大なs, the 後部-海軍大将, who nobly supported Nelson, and, like him, 辞退するd to see the signal.
Then the message to the Danes and the 調印（する）ing of the letter is another of the personal 出来事/事件s by which Copenhagen is remembered:—
"The 勇敢に立ち向かう Danes are the brothers and should never be the enemies of England," 調印（する）ing the letter with wax and not with the proffered wafer, "for this is not the time to appear hurried or informal."
There was one of Nelson's captains at Copenhagen who is remembered to-day by some people in that 部分 of Greater Britain, then the newly-made 罪人／有罪を宣告する 解決／入植地 at Botany Bay. This was Edward Riou, who in 1789 遭遇（する）d shipwreck in the 後見人, taking 蓄える／店s to the new 解決／入植地. Those who saw the ship 首尾よく navigated to the Cape, after running upon an iceberg, 述べるd Riou as having 達成するd "the most wonderfully heroic 行為／法令／行動する ever 成し遂げるd." There is a monument in St Paul's to Riou, who died thus: Unwillingly he was 製図／抽選 off his ship, the アマゾン, from under the guns of the Trekroner 殴打／砲列, having seen the 指揮官-in-長，指導者's signal of 解任する. "What will Nelson think of us!" he said sorrowfully. The 血 was then streaming from a 負傷させる in his 長，率いる, and as his ship （機の）カム 一連の会議、交渉／完成する, exposing her 厳しい to the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of the 殴打／砲列, a 一連の会議、交渉／完成する 発射 （機の）カム on board and 削減（する） him in two. Nelson said "what he thought of us" when he wrote his despatch and told of the loss of the "good and gallant Riou."
Bligh, too, was there, gallantly fighting his ship, the Glatton, little dreaming then that he would be forgotten for this, and only remembered for the Bounty 反乱（を起こす）, or in 関係 with some lying 声明 traducing his personal courage. "Bligh, I thank you, you have supported me nobly," said Nelson.
A year later the 条約 of Amiens was 調印するd, and we reckoned up the cost to ourselves and to our enemies. The loss to our enemies in ships, taken, lost, or destroyed, stood thus:—
French Dutch Spanish Total
Ships of the line 45 25 11 81
Fifty-gun ships 2 1 0 3
フリゲート艦s 133 31 20 184
Sloops and smaller 大型船s 161 32 55 248
---
516
---
We had lost 20 ships of the line, 145 フリゲート艦s and smaller 大型船s, and of this number only 42 大型船s were 逮捕（する）d, and 9 destroyed by our enemies, the 残り／休憩（する） had been 燃やすd, 難破させるd, or 創立者d at sea.
War broke out again in the spring of 1803, and until Trafalgar, Buonaparte was getting ready his 侵略 flotilla, 150,000 men, 2300 大型船s, and six hours 命令（する） of the channel were all the 条件s he 手配中の，お尋ね者 to make a success of it. The last 条件 was the only one that 妨げるd the 上陸. A noteworthy event in this 関係 was Lord Keith's "Catamaran 探検隊／遠征隊, designed to destroy the flotilla 組み立てる／集結するd at Boulogne to 侵略する England." 巡査 大型船s 含む／封じ込めるing combustibles were arranged to 爆発する in a given time by clockwork, and were to be 牽引するd into position under the enemy's ships by one-man catamarans or small canoes, the attack to be made under a 激しい 解雇する／砲火／射撃, and to be 補佐官d by 解雇する／砲火／射撃-ships. This was the 明言する／公表する of torpedo 戦争 at the beginning of the century, and the 探検隊／遠征隊 ended as feebly as might be 推定する／予想するd from the 武器s 雇うd. No 損失 was done to the French ships, and our (n)艦隊／(a)素早い went home again, to be laughed at.
The 逮捕（する） of the Spanish treasure ships with ｣100,000 on board them, in October 1804, made an open enemy of the Spaniards, and this and Sir Robert Calder's 活動／戦闘 in July 1805 were the two 主要な／長／主犯 海軍の 戦う／戦いs previous to Trafalgar, but between these events, John Company distinguished itself—the homeward bound 中国 (n)艦隊／(a)素早い engaged, and （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 a French 騎兵大隊 under 海軍大将 Linois. This 活動／戦闘 more than any during the century illustrates how our sea 戦う／戦いs were fought by British sailors in the general sense of the word, and how little distinction there was between men-o'-war's men and merchant seamen. Even Marryat, in Newton Forster, makes an old Greenwich pensioner say of the 戦う／戦い, "I've worked my way clean through the whole yarn, and I seed the 報告（する）／憶測 of killed and 負傷させるd, and I'll take my affi-davy that there 警告する't an ossifer of the whole (n)艦隊／(a)素早い as lost the number of his mess in that theer 活動／戦闘, and a clipping 事件／事情／状勢 it was! Only think of the moun-seer a-tarning tail to marchant 大型船s! Damn my old buttons! What will our jolly fellows do next?" Now, though the 事件／事情／状勢 is one of the most creditable in our history, it is scarcely just to the French to 令状 of Linois running away from merchant 大型船s, and as we have everything to 伸び（る） by the truth, it is a pity to 誇張する.
The want of an 知能 department at home enabled Linois to leave Batavia with his 旗艦 the Marengo, 80 guns, Belle Poule, 40, Semillante, 36, Berceau, 22, and the 16-gun brig Aventurier; the French 海軍大将 calculating on the 逮捕（する） of the East India (n)艦隊／(a)素早い in the 中国 Sea.
Nathaniel Dance 命令（する）d the East India ships. The Company's 武装した 巡洋艦s and merchantmen numbered 16, 開始するing from 30 to 36 guns; each 大型船 had a 広大な／多数の／重要な many Lascar seamen on board; there were also Europeans, numbering on the 普通の／平均（する） 100 to each 大型船. Besides the 16 large ships, there were about a dozen smaller merchantmen.
Linois fell in with the English ships off the 海峡s of Malacca, and when Commodore Dance sighted the French 騎兵大隊 at eight o'clock on the morning of February 14th, finding by sunset, that the French ships were 速く 精密検査するing him, he decided to 申し込む／申し出 them 戦う／戦い, but the Frenchmen then kept away. The next morning at nine. Dance put his ships again on their course under 平易な sail. The 残り／休憩（する） of the story is thus told in his despatch:—
"The enemy then filled their sails, and 辛勝する／優位d に向かって us. At 1 P.M., finding they 提案するd to attack and endeavour to 削減（する） off our 後部, I made the signal to attack and 耐える 負かす／撃墜する upon him, and engage in succession, the 王室の George 存在 the 主要な ship, the ギャング（団）s next, then the Earl Camden. This manoeuvre was 正確に 成し遂げるd, and we stood に向かって him under a 圧力（をかける） of sail. The enemy then formed in a very の近くに line, and opened their 解雇する／砲火／射撃 on the headmost ships, which was not returned by us till we approached him nearer. The 王室の George bore the brunt of the 活動／戦闘, and got as 近づく the enemy as he would 許す him; and the ギャング（団）s and Earl Camden opened their 解雇する／砲火／射撃 as soon as their guns could have 影響; but before any other ship could get into 活動／戦闘, the enemy 運ぶ／漁獲高d their 勝利，勝つd, and stood away to the eastward under all the sail they could 始める，決める. At 2 P.M. I made the signal for a general chase, and we 追求するd them till 4 P.M., when, 恐れるing a longer 追跡 would carry us too far from the mouth of the 海峡s, and considering the 巨大な 所有物／資産／財産 at 火刑／賭ける, I made the signal to tack, and at 8 P.M. we 錨，総合司会者d in a 状況／情勢 to proceed for the 入り口 of the 海峡s in the morning. As long as we could distinguish the enemy, we perceived him steering to the eastward under a 圧力（をかける） of sail. The 王室の George had one man killed, and another 負傷させるd, many 発射 in her 船体, and more in her sails, but few 発射s touched either the Camden or the ギャング（団）s, and the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of the enemy seemed to be ill-directed, his 発射 either 落ちるing short or passing over us."
Flinders on his way to England in the Porpoise was 難破させるd on the 障壁 暗礁 on the Australian coast, the Cato, another 大型船 …を伴ってing the Porpoise, also coming to grief The 乗組員s of these two ships having made their way to the East Indies were on the voyage to England in this East India (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, and helped to （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 the Frenchmen. Young Franklin, afterwards Sir John, was の中で the officers, and 事実上の／代理 as signal midshipman on the Lord Camden, he made the signal to engage. Flinders was not there; he had tried to reach England in a little 植民地の-built schooner, and putting into Madagascar, had been taken 囚人 by Du Caen, but that is another story.*
[* 海軍の 開拓するs of Australia. Becke & Jeffery, John Murray, 1899.]
Without in the least detracting from the gallantry of the Englishmen, which was gratefully recognised at home, Dance 存在 knighted, and all 手渡すs receiving a money 認める from the Company, it is 明らかな that sixteen ships, each 武装した with from 30 to 36 guns, and with 乗組員s 井戸／弁護士席 accustomed to the use of them, was not such a very weak 軍隊 against four 大型船s, only one of which was of a very superior 軍隊 to the Englishmen. Even now, when a man-o'-war's man's 貿易（する） is altogether different to a merchant 船員's, we may かもしれない hear of some 事例／患者 in the 未来 not altogether dissimilar. But the 80-gun ship of Linois had not longer 範囲 guns or weightier 発射物s than her 対抗者s, she had only more guns. The modern ship may 現実に have より小数の guns than any one of a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of modern 武装した merchantmen, but one 発射 from the 戦艦's big 武器, if truly 目的（とする）d, would effectually settle the 商売／仕事 of a 巡洋艦.
フリゲート艦 and boat 活動／戦闘s went on just as 定期的に as the days of the week （機の）カム 一連の会議、交渉／完成する, and the 海軍の Chronicle 含む／封じ込めるs hundreds of Gazette letters telling of them. And we were fighting everywhere, West and East Indies, Mediterranean, and English Channel. At last, in October 1805, （機の）カム Trafalgar. The Victory, with every stitch of canvas 始める，決める, 耐えるing 負かす／撃墜する upon the enemy; Nelson's 祈り and his last 嘆願（書） to his King and country, the famous signal; "England 推定する／予想するs every man will do his 義務"—these 予選s of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 戦う／戦い will never be forgotten while the English language lives. But it is the tragical ending of the day that men think of most. Those three hours and a ４半期/4分の1 in the grim death-議会 where, surrounded by 負傷させるd, Nelson lay dying, his last words in two 宣告，判決s 表明するing all that has ever been written of the 私的な littleness and the public greatness of his life: "Remember that I leave Lady Hamilton and my daughter Horatia as a 遺産／遺物 to my country. Thank God, I have done my 義務."
Trafalgar, though the last 広大な／多数の／重要な 海軍の 戦う／戦い, was by no means the end of the fighting; フリゲート艦 活動／戦闘s and small sea-fights were still たびたび（訪れる） enough, and Cochrane, fresh from his 解放（する） from a French 刑務所，拘置所, in the 38-gun フリゲート艦 Pallas, made, in the year 1806, a 一時期／支部 of war history of his own.
In 1808, we were fighting the ロシアのs, the Turks, and the Danes, while the French still kept our 海軍 on the 警報, 権利 up to the eve of Waterloo. The war with America broke out in 1812, the main 原因（となる） of it 存在 our 主張 of the 権利 to search American ships for 見捨てる人／脱走兵s, driven to the 罪，犯罪 by our own neglect and ill-治療 of them. The 活動／戦闘s were nearly all fought between 選び出す／独身 ships, or small 騎兵大隊s, and there is no 疑問 that our ships were outclassed by the Americans, and that their best gunners were the men who had fought on our 味方する at the Nile, at Copenhagen, and at Trafalgar; it was even 主張するd that の中で the seamen on one of the American ships were some of the 乗組員 of Nelson's 船, and certainly 5000 English 見捨てる人／脱走兵s were known to be in the American 海軍 when the war broke out.
Our one 広大な／多数の／重要な success was in the 活動／戦闘 between the Shannon and the Chesapeake. The 詳細（に述べる）s of that 約束／交戦 have been discussed and argued about more times in English and American 調書をとる／予約するs and magazines, than any other 戦う／戦い that was ever fought. It will be remembered that Captain Broke 存在 厳しく 負傷させるd, and the first 中尉／大尉／警部補 killed, the second 中尉／大尉／警部補 broucfht the 勝利を得た Shannon out of 活動／戦闘, and sailed her and her prize to Halifax. This officer was 海軍大将 of the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, Provo Wallis, who died so recently as 1892, in a Hampshire village, の近くに to a 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where the 血-stained 木材／素質s of the Chesapeake can still be seen. After the 戦う／戦い she was sailed to Portsmouth, and there sold for ｣500 to a shipbreaker. Her 木材／素質s were 分配するd, and a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of them bought by a 建設業者, who built them into a flour-mill at Wickham, 9 miles from Portsmouth. The 床に打ち倒すs of that mill still show the stains of the fight, and the beams that support the floorboards are 十分な of 発射 穴を開けるs.
Not so 井戸／弁護士席 remembered are the circumstances of our last sea-fight with the French, fought in the Mediterranean on the eve of Waterloo, between the 18-gun English brig of war 操縦する and the 22-gun French フリゲート艦 La Legere. Captain John Toup Nicholas, the 指揮官 of the 操縦する, in his despatch thus 述べるs the fight:—
"At daylight, on the 17th June 1815, a フリゲート艦 was 観察するd which, from not answering our signals, I 結論するd to be an enemy. I approached her until I could see her waterline from the deck, then, having ascertained that she had only twelve ports of a 味方する on the main deck, I thought she was not more than a match for the 操縦する, その結果 did my best to get と一緒に of her. At two in the afternoon, the stranger having taken in all his small sails, and 明らかに 用意が出来ている for 活動／戦闘, he 運ぶ／漁獲高d に向かって us and 解雇する／砲火／射撃d a gun to windward, hoisting a tri-coloured pendant and ensign. Half-an-hour later, after some manoeuvring on both 味方するs to endeavour to 伸び（る） the 天候 gage, I placed the 操縦する の近くに on his 天候 beam, and hoisted our colours. 観察するing that he was 準備するing to make sail to pass us, and an officer having あられ／賞賛するd in a 脅迫的な トン, 願望（する）ing me 'to keep その上の from him,' and his people continuing to train their guns at us, I ordered a 発射 to be 解雇する／砲火／射撃d through his foresail to stop his 進歩. The flash of our gun 証明するd the signal for the general 発射する／解雇する of his broadside. The 活動／戦闘 then 開始するd within ピストル 範囲. Our 発射 存在 from the 物陰／風下-guns, and directed low, evidently striking his 船体 in quick succession, and his 無能にするing our 船の索具 大いに. By four o'clock the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of our 対抗者s had slackened かなり, and I sanguinely looked and 推定する／予想するd every instant to see the tri-coloured ensign 運ぶ／漁獲高d 負かす／撃墜する. After two hours he 運ぶ／漁獲高d up his mainsail, and 支援するd his mizzentopsail ーするために 減少（する） astern. I endeavoured to 縮める sail also, to 保持する our position on his beam, but I 設立する every を締める, bowline, and 手がかり（を与える）-garnet 削減（する） away. We thus unavoidably ran ahead of him, and as the only 代案／選択肢 I then put the 舵輪／支配 up to rake his 屈服するs, of which he took the 即座の advantage by 運ぶ／漁獲高ing の近くに to the 勝利，勝つd, and making off with all the sail he could carry. With 深い 悔いる I saw that I had it not in my 力／強力にする to follow him すぐに, the yards 存在 wholly unmanageable, the main topgallant mast over the 味方する, the main topsail yard 発射 away in the slings, and our stays, and the greater part of our standing and all our running 船の索具 gone. Thus 据えるd, it was some time before we could 安全な・保証する the masts and yards, so as to follow the French ship; however, in いっそう少なく than an hour we had another main topsail yard across, and the sails 始める，決める, and by seven o'clock we were going nearly 7 knots, by the 勝利，勝つd, in chase of our 対抗者, with the hope of 軍隊ing him to a 再開 of the contest. He was then on our 天候 屈服する, distant from us about six miles. We continued in 追跡 until the 18th, at daylight, when it was with real 悲しみ I discovered that the enemy had eluded us during the night, and as we were 近づく to Antibes, I 結論するd that she must have got into some port thereabouts. The 勝利，勝つd 存在 fresh from the wrong ４半期/4分の1, and not having any hope of again 会合 the 反対する of our 追跡, I most reluctantly steered to 再開する my 駅／配置する."
In the fight two seamen were killed, and fourteen officers and men 負傷させるd; the enemy's loss, as was ascertained afterwards, was twenty-two killed and seventy-nine 負傷させるd.
From the 突発／発生 of war in 1803 till Waterloo we lost 83 フリゲート艦s 逮捕（する）d, and 7 destroyed, and no line of 戦う／戦い ships. Our enemies during that period were the French, Spanish, Dutch, Danes, ロシアのs, Turks, and Americans, and their 部隊d losses 量d to 173 ships of the line and フリゲート艦s 逮捕（する）d or destroyed, of which loi were 追加するd to the English 海軍.
With Waterloo ended that 明言する／公表する of war which has been aptly 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d "eighteen hundred and war time." It is impossible to conceive such 条件s now. After the twenties a boat 活動／戦闘 with 著作権侵害者s or with slavers was something to talk over in the village ale-houses, but before then these small 事件／事情／状勢s were of such ありふれた occurrence that the prints of the time 不十分な gave them a half-dozen lines of space. Turn up at 無作為の the Portsmouth and Plymouth 報告（する）／憶測s or the Gazette letters anywhere between 1803 and 1816 and fights are 報告（する）／憶測d as frequently, and in as 事柄 of course a fashion, as are cricket and football matches now in a 冒険的な newspaper. And it must be remembered that no sailor could dodge fighting, even though he might escape the 圧力（をかける） and ship on board a merchantman. The merchant 船長／主将s 一般に showed a good stomach for an 遭遇（する） with any enemy who was in the least degree 近づく them in 負わせる of metal. Even the very 乗客s showed a 準備完了 to take a 手渡す that must have put heart into the least warlike of merchant seamen. Here, for example, are one or two 出来事/事件s taken at 無作為の from 同時代の prints:—
The ship Planter of Liverpool, bound from Hampton Roads to London, was in 1799 近づくing the mouth of the channel, when she was chased and overtaken by a French privateer. Finding that he could not escape, the 船長／主将 of the Planter 支援するd his main topsail, ran up the British ensign, （疑いを）晴らすd for 活動／戦闘, and called upon the 乗組員 to give three 元気づけるs. The Planter's 軍備 was 12 nine-pounders and 6 six-pounders, her 乗組員 forty-three men. The privateer had 22 guns, twelves, nines, and sixes, with small 武器 in the 最高の，を越すs, and her decks were crowdded with men. When she saw the little merchantman heave to, and heard the 元気づける, the 冷静な／正味の impudence of the Englishman so astonished the other that he just popped one of his twelve-続けざまに猛撃する 発射s across the 屈服するs of the merchantman, 推定する／予想するing an instant 降伏する in the 直面する of such an imperative 警告. But the privateer was soon undeceived. によれば the 船長／主将 of the Planter:—
"We すぐに 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd to and gave her a broadside, which 開始するd the 活動／戦闘 on both 味方するs. The first broadside we received 削減（する） away all our halliards, topsail sheets, and を締めるs, and killed three men on the quarterdeck. We kept up a constant 解雇する／砲火／射撃 for two glasses and a half, when she sheered off to 修理 損害賠償金, and in about one glass returned to board us. We were all in 準備完了 to receive him, got our broadsides to 耐える upon him, and 注ぐd in our langrage and grape 発射 with 広大な／多数の／重要な success. A 激しい 解雇する／砲火／射撃 kept up on both 味方するs for three glasses this second time; in all, the 約束／交戦 continued for five glasses. At last he 設立する we would not give out, and night coming on, sheered off and stood away. His loss, no 疑問, was かなりの, as for the last two glasses we were so nigh each other that our 解雇する／砲火／射撃 must have done 広大な／多数の／重要な 死刑執行. When he sheered off we saw him heaving dead 団体／死体s overboard in 豊富. Our ship is 損失d in the 船体; one twelve-続けざまに猛撃する 発射 under the starboard cat-長，率いる 後援d the 味方するs much; one 二塁打-長，率いるd 発射 through the long boat; sails, 船の索具, spars, prodigiously 負傷させるd. We had four killed, and eight 負傷させるd. My ship's company 行為／法令／行動するd with a degree of courage which does credit to the 旗. I cannot help について言及するing the good 行為／行う of my 乗客s during the 活動／戦闘. Mr M'Kennon and Mr Hodgson, with small 武器, stood to their ４半期/4分の1s with a degree of noble spirit; my two lady 乗客s, Mrs M'Dowell and 行方不明になる Mary Harley, kept 伝えるing the cartridges from the magazine to the deck, and were very attentive to the 負傷させるd, both during and after the 活動／戦闘, in dressing their 負傷させるs and 治めるing every 慰安 the ship could afford."
When the Planter got into port, the merchants of Liverpool subscribed a sum of money for the two ladies who had behaved with such courage, and a 地元の print 報告（する）／憶測s that they also 始める，決める on foot 調査 for the parents of one "William Aickin, a native of that town, who was killed in the 活動／戦闘, after signalising himself in the most 模範的な manner."
早期に in the 衝突 he received two 負傷させるs, one of which almost separated his 手渡す from the arm, notwithstanding which, without any other 援助 than the 使用／適用 of some styptic and a 包帯 by Mrs M'Dowell and her companion, he returned to his 駅／配置する and continued his exertion in defence of the ship till he fell in a manner covered with 負傷させるs from a broadside too 首尾よく directed by the adversary. He was then carried below, where he 満了する／死ぬd, in a few minutes, after requesting Mrs M'Dowell to 伝える his 義務 to his parents, and to let them know that "he died in a good 原因（となる）."
On the 4th July 1799 the Townley of Liverpool, a small merchantman, was 逮捕（する）d by a French privateer of 14 guns. The privateer took out all the English seamen except the mate and one other, and put a prize 乗組員 of six men on board, with orders to take the prize into the nearest French port. As soon as the privateer was out of sight, the two Englishmen 掴むd an 適切な時期 to make 囚人s of three Frenchmen who were below, then 急ぐd on deck and 安全な・保証するd the other three, 長，率いるd the ship for an English port, and brought her in in safety.
In the same year a West Indiaman, the Benson, （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 off a French corvette that had 試みる／企てるd her 逮捕（する）; while the Earl St Vincent, a Falmouth schooner, engaged two French privateers and four Spanish gunboats off Cape Spartel. The Frenchmen were 大型船s 開始するing from 8 to 12 guns, and having from sixty to eighty men each. The English schooner was fitted for privateering, having 18 guns, though they were only four- and six-pounders, and her 乗組員 numbered only 40 men. Surrounded by six 大型船s, the Englishman was getting the worst of it, and the 報告（する）／憶測 明言する／公表するs: "Finding it useless to 競う with such superior 軍隊s, he ordered his 厳しい and ４半期/4分の1s to be 削減（する）, and made a 殴打／砲列 of his 厳しい chace, from which he kept up a constant 解雇する／砲火／射撃 on the enemy, making at the same time all the sail he could to reach Tangier Bay, which he did after an 活動／戦闘, in the whole, of five hours and a ４半期/4分の1."
Even so far away as in the South Seas, our merchant seamen were carrying on the war. The South Sea whalemen were nearly all 供給するd with letters of marque, and before the port of Sydney was twenty years old a prize 法廷，裁判所 was sitting in it to 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of prizes 逮捕（する）d by whalers from the Spaniards and the Dutch.
For example, in 1799, the whalers made prizes of a couple of Spaniards, and Captain Hunter, then 知事 of New South むちの跡s, wrote to England explaining 確かな 警戒s he had taken in 開始するing guns on Sydney 長，率いるs, when, as he 推定する／予想するd, the enemy would make 報復s. The Spaniards were duly 非難するd and sold in the prize 法廷，裁判所, and no more was heard of the 事柄, although one of them, the Infanta Amelia, was a 罰金 new 大型船 not long 開始する，打ち上げるd from the Spanish dockyard at Bilbao.
Another 利益／興味ing privateering 事件／事情／状勢 in Australian waters was the 逮捕（する） by the 政策 of the Dutch privateer Swift. The Swift was 初めは La Minerve, a French privateer which by her 逮捕（する）s of English merchantmen in the English Channel had become やめる famous. Then she was sold to the Dutch, and in 1804 was owned by a Batavian 会社／堅い.
She fell in with the 政策, a South Sea whaler, in September 1804, off Timor, and 存在 井戸／弁護士席 武装した, imagined it would be 平易な to take the Englishman. Captain Forster of the 政策, thinking the Dutchman was too big for him, tried to run away, but the Swift 精密検査するd the 政策, so the Englishman turned about, and in the course of an hour's fighting thrashed the Dutchman, and a few days later brought her to an 錨，総合司会者 as his prize in Sydney Harbour.
When the 政策 was on her way to Sydney, she fell in with the Iris, another South Sea whaler, and 警告を与えるd her to be on the look out for Dutch privateers, as the Batavian merchants had fitted out several 大型船s with the 表明する 意向 of 運動ing the Englishmen out of the Dutch 群島. "Very 井戸／弁護士席," said Captain Clark of the Iris, "I will be on the look out for them, and if I 落ちる in with any Dutchmen, I know who'll have to go." A day or two later, when off the Island of Omba, sure enough, the Iris sighted a privateer nearly twice her size and' complement of 乗組員 and guns. Then Clark called upon his men to support him, and stood 権利 負かす／撃墜する to the Dutchmen. The 残り／休憩（する） of the story I will 引用する from a 同時代の 報告（する）／憶測 in the Sydney Gazette of 1804. "Captain Clark gave chace, and in a few hours coming up, 開始するd engaging. Impatient to decide a contest in which her 負わせる of metal was overmatched, the Iris ran 船内に of her antagonist, and must have carried her had not her complement of men been also most unequal. An incessant 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of musketry from the Batavian, which the Iris was not 十分に 乗組員を乗せた to answer, 軍隊d the people to 避難所 beneath her 防御壁／支持者s, but her 勇敢に立ち向かう 指揮官 持続するd his 地位，任命する and, deaf to the entreaties of his people, gloriously fell, covered with 負傷させるs and bathed in his 血. Then the 長，指導者 officer took 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the Iris, and, seeing that it was futile to continue the contest, made sail from the enemy and 後継するd in escaping."
The 砲撃 of Algiers in 1816 gave the old sailors of the French war a last chance to smell 砕く burnt in earnest. The 探検隊／遠征隊 was under the 命令（する） of Lord Exmouth who, as Sir Edward Pellew, had in the previous wars become famous as a fighting man. Five sail of the line, five フリゲート艦s and twelve 爆弾 大型船s and brigs of war were put under his 命令（する）, and the Dutch, wishing to 参加する destroying the Barbary 著作権侵害者s, who for 世代s had been a danger to merchants of all nations, joined the 探検隊／遠征隊 with a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of four フリゲート艦s and two sloops of war.
Although this 探検隊／遠征隊 was against an uncivilised 力／強力にする, it was one of the hardest fought 海軍の 戦う／戦いs of the century, leaving out, of course, the 広大な／多数の／重要な 活動／戦闘s of the French war. The 砲撃 opened at half-past two in the afternoon and lasted nearly twelve hours. The total British loss was 128 killed and 690 負傷させるd, and the Dutch had 32 killed and 50 負傷させるd.
The 削減 of Algiers 解放（する）d many unfortunate Christians, whose stories of their slavery would, if such were needed, be an ample justification of this "little war." A 青年, 指名するd Dupont, at the age of 15, was a groom in the service of the Count d'Artois, and followed that nobleman to the 包囲 of Gibraltar.
Having joined a 大型船 伝えるing orders to Count d'Estaing, he was 難破させるd on the coast of Africa and carried 囚人 to the Algerians, where he was kept a slave thirty-four years, working during that time yoked to a plough. When the English 砲撃するd the city, he was の中で the 解放（する）d 囚人s, and was sent home to his own country. At the same time, an Englishman, belonging to Brighton, who had been twenty-six years a 囚人, was 回復するd to his home. During his absence, three fields of which he was the owner had been sold, and part of the Pavilion and some other buildings 築くd upon them.
In 1827 the 連合させるd English, French, and ロシアの 騎兵大隊 destroyed the Turkish (n)艦隊／(a)素早い at Navarino with a loss to the 同盟（する）s of 177 killed and 480 負傷させるd, of whom the British lost 75 killed and 197 負傷させるd. In 1840 we 砲撃するd Acre. Our 騎兵大隊 含むd the Cyclops and the Gorgon paddle steamers, and this is the first occasion in our war history on which steamers were engaged. There were about five-and-twenty ships 雇うd, from the Princess Charlotte of 104 guns 負かす／撃墜する to brigs of war, but only two steamers. Sir Robert Stopford, who was in 命令（する） of the 騎兵大隊, was ordered to support the Syrians in their endeavours to 追放する the 軍隊／機動隊s of Mehemet Ali. This little war cost us 12 killed and 32 負傷させるd.
In 1842, and again in 1856, we were at war with 中国, while the Indian 反乱（を起こす） saw our (n)艦隊／(a)素早い 上陸 seamen and 海洋s, and taking such active part in its 鎮圧, that the 海軍の 旅団, under Peel, by 1858 had won for itself the 権利, which it has ever since kept, to a かなりの space in our war story.
But there were to be no more big 海軍の 戦う／戦いs during this century. The historians of the Crimea generously make the most of the services of the 海軍の 旅団, but, in spite of their endeavours, they cannot glorify the 業績／成就s of our (n)艦隊／(a)素早いs in the Baltic and the 黒人／ボイコット Sea. Six months before the war a review was held at Spithead, when the newspapers gave a 十分な account of the tremendous might of England.
The (n)艦隊／(a)素早い reviewed consisted of 7 screw line of 戦う／戦い ships, their 速度(を上げる） 変化させるing from a fraction over 10 knots an hour to 7 knots; 3 sailing line of 戦う／戦い ships, 4 screw フリゲート艦s, 速度(を上げる） 10 knots to 7 knots; 4 screw sloops, 10 knots to 6 knots; and one paddle corvette of 9 knots. The tonnage of the Duke of Wellington, then the pride of the service, was 3771, and 980 was her horse 力／強力にする; she was 武装した with 131 guns. The 残り／休憩（する） of the 大型船s were from 3000 トンs to 1000, and their horse 力／強力にする was from 600 負かす／撃墜する to 300, and that of the paddle corvette was only 60.
When the first 分割 of the Baltic (n)艦隊／(a)素早い was on the eve of sailing from Portsmouth in March 1854, Sir Charles Napier, in the course of a reply to an 演説（する）／住所 現在のd by the 市長 of the town, said, "I 警告する you not to 推定する／予想する too much. The (n)艦隊／(a)素早い is a new one, the system of 戦争 is new; 広大な／多数の／重要な consideration is 要求するd to ascertain how it is best to manage a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い 勧めるd by steam."
This (n)艦隊／(a)素早い 構成するd 8 screw line of 戦う／戦い ships and 4 screw and 4 paddlewheel フリゲート艦s and sloops, and 含むd the earliest and 最新の 見本／標本s of ship-building. The Duke of Wellington, the 旗艦, was new, the 王室の George was built in 1827, and the Amphion and Arrogant were two of the first ships to be 変えるd into steamers, and were only eight years old.
The Tribune, a paddle steamer, was the newest 大型船, having been 開始する，打ち上げるd at Sheerness only a few months before. The strength of the whole (n)艦隊／(a)素早い 代表するd 7570 horse 力／強力にする, and when the second 分割 sailed later, the whole Baltic (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of 44 大型船s 代表するd only 16,000 horse 力／強力にする. In this (n)艦隊／(a)素早い many of the 乗組員 had never been to sea before they were enlisted, the new system of continuous service had not been more than a couple of years in 存在, and we had not trained enough men in the time to go 一連の会議、交渉／完成する. But though it was 推定する／予想するd that to carry on the war we should soon have the old bounty and impressment systems in 十分な swing, 十分な volunteers （機の）カム 今後, and for the first time in our sea history our ships went into 活動／戦闘 乗組員を乗せた without 頼みの綱 to the old methods.
A year after the war broke out, sailing ships were 取って代わるd by steamers. Ten years later, アイロンをかける-覆う？ steamers were not novelties, so that the Crimean war, in the middle of the century, very 明確に 示すs the 境界 between the old and the new 海軍 in the ships and the 職員／兵員 of the service. The 砲撃 of Sebastopol 論証するd that 木造の ships with the guns of the time—sixty-eight pounders at the heaviest—were worse than useless against the forts with their long 範囲 and 激しい 大砲.
The story of the American Civil War, and the doings of the Merrimac and 監視する has been told often enough; our first experience with the new class of ships and 武器s was in 1877, in the 事件／事情／状勢 between the Shah and Amethyst against the Peruvian 反逆者／反逆する アイロンをかける-覆う？ turret ship, the Huascar. She carried 2 three-hundred pounders and 3 爆撃する guns; the Shah was an unarmoured 大型船, but she was 武装した with 2 twelve-トン and 16 six-and-a-half トン guns, and after three hours 炎ing at one another at 範囲s from 400 to 3000 yards, no 構成要素 損失 was done to the 船体s of either of the 大型船s, and the Peruvian got away under cover of the night.
In the 鎮圧 of the slave 貿易（する）, our 海軍 has been continually engaged all through the century, and many brilliant boat 活動／戦闘s have been fought between bluejackets and slavers. 令状ing from Kingston, Jamaica, in 1857, on the 逮捕（する） of a slaver by the pinnace of H.M.S. Arab, a 特派員 of an English newspaper said that on an 普通の／平均（する） two 大型船s a week left Africa with slaves on board, 変化させるing in number from 500 to 700, and that 借りがあるing to the smallness of the 大型船s—about 140-トン schooners—a couple of hundred of the poor wretches died on each voyage. In the 130-トン 大型船 逮捕（する）d by the Arab, there were 370 slaves, and 170 of them had died on the trip. In 1845, a Spanish slaver was 逮捕（する）d off Lagos by the Wasp, and a prize 乗組員 was put on board. When the 大型船s parted company, the Spaniards suddenly rose on the Englishmen and 殺人d eleven of them 含むing the young officer in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金. Soon afterwards another English 巡洋艦 fell in with the 大型船 and retook her, and brought the 殺害者s to England, where they were tried, and seven of them hanged at Exeter.
The 砲撃 of Alexandria in July 1882 by eight of what were then modern 戦艦s, and six smaller 大型船s, is the only modern experience of war our 海軍 has had, and so 早い have the changes been, that most of the eight ships that took part in that 侵略 are now 階級d as 非，不，無-効果的な. Yet so 広大な／多数の／重要な was the change in the 軍備 in the いっそう少なく than thirty years that elapsed between Sebastopol and Alexandria, that our ships stood off at long 範囲s, and with their 81-トン, 25-トン, and 18-トン guns, destroyed the forts, with the trifling loss to us of six killed and about five-and-twenty 負傷させるd.
During the 活動／戦闘, the men of the 海軍 made the most of their small 適切な時期s, and gave a 慰安ing 保証／確信 that under new 条件s of service the old spirit 存在するd. Lord Charles Beresford ran his little gunboat, the Condor, の近くに up to one of the forts, and by good 狙撃 silenced two very annoying ten-インチ guns; and Mr Harding, the gunner of the Alexandra, 審理，公聴会 that a live 爆撃する had fallen on the deck of his ship, ran up from below, 消滅させるd the fuse, and threw the 爆撃する into a tub of water, for which gallant 行為 he was given the Victoria Cross.
In our little wars the 海軍の 旅団 has been continually 雇うd of late years, and the service of the 海洋s unexcelled per 損なう per terram. In the 試みる／企てる to relieve Gordon in 1885, the 海軍の 旅団 特に distinguished itself, and there is one 出来事/事件 in that （選挙などの）運動をする, that for its gallantry will long be remembered to the honour of the new service. Lord Charles Beresford, in the Nile steamer Sofia, on his way to the 救済 of Sir Charles Wilson and party, who had been 難破させるd, and were 野営するd on an island up the river, 遭遇（する）d a very 厳しい 解雇する／砲火／射撃 from the banks, and one of the 発射s at last went through the boiler. For many hours the steamer remained under 解雇する／砲火／射撃, gallantly defended by the bluejackets, the 海洋s, and a party of 機動力のある infantry, who had been 特に chosen by Beresford to …を伴って him.
Then, when the boiler 冷静な／正味のd, Mr Benbow, the 長，指導者 engineer, 始める，決める to to 修理 it. What this work meant can be 裁判官d by the fact that it took ten hours to 遂行する, and Mr Benbow had to 形態／調整 the plate, bore the 穴を開けるs in plate and boiler, and fit the screws and nuts, almost 完全に with his own 手渡すs, as every one of his assistants had been 厳しく scalded by the 爆発. Lord Charles Beresford 遂行するd his 反対する 首尾よく, 借りがあるing to his own splendid energy and resourcefulness, and to the courage, coolness, and 技術 of those under him. This 出来事/事件—not by any means the only noteworthy one that has occurred in modern times—has a 元気づける significance to us. いつかs, perhaps, we do in our heart of hearts have slight 疑惑s as to whether steam and steel is not a dangerous leveller. We won 戦う／戦いs once, we think, because our men were handy in getting aloft, and our sail trimmers could box the yards about in such smart fashion as is only possible to a Sea Race. How, now that the days of oak and hemp have gone, will fare the Sea Race? Mr Benbow—重要な 指名する for such a man to 耐える—形態／調整ing boiler plates and fitting screws and nuts on board the 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なうd Sofia, did in manner very 満足させるing, go a long way に向かって answering this question.
While this 調書をとる／予約する is going through the 圧力（をかける）, the newspapers of the world are 記録，記録的な／記録するing how much the 知能, 技術, and ありふれた-sense of 海軍の officers, and the energy and good training of their men, have done in South Africa に向かって mitigating the scandalous 行政の 失敗s that have so 妨害するd the sister service.
早期に in the century our ocean 仲買人s 組み立てる／集結するd in (n)艦隊／(a)素早いs, and East Indiamen or West Indiamen by hundreds lay in the 負かす／撃墜するs or at Spithead, いつかs for weeks together, waiting for 軍用車隊 or for fair 勝利，勝つd. With the peace, of course, the need of 軍用車隊 no longer 妨害するd the movements of ships, but it was late in the fifties before 植民地の 開発s, steam, and the 廃止 of monopolies, together 連合させるd to lay the 創立／基礎 of 現在の 条件s. For more than fifty years of the century the East India Company monopolised the 貿易（する） of the East, for more than fifty years the Hudson's Bay Company controlled the 貿易（する） of the British 所有／入手s in North America. 競争相手 companies were formed to compete with the India Company, but it 改革（する）d itself so as to swallow them; and the Hudson's Bay Company by the end of the thirties, so far from 存在 負傷させるd by 競争, 延長するd its 機関s across the Continent from Labrador to British Columbia.
The coal 貿易（する） and the 漁業s were, as has been often said, the nurseries of our seamen, and more sailors were trained in "Geordie" colliers than in all other 支店s of the sea-carrying 貿易（する） together. The colliers, though 欠如（する）ing in beauty, and 正当化するing the American description of them: "茎・取り除く and starn sawed off square like a sugar-box," were faithfully built—there are 大型船s afloat to-day that were 開始する，打ち上げるd when the century was in its teens. Not only in the coal 貿易（する）, but in the Baltic and the Mediterranean, such 大型船s did the 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of our carrying, and it is only during the last １０年間 that steam has so 伸び（る）d the ascendancy as to bring the last day of the last sailing-ship within measurable distance.
One important 支店 of the sea 貿易（する） was 捕鯨—刻々と 拒絶する／低下するing now, and 運命にあるd, probably before many years have elapsed, to die. The price of 鯨 oil has so fallen, 借りがあるing to the use of other illuminants, that it scarcely 支払う／賃金s to 得る it; and though whalebone has risen in price from ｣25 per トン 早期に in the century to ｣2500 a トン at the の近くに, the scarcity of the 権利 鯨 has had the result of leaving the 貿易（する） 非，不，無 the better off, for the 普通の／平均（する） price of oil is not a fourth of what it was in the heyday of the 産業.
From 船体, in 1814, no より小数の than 58 whalers sailed for the Greenland and Davis 海峡s 漁業s; and from Dundee, Peterhead, and Aberdeen the 捕鯨 (n)艦隊／(a)素早いs in the four years 1814-18 made 192 voyages, catching 1682 鯨s. By the time that steam-捕鯨 began in 1858, the 権利 鯨s of the north and the sperm 鯨s of the southern 漁業s were growing 不十分な, and now 統計（学） show that it is not unusual for a whole (n)艦隊／(a)素早い to make a loss on the season's 捕鯨. What a pride they used to take in the old 鯨-ships, and what 競争 there was between Aberdeen, and Peterhead, and Dundee. The Editor of the Dundee Advertiser of forty years ago wrote in his paper:
"Ours is a small but very efficient (n)艦隊／(a)素早い; five of the （手先の）技術 cost on an 普通の／平均（する） ｣15,000 each, and the total value of the 8 ships is about equal to that of the 28 owned by our friends of Peterhead."
The Dundee 捕鯨 (n)艦隊／(a)素早い in 1861 consisted of 6 steam-大型船s and 2 sailing-ships, 変化させるing from 660 トンs to 325 トンs. In the sailing days the ships were painted in gay colours, and flew red and green and blue 略章s from their mast-長，率いるs, some whalemen taking special pride in green and 黒人／ボイコット 船体s, or painted ports with imitation guns sticking through them. But steam altered all this, and 黒人／ボイコット paint everywhere to hide the dirt of coal smoke took the place of former brightness.
What catches they made, and what 失望s they met with! In 1855 the 甚だしい／１２ダース produce of 27 Peterhead whalers 越えるd in value ｣125,000, and for three years に引き続いて 普通の／平均（する）d more than ｣70,000 a year; while in the same year the Dundee ships only 普通の／平均（する）d ｣600 each, and were so discouraged that in the に引き続いて season they only sent out 3 ships, and when these three （機の）カム home, each brought 貨物 価値（がある） more than ｣10,000. In the １０年間 1850 to 1860, the whalers earned for the Scotch ports to which they belonged 上向きs of a million 英貨の／純銀の. The 船体 Greenlanders and whalemen from other ports in the North of Enerland were as srood men, and sailed in as good ships as ever left the Scotch ports. Those famous whalers and 北極の explorers, the Scoresbys, father and son, in the ten years they sailed the 決意／決議, from Whitby, between 1803-13, earned for the owners ｣70,077, which made a （疑いを）晴らす 利益（をあげる） for the proprietor, on an 初めの 前進する of ｣8000, of ｣20,718. But it is probable the Americans were more skilful than the British North Sea whalers, and it is 確かな that they were, and are, far cleverer than our South Seamen, while the South Sea Islanders, who were 大部分は 雇うd in the boats, after a short training were infinitely better than any Europeans.
Portuguese were the best harpooners afloat, though they were little good in any other work except steering. I saw an instance of the truth of this in a sailing-ship in the Indian Ocean some time in the seventies. A school of fish played 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the 屈服するs as the 大型船 lay almost becalmed; they were bonito or albacore, or some 深い-water fish of the 肉親，親類d, and the whole ship's company spent hours trying to catch them with hooks and lines, but in vain. Thereupon some one 示唆するd an 試みる／企てる with the 穀物s, a 核搭載ミサイル with barbed points, but when the sailors one after another had tried their 手渡すs at this without spearing a 選び出す／独身 fish, "Portugee Joe" was relieved from the wheel where he nearly always was, for steering was the sum of his knowledge of seamanship. He went 今後 and watched the fishing, then said: "Give me zee 穀物s, I will catch zee feesh for you." Taking the 武器, he arranged for himself a comfortable position in the bowsprit 船の索具, and in a couple of hours had landed on the deck nearly a hundred fish. He never 行方不明になるd a fish and there were so many that all 手渡すs for a week afterwards were 苦しむing from some 穏やかな form of fish 毒（薬）ing—over-eating themselves, probably—though the moon rays 落ちるing on the fish, as the catch was slung in 列／漕ぐ／騒動s along the deck, was said by the old salts to be the 原因（となる） of the trouble.
Sperm 捕鯨 in the South Seas is now 事実上 dead, although it was at one time the 主要な／長／主犯 sea 貿易（する） of Sydney, for the 輸出（する） of oil was a greater source of 繁栄 than that of wool. Enderby, a 井戸／弁護士席-known London shipowner, 賃貸し（する）d from the 皇室の 政府, in the forties, the Auckland Islands, using them as a 駅／配置する for the 鯨 and 調印（する） 漁業s, and Enderby's 大型船s were in the South Seas twenty years before the century opened. The Americans were there as soon, or before, and American 鯨 ships are now doing what little 捕鯨 there is. Herman Melville has 井戸／弁護士席 述べるd the life, and Mr Bullen has recently written an entertaining 調書をとる／予約する on the 支配する. The 巡航するing grounds 延長するd north and west to the 挟む Islands and the coast of Japan, and south to New Zealand.
罪人／有罪を宣告する 輸送（する）s on their way to Australia carried 捕鯨 gear in their 持つ／拘留するs, and when the ships had 発射する／解雇するd their freights of 悲惨, "出発／死d for the 漁業s." Some 時折起こる and desultory 実験s 行為／行うd by one or two 大型船s before the century opened, developed, twenty years later, to such an extent that Enderby 設立する himself 競うing with any number of 競争相手s, and by 1852 American and Australian owned 鯨-ships, drove him out of the 貿易（する）, and the Auckland Islands were abandoned. Hobart, Tasmania, or Hobart-Town, as it was then called, was up to the sixties a 長，率いる centre of the 貿易（する）, and the long-shore men on the banks of the Derwent talked oil and blubber just as a New South Welshman talked wool and sheep.
A year or two ago in Hobart I was shown in a ship-chandler's shop the 現在の 明言する／公表する of the 漁業s. "Much 捕鯨 nowadays, eh?" said the proprietor of the 蓄える／店. "Come wuth me, I'll show you," He led me to a room at the 支援する of the 前提s where lay dozens of coils of silky manila line, heaps of harpoons, bombguns, lances, and all the other gear familiar to readers of 捕鯨 yarns. "There," said he, "there's ｣600 or ｣700 価値（がある） of gear; if you could find a purchaser for it at the price of old アイロンをかける, I'd be 満足させるd." 捕鯨, as I have said, is a 支店 of the sea 貿易（する） that is disappearing altogether, but it is, I think, the only one; in all others the whole system of carrying is changed, but the carrying goes on multiplied by many hundreds.
The 中国 tea 貿易（する） is an example: the 中国 tea clipper has disappeared, and the wool clipper will soon be as much a thing of the past as the old-fashioned 大西洋 packet ship; in place of the tea and wool clippers we have 罰金 急速な／放蕩な steamers, and every one now speaks and thinks of the 大西洋 steamer service as a 抱擁する フェリー（で運ぶ）. The packet ships went first, driven out in our fathers' time, but やめる young men can remember the last of the 中国 tea clippers. The ocean race home with the first of the season's teas, between the fifties and the seventies, was talked of and written about, as much as, and was more 利益／興味ing to read of than, 大西洋 greyhound 記録，記録的な／記録するs. The Americans 削減（する） in at it, and there was 広大な／多数の／重要な rivalrv between the 建設業者s of both countries, thousands of 続けざまに猛撃するs in bets and 申し込む／申し出s of prizes いつかs depending on the result of a race between American and English ships—the honours, on the whole, 存在 pretty 平等に divided.
The race of 1868—an ocean race of 13,000 miles between 40 of the finest clippers of the world—was an event to be remembered. The ships all sailed from Foo-Choo-Foo or 隣人ing ports within a space of twenty-five days, their 貨物s 普通の／平均（する）ing from a million to a million and a half 続けざまに猛撃するs of tea, and the ships, famous in previous and later voyages, all got into port within a few hours of each other, 許すing for the difference in their time of sailing. The Spindrift made the quickest passage—ninety-four days; the Ariel, the Taeping, the Sir Lancelot, the Serica, and the Fiery Cross, all famous ships, were not far behind. This was the first year in which there was no money prize to be 伸び（る）d by winning the race, as had been the custom in former times, but the 船長／主将s were 影響（力）d by no sordid 動機s, and they drove their ships for all they were 価値（がある）. My friend John Arthur Barry, who was on board of one of these clippers in this very race, has thus pictured a scene off the Cape of Good Hope:—
"To windward a limitless expanse of greenish-grey, mingled here and there with tufts and curls of white, seethes, rolls, and dashes itself in thunderous 大波s against the good ship, then in 失敗させる／負かすd fury はうs snarling away to leeward in broken 集まりs of white 泡，激怒すること. Aloft, three swelling patches of dirty white appear to hang against the lowering sky in the 薄暗い light of that Southern evening; these are the three 暗礁d topsails of the Ymig-Tze; listen to the shrill 発言する／表明する of the 爆破 as it howls in and around their bosoms, stretched like アイロンをかける from the はっきりと を締めるd-up yards, or whistles and hums through the running gear as if it were playing on some 巨大な Aeolian harp.
"Swish-swosh, with a loud roar at intervals, comes a green sea over the 屈服するs, 落ちるing in a glittering cascade across the break of the forecastle, then 急ぐing irresistibly away aft. The tall masts creak and groan and sway and bend, as the 大型船 now throws her 屈服するs high in the 空気／公表する, now brings them 負かす／撃墜する with a sounding 強くたたく; one moment riding on the 首脳会議 of an abyss 深い and 狭くする, in another with a long, swift, sickening slide, 急落（する），激減（する）d to its very 底（に届く） enclosed by the 脅すing and lofty 塀で囲むs of 泡，激怒すること-flecked water.
"Run your 注目する，もくろむ now along the 天候 防御壁／支持者s, and you will see, through the gloom, two or three 黒人／ボイコット knots, looking for all the world like some ocean fungi that have 大（公）使館員d themselves to the ship's rail, so motionless and without 調印する of life are they, except that every now and again from the 中央 of one of the 黒人／ボイコット knots 飛行機で行くs a red 誘発する away 負かす／撃墜する to 泡，激怒することing, hissing leeward. These are groups of the watch on deck; the largest one seems to be opposite to where a 有望な gleam from a 割れ目 in the の近くにd door of the galley throws a flickering pencil of light athwart the wet deck, and is feebly 反映するd from 向こうずねing oilskins and dripping sou'-westers. Four men are 持つ／拘留するing on by some of the running gear. Two of them are smoking, and now and again their 天候-beaten, salt-encrusted 直面するs are lit up under their sou'-westers by the red 誘発する of light from the mouths of their short 麻薬を吸うs. They seem 吸収するd in silent contemplation, their gaze only turning from the sea out to leeward to the topsails 総計費."*
[* In the 広大な／多数の／重要な 深い, J. A. Barry (Methuen, London, 1896).]
Presently the captain comes leisurely on deck and takes a look aloft and then to windward. The officer of the watch is making his first voyage in a tea clipper, and now he thinks at last will come the order to call all 手渡すs to 縮める sail. But the captain turns 静かに に向かって him and says: "Shake out the 暗礁s in the topsails, Mr Blank, and 始める，決める the main-topgallant-sail!"
The 開始 of the Suez Canal and the 進歩 of steam, from the seventies, drove many of these clippers into the Australian wool 貿易（する）, and steamers took up the running. But even they continued to race, and in a more expensive fashion, for a steamer, after making two or three voyages, was often （太陽，月の）食／失墜d by a 競争相手, and had to be taken off the 貿易（する）, and a new and faster 大型船 put in her place. This 肉親，親類d of racing drove at least one 会社／堅い of shipowners into 私的な life. The tea race still goes on, some of the finest steamers afloat 存在 in this service, but there is いっそう少なく excitement about it now, 借りがあるing to the ありふれた-sense, modern 見解（をとる）, of looking at a high 普通の／平均（する） of results rather than one remarkably smart passage.
The wool clippers were no いっそう少なく famous than the tea clippers. They sailed from London, usually with a 価値のある general 貨物, and the 指名する and 業績／成果s of every ship were known then to most Australians; for these were the 大型船s that brought from home many of the best and most useful class of colonists. And many a "主要な 国民," or proprietor of thousands of acres of sheep-lands, with a family of young 植民地のs now 令状ing 定期的に to English cousins they have never seen, （機の）カム out "first cabin" in one or other of these ships. These old colonists look 負かす／撃墜する the shipping news in the pajaers to-day, and catching sight of a familiar 指名する—now, 式のs! sailing under the Norwegian or German 旗—remember that time, thirty or more years ago, when they first saw Sydney 長，率いるs from the deck of the Salamis, the Windsor 城, or the Ocean Queen.
The ships raced out around the Cape of Good Hope, and often did the passage as quickly as the earlier steamers; then 負担ing wool, screwed into their 持つ／拘留するs so that a cockroach could scarcely find a space between the bales or the deck beams, raced 一連の会議、交渉／完成する Cape Horn 支援する to London again to catch the sales. 井戸／弁護士席 乗組員を乗せた and 井戸／弁護士席 設立する in every 尊敬（する）・点 were these ships, and their 船長／主将s carried on sail till the canvas blew from the bolt ropes, or the good spars bending almost 二塁打 could no longer stand the 緊張する, and, snapping, left a 絡まる of 難破 to （疑いを）晴らす away, giving the youngsters lessons in the mysteries of 船の索具, now not obtainable.
But to the shipmasters and strong-手渡すd ships of those days, a few sails or spars more or いっそう少なく meant nothing. Freights were high, and owners 自由主義の with 尊敬（する）・点 to 蓄える／店s; also they encouraged their captains to make 急速な／放蕩な passages by the 申し込む／申し出 of handsome 賞与金s. The 大型船s, too, were, in many 事例／患者s, elaborately fitted up to carry 乗客s in two or even three classes; and when steamers often took fifty days to come out, and a clipper 動揺させるd along at her heels in seventy-three, the 宣伝 covered the cost of a lot of gear.
A pleasant sight it was to see the spacious saloon of an A I clipper, in 罰金 天候, with its soft carpet and 平易な 議長，司会を務めるs and lounges, ferns and flowers, pictures and piano; and at meal times the 井戸／弁護士席-任命するd （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, with the old 船長／主将 at its 長，率いる, stout and bluff and 天候-beaten, doing the honours of the ship 一般に, with one of the handsomest lady 乗客s at each 味方する of him. Then, when the soft warm 貿易（する）s blew the 抱擁する pyramid of 向こうずねing canvas along with everything 始める，決める from her skysails 負かす／撃墜する, "bonnets" on her 最高の，を越す sails, "save-alls," "watersails," and other contrivances for 持つ／拘留するing 勝利，勝つd, whose very 指名するs are now almost forgotten, swelling out here and there about her, it was almost like ヨット sailing.
Not so pleasant, perhaps, when the "Old Man" was "sending her" の近くに 運ぶ／漁獲高d into a 長，率いる sea; fiddles on the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, wash-boards at the saloon doors, the carpets rolled up, stewards 落ちるing in heaps to the sound of broken crockery; boys baling out boats, and green combers popping their crests over the fo'c's'le 長，率いる, and roaring away 権利 aft to the break of the poop. Not over and above pleasant, of course, but even then better than any floating steam coffee palace that was ever built! And now there are no ships like unto them, nor ever will be any more. The 貨物 運送／保菌者 of to-day is 簡単に a 抱擁する アイロンをかける or steel box, with three or four アイロンをかける or steel sticks stuck into her, and an アイロンをかける or steel spike protruding from her nondescript 屈服するs in place of the stout bowsprit and long, lancing, graceful jib-にわか景気 of the old clipper. Her stowage capacity must be enormous to 中和する／阻止する the low freight; and the last idea in her 船長／主将's mind is that he should 試みる／企てる to make a 記録，記録的な／記録する passage. In fact, he couldn't do so if he wished, in the 大多数 of 事例／患者s, because the ponderous and ひどく-負わせるd fabric he 命令（する）s takes little 注意する of her acres of canvas unless in a 激しい 強風; she will do ten or eleven knots till the poor canvas blows away. Then she stops, while the "（人が）群がる" of fourteen ordinary seamen gather the 残余s together. This, remember, is the 貨物 sailer pure and simple—the tramp that takes anything that 申し込む／申し出s, from guano to coal, 鉄道 アイロンをかける to 板材, at 率s that about 支払う／賃金 wear and 涙／ほころび and the 乗組員's 給料. There are, however, a few bona-fide wool clippers yet left unsold to Scandinavian or Italian 買い手s, and running home with 乗客s and 貨物 from both Sydney and Melbourne.
What becomes of these 罰金 ships as they 減少（する） out of the running? Twenty years seems to be about the extreme life of an English clipper, as an English clipper; then she is sold to foreign owners, or is discovered 突然に a hulk in some foreign or 植民地の port.
I remember seeing in Liverpool in 1876 the Khersonese, then a 十分な-rigged sailing ship. She was 開始する，打ち上げるd in 1855 from Robert Hickson & Co.'s yard at Belfast as an auxiliary screw steamer, and was 222 ft. long, and of about 1700 トンs 登録（する）, and at the time of her 開始する，打ち上げる was 報告（する）／憶測d to be the largest and finest 大型船 built in Ireland up to that date. Even in 1876 she was looked upon as a very 罰金 ship, and people were 説 what a pity she could get no better freight than coal to the East Indies. An old sailor looking at her told his mate that she was the finest 大型船 afloat when she was 開始する，打ち上げるd. "Pooh," answered the other, who belonged to a younger 世代, "that old collier! she was never considered a 罰金 ship, that's only your imagination."
More than one of these 罰金 大型船s that twenty years ago used to be given the pride of place in the 寝台／地位ing at Circular Quay, Sydney, can still often be seen in its 周辺, but under what changed 条件s. To-day some gigantic 10,000-トン ocean liner lies と一緒に the quay, arrogantly taking up more space than two of the old clippers, now become coal hulks; creaking derricks and アイロンをかける gins in place of their 次第に減少するing spars and graceful 船の索具. Thus they 嘘（をつく） along the outer 味方する of the mail steamer, 発射する／解雇するing coal for her （船に）燃料を積み込む／（軍）地下えんぺい壕s, and so blotted out from the quay by her 非常に高い 防御壁／支持者s as to be shut out of even a sight of it.
The Western Islands fruiterers were another class of beautiful little 大型船s soon to be forgotten. From May to November every year, from the Azores, Italy, Malta, and other orange-growing countries, they carried fruit to the London markets, and in the fifties nearly three hundred of these 大型船s were engaged in the 貿易（する）, most of them schooners, and several of them three-masted. They lasted till the eighties—a few of them are still left—but steam has driven the 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of them out, and they are now foreign coasters, and more than one famous Western Island schooner is carrying coal on the Australian coast. Southern-going sailors, looking 今後, after a long voyage to Australia or the East, to 支払う／賃金ing-off day, knew they were nearly home after passing the Azores, when with the strong westerly behind, and the 湾 Stream 少しのd drifting past on the 現在の, the fruit schooners began to show up on the horizon.
In the forties, 移住 to America in 罰金-looking フリゲート艦-built clippers, carrying three skysails and a moonraker, with all 肉親，親類d of fancy 道具s in studding-sails and save-alls, and いつかs 飛行機で行くing the American "gridiron" or the red ensign, looked very pretty when this 面 of it was shown by pencil of artist or by pen of song writer. But there was need to sing "元気づける, Boys, 元気づける," when the 内部の of the ship was looked at. 移住 （機の）カム under 政府 監督 only by slow degrees, as the 甚だしい／１２ダース 乱用s that were 流布している made noise enough to wake very sleepy Honourable Members. One feature of the 商売／仕事 was for a number of rascals to 禁止（する）d themselves together, calling themselves 移住 スパイ／執行官s, who 定期的に touted for 乗客s, taking them for what they could get.
From 60,000 in the year 1837, in 1847 the number of emigrants from England to America, Canada, and Australia had 増加するd to 121,000; then （機の）カム the gold 急ぐ, and in 1852 the number reached within a few of 88,000 persons to Australia alone, and still more than 100,000 every year went to America. Most of these people were ４半期/4分の1d in the 持つ／拘留する of the ship—that is to say, on the 'tween decks—the lower 持つ／拘留する 存在 filled with 貨物. The いわゆる accommodation consisted of as many bunks of unplaned 取引，協定 boards as could be （人が）群がるd together by every 装置 an ingenious carpenter could think of, the bunks often three tiers high, and so thickly packed that the people had to はう over each other to get into the inner ones. Married and 選び出す／独身, families from grand-parents to 幼児s in 武器, were indiscriminately put into one compartment of the 持つ／拘留する with nothing but curtains to divide them, and in many 事例／患者s on the 大西洋 voyage a few 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s and a 捕らえる、獲得する or two of oatmeal was all the food 供給するd. The ship 供給（する）d three quarts of water to each adult, but beyond this the emigrants 設立する themselves in 絶対 everything, bedding, food, 出席, and all else. Many of them （機の）カム from the heart of Ireland, and had never seen a ship before they 乗る，着手するd, and the scene below in rough 天候, when a couple of hundred of people of all ages and both sexes were battened 負かす／撃墜する and left to their own 装置s, can be imagined. As a 事柄 of fact, with all the 規則s that, as time went on, were 工夫するd for the better carrying of these people, the 条件 of the steerage 乗客 remained almost as bad, and even now it is occasionally disgraceful.
In the seventies I have personal knowledge of a ship that took about fifty or sixty steerage 乗客s to Australia—too small a number to bring her within the 正規の／正選手 部類 of an emigrant ship. She was four months on the voyage out, and was 侵略（する）／超過（する） with vermin, 契約d by the filthy 条件 of the 'tween decks, where the 乗客s were stowed, によれば 行為／法令／行動する of 議会, in bunks of only two tiers, with so many 立方（体）の feet of space, and all the 残り／休憩（する） of it, but of plain unpainted 取引，協定. A careless shipmaster, indifferent to the 洗浄するing or 規則 of this place, left these people to their own 装置s, and the only 洗浄するing it got on the long voyage was an 時折の careless sweep when one or other of the emigrants became 猛烈に hard up for amusement.
On this ship, in 一致 with the 宣伝, "a duly qualified 医療の man" was carried. As soon as the ship got into 罰金 天候, this gentleman, every morning, in company with a kindred spirit, 上がるd to the main-最高の，を越す, and sitting there, played euchre most of the day, he and his partner refreshing themselves from time to time from the 瓶／封じ込める of brandy they had taken aloft with them. The doctor was a "shilling-a-month man," that is a person who, for that 名目上の 行う and his services, worked his passage. If any emigrant 手配中の，お尋ね者 his advice, the 患者 had to あられ／賞賛する the main-最高の，を越す, and relate his symptoms in a 発言する／表明する loud enough to be heard a hundred feet from the deck, and, as the doctor 発言／述べるd, this kept people from bothering him about trifles, and ship 乗客s, as a 支配する, do revel in 解放する／自由な advice and 薬／医学.
On the same ship was an old woman 明らかに nearly eighty. She had managed, no one knew how, to make her way from the 内部の of Ireland to the ship at Liverpool, 乗る，着手するing a few hours before the 大型船 left the wharf, and seating herself 静かに on the after-hatch, a bundle, 明らかに all her 所持品, beside her. The voyage lasted four months, and no one during the whole of it could remember seeing the after-hatch without the old woman sitting upon it; when the pitch was boiling out of the deck seams in the intervals of tropic rains, as the ship lay becalmed on the 赤道, when the 大型船 rolled green seas on board as she drove before the 冷淡な 強風s of the roaring forties, that old woman seemed always in the same place nervously fingering her rosary, and waiting, waiting wearily for the end of the voyage and the sight of her son. For we 設立する, in time, that she was going to Victoria to end her days with her son, who had emigrated thirty years before, and who was to 会合，会う her at Melbourne. When the ship arrived he was not on the wharf, and for two days longer she remained on board, not knowing where else to go. Then, through the ship's スパイ／執行官s, the news （機の）カム that the son was dead. The old woman was 絶対 without a friend in the world, and she was taken away to some benevolent 亡命, where she died before the ship sailed on the return voyage.
Emigrants, when the gold fever was at its 高さ, sailed from nearly every port in the kingdom. In 1852 ships were built and fitted out at Sunderland, Barnstaple, Southampton, and a dozen other places, of トンs 登録（する） often not 越えるing 500, and were frequently only small brigs. A ship of 800 トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, with 250 emigrants on board, was considered luxurious. When the 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain sailed for Australia in 1852 with 630 乗客s she was spoken of as a floating hotel. Yet Australian waters were then considered dangerous enough to 正当化する her in carrying 6 激しい deck guns and small 武器 for 100 men, "in 事例／患者 of attack by savages in these distant seas." She was so long on the trip, eighty 半端物 days, that sailing ships （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 her.
Charles Dickens in American 公式文書，認めるs 述べるs another famous 乗客 steamer, the Britannia, in which he went to America in 1842. He was eighteen days in making the passage to Boston, and he regarded his 特別室, the saloon, and the whole 乗客 accommodation, and the hardships of the voyage, as of a character, 裁判官ing from his description of it, that would have shaken even 示す Tapley's philosophy. But the accommodation in the first class of the Britannia—no better than in the best of modern third class—was Buckingham Palace to Pentonville 刑務所，拘置所 compared with the 普通の／平均（する） emigrant ４半期/4分の1s.
The packet ships 扱う／治療するd their 乗客s 井戸／弁護士席, 裁判官d, of course, by the 基準 of the time. The famous 黒人／ボイコット Ball and 類似の lines of ships must not be 混乱させるd with the 貨物 tramps 雇うd by 移住 スパイ／執行官 詐欺師s. The 黒人／ボイコット Ball liner, James Baines, before leaving Portsmouth with 軍隊／機動隊s for India, for which service she had been 借り切る／憲章d by the 政府, was visited by Queen Victoria, who is said to have 宣言するd that she had no idea such a splendid merchant ship was owned in her dominions. The James Baines was 243 feet long and of 2093 トンs 登録（する）; her owners, Messrs Baines of Liverpool, also owned many other 大型船s famous in the annals of the sea. Two of these, the 雷 and the 支持する／優勝者 of the Seas, were の中で the smartest clippers ever built. When the James Baines had all her sails 始める，決める, the whole numbered thirty-six, and she carried three skysails and a moonscraper; the last tiny 道具 has long become only a tradition in ships. This was the 肉親，親類d of 大型船 that only forty years ago 占領するd the pride of place in our merchant service, now filled by the Cunarder or White 星／主役にする steamer of 12,000 トンs and twenty-knot 速度(を上げる）. Many of the famous 黒人／ボイコット Bailers remained afloat until やめる recently, ending their days under a foreign 旗 or as colliers, but the James Baines was spared this ignoble ending—she was 燃やすd while in ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる at Liverpool in 1858. The traditions of the line have been perpetuated in sea song and story, and even now occasionally can be heard a capstan shanty singer rolling out as the 錨，総合司会者 is 存在 重さを計るd:—
"In the 黒人／ボイコット Ball Line I served my time,
Oh rise and 向こうずね in the 黒人／ボイコット Ball Line."
When Washington Irving crossed the 大西洋 in 1833 in a 割れ目 American packet ship, he was sixteen days to the Channel, and five more days before he landed at Portsmouth. Then the ship stayed a day or two, landed mails which were sent on by coach, and the voyage was 再開するd to London, the ship arriving at the ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs in just about the same length of time as is now 占領するd in the steamer passage home from Australia. Irving incidentally について言及するs that the packet 先行する his had run 負かす／撃墜する an English brig in the night and 溺死するd her captain, and he 令状s:
"These 遭遇（する）s are やむを得ず very ありふれた in so たびたび（訪れる）d a sea where the 天候 is so often 厚い. Our packets, which run in all 天候s and never heave to, are 特に liable to 事故s of this nature, and it is a curious commentary upon the received opinions in England, by which the people 捜し出す to console themselves for that 優越 in model, 器具／備品 and 速度(を上げる）, which is not 平易な to 否定する to us, in 主張するing that if our ships are handsomer, theirs are strongest; that in all these 遭遇（する）s Brother Jonathan passes on as if nothing had happened to him, and John Bull goes uniformly to the 底（に届く）."
A 一時期／支部 in the history of the famous White 星／主役にする Line illustrates the 乗客 carrying 貿易（する） during the last half century in a very remarkable manner. More than fifty years ago the White 星／主役にする Line ran a 正規の／正選手 (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of clippers from Liverpool to the Australian 植民地s—罰金 木造の 大型船s, の中で the fastest afloat, the Red Jacket, a 記録，記録的な／記録する breaker, is remembered to-day. In 1868, when アイロンをかける was the fashion, this company built a new (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, beginning with the Explorer, "a 急速な／放蕩な アイロンをかける clipper of 750 トンs;" then 競争 and the 急ぐ of 移住 induced the company to 急落（する），激減（する） into larger 大型船s, and in a couple of years ships of more than a thousand or fifteen hundred トンs were laid on. In the seventies, the White 星／主役にする Line having 設立するd itself as an 大西洋 フェリー（で運ぶ）, sold the last of its sailing 大型船s, the four-masted clipper California, the last sailing ship built by Harland & Wolff, and abandoned the Australian 貿易（する）. But in the year 1899 the 旗 was once more seen in Australian waters 飛行機で行くing from the Medic, a 12,000-トン steamer, the first of a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of nine 広大な／多数の／重要な steamships ーするつもりであるd to carry third-class 乗客s to and from Australia in a fashion hitherto unknown, 供給するing them with accommodation かなり more luxurious than anything ever conceived for the saloon 乗客s of the Red Jacket days. Incidentally, it may be について言及するd, though the White 星／主役にする people do not hint at it anywhere, these big steamers will, without 疑問, put the final extinguisher on the wool clipper, and therein will the 企業 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な company find perhaps a greater reward than in the 乗客 carrying. With the last of the wool clippers is the end of the clipper ship, and thenceforward the word clipper will be but a tradition of the past.
A 支店 of the "乗客" carrying 貿易（する） now extinct is the old 罪人／有罪を宣告する 輸送（する） service. The thousands of 囚人s carried to Australia in the first fifty years of the century made of this no unimportant 産業, for the ships that took 囚人s out had to take 貨物s home to make the voyage profitable, and this developed our 貿易（する） in remote places that would さもなければ have remained for another 世代 or two unheard of. The 罪人／有罪を宣告する 輸送（する） has often been 述べるd. The 囚人s were 限定するd between decks, the 刑務所，拘置所 存在 バリケードd off from the ４半期/4分の1s of the 乗組員 by strong 木造の partitions, and the hatches guarded in 類似の fashion. 反乱（を起こす）s were たびたび（訪れる） on board these ships. Here is a 報告（する）／憶測 selected from any number which I could 引用する:—
"Captain Wilson in 命令（する） of the guard, my first officer, 外科医, and purser, with two ladies, were at dinner, when suddenly we were alarmed by the cries of 罪人／有罪を宣告する women. We 急ぐd on deck, and 設立する the ship 一時的に in 所有／入手 of the male 囚人s. On deck one man 現在のd a blunderbus at me, and I 発射 him with my ピストル. Some more of the 謀反のs were killed by others of our party. The 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, seeing their 意向s 失望させるd, ran 今後 as speedily as they （機の）カム aft, and the ship's company and 軍隊／機動隊s, now 存在 collected together, began to vent their 激怒（する） upon such of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs as were to be 設立する on deck, in （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing them with cutlasses and the butts of their muskets, until they were 軍隊d into the 刑務所，拘置所 below. When the tumult had 沈下するd we 設立する twelve of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs killed and ten 負傷させるd, two of whom subsequently died."
The telegraph and the 早い mail services give shipowners a 支配（する）／統制する over their ships which was wanting fifty years ago. This かなり 減ずるs the 責任／義務s of shipmasters abroad, very much to the advantage of the owner and the detriment of the ship-masters' perquisite money; when it is possible for the captain of a ship to receive orders within twenty-four hours of asking for them, though 13,000 miles distant from his owners, there can be no excuse for 失敗s, and such a voyage as the に引き続いて would not be possible at this end of the century when the movements of a ship are known at Lloyd's almost every day while she is within sight of land.
The British ship Lady Montague returned to London in 1852 after a voyage of four years in duration. She was a 大型船 of 760 トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, and left Southampton in May 1848 laden with coals for Aden. Six weeks out the master died and the mate 後継するd to the 命令（する）. After 発射する／解雇するing the coals, the ship proceeded to Bombay, thence to 中国, and at Cumsingmoon she 乗る，着手するd Chinese emigrants for California, 経由で Callao, the whole number of persons on board when she sailed 量ing to 500. Soon after sailing, the 準備／条項s turned putrid, and the water in 木造の 樽s became foul, with the result that dysentery and fever broke out, and 193 persons died, 26 of them English seamen—only three of the 乗組員 生き残るd. The ship having put into Hobart, Tasmania, to 新採用する, proceeded on her voyage, but illness broke out again, and by the time she reached Callao, the total of deaths was 274. Many of the Chinese jumped overboard to escape the horrors of the passage. At an 調査 held by the Board of 貿易（する）, the owner exonerated himself from 非難する by showing that he had only received one letter from the mate since the ship sailed, and that the officer had undertaken this 乗客 carrying 完全に on his own 責任／義務.
Strangely enough, in 1899, notwithstanding 前進するd education, cable services, and all the other wonders of the age, the newspapers 報告（する）／憶測d this singular mistake. A ship sailed from Antwerp in December 1898 for Port Los Angeles, California. The master, either through insufficient care or obsolete charts, sailed his ship to Port Angeles, Washington, only discovering when he went to enter his ship at the Customs that he was 1200 miles north of his port of 発射する／解雇する!
There can be no 疑問 that the 開始 of the Suez Canal was 価値（がある） a century of time in its 影響（力） upon our carrying 貿易（する）. The Canal 大勝する has 変えるd the whole Eastern, 貿易（する） into another 大西洋 フェリー（で運ぶ）. The 開始 of the Canal in November 1869, and the passage through it, has been often 述べるd. To-day, even this 詳細（に述べる） of 航海 has been 完全に altered from what it was a １０年間 ago. The time in making the passages has been 減ずるd from an 普通の／平均（する） of about two and a half days to eighteen hours. 以前は, steamers could only travel by daylight, but now by the 援助（する） of gas ブイ，浮標s and electric lights, big steamers can keep moving all night. The tonnage passing through the Canal in 1870 did not 越える 500,000 トンs; 9,000,000 is now about the 人物／姿／数字. The value of the 株 bought by Lord Beaconsfield at ｣4,000,000 英貨の／純銀の in 1875, has more than quadrupled, and 80 per cent, or more of the tonnage passing through the canal 飛行機で行くs the English 旗. What enormous money value this carrying 貿易（する） of ours 代表するs can be imagined when ｣1000 in canal 予定s is paid by any number of our mail steamers, the （死傷者）数s 存在 徴収するd at the 率 of 7s. 6d. a トン on the ship and 10 フランs a 乗客. The canal dredges to-day are as large as many of the 広大な／多数の／重要な steamers that formed the 開始 行列, and there is a dredge—the largest in the world—now きれいにする the canal 底（に届く） at the 率 of 1500 トンs an hour, each bucket 解除するing two トンs of 構成要素 at a time.
Steamers, now, are built expressly for particular 貿易（する）s. Nothing shows the growth of our sea carrying organisation more than this. There are live cattle steamers designed to give all the deck space to the cattle, with just gangway enough for the 乗組員 to move about the ship to carry on the necessary work, which consists almost 排他的に in keeping the ship clean. There are dead meat 運送／保菌者s built to stow thousands of トンs 負わせる of sheep in 冷淡な 議会s, the refrigerating 機械／機構 of such 大型船s 存在 as 複雑にするd and important to the voyage as is that of the main engines. There are 本体，大部分／ばら積みの 穀物 steamers, and 現実に 本体，大部分／ばら積みの 石油 steamers! In the last, the 石油 is said to be safer than when carried in 事例／患者s. The 持つ／拘留する is divided into 抱擁する 戦車／タンクs 井戸／弁護士席 バリケードd from the engines, and the 戦車／タンクs' bulkheads carried from the upper deck to the keelson, and always filled to the brim, the 広大な／多数の／重要な 反対する 存在 to 妨げる the accumulation of vapour, as would occur if there was an 空気／公表する space. The 乗組員s of these 大型船s 調印する special articles by which they agree not to smoke on the voyage, and they 負担 and 荷を降ろす the steamers by pumping the oil direct into or out of the 戦車／タンクs. There have been very few 事故s on board of them—carrying coal from Newcastle, New South むちの跡s, to San Francisco is 証明するd by 統計（学） to be much more dangerous, and there have been more ships on 解雇する／砲火／射撃 in this 貿易（する） than in any other.
Sum up the changes that have taken place in a hundred years in 貨物 and 乗客 carrying and the results are these:—
In the first ４半期/4分の1 of the century specie and mails were carried in war-大型船s, and the 乗客 貿易（する）, as a 貿易（する）, did not 存在する. People who 手配中の，お尋ね者 to travel on the sea took passage in a sailing-大型船 much as they would have got a 解除する in a 運送／保菌者's cart. The 井戸／弁護士席-to-do traveller engaged a "明言する／公表する-room" in the cuddy, and took care before he sailed to 購入（する） a 在庫／株 of fowls and the like for his （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する. Poor folk did not travel, or if they did, got on as best they could, stowing themselves の中で the 貨物, or sleeping in 一面に覆う／毛布s on the deck. Now, people take their passage in steamers, 熟考する／考慮するing the shipping time-（米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs as they 熟考する／考慮する train 時刻表／予定表s, and going by that steamer whose 任命するd date of arrival is at the most convenient hour for 上陸. Goods ordered by cable from ports 13,000 miles away from London, can be sent off the same night and 配達するd at their 目的地 within six weeks of the 領収書 of the order. Fifty years ago six months would have been thought a remarkably short period within which to 完全にする the 処理／取引. Fifty years ago a hundred Americans crossed the 大西洋 in the season, and half of them wrote to the papers an account of their voyage. Now thirty steamer lines cross the フェリー（で運ぶ）, carrying every summer 150,000 Americans.
The difference in the tonnage of the 商業の 海洋 of the British Empire in 1800 and 1899 is the difference between one million eight hundred thousand, and thirteen and a half millions. In 1800 we owned より小数の than 18,000 ships: 2666 of them belonged to London, 796 of them to Liverpool, and 2161 to our 植民地s, Canada and the West Indies.
Australia was of too little importance to be counted. The tonnage owned in the 植民地s to-day equals that of the parent 明言する／公表する in 1800, and Australia alone, which in 1822 owned 3 大型船s, now owns 500,000 トンs of shipping.
When peace was 設立するd, men had time to look around, and suddenly—for it was suddenly, considering how slowly people moved then—it 夜明けd upon the minds of shipowners that steam was something more than a plaything.
Twenty years before the century opened, a Shropshire ironmaster had a small アイロンをかける steam-大型船 plying on the Severn, and half-a-dozen experimenters were 廃虚ing themselves and their friends by trying 特許s of their own in steam propulsion; but in March 1802 William Symington did undoubtedly 就任する the 時代 of steam.
The story of the Charlotte Dundas, the little 強く引っ張る built by Symington for Lord Dundas for use on the 前へ／外へ and Clyde Canal, has often been told. There is a 詳細（に述べる）d history of her, and of much besides that is curious on the 支配する, in A Sketch of the Origin and 進歩 of Steam 航海, by Bennett Woodcroft. The story of this, the first practical steamer, 示唆するs a picture of Symington hopefully trying his best to keep 冷静な／正味の that nothing might go wrong; not doubtful of his steamer, but horribly nervous in the presence of the gentlefolk, who would probably laugh and sneer at him as a dreamer of dreams, if presently, when he put her 十分な-速度(を上げる） ahead in the 直面する of the 強風 and with the 激しい 船s, a piston or a crank, or something should give way, and the whole 商売／仕事 turn out an abject 失敗. But he had 実験d a little before, having made a tiny steamer for an Edinburgh 銀行業者—her engines can still be seen in a Glasgow museum—and so he was pretty sure of the 能力s of the Charlotte Dundas.
The run to Port Glasgow was 19ｽ miles; it was blowing hard, 権利 ahead, and many large 大型船s were lying at 錨，総合司会者, 勝利，勝つd and 天候 bound, yet in six hours, at the 率 of 3ｽ miles an hour, the steamer 牽引するing two 船s of 70 トンs 負わせる made the passage, delighting Lord Dundas and his friends so much that his Lordship wrote 直接／まっすぐに in enthusiastic fashion to his Grace of Bridgewater of young Symington's 発明. Not altogether Symington's though, for the engine was a combination of 特許s, thus: Steam 行為／法令／行動するd on both 味方するs of the piston, this was ワット's 特許; the piston worked a connecting 棒 and crank, Pickards' 発明; but the union of the crank to the axis of Miller's 厳しい paddle-wheel was Symington's own idea, and the blending of these 発明s and the practicable 使用／適用 of them on this occasion was Symington's. To Lord Dundas is 予定 the credit of having 約束 and 企業 to support the engineer. The point to be remembered is that Symington had, for the first time, given rotatory 動議 to his paddle by the attachment of the crank to its axis without the interposition of a beam, the germ this of all that has come since in adapting steam to the propulsion of ships.
The Duke of Bridgevvater forthwith ordered six tugboats for his canals, and Symington thought he was made for life; but the Duke's co-directors 同意しないd with such new-fangled notions, and, without 疑問, the paddlewheel would 動かす up the canal mud. Just then the Duke of Bridgewater died; no one seemed to want any more steamers; presently enthusiasm died out, and the Charlotte Dundas was laid up in a creek of the canal, an 反対する of curiosity to the idle. Symington died in 1831, having received ｣125 from the Privy Purse as a reward for his public services.
Fulton, 一方／合間, having come across from America, seen Symington, and been shown by him everything there was to see, in August 1807 the public hear of the Clermont making her successful 5 miles an hour trip, from New York to Albany, and there is much talk of Mr Fulton, the clever American who has invented a practicable steamboat. Then these inventors say and 令状 bitter things of one another, and much 署名／調印する is wasted by their friends as to how many ideas have been filched, and how many legitimately conceived.
There is no 疑問 Fulton made the most of his visit to Glasgow, but the Clermont was so 広大な／多数の／重要な an 改良 on the Charlotte Dundas that Fulton was certainly to all 意図s an originator, however much he may have learned from the other. Eight years later Fulton died, having, in the 一方／合間, invented the torpedo, and seen, ready for 開始する，打ち上げるing, an American steam war 大型船, built from 計画（する）s designed by himself, and having 実験d with, and 現実に built, a 潜水艦 boat, that if not as 広大な／多数の／重要な a success as the modern 試みる／企てるs in this direction are 報告（する）／憶測d by their inventors to be, was no more a dream than our English engineers 代表する modern 潜水艦 大型船s to be.
Fulton's Clermont 始める，決める our people to work again, and in 1812 （機の）カム Henry Bell of Helensburgh, with the 惑星, "that elegant, 安全な, and commodious steam 大型船 to ply between Glasgow and Greenock, 40 ft. long, of 30 トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, and with an engine of three horse 力／強力にする."
Between Robert Fulton and Henry Bell there are 相反する （人命などを）奪う，主張するs. Certainly Bell did, in 1800, 服従させる／提出する a 記念の to the Admiralty on the "practicability and 公共事業（料金）／有用性 of steam as a 海洋 propelling 力／強力にする for use against 勝利，勝つd and tide in rivers or in seas," and certainly the Admiralty did reply that after careful consideration, "my Lords are of opinion that the idea is of no value in trans-海洋 航海." So Bell sent his 計画（する）s to America, and from that day to this people argue and adduce proofs on both 味方するs as to whether Fulton or Bell or Symington was the inventor of the steamer. Fulton, though an American by birth, was a Scotsman by 降下／家系, and Symington and Bell were both Scotsmen, so that Scotland can with some 推論する／理由 （人命などを）奪う，主張する the real honour of the 発明, and beyond this point I am not 当局 enough to 表明する an opinion.
Four years after the 惑星 started, people were outgrowing the 恐れる of 存在 blown up by boilers, 600 乗客s 旅行ing daily on the Clyde in steamers, and from this date onward, steam フェリー（で運ぶ） boats 増加するd in number 速く. In 1814 the first steamboat was 開始する，打ち上げるd on the Thames, and in America and Canada many such 大型船s were running.
In the same year steamers began to put to sea, and William Denny, of Dumbarton, engined the Marjory, which steamed from Dumbarton to the Thames, and was plying on the river until ロシアの war time. A year later the Mersey had its steamer, and in 1819 the Savannah, a 十分な-rigged ship of 300 トンs, fitted with an auxiliary paddle steam-engine, made the passage from Savannah to Liverpool in 29 days, the first ocean-going steamship. She was built in New York for a sailing ship, but was later fitted with an engine, and used her steam only when the 勝利，勝つd failed. After 発射する／解雇するing her 貨物 she sailed and steamed to St Petersburg, and thence 支援する to Savannah, and was 難破させるd a year later.
In 1826 the 企業 was built on the Thames, engined with a "beautiful 巡査 boiler" by Maudslay, and taking her 出発 from Falmouth, made Calcutta in 113 days, the first steamer to reach India, and this was the first long steamer voyage.
Told in this way, the 進歩 of steam would make of the 一時期／支部 a mere 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of dates, yet the 人物／姿／数字s are expressive in their way. The boy, creeping unwillingly to school, who stopped on the canal bank to see Symington's 強く引っ張る start upon her 実験の trip, looked on at what was then no いっそう少なく a wonder of the age, than a successful 空中の 乗客 大型船 would be to us; the lover taking his mistress for an afternoon trip upon the Clyde in one of a dozen steamers, might have pointed out the Charlotte Dundas lying rotting in a creek, and told the story of how he had seen this steamer make her first trip when he was a schoolboy; the fathers of many people who will read this 調書をとる／予約する were born before it was considered 安全な for a steamer to go out of sight of land.
In a newspaper of 1814 a description of a new steamer to run between Glasgow and Greenock is given. She was called the Clyde, was 75 ft. long, had an engine of 12 horse 力／強力にする, and could steam four and a half miles an hour. The paper tells us with wonderment how it costs ｣40 a day to work her, the engines 消費するing twelve hundredweight of coal each day, and that the "apparatus" 完全にする cost about ｣700. She had accommodation for 250 乗客s and a 乗組員 of five men. Her paddles, sixteen in number, were in two wheels of 9 ft. in 直径, and this 大型船 and two others, then forming the Clyde (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of steamers, had played such havoc with road travelling that the service of 地位，任命する chaises was 存在 減ずるd, the （死傷者）数s let for ｣1400 いっそう少なく than 以前は, four out of eight 行う／開催する／段階 coaches had been laid aside, and sixty いっそう少なく horses were on the road. The cost of travelling was, in the after cabin, 10s., and in the fore cabin, 2s. 6d., the distance travelled 22 miles, and the fares by mail and 行う／開催する／段階 coaches, 10s. and 12s.
In the same paper an account is given of a new 発明, which it was evidently thought would presently do away with these 汚い, dangerous, paddle steamers. An excise officer of Wick had designed a 大型船 to be propelled by oars instead of paddles. These oars were so 建設するd that they could be worked by 手渡す or by the 援助（する） of a small engine, "the engine 存在 connected by a 一連の levers with the oars which 列／漕ぐ／騒動 the boat just as men do! A much safer 計画（する）!"
Three years later, another paper 記録，記録的な／記録するs with 確かな satisfaction a 災害 to a venturesome steamer. No one was 負傷させるd, and the 事故 might serve as a 警告 to people not to 信用 themselves in such dangerous 大型船s. This is what happened:—
The Regent, steam packet, bound from the Thames to Margate—a 無分別な voyage to 請け負う in 1817—was burnt to the water's 辛勝する／優位 off Whitstable. The reporter of the time wrote:—
"The 強風 of 勝利，勝つd 存在 strong, blew the chimney flue away, and the woodwork that is nearly breast high from the deck at the 底（に届く） of the flue, for the 目的 of keeping the people 近づく the chimney from 燃やすing themselves, caught 解雇する／砲火／射撃, then the captain made for the land and got every one 安全に on shore."
In 1818 readers were 知らせるd "that the time is 急速な／放蕩な approaching when the grand intercourse with Europe will not be, as at 現在の, through Eastern America, but through the 広大な／多数の／重要な rivers that communicate with the ocean. The 航海 of these rivers is 急速な／放蕩な coming under the 支配（する）／統制する of the steamboat, an 発明 that 約束s to be a 広大な／多数の／重要な advantage. Their 普通の／平均（する） 速度(を上げる）, ひどく laden, is 60 miles a day, and about 25 of them of from 50 to 400 トンs 重荷（を負わせる） are navigating American rivers. On the Clyde, in Scotland, they have during the past summer been extensively used, even as many as 20 of them 存在 雇うd. Some of them 現実に voyaged from Glasgow to Inveraray, partly through a 嵐の sea, 成し遂げるing the 旅行 of 110 miles in sixty hours, and touching at stopping places with almost the regularity of a 行う／開催する／段階 coach. No serious 事故 has yet occurred, and if the boilers of cast-アイロンをかける should give way, a piece of cloth is 堅固に wedged into the 穴を開ける, and the 大型船 proceeds without any danger to the 乗客s."
Such was the 乗客 steamer in the first ４半期/4分の1 of the century. What was the Admiralty (slower to move than the merchant shipowner) doing with the new 発明? When George III. died in January 1820, the 海軍 見積（る）s from ｣18,000,000 英貨の／純銀の in the middle of the last war, dropped to ｣2,500,000, the number of seamen and 海洋s from 145,000 fell to 20,000. Now was the chance for the 海軍の 建設者 to give いっそう少なく attention to questions of 軍備 and more to 改良s in the 速度(を上げる） and sailing 質s of ships.
By 1827 the 企業 had made her voyage to Calcutta, the Curacoa had made a trip to the West Indies, the 部隊d Kingdom was 貿易（する）ing 定期的に between London and the Clyde, and there were harbour and river steamers enough to 減らす sensibly the 領収書s of the （死傷者）数-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s. Then the Admiralty decided that the steamer was beyond the 実験の 行う／開催する／段階, and could be made of some use, though by no means so reliable as to 占領する anything but a very minor place in the 計画／陰謀 of 海軍の defence. Half-a-dozen years before this period, fourteen or fifteen small tugboats and harbour-steamers had been introduced into the 海軍, and steam in the mail packet service was 許容するd. Brunel (he who laid 負かす／撃墜する the blockmaking 機械／機構) was 責任がある this 革新. The 惑星, says one 当局, was the first of these little steamers, the Monkey, 強く引っ張る, of about 200 トンs and 80 horse 力／強力にする, afloat until the sixties, was, if not the first, the second.
It is 平等に doubtful which was the first 正規の／正選手 steam war 大型船. Miles, 令状ing in 1841, says the African, about 1827, was the first steamer to appear on the 公式の／役人 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）. Between 1823 and 1827 Maudslay engined half-a-dozen steamers for the 政府, and one of these at least (the Dee) was afloat till the seventies. In 1827 an order was given for thirty steam brigs of war and one steam フリゲート艦. Of course all these 大型船s were driven by paddles, and their engines were on the 井戸／弁護士席-known 味方する lever 原則.
When George IV. died in June 1830, out of 588 ships on the 海軍 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） in （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, building and in ordinary, there were 12 steamers; and when William IV. died, seven years later, out of 575 ships, 54 were steam 大型船s. In the same year 1 steamer was on the 在庫／株s, while 14 line of 戦う／戦い ships and 43 smaller sailing 大型船s were building.
During the second ４半期/4分の1 of the century steamers made such 早い 進歩 that, from building with 疑問 and hesitation, ocean-going 木造の paddle-wheel steamers in the 早期に thirties, merchant shipowners were 可決する・採択するing the new-fangled screw プロペラs in the 早期に forties, 受託するing アイロンをかける as a 構成要素 for ships before the fifties, and at the の近くに of the half century were beginning to regard sails as of 第２位 consideration for the 急速な／放蕩な 乗客 and mail service.
In the 植民地s steam 早期に （機の）カム into use, the 王室の William in 1831, a 350-トン steamer of 240 horse 力／強力にする, was built in Canada, and she took about six weeks on the passage from Quebec to Liverpool, sailing part of the way. In the same year a steamer called the Sophia Jane went a longer voyage. I have not seen her 指名する について言及するd in any 調書をとる／予約する, yet she made the first steam voyage to Australia and the longest trip under steam, 負かす／撃墜する almost to the fifties.
Her history is 価値（がある） telling, because it is part of the story of Thames shipbuilding. She was the 共同の 所有物／資産／財産 of Messrs Barnes & Miller, and was built to run between London 橋（渡しをする） and Gravesend by Mr Evans.
When the little steamer (she was of 256 トンs 重荷（を負わせる） with engines of 50 horse 力／強力にする) was first placed on the フェリー（で運ぶ） service, her owners were 伴う／関わるd in an 活動／戦闘 at 法律, to 証明する their 権利 to navigate the 大型船, not 存在 解放する／自由な of the river. They won their 活動／戦闘 from the Watermen's Company, and soon the first Gravesend steam フェリー（で運ぶ） was started. In Leigh's "New Picture of London" (1825) we are told that the Thames was the first steamer to ply on the river, and she was brought from Glasgow by Mr Dodd, "and since then several boats are 雇うd during the summer season." The Sophia Jane, up to 1828, was one of these, then she took longer trips, running for some time between Portsmouth and Plymouth, then from Liverpool to the 小島 of Man, then from London to Calais, and finally made her 広大な／多数の／重要な voyage, arriving at Port Jackson 長，率いるs in May 1831, three months after leaving the Thames; and she was running on the Australian coast until 難破させるd in the fifties. No fuss was made of this long voyage, though it was not until 1838 that the 大西洋 crossing by steam grew into a service.
Between the voyage of the Savannah and the year 1838, at 不規律な intervals, steamers had made the passage—one 大型船, the 王室の William, taking forty days to do the trip. This was in 1833; in 1838 a second 王室の William, the first steamer to sail from Liverpool, made her first voyage, and was 後継するd a few months later by the Liverpool. This 大型船 made one or two good passages, doing the homeward trip on one occasion in a few hours over the fortnight.
Two companies were now formed, and the beginning of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 大西洋 service was at 手渡す. The 広大な／多数の／重要な Western Company was floated for the 表明する 目的 of building at Bristol and despatching therefrom at 正規の／正選手 intervals the steamship 広大な／多数の／重要な Western, designed as the largest and most powerful ship afloat. She was built of 支持を得ようと努めるd, was 212 ft. long, of 1340 トンs and 700 horse 力／強力にする, engines by Maudslay. The largest ship afloat to-day is the White 星／主役にする steamer 大洋の, かなり more than twice the length of the 広大な／多数の／重要な Western, nearly thrice her 速度(を上げる）, and more than twelve times her tonnage. As soon as it became known that the 広大な／多数の／重要な Western was laid 負かす／撃墜する, a company was formed to 設立する an 大西洋 line from Liverpool. This was the British and American Steam 航海 Company, who ordered the British Queen from Curling & Young, Thames shipbuilders, with which to 就任する the service. This 大型船 could not be 開始する，打ち上げるd in time to start with the Bristol Line, so John Laird, who was the working Director of the Liverpool Company, 借り切る／憲章d the Sirius. She belonged to the Irish Channel Steam Packet Company, and was built at Leith by Menzies, was of 703 トンs, 270 horse 力／強力にする, and a 速度(を上げる） of eight and a half knots.
The Sirius sailed from Liverpool on April 4th, and from Queenstown on April 5th, 1838, and arrived at New York on the 23rd. The 広大な／多数の／重要な Western left Bristol three days later than the Sirius, and arrived in New York harbour いっそう少なく than two hours after her, the race and the arrival of the two ships creating the greatest excitement. This was the first and last 大西洋 voyage of the little Sirius, and she was sent 支援する to the いっそう少なく important Irish Channel service in which she remained until 1847, when she was 難破させるd 近づく Queenstown, 溺死するing many persons. The country people, where she went 岸に, were such 遂行するd wreckers, that in a day or two after the 災害 they had carted away from the sea coast nearly every plank of her 木材／素質s.
The 広大な／多数の／重要な Western may be regarded as the first 正規の／正選手 大西洋 steamer. She made altogether 64 trips, after her first voyage 減ずるing her 普通の／平均（する） time to twelve days some few hours. The British Queen for the 競争相手 Company took the place of the Sirius. She was of 1860 トンs, 275 ft. long, and of 700 horse 力／強力にする; and a second steamer, the 大統領, was a year or two later put on the service. In 1840 this steamer was lost, and her loss led to the winding-up of the Company; the British Queen was sold to a foreign 会社／堅い, and the 広大な／多数の／重要な Western with another famous steamer, the 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, next 遭遇（する）d more formidable 競争 arising from the 企業 of Samuel Cunard, George 燃やすs, and David Maclver, the 創立者s of the Cunard Company.
The service was begun with four 木造の paddle steamers, the Britannia, Arcadia, Columbia, and Caledonia. They were each about 230 ft. long, 1100 トンs, and 700 horse 力／強力にする; and the Britannia made the first trip, sailing from Liverpool for Boston on July 4th, 1840. This was the first 定期的に subsidised line of sail steamers, the 年次の 補助金 存在 ｣60,000, the passage money was thirty-eight guineas, and the steamers called at Halifax en 大勝する. The Britannia made her first outward trip in fourteen days, eight hours, this time 含むing a few hours' stay at Halifax. From this time onward the steam traffic 速く 増加するd, and the 残り／休憩（する） of the story 記録，記録的な／記録するs the change from paddles to screw, from 支持を得ようと努めるd to アイロンをかける, from a passage of more than a fortnight to one of いっそう少なく than a week, from the 競争 of two companies to that of more than a 得点する／非難する／２０.
The monument at Boulogne to Frederick Sauvage, truthfully or not, tells the world that a Frenchman invented the screw プロペラ, and there are, at least, half-a-dozen other claimants—Petit Smith, Ericsson, Woodcroft, are the three 指名するs best known to Englishmen. Ericsson was a Swede living in England, and in 1837 he built the F. B. Ogden as an 実験, but our Admiralty would have nothing to do with him, so he then built the Robert F. Stockton for the Americans, and she propelled herself across the 大西洋. Her inventor spent the 残り／休憩（する） of his life turning out screw steamers and other 発明s for the country that had welcomed him. Then, in 1839, Petit Smith built the Archimedes, and in three years the thing was an 受託するd fact.
The Admiralty had long seen the danger as a 的 of a paddle-wheel steamer, and so, when the screw was in 早期に use the 海軍 可決する・採択するd it, almost keeping pace with the merchant steamer in this 尊敬（する）・点. Our 海軍の 専門家s were, however, much more backward in 信用ing the screw without sails, preferring to stick to 勝利，勝つd and canvas, as, after all, affording the most natural, reliable, and 望ましい means of propulsion, if only on account of its antiquity; the プロペラ was accordingly long used as an auxiliary only.
Three years after the Queen （機の）カム to the 王位, we had in （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 fifteen steamers and seven others building, and in 1842, after a 一連の 裁判，公判s between the Rattler, a screw steamer of 200 horse 力／強力にする, and the Alecto, a paddle steamer of 類似の 力／強力にする, the Admiralty led off grandly by ordering the Ajax and the Blenheim to be fitted with screws, and the Dauntless, 遭遇（する）, and Arrogant to be built as screw フリゲート艦s. In the same year the steam sloop of war Driver left England, and circumnavigated the globe with her screw プロペラ; and then the merchants, who up to this period were, as a 団体／死体, in favour of paddles, soon changed their opinions, and the プロペラ henceforth was 適用するd to all new steamers of large size.
In 1845 the largest 大型船 to date, having six masts, five of them fore-and-aft rigged, left Liverpool for New York. She was fitted with the screw プロペラ, and made the passage in fifteen days. This was the 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, remembered by every old sailor, and argued about in every ship's forecastle. Her tonnage, the number of her masts, her 装備する, and every part of her from トラックで運ぶ to keelson, to 裁判官 from the talk of men who （人命などを）奪う，主張する to have sailed in her, having been altered in every voyage she made. There is 推論する／理由 to remember her, for she was one of the first big アイロンをかける steamships. She only made three voyages across the 大西洋. In September 1846, on the homeward voyage, she ran 岸に in Dundrum Bay, and lay there till the に引き続いて summer. She was got off and refitted as a three-masted steamship, and created a sensation for a time, as the 割れ目 ship in the Australian 貿易（する）, but in her old age she was 変えるd into a sailing-大型船, and 最終的に ended as a coal hulk at the Falkland Islands. She was of 2984 トンs, was 322 ft. long, 51 ft. breadth of beam, and her engines were of iocxd horse 力／強力にする. Nothing like her had been seen, or was to be 試みる／企てるd, till Brunei designed his Leviathan.
Having reached the middle of the century and the beginning of a new 出発 in shipbuilding, it is 価値（がある） while putting on 記録，記録的な／記録する the 進歩 in 人物／姿／数字s of steam from 1815, when it may 公正に／かなり be said to have begun, to 1850, when the screw プロペラ and the use of アイロンをかける brought about a new order of things. In 1815 there were 10 steamers afloat, their 部隊d tonnage 1633 トンs; in 1820 there were 43, with a tonnage of 7243 トンs; in 1825, 168, tonnage 20,287; in 1830, 315, tonnage 33,444. The 増加する went on, the steamers and the tonnage nearly 二塁打ing every five years, until in 1850 there were 1350 steamers afloat with a tonnage of 187,631 トンs.
の中で others, Mr Ditchburn, a 井戸／弁護士席-known 建設業者 of 木造の ships on the Thames, 早期に in the forties, saw that アイロンをかける was to be the 構成要素 of the 未来. He took into 共同 Mr C. 損なう, and started a Thames アイロンをかける shipbuilding 作品. In ten years the partners had built in アイロンをかける, from small フェリー（で運ぶ） boats to big ocean-going steamers, some hundreds of 大型船s. This 会社／堅い built the little 王室の ヨット Fairy, one of the first screw steamers in the service. She was 312 トンs, 128 horse 力／強力にする, was engined by Penn, and was the ヨット on board which the Queen reviewed the Baltic (n)艦隊／(a)素早い in 1854.
She remained on the 海軍 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） until 1868, when she was 取って代わるd by the Alberta. By 1840 the Napiers had built several アイロンをかける steamers for use on the Thames. In 1843 the 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain was laid, in 1850 the City of Glasgow made her first voyage from Glasgow to New York—an アイロンをかける screw steamer of 1600 トンs, soon after to be transferred to the Liverpool and New York service as the first 大型船 of the Liverpool and Philadelphia Steamship Company. This Company was afterwards called by the 指名する of the 創立者, the Inman Line, was 変えるd 早期に in the nineties into the American Line, and the 会社／堅い are owners of the City of Paris and the City of New York, steamers which during the late Spanish-American war became the American 巡洋艦s Yale and Harvard.
The first 正規の／正選手 アイロンをかける screw steam-collier—a type of 大型船 to be seen in every harbour in the world, and more plentiful, I suppose, than any build of ship afloat—was the James 屈服するs, 開始する，打ち上げるd from Palmer's Yard (Jarrow), on the Tyne, in July 1852. For six hundred years sailing 大型船s had carried coal from Newcastle; the trip between that port and the Thames frequently 占領するd a month and more, to carry and 配達する the 貨物. The John 屈服するs carried 600 トンs of coal, and 発射する／解雇するd it at Blackwall between midnight on a Wednesday and the に引き続いて Saturday afternoon. The Palmers were proud of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 請け負うing. The steamer, says a 同時代の paper, 要求するd no いっそう少なく than 160 トンs of アイロンをかける and 200,000 rivets to build her.
The first of a 始める，決める of five screw steamers to carry the mails between England and Africa was the Forerunner. The points 価値（がある） remembering in her history are these:
She was built on the banks of the Mersey by Mr Macgregor Laird, at his yard at Birkenhead. This was in 1852, and the Forerunner was the beginning of the 復活 of アイロンをかける shipbuilding on the Mersey, where it had 起こる／始まるd more than twenty years before. The Forerunner was a barque-rigged アイロンをかける screw steamer 160 ft. long, and had two engines of 50 horse 力／強力にする each. She made the 一連の会議、交渉／完成する voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone in 57 days, having in that time called at five 中間の ports, 遭遇（する）d 厳しい 天候, and 原因（となる）d people to shake their 長，率いるs at the idea of wire 船の索具—the first について言及する I can find of wire 存在 depended upon in an ocean-going ship.
Four days from Gibraltar some of her standing gear carried away in the 強風, and her foremast, mainmast, and funnel went by the board. They made 転換 for a funnel with headless 樽s, and at half-速度(を上げる） reached the 激しく揺する, where the steamer was 拘留するd a week refitting—and how the old fogies did rail about the dangers of the new-fangled wire 船の索具!
In 1852 the 会社／堅い of Denny Brothers, of Dumbarton, were building steamships for the Australian Mail Company's Service, The Sydney, 開始する，打ち上げるd in July, was a good type of these screw steamers. She was 216 ft. long, 300 horse 力／強力にする, and 1500 トンs 登録（する）. The 大型船s were, of course, square-rigged, placing much dependence on their sails; the 普通の／平均（する） number of saloon 乗客s carried was 150. They coaled at St Vincent and the Cape of Good Hope, the 普通の／平均（する） length of their passage 存在 65 days.
Some of the best and prettiest types of 乗客 ships, 継続している from the sixties to the 早期に eighties, were those built for the Australian 貿易（する）, and 指名するd after the English 郡s, the Somersetshire, Hampshire, etc. They were 罰金 フリゲート艦-built, square-rigged, auxiliary screw 大型船s, of about 300 horse 力／強力にする, and with a 甚だしい／１２ダース tonnage of 2400, and were the "訂正する thing" for 井戸／弁護士席-to-do Australians and Englishmen bound out from home to take passage in before the Orient Liners and 類似の mail steamers ran them off.
The La Plata, built for the Messrs Cunard to compete with the Collins Line in the 大西洋 service, was one of the 割れ目 steamers in the 早期に fifties. The Cunarder's Asia and Africa had been beaten by the Collins steamers by a few hours, so the Cunard Company built on the Clyde, at a cost of ｣125,000, the Arabia and Persia to compete. Then the アマゾン was burnt at sea, and the 王室の Mail Company bought the Arabia to take her place, and 改名するd her the La Plata. She could steam fifteen miles an hour, was a brig-rigged paddle-boat of about 2300 トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, and her length was 285 ft. In 1852 she was the fastest ocean steamer in the world.
The 開始する，打ち上げる of the Wave Queen at Millwall in 1852, as an アイロンをかける 沿岸の 乗客 steamer, 示すd a かなりの 前進する, for though more than 200 ft. in length, she was only 13 ft. in breadth, and her 罰金 lines made her a 急速な／放蕩な and very handsome 大型船.
How long these 大型船s of the forties and 早期に fifties remained afloat, and in what remote parts of the world we hear of their endings! In the thirties the Hudson's Bay Company ordered the Beaver to be built for them on the Thames. She was a little 大型船 of only about 110 トンs, and was engined by Boulton & ワット of Birmingham with two 35 horse 力／強力にする 味方する-lever engines. She made the first steamer passage 一連の会議、交渉／完成する Cape Horn, doing the passage from London to Astoria, Oregon, in 163 days, and was the 開拓する steamer of the 太平洋の. She ran for years carrying fur for the Company; it was on one of these trips that coal was discovered by her at Vancouver Island, and in the gold 急ぐ to California in 1849 she carried thousands of 鉱夫s. In 1888 she struck a 激しく揺する off Barrant Inlet, and in the 早期に nineties her 木材／素質s and her 巡査 were made into souvenirs by a Vancouver 会社／堅い.
Let us go 支援する to what the Admiralty was doing, and see how the 王室の dockyards looked, and what 進歩 we had made since that 広大な／多数の／重要な 工学 feat, when 1400 men with the 援助（する） of 封鎖するs and 取り組む 運ぶ／漁獲高d the Kent up on a 上陸 slip. It is going 支援する, for the Admiralty would not have アイロンをかける—the screw プロペラ was 可決する・採択するd at a comparatively 早期に date by "My Lords," but in the first half of the century アイロンをかける 軍艦s were not dreamt of in Admiralty philosophy.
In September 1852 was 開始する，打ち上げるd at Pembroke H.M.S. Windsor 城, 140 guns, at this date "the largest ship afloat in the whole world." Her length between perpendiculars was 240 ft. 6 in., her 重荷（を負わせる） in トンs 3759, and her 排水（気）量 when ready for sea 5571 トンs. Her engines for 運動ing the screw プロペラ were 800 horse 力／強力にする. She was 初めは ーするつもりであるd for a 120-gun sailing ship, but while building it was 決定するd to 可決する・採択する the new means of propulsion and 増加する her 軍備. To do this, it was necessary to 削減（する） her in two. A newspaper of the time thus 述べるs the 操作／手術:—
"This remarkable and unheard-of 過程 was 遂行するd by cutting the ship asunder at 'dead flat' or the midship section, 開始する，打ち上げるing the after half, 重さを計るing 2000 トンs, 23 ft., and building the new part in." This was a 調印する of the times. The Admiralty had 決定するd that steam, as an auxiliary to sailing, was in 未来 to be on all their ships; the screw プロペラ had done away with the exposed paddle-wheels, and that other defect, the paddle-boxes, 事実上 奪うing the ship of her broadside 軍備; while Sir Charles Napier's suggestion to put the engines below the water-line overcame another serious 反対—the danger from 発射—though the Admiralty still remained 疑わしい as to the 可能性 of steering a ship with a プロペラ in her 厳しい.
But dockyards remained 事実上 the same—the men 雇うd were still 支持を得ようと努めるd-労働者s. They built 木造の ships in covered slips, and so many acres of ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs and 水盤／入り江s were 追加するd to the 王室の dockyards; but the 訪問者 in 1800, in 1810, in 1825, in 1835, in 1845, in 1850, would have seen much the same at the last date as he would have seen at the first. I have read descriptions and 熟考する／考慮するd 調書をとる／予約するs and 計画（する）s of each of these dates, and can find no difference 価値（がある） 記録，記録的な／記録するing in them. In 1817 they 運ぶ／漁獲高d the Kent upon a slip to 修理 her; ropes, and 封鎖するs, and capstans, and plenty of men were the means 雇うd; in 1852 they 削減（する） the Windsor 城 in halves and 運ぶ／漁獲高d her apart, and shipwrights with handsaws, and ropes, and 封鎖するs, and capstans, and men to pull, were still the means. 中尉／大尉／警部補 Miles, in 1844, summarising the 進歩 made since the peace, 令状s:—
"In our dockyards, ships, and 兵器庫s, the genius of metamorphosis was at work; masts, 船の索具, sails, ordnance, 器具／実施するs, and 器具s underwent 改正; the cable started from its 堅い hempen coils into links of solid アイロンをかける; everything, in fact, of a 有形の nature, to which the 熱心な inventor could attach a new idea, was remodelled or remade, from the 特許 ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる and floating lighthouse to the 特許 floating ブイ，浮標; from transom bolts and fastenings to the 巡査 sheathing nail. In 海軍の architecture, also, 改良s of an important nature had been 影響d; the weak, defenceless 厳しい, the ill-防備を堅める／強化するd 屈服する, gave place to forms 部隊ing strength, solidity, and beauty; and as regards construction, 確かな 手はず／準備 were made in the disposition of the 構成要素s which compose the でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるs of ships, by 代用品，人ing for the rectangular system a 一連の triangles 部隊d by riders and trusses, the 開始s between the 木材／素質s 存在 filled in with pieces of 支持を得ようと努めるd, and caulked over."
But 観察する, no について言及する of アイロンをかける, no について言及する of 広大な／多数の／重要な ライフル銃／探して盗むd guns, no 疑惑 that masts, sails, and 船の索具 were to be in a 世代 改革（する）d out of 存在. There were at this time fifty-two dockyards and 海軍の 設立s. These were at Woolwich, Chatham, Sheerness, Portsmouth, Plymouth, and Pembroke; at 取引，協定, Yarmouth, Gibraltar, Malta, Canada, Halifax, Bermuda, Antigua, Jamaica, the Cape of Good Hope, Trincomalee, and Bombay were smaller 設立s. There were the packet 設立s, the 長，指導者 at Falmouth, besides the victualling, 医療の, 輸送（する）, and 海洋 departments. The men 雇うd in the dockyards were conductors of 支持を得ようと努めるd-mills, lead-mills, saw-mills, foremen of shipwrights, plumbers, and so on, but never a について言及する of アイロンをかける-労働者s—if we except a 長，指導者 engineer at Woolwich and his assistant, the only 公式の／役人 of this 支店 of whom について言及する is made—but Woolwich was at this time 供給するd with "an 広範囲にわたる manufactory for the construction of steam 機械／機構, and at Pembroke a 正規の／正選手 department was just 学校／設けるd for the building of steam 大型船s."
At Portsmouth there was a 水盤／入り江 of two acres in area, with four large 乾燥した，日照りの ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs 開始 into it and two others open to the harbour. There were covered building slips, 支持を得ようと努めるd and 予定する roofed, with plenty of windows in them, built on the 原則 of diagonal trussing, introduced by Sir Robert Seppings. These were the pride of the yard—the ships and the 封鎖する-making 機械／機構 were still its sights.
At Plymouth the breakwater, of which the first 石／投石する was laid in 1812, was still 存在 完全にするd in the later forties, and at Devonport 木造の ships were 修理ing, and new ones building, and so with all the yards. The "Commissioners of the 海軍の 調査," 任命するd in 1805, after three years' work, sent in fifteen 報告（する）／憶測s in which the whole want of system in the civil departments of the service, the chicanery, the ignorance, and the extravagance of those responsible were exposed, and from 1808 the work of 改革（する） began. In 1832 the different civil departments were organised into five separate 支店s with responsible 長，率いるs, and a number of useless subordinate 公式の／役人s were 廃止するd, the 商売／仕事 of selling and buying 存在 put into one department, that of the Director of 海軍の 契約s. The fruits of this can be best understood by the difference between two 始める，決めるs of 人物／姿／数字s as given in the 海軍の Chronicle for 1817 and in the Times for 1853. In the first period the 設立 of officers in Portsmouth Yard cost the country ｣50,000; in the second period, though there was a steam factory with six higher grade 公式の／役人s in it, the cost was only ｣22,600. From 支払う／賃金ing the workmen in a dozen different ways, in 1850, a 永久の staff was 設立するd する権利を与えるd to a 年金 for long service and good 行為／行う. In Portsmouth, where the dockyard has grown until it has become a town of 300 acres of 水盤／入り江s, ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs, building slips, workshops and factories, there are 13 large ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs; now nearly 9000 men are 雇うd.
In an article on Portsmouth in war-time, published in 1854, the writer tells of the bustle of the yard, of the （人が）群がるs of shipping at Spithead, of the dozens of wherries, of bumboats, of men-o'-war 切断機，沿岸警備艇s darting hither and thither all over the harbour—but it all 量s to a （人が）群がる of ships and boats と一緒に the yard jetties, or lying off the Motherbank; the steamer is scarcely について言及するd in the article, and the date when it was written might as easily have been 1804 as 1854.
The customs of the sea life are, of course, changing with the change in ships. The language of the sailor, sea traditions, 法律s unwritten but, hitherto, 厳しく-観察するd, 治める／統治するing life on ship-board, the etiquette of the sea, in fact, are dying with the century, but some yet 生き残る: the steel sailing ship is still a "勝利，勝つd-jammer"; and though so many of our merchant seamen are foreigners, they are mostly of 国籍s that are 解放する／自由な of the masonry of the ocean.
Men no longer 反対する to going to sea on a Friday, nor do they prefer Sunday because it is lucky. With owners Sunday is the favourite sailing day, for to arrive or to leave port on this day means no time lost in 荷を降ろすing or 負担ing, and on the coast it is contrived as much as possible that small steamers should be at sea on this day. Can it be that, after all, this Friday and Sunday superstition was invented, or at all events encouraged, by bygone 世代s of shipowners for mercenary 推論する／理由s? I have known sailors and the sea for five-and-twenty years, and never met a man who would not sooner have sailed every voyage on a Friday than be 運ぶ／漁獲高ing h'nes and making sail on Sunday.
Occasionally, though very seldom, the 儀式 of shaving on crossing the 赤道 is 観察するd. It was always an objectionable piece of buffoonery, but the wretched imitations which nowadays いつかs take place on some outward-bound Australian 乗客 ships are mostly got up by the 乗客s themselves; the modern forecastle sailor having too much work and too little to eat, to have heart enough to 起こる／始まる anything that would 奪う him of an hour or two of his watch below. The 業績／成果 has been much too often 述べるd to 正当化する me wasting space upon it, but the 儀式, as we read of it now, is gentle fun compared with this custom of making a 乗組員 解放する／自由な of the Tropics on first crossing the line, as 述べるd in some 詩（を作る）s written by J. Kirkpatrick, M.D., in 1750:—
"Why should the Muse the Tropic past omit,
Or sailors' custom of 観察するing it
Where travellers, when first arrived, 前進する
To buy their freedom, sugar, rum, and nantz;
But if pale poverty the wight surround.
Or surly he 辞退する his quart and 続けざまに猛撃する.
If he 主張する the hardship of his 原因（となる）,
And rave of British 権利s and English 法律s;
With little form his slender 嘆願 they try,
Who must be moisten'd if his 陪審／陪審員団's 乾燥した，日照りの.
海峡 on a 井戸／弁護士席-pois'd 政治家 is 犯人 swung,
His 武器 embrace the rope by which it's slung.
Aloft! they cry, and lo, aloft he's 急に上がる'd,
The highest mortal we 調査する on board;
But let his 未来 運命／宿命 知らせる us all,
The highest have the greatest 高さ to 落ちる.
Amain! they cry, and downward swift he slides,
削減（する）s the thin 空気／公表する, and wond'（犯罪の）一味 flood divides;
Again aloft he does not long remain.
式のs! he rises but to 落ちる again;
Thrice the blithe 乗組員 the 飛び込み miser see,
And the third 急落（する），激減（する） 完全に 始める，決めるs him
解放する／自由な. Joyous I 産する／生じる my mulct, with this 発言／述べる,
'I'll 扱う／治療する ten 乗組員s, ere I'll 招待する a shark.'"
I have not heard of any instance of "燃やすing the dead horse" within the last few years, nor have I seen the 儀式 so often 述べるd in print as that of shaving, ありふれた both on men-of-war and merchantmen fifty years ago. "The dead horse" is typical of one month's 支払う／賃金 前進するd to a 船員 when he ships, and which after twenty-eight days at sea has been worked out. The horse's 団体／死体 is made out of a 樽, いつかs covered with old tarred canvas; swabs and oakum form the tail and the mane; and, if the thing is meant to be very (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する, a couple of 瓶／封じ込めるs, with their hollow ends filled with phosphorus, are 挿入するd for 注目する，もくろむs. Then comes a 行列 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the deck, usually in the second dog watch, to the sound of a 井戸／弁護士席-known chanty, sung as a dirge. After the 行列, the horse is put up to auction, when the sailors have an 適切な時期 of 陳列する，発揮するing their wit. Finally, a rope is passed 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the horse, and to the rude melody of the long-drawn chorus, it is pulled slowly up to the foreyard-arm, while both watches join in singing:—
"Now, old horse, your time has come,
And we say so, for we know so!
Altho' many a race you've won.
Oh, poor old man!
You're going now to say good-bye,
And we say so, for we know so;
Poor old horse, you're going to die!"
And thus through many 詩（を作る）s until it reaches the yardarm, where a 手渡す is waiting to 削減（する） it 流浪して いつかs as the horse leaves the rail it is 始める，決める on 解雇する／砲火／射撃; but this 詳細（に述べる） depends on circumstances. Anyhow, as it splashes into the sea, the men's hearts grow はしけ with the knowledge that their dead horse has gone, and that 支払う／賃金 has begun. Essentially a 儀式 belonging wholly to the forecastle 手渡すs, "the after guard" seldom or never took notice of or part in it. A 恐ろしい story is still extant of how, on one dark night of 嵐／襲撃する, an 人気がない and tyrannical officer, coming 今後 while the 儀式 was in 十分な swing, and foolishly 試みる／企てるing to stop the 訴訟／進行s, was 敏速に knocked on the 長，率いる by the exasperated men, 攻撃するd to the horse, and then swung aloft to where the sailor crouched, knife in 手渡す; the rope was 削減（する）, and the officer thus met his doom.
Sea chanties are peculiar to the merchant service. Some of these songs go 支援する to the time of the French War, but many of them have an American origin—the New Orleans cotton 貿易（する）, when niggers were "screwing cotton all de day," having taught our sailors many good choruses. The American Civil War 奮起させるd several other songs, or rather, as for example, in "Marching through Georgia," the sailors finding the adaptability of a marching chorus to a capstan tramp, took to singing 兵士s' songs on shipboard.
Music in the 王室の 海軍 is now 限定するd to an 海軍大将's 禁止（する）d or the calls of a 海洋 bugler; from Marryat we know how the 錨，総合司会者 used to be 重さを計るd with a fiddler sitting on the capstan, but the boatswain's 麻薬を吸う and the words "One, two, three," or some 類似の unmusical sounds, are all that for ordinary rope pulling the discipline of the service now 許すs. Occasionally, in the half-占領するd East and West India ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs, or in a foreign harbour, a chorus can still be heard from some merchantman 重さを計るing her 錨，総合司会者, but the steam winch is 速く 追い出すing the capstan and the windlass, and long before the end of the twentieth century chanty singing will have become a memory.
I am 井戸／弁護士席 保証するd that, but for the chanty singers, the modern sea-story writers—Russell, Conrad, J. A. Barry, Bullen, and the 残り／休憩（する） of them—would never have told their delightful stories. It is impossible to conceive any one finding an 原子 of romance in the sea-life as seen from the forecastle of a merchant ship. The sordid 一連の会議、交渉／完成する of rust-chipping, 絵, and polishing that makes up the work on board a modern steel 貨物-運送／保菌者, soon kills the imagination of the sea-見習い工. These men who have been to sea, and from their experience have spun yarns, weaving 有望な coloured threads into them, have been 奮起させるd to think and feel by the lilt and the roll of the music of the waters.
How different are these sea songs to the rubbish of the music halls! Girls in tights waving Union Jacks, and talking of "Shivering my 木材／素質s"—an 表現 unheard of in the annals of the sea—sing such rubbish as "Hilley hauley 売春婦!" which is Greek in the ears of sailors, but is popularly supposed to be a sea song! Chanties are おもに composed for their usefulness, and not for the beauty of their music or the sense of their 詩（を作る）s; but there are songs that from their literary value are worthy of 存在 sung anywhere. Here is a capstan chanty that comes from the 明言する／公表するs. Imagine a stalwart nigger rolling out this 演説（する）／住所 to the Shenandoah River:—
Oh Shanadore, I love your daughter,
A'way, you rolling riv-er!
Oh Shanadore, I long to hear you,
Across the wild Missouri.
*
Oh Shanadore, I'll ne'er forget you,
A'way, you rolling river!
Till the day I die, I'll love you ever;
Across the wild Missouri.
And no more beautiful sea song has been written than the wail of the north country sailor:—
"And it's home, deary home! Oh! it's home I want to be,
My topsails are hoisted, and I am bound to sea,
For the oak, and the ash, and the bonny birchen tree,
They are all growing green in the North Countree!"
The usefulness of these songs is in getting a long or a short pull, a strong pull, and a pull altogether. For instance, even landsmen can understand how at the word "運ぶ／漁獲高" in this 詩（を作る）, every man puts his 負わせる on the rope.
"運ぶ／漁獲高 on the bowline, the bonny main-最高の，を越す bowline.
運ぶ／漁獲高 the bowline, the bowline. 運ぶ／漁獲高!
運ぶ／漁獲高 on the bowline, oh いじめ（る） for the bowline.
運ぶ／漁獲高 the bowline, the bowline. 運ぶ／漁獲高!"
On a moonlight night, across the placid waters of Sydney harbour, the green-覆う？ hills of its shores echoing the chorus of the chanty singer, I heard, not many weeks ago, from the room in which I was 令状ing, this old familiar 錨，総合司会者-重さを計るing song:—
"We are homeward bound to Liverpool town,
Good-bye, fare ye 井戸／弁護士席. Good-bye, fare ye 井戸／弁護士席.
Get up, Jack, and let John sit 負かす／撃墜する.
Good-bye, fare ye 井戸／弁護士席,
We are homeward bound, good-bye, fare ye 井戸／弁護士席."
The same singer had 適切な時期, before the 錨，総合司会者 （機の）カム home, still その上の to show his 声の 業績／成就s, and presently when "We are homeward bound" was finished, he struck up:—
"Then fare ye 井戸／弁護士席, my bonny fair maid,
We are bound to the Rio Grande."
And followed this with a third:—
Old 嵐の's dead and gone to 残り／休憩（する）;
To my ay, ay, ay. Mister 嵐／襲撃する Along!
When 嵐の died I dug his 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な,
A—a—way you 嵐／襲撃する Along!
I dug his 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な with a silver spade;
To my ay, ay, ay. Mister 嵐／襲撃する Along!
And I lowered him 負かす／撃墜する with a golden chain.
A—a—way you 嵐／襲撃する Along!
Into his 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な so 深い and wide
To my ay, ay, ay, Mister 嵐／襲撃する Along!
These songs have all 罰金 rolling choruses that must be heard to be 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がるd, and, though the sense of them is difficult to understand, some 微光ing of a meaning can still be 設立する. For example, when furling a big sail the men on the yard roll up the 激しい canvas to a chanty given in quick time, thus:—
"Way, hey, hey, yah: and we'll 支払う／賃金 米，稲 Doyle for his boots."
This seems senseless enough, but 米，稲 Doyle was a famous 搭乗-house master, and all he ever gave Jack out of an 前進する 公式文書，認める was a pair of sea boots, so that the sailor, in bitter mood, thus mockingly 言及するs to the reward in 蓄える／店 for the 労働s of the voyage.
Here is a song, still sung, that dates from the time when Buonaparte was fresh in English memory:—
"Boney was a 軍人,
A-way a yah:
O Boney was a 軍人,
John フラン swore:
Boney went to Mos-cow,
A-way a yah:"
And so on, giving a history of Boney's （選挙などの）運動をするs till his arrival at St Helena.
Some of the songs tell a story such as that of—
"Pity Reuben Ranzo,
Ranzo, boys, Ranzo,
Oh Ranzo was no sailor.
He shipped on board of a whaler,
And could not do his 義務."
The song goes on to tell of what he 耐えるd in consequence of 存在 a "New York tailor" instead of a 船員, and incidentally gives a picture, perfectly true and possible even to-day, of what will 生じる a landsman who ships as an able 船員.
There is かなりの humour in some of the songs, such as:—
"Leave her, Johnny, leave her,
For the food is poor and the 給料 low,
And it's time to leave her, Johnny.
A hungry ship and a hungry 乗組員.
Leave her, Johnny, leave her,
A hard captain and 長，指導者 mate too,
It's time for us to leave her."
This is sung when the men are pumping out the ship, their last 義務 after making 急速な／放蕩な to the wharf before 存在 paid off, and in the song they take the 適切な時期 of 表明するing their opinions of the officers in very plain language.
Probably one of the finest of these songs, though in print it does not look 井戸／弁護士席, is "Blow the man 負かす／撃墜する." After a 強風, when the 暗礁s are shaken out, and all 手渡すs are hoisting the topsails, the ship still rolling in the 激しい sea, making it difficult to stand upon the wet and slippery decks, the men's oilskins glistening with spray as the long 列／漕ぐ／騒動 of them stretch along the deck with the 落ちる of the halliards, one 罰金 fellow bellows out, the roar of his strong 発言する／表明する いつかs lost in the greater 雷鳴 of the bellying canvas:—
"Oh blow the man 負かす／撃墜する, いじめ（る）s, blow the man 負かす／撃墜する.
Give us some time to blow the man 負かす／撃墜する;
Blow the man 負かす／撃墜する, you darlings 嘘（をつく） 負かす／撃墜する.
Blow the man 負かす／撃墜する for fair London town.
Give us some time to blow the man 負かす／撃墜する."
As the time and tune of the songs are adapted to the particular 肉親，親類d of work, it is impossible to play the music of any of them; nothing but the clank of windlass pawls or the 動揺させる of 封鎖するs makes fitting accompaniment. Though some of them are silly in their 言い回し and meaningless nowadays, many are more truly and better songs of the sea, with perhaps the 選び出す／独身 exception of "Tom Bowling," than anything written by Dibdin.
There are other customs of the sea that will 生き残る so long as 大型船s navigate the waters, and some of these fashions, born of the 勝利，勝つd, one can 井戸／弁護士席 imagine, will even be 可決する・採択するd in the 空気／公表する ships of the 未来—if they are in the womb of futurity. For example:—The officer in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the ship for the time, whether on man-of-war, or merchantman, on steamer, or sailing 大型船, on the 橋（渡しをする） of the one or the poop of the other, keeps to the 天候 味方する where he can feel the 勝利，勝つd and 天候 upon his cheek, can 匂いをかぐ the land, or sight the coming squall. They 装備する up "ペテン師," or 天候-cloths, on steamers' 橋（渡しをする）s, to keep off the severity of the 天候 from the officer's 警戒／見張り—they used to 攻撃する a bit of canvas in the 天候 船の索具 in the old days, 供給するd it あられ／賞賛するd and blew 広大な／多数の／重要な guns; but now on small 誘発 a 正規の／正選手 "cab," as locomotive drivers would call it, with glass bull's 注目する，もくろむs, is 築くd, but even mail steamer officers and modern 戦艦 中尉／大尉／警部補s have not yet, when in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金, taken to walking to leeward.
When the captain or a 上級の officer comes on deck, the officer of the watch walks to leeward, thus silently 辞職するing the 命令（する） to his superior. Any 船員 who has been to sea a week always goes on the poop or 橋（渡しをする） by the 物陰／風下 ladder, and woe betide the youngster who does not quickly get into his 長，率いる that 支配する of the ship, that the 天候 gangways and ladders are for his superiors. The starboard 味方する, when the 勝利，勝つd is 権利 aft or the ship is at 錨，総合司会者, is the 地位，任命する of honour, and the starboard ladder and gangways then become the sacred ground. This is because in a merchant ship the captain is supposed to 命令（する） the starboard watch, the 長，指導者 mate the port, though the second mate really 命令（する）s the watch, the captain 存在 "all night in."
In a man-o'-war "the usage of the sea," as it was at one time aptly called, dates from the earliest times. Up to the 現在の century we compelled foreigners to lower their topsails to our men-o'-war, only doing away with the 規則 about 1806. Our own merchantmen were liable to be proceeded against if they "so far forgot their 義務 as to 試みる／企てる to pass any of His Majesty's ships without striking their topsails," and though even dipping the ensign is now a mere 行為／法令／行動する of 儀礼. 指揮官 Robinson, in The British (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, relates that about 1894 he saw the 船長／主将 of a west country barque let 飛行機で行く his 最高の，を越す-gallant halliards to H.M.S. 王室の 君主.
The 儀式 of relieving the wheel is 正確に／まさに what it has been for much longer than a hundred years, and it is of too practical 公共事業（料金）／有用性, even with the modern gear, to ever disappear. The new helmsman goes by the 物陰／風下 ladder to the ４半期/4分の1-deck or 橋（渡しをする）, then steps across to the 天候 味方する on to the wheel grating behind the steersman; as he takes the spokes of the wheel the man he is about to relieve 明言する／公表するs the course, "Sou'-West a half West." "Sou'-West a half West," the new man repeats, and the officer of the watch, who is standing 近づく, thus ascertains that the course is 正確に given and repeated. In a sailing ship, の近くに 運ぶ／漁獲高d, the words will be "By the 勝利，勝つd," or "十分な and by"; the first 表現 explains itself, the second means to keep the sails 十分な, and the ship as 近づく as possible to her course. In steamers the course is now given in degrees, as "South four degrees East." "Relieve the wheel and look out" is the form of words used by the captain, or whoever is in 一時的な 命令（する）, to signify that one watch may go below—welcome order, when in bad 天候 some of the gear has carried away, and all 手渡すs have, perhaps, been on deck for twenty hours at a （一定の）期間, （疑いを）晴らすing away 難破.
There are, moreover, 法律s unwritten, but the practical ありふれた sense of them too 明らかな for lawyers to have had a 手渡す in their making. The 法律 of not carrying a knife to the wheel, or a sheath knife at all, or a marlinespike aloft without a hitch on the end of its lanyard; of the smallest boys going to the highest points; of landsmen and greenhorns, no 事柄 their age or land-知恵, 率ing below the youngest ordinary 船員, or one voyage boy, are sensible examples. A marlinespike 落ちるing from aloft point downwards on a man's 長，率いる would leave the ship short of a 手渡す; a sheath-knife is too handy a 武器 for a "Dago" sailor to keep about him, and a knife at the wheel a perplexing thing to the magnetised compass needles. Manning the yards in the 海軍 has become a 儀式 of the past, because there are now no yards to man; but, in 1811, a sensible man wrote to the 海軍の Chronicle, pointing out the folly and danger of the practice, though the danger was not, as he said, from the men 落ちるing, half so much as from the system of carrying out the order, a system which remained until やめる 最近の times. At the word of 命令（する）, "（疑いを）晴らす lower deck," the men were 推定する／予想するd to run from the lower deck to the mast-長，率いるs and "lay" out on the yards without stopping, and this was done on all occasions of going aloft. The violent exertion without a breather often 負傷させるd the men, for it was a ありふれた practice to punish the last man aloft. This was humanely altered, so that the 義務 was divided into three parts, "（疑いを）晴らす lower deck," "最高の，を越すs," "mast-長，率いるs."
The boatswain's whistle, still used, though almost 取って代わるd by the bugle on men-o'-war, was worn by distinguished sea officers in the 統治する of Henry VIII., and it seems a pity that it should be thought of too little importance to be 保持するd as a 示す of distinction now that boatswains and their mates have fallen off in importance. But their 落ちるing away is nothing to that of the lowering of the ship's cook's dignity, who, 早期に in the century, was an 公式の／役人 of 広大な／多数の／重要な importance, if only for this custom, 報告（する）／憶測d in 1815:—
"によれば an 設立するd custom in the 海軍, when a ship is paid off no officer must やめる the port or consider himself 発射する／解雇するd until the pennant is struck, which can only be done by the cook, as the last officer, at sunset, and should he be absent, no other person can 成し遂げる the office however desirous the officers may be of taking their 出発, and although there may not be a 選び出す／独身 船員 or 海洋 on board. A curious instance of this took place on the Caledonia's 存在 paid off. When the time arrived for 運ぶ／漁獲高ing 負かす／撃墜する the pennant no cook could be 設立する, from which 原因（となる） the officers were under the necessity of waiting a day or two until he made his 外見."
The cruelty of 罰s in the 海軍 is a 在庫／株 支配する. I have heard いっそう少なく of the brutality of merchant service officers, though it was, and still occasionally is, やめる as bad as anything that could be 引用するd, except the worst flogging 事例／患者s. Hanging men by the thumbs in the 船の索具, （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing them with アイロンをかける belaying pins, knocking them senseless with knuckle-dusters, are 出来事/事件s not 絶対 限定するd to, although more ありふれた on American merchant ships, where if they are handy with their 武器s, they do not half 餓死する their men as we do ours. Flogging in the 海軍 has been so often 述べるd that I shall only 引用する an authentic instance or two to show that the 小説家s have not 誇張するd. Though Marryat in the Dog Fiend, it will be remembered, gives us pictures of keel-運ぶ／漁獲高ing, I do not think that there is a 選び出す／独身 authenticated instance of keel-運ぶ／漁獲高ing in the history of the 海軍, but the gallant author of the best sea novels ever written was often, 歴史的に, absurdly 不確かの. It is just possible, though, that a Vanderslyperken, in a 歳入 切断機，沿岸警備艇 of William III.'s time, did keel-運ぶ／漁獲高 a "Smallbones," for Sir William Monson, the famous Elizabethan 海軍大将, wrote his 海軍の Tracts in 1640, and he 示唆するs the 罰, but at the same time, just as Marryat did with good 影響 two hundred years later, he wrote that 罰 should never be given in hot 血—the captain should always take a night's 残り／休憩（する） before passing 宣告，判決. Here is what Monson says:—
"The 船員 is willing to give or receive 罰 deservedly, によれば the 法律s of the sea, and not さもなければ, によれば the fury or passion of a boisterous, blasphemous, 断言するing 指揮官. 罰 is fittest to be 遂行する／発効させるd in 冷淡な 血 the next day after the offence is committed and discovered. A captain may punish によれば the offence committed, viz., putting men in the bilboes during 楽しみ; keep them 急速な／放蕩なing; duck them at the yardarm, or 運ぶ／漁獲高 them from yardarm to yardarm, under the ship's keel; or make them 急速な／放蕩な to the capstan and whip them there; or at the capstan or mainmast hang 負わせるs about their necks; or gag or 捨てる their tongues for blasphemy or 断言するing. This will tame the most rude and savage people in the world."
Of course some of this sounds savage, but it was not worse than flogging 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い. And the difference in the 治療 of officers and men in the 決定／判定勝ち（する）s of 法廷，裁判所-戦争のs was atrociously 不公平な. For instance, at a 法廷，裁判所-戦争の held at Portsmouth in 1804, a purser, for embezzling two firkins of butter, was 宣告，判決d to 没収される 二塁打 the value of the goods he had stolen. At the same time and place the same 法廷，裁判所 宣告，判決d a 船員, for disobedience of orders, to 300 攻撃するs. But officers were not always so leniently 扱う／治療するd. For example:—
In the summer of 1810 a midshipman of the Edgar, then 巡航するing in the Belt, having been disrated for some offence, was sent to 列／漕ぐ／騒動 guard during the night, and in an endeavour to 回復する favour with his captain, he landed on the island of Sayer. Here he fell in with a party of Danish 兵士s, whom he attacked with the 最大の gallantry, and 敗北・負かすd, but one of the boat's 乗組員 was killed. Finding no 大型船s or boats to carry off, he re-乗る，着手するd, bringing away with him some fowls and two sheep. This was his reward: すぐに on coming on board, he was put both 脚s in アイロンをかけるs, and after remaining thus for a fortnight, was tried by 法廷，裁判所-戦争の, and received the に引き続いて 宣告，判決, which was carried out in every 詳細（に述べる）:—
"And the 法廷，裁判所 do hereby 宣告，判決 you to be stripped of your uniform 公然と on the ４半期/4分の1-deck, muleted of all your 支払う／賃金, （判決などを）下すd incapable of ever serving His Majesty as an officer, and finally, on the arrival of your ship in England, you are to be drummed 岸に."
He was a mere boy, had behaved with the greatest gallantry on several occasions during his short career in the service, and his offence was leaving his boat without orders, （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing a detachment of the enemy's 兵士s, and carrying off some of the enemy's live-在庫／株!
In 1802 Sir Edward Hamilton was tried by 法廷，裁判所-戦争の for cruelty to the gunner of his ship. The 法廷，裁判所 解任するd the gallant captain from the service—public opinion was too strong for it to do さもなければ—but after the excitement had died out, the officer was 復帰させるd. At the 裁判，公判 the first 中尉／大尉／警部補 明言する／公表するd that Sir Edward Hamilton, on going out of the ship in the forenoon, gave orders to the gunner to have the guns cleaned; that when Sir Edward returned he 宣言するd his 命令（する）s had not been 従うd with; d——d the gunner for an old rascal, and 即時に ordered him and his whole 乗組員 to be 掴むd up in the shrouds. The 中尉／大尉／警部補 said that the guns appeared to him to have been remarkably 井戸／弁護士席 cleaned. The gunner, an 年輩の man with a family, remained 掴むd up about an hour and a half; then, in consequence of the 外科医's 代表, he was taken 負かす／撃墜する and brought aft, where he fainted, having 以前 requested Sir Edward to try him by a 法廷，裁判所-戦争の. This circumstance happened during frosty 天候. The gunner's 乗組員 remained 攻撃するd in the 船の索具 for about four hours.
A 法廷，裁判所-戦争の could flog a man 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, or 宣告，判決 him to death, and a captain could punish at his own discretion, 支配する to the usage of the service, about as wide a 制限 as it is possible to imagine, and this 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s remained until nearly the middle of the century. On January 9, 1844, at Hong-Kong, for example, two men for desertion were each 宣告，判決d to receive 100 攻撃するs, and to be flogged 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い. In flogging at the gangway, a grating was rigged, and the man spread-eagled to it, as is often 述べるd in 調書をとる／予約するs, and the boatswain's mate laid on the cat, the 罰 seldom 越えるing two or three dozen. In flogging 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, the 犯人 was 攻撃するd to a grating rigged in one of the ship's boats, and was 列／漕ぐ／騒動d from ship to ship in the 騎兵大隊; と一緒に of each ship he was given so many 攻撃するs out of the whole number to which he had been 宣告，判決d. I have, within the last few years, 証言，証人／目撃するd 囚人s flogged in gaols, and have seen the 支援する of a strong man after 25 攻撃するs, scientifically given, look as if a 幅の広い purple sash had been crossed upon it; this was raw flesh. The man was a garotter, and the pity is that 囚人s of this 肉親，親類d are not oftener 宣告，判決d to such 罰. If 25 攻撃するs with a modern gaol cat can flog a man's 支援する raw, 500 with the old service 器具 of 拷問, it can be understood, often killed the 犠牲者. I could 引用する many 事例／患者s of men flogged to death in the first １０年間 of this century. At a flogging （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd at Port Mahon in the Island of Minorca in 1811, when a sailor was flogged 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the ships of the Mediterranean (n)艦隊／(a)素早い under the 命令（する） of 海軍大将 Sir C. Cotton, an old 修道士 said to a 海軍の officer:—
"You 誇る of humanity: what is there in all the 拷問s that your nation 誤って imputes to the Inquisition more 長引いた or 残忍な than this 訴訟／進行? Why do you 一時停止する the 攻撃するs but to 増加する the agony? The 犯人 has already fainted twice, yet your 外科医 authorises a continuance of the whipping. Is not the poor wretch's 支援する 完全に flayed from his neck to the loins? Yet the 天罰（を下す）ing still goes on, and will frequently be 一時停止するd and 新たにするd again before the 宣告，判決 is 実行するd. What worse 拷問 than this could 不名誉 the 囚人s of the Inquisition, or even the dungeons of Algiers?"
So that the credit of the 海軍 for 厳しい 罰s 早期に in the century, is not 影響する／感情d very much if keel-運ぶ／漁獲高ing cannot be 証明するd against it.
The 事例／患者 of Jeffrey the sailor is a singular example of the 傾向 of public 感情 in 事柄s of this 肉親，親類d. The history of this 事例／患者, as told in the House of ありふれたs 報告（する）／憶測s and the public newspapers, shows that Jeffrey was 圧力（をかける）d in the harbour of Falmouth in 1807, from the Plymouth privateer schooner, Lord Nelson, by the brig of war, 新採用する, 命令（する）d by Captain the Hon. Warwick Lake. The 新採用する sailed for the West Indies, and Jeffrey, in the course of the passage, stole some drink from the gunner's cabin. Captain Lake, some days after the 窃盗 was committed, 存在 off the 砂漠 island of Sombrero in the West Indies, lowered a boat and marooned Jeffrey upon the island, leaving him nothing but what he stood upright in. News of the 事件／事情／状勢 reached England, and it created a sensation, and was the 支配する of several 議会の 審議s.
The captain was tried by 法廷，裁判所-戦争の and 解任するd the service, but the 裁判，公判 did not take place until February 1810, the 運命／宿命 of Jeffrey remaining all this time uncertain. 政府 ordered a strict search to be made for Jeffrey, but nothing was heard of him until the middle of 1810, when news （機の）カム from America that he had been 救助（する）d and landed in Boston. He had been on the island, which is a barren 激しく揺する in the Leeward group, for nine days, and had subsisted on 爆撃する-fish and on rain-water 設立する in the hollows of the 激しく揺する. In 予定 course he returned to England to his native village, Polperro, where he was met by his 親族s and the 親族s of Captain Lake, who 補償するd him for his misfortunes with a sum of ｣600, and all might have ended happily, but Jeffrey preferred to 展示（する） himself at the small theatres in London, soon lost his money, and before long died a pauper.
Many men have been flogged to death in the service, and the 発言する／表明する of public opinion was never heard in 抗議する, but the 事例／患者 of Jeffrey 始める，決める all England by the ears, and is often 引用するd to-day as an example of the most awful cruelty ever （罪などを）犯すd. The captain's defence was that he thought the island was 住むd, a 声明 in some 手段 確認するd by that of one or two officers in the House of ありふれたs, who said that the place was たびたび（訪れる）d by American schooners after 海がめ; an American schooner did find Jeffrey. If the captain really believed what he said, it does not seem that his 罰 was very much worse than that other, perfectly 合法的な, form of 拷問 upon which the old 修道士 at Minorca 表明するd his 感情s.
The old yarn that persons born at sea all belong to the parish of Stepney is still believed by sailors. One old sailor proudly introduced another old salt to me only a few weeks ago, and 発表するd that his friend was born in the 太平洋の and was a native of Stepney! "How do you make that out?" I asked. "井戸／弁護士席, you see, 'tis like this; my friend 'ere was born at sea, and every sailor born at sea belongs to the parish of Stepney "; and so on, the old yarn that I have heard a hundred times; so old that I can give 一時期／支部 and 詩（を作る） for it nearly a hundred years 支援する. It has been often explained as arising from the 義務 of masters of 大型船s of entering in their スピードを出す／記録につけるs all births at sea, and 報告（する）／憶測ing those births to the registrar at the first port of arrival, but why always Stepney? And how is it that a learned English 裁判官 had no explanation of it in 1813? In the 法廷，裁判所 of King's （法廷の）裁判 in February 1813, "a 支配する to show 原因（となる）" was moved for against a 治安判事 of Cheshire for sending a pauper who had been born at sea to the parish of Stepney.
It appeared from the affidavits that a pauper having been 設立する in Stockport, was 診察するd by the 治安判事, who asked him where he was born.
"At sea, your worship."
"Oh, very 井戸／弁護士席, if this man was born on the high seas, he belongs to the parish of Stepney."
Counsel had no wish to 圧力（をかける） the 事柄, but the overseers of the parish of Stepney were getting tired of this sort of thing. No より小数の than twenty-five paupers during the past year had been thrust upon them in this fashion.
Lord Ellenborough 推定するd that all these people had not come from Cheshire, and counsel replied no, that it was a ありふれた idea の中で 治安判事s in all parts of England. Lord Ellenborough and Mr 司法（官） le Blanc said it was very curious, and it was difficult to understand how the erroneous idea had got abroad.
The language of the sea is of course altering to fit プロペラs, funnel-stays, steam-winches and all the 残り／休憩（する） of the up-to-date gear, but much of it still remains the same, and the sailor of a hundred years ago would not be so lost in the company of the modern men of his （手先の）技術 as some people imagine. The language of the sea, if coarse, is always expressive; 使用者s of foul language 岸に 断言する, nearly always, meaninglessly. I wish I could print some of Jack's 説s in proof of his wit. Here, for example, 軟化するd to 控訴 shore folk, is an 表現 of contempt for a man who is not pulling his 株 on a rope, "Pull you —— etc., 兵士; Pull—you couldn't pull fleas off a wet tarpaulin!" The contempt of Jack for the foreigner, who by this time has all but driven him out of the merchant service, is summed up in the way he 演説（する）／住所s his deadliest enemy, "Why, you 哀れな-黒人／ボイコット-and-white-spotted Ethiopian, you're no better than a ——, etc., Rooshian Finn!"
On a wet night, when Jack turns out in his watch below he growls with sarcasm, "Who'd sell a farm and go to sea?" and though the sailor is heedless of spray, and cares little for even a green sea that wets him from 長，率いる to foot, woe betide the ship's boy who has carelessly 転覆するd water on some place where an able 船員 wants to sit 負かす／撃墜する, for as he says, to be wet thus is to be wet all over. There is a delicate humour, too, in the sailor's 発言／述べる when a shipmate 示唆するs that he should go into some 特に dangerous part of the ship, "Ah, I see you want my 着せる／賦与するs."
The proverbial philosophy of the forecastle is better than that of ツバメ Tupper. Where can be 設立する a neater 鮮明度／定義 of a nearly drunken man than "two sheets in the 勝利，勝つd and the other shivering "? And what a comical picture of slowness and 不決断 is 伝えるd by the 発言／述べる that "the fellow is 支援 and filling like a billy goat in stays." I hope that the position of a ship in stays, 決めかねて which way to point her 長，率いる, and the 態度 of a goat, doubtful where to 工場／植物 his horns, are familiar enough to the reader for him to comprehend the true inwardness of the above. "As 黒人／ボイコット as the Earl of Hell's riding-boots" is expressive if not elegant, but "As 冷淡な as the 最高の，を越す hank of a Greenlander's jib" is poetic. "兵士s' pulls" are short, useless pulls on a rope, such as are given by a "bunt reefer and a yardarm furler"—a description of a sailor who is the 逆転する of smart, for the smart men are at the yardarms when 暗礁ing, and the duffers at the bunt of the sail, the positions 存在 逆転するd in furling.
Jack classes the whole human race thus:—"Dutchmen, Dagos, Niggers, and Whitemen." I despair of making any but a sailor understand: "Like 米，稲's foresail, both tacks over the foreyard," or "Jammed in a clinch like Barney's bull," or the meaning of, "To ride him 負かす／撃墜する like a Yankee's main tack "; but most people will comprehend what a 不正に-made 衣料品 is that which fits "like a purser's shirt on a handspike, all over and touching nowhere"; and what poor pudding is, "鉄道 duff—a plum at every 駅／配置する." A 説 in the 激しく reflective and self-conscious mood by the occupants of a dirty forecastle is: "Hogs, dogs, and sailors"; and a fellow in longshore 着せる／賦与するs is said to be dressed in "a square mainsail coat and a long hat with a rake aft," 確かな small coasters are いつかs （刑事）被告 of 得るing 蓄える／店s by pretending to be in 苦しめる, and there is a story of a Welshman used to typify these cadgers, who signalled:—"Two days, come to-morrow, from Carnarvon, short of water and 準備／条項s." There is also a good story of an Irish mate who, with too much rum in him, undertook to heave the スピードを出す／記録につける. In mistake he 手渡すd a young 同国人 of his the hour instead of the minute glass to 持つ／拘留する.
"Is it out yet, Mickey?"
"No, sur, nor the devil an out."
"Then 運ぶ／漁獲高 in the line, by jabers, she is goin' ninety-nine."
A coasting sailor is spoken of as one whose deck promenade only affords him space for "two turns 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the galley and one 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the long boat with a pull at the scuttle butt."
Jack's contempt for a 兵士 is 井戸／弁護士席 known. Here is one way he has of 表明するing it: "A messmate before a shipmate, a shipmate before a dog, but a dog before a 兵士."
"You call that water fresh!" said the mate of a merchantman to a boy who brought him a bucket of brackish water. "That fresh! why it is as salt as Lot's wife," thus, as I heard a 乗客 発言／述べる who was standing by, 連合させるing 宗教的な with 航海の 指示／教授／教育 for the 利益 of 見習い工s.
In the sea language there are many words brought in by the Dutch. "Schut him aft," grunts the sailor as he 運ぶ／漁獲高s aft a sheet, an 表現 発展させるd thus: Order from the ４半期/4分の1-deck, "運ぶ／漁獲高 aft the mainsheet"; as repeated by a Dutch 船員, "De man schut 運ぶ／漁獲高 him aft"; then "schut him aft" grew into a 正規の／正選手 表現. Merchant seamen, as they pull on ropes when no chanty is 存在 sung, make strange discordant cries to 示す the time. And it is out of these rude, but, to the 船員, perfectly intelligible 表現s that the idiotic music hall "Yo heave 売春婦" choruses have been coined. "Ugh! tauten her leach! Show her foot," grunts the sailor, as the men swing on a rope, tight as a fiddle string. The meaning is plain; 強化する the halliards till the leaches or 味方するs of the sail stretch again with the 緊張する, and the foot of the sail, 運ぶ／漁獲高d 負かす／撃墜する tightly at its 手がかり（を与える）s or corners, makes that pretty arch or "roach" in the canvas that goes for so much in the beauty of a ship under sail.
"Aye, aye, sir," is still the 船員-like way of answering an officer, and on board of a man-o'-war the other day I heard the 中尉／大尉／警部補 in 命令（する） of the watch give orders to "belay the steam 切断機，沿岸警備艇" and to "carry on the whaler," meaning he had finished with the steamer, but he 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 列／漕ぐ／騒動ing-boat, called a whaler, still kept handy. "井戸／弁護士席 the main yard," "井戸／弁護士席 all," and 類似の uses of the word "井戸／弁護士席" are not so frequently heard now in the trimming of sails, but the word is not dead. "Watch there, watch!" when the 深い-sea lead is dropped from the 屈服するs and the 列／漕ぐ／騒動 of men from 今後 to aft （問題を）取り上げる the cry, as they 減少（する） the coils of line to 警告する the officer aft to stand by to plumb the lead, will soon no longer be heard anywhere, for Lord Kelvin's 特許 sounding-machine dropped over a steamer's 厳しい, and getting soundings from a 大型船 steaming 十分な 速度(を上げる） through the water, has superseded the old 深い-sea lead; and, anyhow, men seldom take soundings now, 信用ing to their superior 知恵, and いつかs 試みる／企てるing to steam 陸路の in consequence.
"Grog 売春婦!" after all 手渡すs have been called in a merchant ship is only to be 設立する in a few, though the "she-oak 逮捕する" is still an 会・原則 in the Australian 植民地s where sailors are supposed to come on board drunk more often than どこかよそで, and so need a 逮捕する to catch them when they 宙返り／暴落する off the gangway. Three or four years ago a captain in Port Melbourne was 罰金d for not hanging his she-oak 逮捕する under the gangways, that 存在 a port 規則. "She-oak" is the slang for a horrible concoction, miscalled beer, sold in Victoria. But there is いっそう少なく drunkenness の中で seamen nowadays. Modern Board of 貿易（する） 規則s have almost done away with the evils of the 約束手形 and 搭乗-house keepers, 走者s, and the rascals who used to "shanghai" sailors have almost disappeared, for the modern English merchantman is mostly to be 設立する on steamers—married men, 安定した fellows who very often have served an 見習いの身分制度 to the sea in their 青年, but for some 推論する／理由 have not passed the "Board" as officers.
In my time, the story of a 確かな 搭乗-master celebrated in Liverpool, was still possible. The 資格s for an A.B. are, すぐに, that he should be able to "手渡す, 暗礁, and steer!" 米，稲 the something—I forget his 十分な 指名する—was in the habit of finding waifs in the street, and shipping them on outward bounders for a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 and the 約束手形. He 用意が出来ている his men thus: He had a room in which they were taught the art of 暗礁ing and furling a sail by means of a 一面に覆う／毛布 rigged across two sticks; they were taught to steer with a cart-wheel, and their education was 完全にするd by making them walk three times 一連の会議、交渉／完成する a （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する on which was placed a 押し通す's horn. 米，稲 would go before the shipping-master then and 断言する with a （疑いを）晴らす 良心 that here was a man who had learnt to 手渡す and 暗礁, had taken his trick at the wheel, and been three times 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the Horn!
Nowadays, a sailor if he wants 雇用 in a sailing ship, can get along without a 搭乗-master, 供給するd that he can 証明する that he is not an Englishman, and that he is handy in the use of a rust-chipping 大打撃を与える; if he wants a 寝台／地位 on a 割れ目 mail steamer, higher 資格s are looked for. He must be able to make rope quoits for the 乗客s' amusement, be ready with some musical 器具 for concert 目的s, have a knowledge of the 管理／経営 of deck-議長，司会を務めるs; and if to these 業績／成就s he can 追加する that of 存在 able to slack away a boat's 落ちる without letting her into the water too suddenly, why so much the better for the 乗客s, if an 事故 should happen.
Of course, this is all very 権利 and proper, for the old-fashioned merchant 船員 was scarcely the 肉親，親類d of person to make 乗客s at home by his 儀礼. Here is an example: I was shipmates with an old boatswain, so old that I should not be believed if I 明言する／公表するd in print what was his age. A weak-膝d young man, having a cast in his 注目する，もくろむ, and only one arm, was の中で the 乗客s. He was an assistant schoolmaster from an inland town, and was on his way to New Zealand "to rough it in the 植民地s," as he was fond of 説.
From the time the ship cast off the 強く引っ張る, this poor creature was sick, and remained so, until he had been a couple of months at sea. Then he began to はう about the deck, 宙返り／暴落するing over everything and everybody. There is no one your sailor hates more than the man who "clutches." This fellow at every roll of the ship clutched anybody handy from the captain to the cabin-boy, and of course the person clutched rolled with him to leeward in the scuppers. This 肉親，親類d of creature never gets his sea-脚s, and is for ever an 反対する of contempt to sailors. The 天候 was （疑いを）晴らすing up after a blow, and the 乗客 was sprawling about the deck, rather proud of the 改良 in his 条件. Presently he caught sight of the old 天候-beaten boatswain watching him with a curious look.
"Ah, I see you're looking at me, boatswain; don't you think I've 改善するd? I am getting to be やめる a 船員."
"Um! I calls yer a reg'lar Nelson!"
"Hee-hee-hee! and why a Nelson, boatswain?"
"Why! why! '原因（となる） he had one arm, one 注目する，もくろむ, same as you, and you're a dashed sight deader nor he is, long as 'tis ago since he became a halbatross."
Which reminds me of a superstition that when old sailors die, their spirits, it was once believed, took on the likeness of an albatross; and from my own knowledge, I think this is the one old superstition that 生き残るd until やめる lately. I have met old sailors who had a perfect horror of catching an albatross, though they had never heard of the "古代の 水夫." Cross-診察するd on the point, they 認める, half laughing at their own folly, that there might be something in the old yarn, and the beautiful bird might, for all we humans knew, 含む／封じ込める the soul of some old salt.
When I have seen sailors, the ship hove to in a 強風, sleeping out a whole watch on deck, lying in the 物陰／風下 scuppers with a lump of 支持を得ようと努めるd for a pillow, 保護するd, 'tis true, by their oilskins, but with the water 現実に washing over them, and rain 注ぐing 負かす／撃墜する on their 直面するs, I have thought that their earthly 巡礼の旅 was a fitting 準備 for the albatross 行う／開催する／段階 of their 存在. If this is really what becomes of the old-time sailor, it may be depended upon that the soul of the modern ４半期/4分の1-master, who spends two hours of his watch in a comfortable wheel-house at a steam-steering wheel, and the other two hours adjusting deck 議長，司会を務めるs, will in a 未来 明言する／公表する enter the 団体／死体 of a "dicky bird," and be ４半期/4分の1d in a canary cage in a lady's boudoir.
A STUDY of the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 難破させるs for the last hundred years ought to re-保証する the nervous. The 危険，危なくするs of the sea are the same, and the men who 遭遇（する） them as human as ever; steam has not altered these two factors for better or for worse, 強調する／ストレス of 天候, 事故, and careless shipmasters are still the 長，指導者 原因（となる）s of 災害, but these 原因（となる）s are いっそう少なく たびたび（訪れる） now than they ever were, and would be still いっそう少なく if carelessness were more adequately punished.
In the first twenty years of the century, a greater number of lives were lost by shipwreck in the 王室の 海軍 than have been lost in men-o'-war during the whole 統治する of Queen Victoria. In the first fifty years of the century very many masters of merchant 大型船s, whatever high 質s of seamanship they 所有するd, were astoundingly ignorant of 航海, and drunkenness in this class of men was looked upon as an amiable 証拠不十分 inseparable from the profession. 委員会s of 調査 into the 原因（となる）s of 難破させるs were 任命するd by the House of ありふれたs in 1834 and again in 1843. In 1836 the first 委員会 報告（する）／憶測d upon the general question of 原因（となる）s of shipwreck, and （機の）カム to the に引き続いて 結論:—
(1) 欠陥のある construction of ships;
(2) 不十分な 器具／備品;
(3) Imperfect 明言する／公表する of 修理;
(4) 妥当でない or 過度の 負担ing;
(5) Inappropriateness of form;
(6) Incompetency of masters and officers;
(7) Drunkenness of officers and men;
(8) 操作／手術 of 海洋 保険;
(9) Want of harbours of 避難;
(10) Imperfection of charts.
The second 委員会's 報告（する）／憶測 was much to the same 目的, and the 証拠 upon which these 報告（する）／憶測s were based was just as contradictory as it always is when a number of 専門家s are called whose 利益／興味s bias their 声明s. Of the 原因（となる）s 明言する／公表するd in these 報告（する）／憶測s, I have no hesitation in 主張するing almost the only preventable one now remaining is that of careless 航海; while the want of proper discipline and training is 責任がある loss of life in merchant 大型船s in nine 事例／患者s out of ten when 事故 happens.
But at the end as at the beginning of the century the 事故 remains, sudden 災害s will happen, and no human 装置s will 回避する them.
災害s in the 現在の 王室の 海軍—notwithstanding 確かな 井戸／弁護士席 remembered calamities—are wonderfully rare compared with the 木造の period of the service, and some of the horrors of a hundred years ago are to-day almost an impossibility. Take, for example, the 事例／患者 of the Queen Charlotte, Howe's 旗艦, in June 1794, and remembered, not for this fact only, but as 存在 one of the worst disciplined ships in the service. She caught 解雇する／砲火／射撃 in March 1800 through carelessness—a slow match on the lower deck の中で loose straw—in half-an-hour she was 燃やすing ひどく, yet remained afloat for four hours. Though this happened on a 罰金 morning in sight of Leghorn, and there were plenty of boats about, and the officers behaved with the greatest courage and coolness, the captain and many others going 負かす／撃墜する with the ship, out of 900 persons on board only 120 were saved. It would be 事実上 impossible to 平行の this 事例／患者 in a modern steel 戦艦. From 解雇する／砲火／射撃 there is hardly any danger, and if in a modern war 大型船 those on board are given 罰金 天候 and four hours' grace when 災害 comes to them, it is difficult to imagine how a 選び出す／独身 life could be sacrificed.
What a contrast to this story is that of the Magicienne in 1831. A 解雇する／砲火／射撃 was discovered の近くに to the magazine, at night, many miles from land. The ship's corporal, who 設立する it, went 静かに and 報告（する）／憶測d the 事柄 to the officer of the watch, who in turn 報告（する）／憶測d it to Captain Plumridge, who, coming on deck in his night-gown, ordered the drummer to （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 to ４半期/4分の1s, and sent a man aloft to see "what that ship is to leeward."
"I see no ship, sir," sang out the man when he got aloft.
"You do, sir, I can see her," then turning to the man at the wheel the captain 追加するd, "and so can you, I am sure," and the helmsman, afraid to say no, agreed.
"Then put your 舵輪／支配 up and 耐える 負かす／撃墜する to her," ordered the 船長／主将; 合間 解雇する／砲火／射撃 靴下／だます had been 範囲d along the decks, the men had fallen in 静かに at their 駅／配置するs, and in ten minutes the 解雇する／砲火／射撃, which had gone within three インチs of the 砕く, was 消滅させるd, many of the people on board not knowing until all was over that the 事件／事情／状勢 was anything more than a 解雇する／砲火／射撃 演習, while those who had seen the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and were inclined to be nervous, were やめる 安心させるd at the prospect of 救済 in the imaginary ship to leeward created by the happy idea of the captain.
In the first ten years of the century we lost thousands of seamen by shipwreck, I could run off a long 目録 of our losses, many of them, of course, a consequence of putting to sea in bad 天候, and in such circumstances only 正当化するd by a 明言する／公表する of war, but many of them undoubtedly from want of discipline and the unseaworthiness of ships. The Brazen sloop of war went 岸に off Newhaven in 1800 and 溺死するd 119 of her 乗組員. The Invincible, a seventy-four, next year, 溺死するd 400 when she 立ち往生させるd off Yarmouth. The Apollo フリゲート艦, in 1804, with the greater part of the West India 軍用車隊, about forty sail of merchant 大型船s, was driven on the coast of Portugal with a loss of life of 200. Six years later the Nymph and the Pallas were lost in the Firth of 前へ／外へ, 溺死するing many; the Minotaur 立ち往生させるd on the Dutch coast, losing 500 of her 乗組員, and the 衛星 創立者d at sea with all 手渡すs. The years 1810-11 were the most 悲惨な of the century to the 海軍. In November and December of the first year, violent 嵐／襲撃するs 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in the 大西洋, and the 難破させる 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）, leaving out all merchant 大型船s and minor 死傷者s, runs thus:—
The Saldanha, フリゲート艦, went 岸に on the Irish coast, 200 溺死するd; the Hero and the Grasshopper were driven on to the Haak Sand in the Texel; the St George and the 反抗 on to the Jutland coast, and a 軍用車隊 of 100 ships bound from Sweden to England went with the first two, the whole loss of life 量ing to about 4000.
I suppose in a 一時期／支部 on 難破させるs, one must re-tell old stories; though I should hope the narratives of the Kent, the Birkenhead, and the Sarah Sands 災害s are in every barrack library, one cannot 令状 the sea story of the century without some について言及する of them. A 木造の sailing-ship on 解雇する／砲火／射撃 in a 強風 of 勝利，勝つd with 640 people on board, more than 100 of them women and children, and 569 saved—this is the story of the Kent's loss in the Bay of Biscay in 1825. The ship was outward bound to the East Indies with 軍隊／機動隊s, and the perfect discipline of the 兵士s in the 直面する of three 代案／選択肢s of death—by 溺死するing, by 燃やすing, or by 存在 blown up when the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 reached the magazine—enabled the little brig Cambria to 救助（する） so many. The only 利用できる boat, in the 直面する of the 激しい sea, and the distance it was necessary for the Cambria to keep away from the 燃やすing ship, took three-４半期/4分の1s of an hour to make the trip between the two 大型船s, and while this boat was carrying the women and children from the ship to the 救助（する）ing 大型船, the 兵士s sat about on hatches and waited 静かに for the end.
Some 哀れな idiot in a theatre cries "解雇する／砲火／射撃!" and the whole house becomes a 団体／死体 of lunatics, men trampling women under foot, and 涙／ほころびing each other to pieces to escape from a 安全な building. In momentary 期待 of 存在 blown to pieces by gunpowder, the 兵士s of the 31st 連隊, for something like twelve hours on the 燃やすing Kent, in no instance forgot the teaching of the parade ground.
Again, the Birkenhead—ever to be remembered and 引用するd—a 政府 paddle steamer bound to the Cape of Good Hope with 増強s for the 軍隊／機動隊s at the Caffre War, struck a 激しく揺する 近づく Simon's Bay on February 26, 1852, and out of 638 people on board only 184 were saved. Of the number 溺死するd 358 were 兵士s, 9 of them officers. They were 草案s of the 2nd Queens, 6th 王室のs, 12th Lancers, 12th Foot, 43rd, 45th, the 60th ライフル銃／探して盗むs, 73rd, 74th, and 91st 連隊s. Captain Wright, the 上級の 生き残るing 兵士 officer, in his 公式の／役人 報告（する）／憶測, said:—
"The order and regularity that 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd on board from the time the ship struck till she 全く disappeared far 越えるd anything that I thought could be 影響d by the best discipline, and it is the more to be wondered at, seeing that most of the 兵士s had been but a short time in the service. Every one did as he was directed, and there was not a murmur or a cry の中で them until the 大型船 made the final 急落（する），激減（する）. I could not 指名する any individual officer who did more than another. All received their orders and had them carried out as if the men were 乗る，着手するing, instead of going to the 底（に届く）; there was only this difference, that I never saw embarkation with so little noise and 混乱...One fact I cannot omit について言及するing: when the 大型船 was just going 負かす／撃墜する, the 指揮官 called out, 'All those that can swim, jump overboard and make for the boats.' 中尉／大尉／警部補 Girardot and myself were standing on the poop, and we begged the men not to do so as the boat with the women would be 押し寄せる／沼地d. Not more than three made the 試みる／企てる. All the women and children were saved."
The last scene remembered by the 生存者s, and by millions, 世代s later, was that of the 兵士s drawn up on the poop, at their 長，率いる 陸軍大佐 Seton, the 命令（する）ing officer, the ship breaking in halves, the waters の近くにing over her, and the men still 静かに waiting for the end—-a picture in the minds of men in the beauty of its unselfish heroism unsurpassable on sea or land.
The story of the Sarah Sands, an アイロンをかける steamer that left Portsmouth with 300 of the 54th 連隊, bound for India in November 1857, is a more fortunate instance. Good seamanship on the part of Captain 城s was 補佐官d by the magnificent bravery and discipline of the 兵士s, and the ship, though so 不正に on 解雇する／砲火／射撃 that a small magazine aft 爆発するd and blew her port ４半期/4分の1 out, was navigated for ten days in this 明言する／公表する and made the Mauritius without the loss of a life. We have in the 事例／患者 of the 州警察官，騎馬警官 過密な住居 Hastings in 1897 a 類似の instance. Every one was saved, and the 命令（する）ing officer in his despatch, telling of the 難破させる, explains what happened in these words:—
"From my position on the 橋（渡しをする）, where I could see distinctly, I was 特に struck by the way in which, when the disembarkation of the men was stopped to 許す the ladies, women, and children to get 岸に, the former stood 静かに on one 味方する to 許す them to pass, and then 再開するd their own disembarkation in perfect order, when all the time it appeared to be a question of moments when the 大型船 would heel over."
In the old 海軍, unseaworthy ships were ありふれた; nowadays they are rare, perhaps unknown. It was natural that while the service was in a 移行 行う／開催する／段階 such an unfortunate 実験 as that of the Captain should be possible, but, with the one exception of the Megaera, I can 解任する no instance where the Admiralty can be 本気で 非難するd for sending unseaworthy ships to sea.
Captain Cowper Coles designed the Captain, in the later sixties, when it was an 不可欠の 条件 for the 海軍の 建設者 to build men-o'-war to sail 同様に as steam, and yet to be what we then called modern ironclads. The ship had two 激しい turrets, and only 9 ft. of freeboard, and along the turrets ran a light ハリケーン deck.
On the night of September 7, 1870, the Captain was off Cape Finisterre in company with a 騎兵大隊; it was blowing a 強風, and, though steam was up, the プロペラ was not moving, or was 回転するing at dead slow, but three 二塁打-暗礁d topsails and the fore-topmast stay-sails were 始める，決める—canvas that, in the circumstances, in a seaworthy ship would have been perfectly 安全な. At midnight, when the starboard watch was 召集（する）ing, the ship lurched ひどく to leeward, and the captain gave orders to let go the topsail halliards and sheets, but before the men could reach the belaying pins, the ship heeled far enough to starboard for the 勝利，勝つd to 行為／法令／行動する upon the under 味方する of the ハリケーン deck; the 最高の，を越す 妨害する of turrets did the 残り／休憩（する）, and in a few moments she turned 完全に 底（に届く） 上向きs. The gunner and seventeen seamen were all that escaped out of about 490.
There had been no time to 開始する，打ち上げる boats, and many of the 生存者s 現実に saved themselves by はうing out of the ship's ports on to her 底（に届く）, and getting into a boat that happened to float 近づく them. Captain Burgoyne, who 命令（する）d the ship, was seen 粘着するing to another boat that was floating 底（に届く） 上向きs; the 生存者s in the 開始する，打ち上げる tried to reach him, but failed to pull the 激しい boat against the 長，率いる sea. One of the men 申し込む／申し出d to throw his 命令（する）ing officer an oar.
"For God's sake keep your oars, men, you will need them." These were Burgoyne's last words, and he was not seen again.
The boat made Finisterre at daylight; at about the same time the 残りの人，物 of the 騎兵大隊 行方不明になるd the Captain and saw, where she should have been, the 証拠 of floating 難破 that told of her 運命／宿命. Though very young at the time, I 井戸／弁護士席 remember the sensation at Portsmouth when the news arrived. From one street alone thirty 未亡人s stood の中で the （人が）群がる of weeping women outside the dockyard gates, in the vain hope of 審理，公聴会 that another boat had turned up.
The Captain's unseaworthiness, as I have said, was an unfortunate error born of the peculiar 移行 条件s in which the building of 軍艦s then was. The 難破させる of the Megaera, an アイロンをかける steamer, cannot be excused on these grounds. In the spring of 1870 she was sent to Australia with 救済 乗組員s for the 騎兵大隊 on the 駅／配置する, her total complement making altogether about 330 men. A few days after sailing she was compelled to put 支援する, 借りがあるing to her leaky 明言する／公表する, and was patched up and sent off again. After leaving the Cape of Good Hope, and when a thousand miles from the island of St Paul's, the 漏れる broke out again, and 刻々と 伸び（る）d, so that the captain, finding that he could not keep her afloat, ran the ship for St Paul's, and on June 19, she was beached in such poor harbour as the almost barren 激しく揺する affords. The ship's company were landed and remained a month before communication was made with a passing 大型船, but two months longer elapsed, 借りがあるing to 天候 条件s and the remoteness of the place, before the people could be 乗る，着手するd.
During this time the castaways had fared 井戸／弁護士席 through the forethought of the captain and the perfect discipline of all 手渡すs. Everything that could be 除去するd from the ship was saved, and the men were kept 井戸／弁護士席 雇うd in building huts, husbanding water, fishing, and 類似の 占領／職業s. At the time of the 難破させる, St Paul's was 占領するd by a few fishermen, whose half-dozen huts formed the only 解決／入植地, but the 産業 of the 乗組員 of the Megaera 変えるd the place into やめる a large canvas and 支持を得ようと努めるd 郡区; の中で other things they 建設するd a 正規の／正選手 water 供給（する）, bringing the water from a 貯蔵所 on a hill by the 援助（する） of 機械／機構 from the 難破させる and 800 ft. of the ship's 解雇する／砲火／射撃 靴下／だます.
In an 公式の／役人 報告（する）／憶測 on the loss of his ship, Captain Thrupp said:—
"The 辛勝する／優位s of the 穴を開ける in one of the アイロンをかける plates through which water 漏れるd into the ship were so thin that they could easily be bent with two fingers. Many of the girders were eaten through at the 底（に届く） and others nearly so." Said the captain: "Breaking up as the ship was, the girders separating from the 底（に届く）, that 底（に届く） leaky in one place and very thin in many more, the pumps continually 存在 choked with pieces of アイロンをかける, and those 厚い pieces, I could not with so many lives at 火刑／賭ける 固執する in 訴訟／進行 on the voyage."
The ship was twenty-two years old when she started, was placed at the 底（に届く） of the 海軍 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）, and had been 報告（する）／憶測d unseaworthy for any but short trips. At an 調査 the captain was honourably acquitted, and those 責任がある sending her to sea 厳しく 非難d.
In the old 海軍 there was no 欠如（する） of courage to 会合，会う 災害, but in the modern service the behaviour of the men of the 先導, of the Victoria, and in that happier instance of the Calliope, for the perfect discipline and magnificent self-支配（する）／統制する of all 階級s, will be remembered so long as England has a 海軍. When the 先導 was rammed by the アイロンをかける Duke in the Irish Channel in September 1875, the 先導, having a 質 of seaworthiness that enabled her to keep afloat a reasonable time, her 乗組員, 借りがあるing 完全に to this fact and their perfect discipline were, every one of them, saved. The ship kept afloat a little more than an hour from the time she was rammed, and rather いっそう少なく than twenty minutes of that period were 充てるd to saving the 400 persons that made up the ship's complement—the 残りの人，物 of the time was given to endeavours to save the ship. The 法廷，裁判所-戦争の 設立する fault with those 責任がある not giving more time to the last 操作／手術, and the finding of that 法廷，裁判所-戦争の was very likely in 海軍大将 Tryon's thoughts in his last moments on the 橋（渡しをする） of the Victoria.
The Victoria was rammed by the Camperdown in June 1893, off Tripoli, and she went 負かす／撃墜する in いっそう少なく than fifteen minutes, yet nearly half (359 out of 650) the ship's company were saved, though most of the short time given to them was spent in trying to save the ship, and the boats of the ships in her company were kept 支援する until the last moment. At the 法廷，裁判所-戦争の, it was 設立する "with the deepest 悲しみ and 悔いる that the 衝突／不一致 was 予定 to an order by the late 指揮官-in-長，指導者, 副／悪徳行為-海軍大将 Sir George Tryon, to turn the 分割s of the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い sixteen points inwards, when the columns were only six cables apart." Captain Bourke, when before the 法廷，裁判所, read a defence that in every line of it showed a chivalrous 願望（する） to 審査する the 失敗 of his dead superior, and the last few 宣告，判決s of this paper best 述べる how the modern British sailor can die:—
"When the 鎮圧するing blow 配達するd by the 押し通す
of the Camperdown was felt, the impression that passed
through every one's mind must have been one of serious
逮捕. No one in the ship, knowing what had happened, could
have failed to 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる that the 条件s were certainly
serious. With this in 見解（をとる）, I should like to lay before the 法廷，裁判所 a
few 発言／述べるs on what, I 服従させる／提出する, was the discipline and self-支配（する）／統制する
展示（する）d by all. There was 絶対 no panic, no shouting, no
急ぐing aimlessly about. The officers went 静かに to their
駅／配置するs. Everything was 用意が出来ている, and the men were all in their
positions for hoisting out the boats or 成し遂げるing any 義務 they
may have been ordered to carry out. The men on the forecastle
worked with a will until the water was up to their waists, and it
was only when ordered aft that they left their work to 落ちる in on
the upper deck with the 残りの人，物 of the ship's company. In the
事例／患者 of the men working below, I was a 証言，証人／目撃する of their coolness
when the order was passed 負かす／撃墜する for every one to go on deck. There
was no haste or hurry to 砂漠 the flat. I can その上の 証言する to
the men below in the engine-rooms. In the starboard one and all
were in their 駅／配置するs. The engineer officer was there, the
artificers and stokers also. I am sure that those in the port
engine-room and the boiler-rooms were 平等に true to themselves,
to the country they were serving, and to the 信用 reposed in them.
In all the 詳細（に述べる）s of this terrible 事故 one 位置／汚点／見つけ出す 特に
stands out, and that is the heroic 行為／行う of those who to the end
remained below, stolidly, yet boldly, at their place of 義務. All
honour to them 特に. The men fallen in on the upper deck
showed the same spirit. I would 解任する to you what I 述べるd in
my 証拠. When the men were turned about to 直面する the ship's
味方する, it must have passed through the minds of many that to look
out for oneself would be the best thing to do. The men must have
seen the others coming wet from 今後, which, in itself, might
have 増加するd their 逮捕s. This order to turn about was
given 明らかに about a minute before the end, and I can hear of
not one 選び出す／独身 instance of any man 急ぐing to the 味方する. It only
手配中の，お尋ね者 two or three to start a panic, but I think it should be on
記録，記録的な／記録する that not one was 設立する who had not that 支配（する）／統制する over himself
which characterises true discipline and order.
"It has been shown in 証拠 that no one jumped from the ship
until just as she gave the lurch which ended in her 転覆するing. I
imagine there is not a 選び出す／独身 生存者 who can give any clearer
推論する／理由 for his 存在 saved than that he was more fortunate than his
隣人s. There is one 深く，強烈に sad circumstance connected with the
事故, and that is the very large 割合 of midshipmen who
lost their lives. These young officers at the 開始／学位授与式 of their
career were thus '削減（する） off,' but it will be to their undying honour
that, young as they were, they also showed that spirit of 信用 and
bravery, and one and all remained at their 地位，任命するs on deck till the
end. There is, no 疑問, that の中で those lost many individual 行為／法令／行動するs
of heroism and 無視（する） of self must have been 陳列する，発揮するd, but I
悔いる that I am only in a position to 明言する／公表する one. This is the 事例／患者
of the Rev. Samuel Norris, Chaplain of the Victoria, than
whom no one in the ship was more beloved and 尊敬（する）・点d. It is his
words, '安定した, men, 安定した,' when the end （機の）カム, which bring before
one the 評価 of his coolness and valour, even at the moment
of the ship 転覆するing. We only hear of him, careless of his own
safety, exhorting the men to be 冷静な／正味の and 静める. In his daily life on
board, he mixed with the men, and knew all their thoughts, and
advised them in their troubles. A noble character like this
inculcates by his example the discipline and obedience which were
shown on board the Victoria. Amongst those saved, equal 行為／法令／行動するs
of bravefy and coolness were 陳列する，発揮するd."
A few months ago, I talked with a man who was saved from the Victoria, and he, not knowing I had the least idea of printing his words, 述べるd what he saw of the last moments of those on the upper 橋（渡しをする） of the ship.
"She was heeling over at such an angle that the 海軍大将 was compelled to しっかり掴む 堅固に with both 手渡すs the 橋（渡しをする） railing. Then he caught sight of a midshipman standing beside him and let go one 手渡す to wave the boy away, 説 as 生存者s have 報告（する）／憶測d: 'Don't stop there, youngster, go to a boat.' These were his last words."
The boy to whom he spoke was Herbert Marsden Lanyon of Belfast, seventeen years of age, and only entered on the Britannia in 1890. The next moment the ship 転覆するd. The 海軍大将 and the midshipman when last seen were still waiting 静かに for the end. What いっそう少なく could a nation 推定する／予想する from Tryon? But what noble inspiration を締めるd this boy to 直面する death thus, and make an ending of, at least, an equal greatness!
Of other 海軍の 災害s, that of the Eurydice most nearly 似ているs, in the manner of its happening and its suddenness, that of the Captain. Out of her complement of 300 only 2 were saved. She was a sailing フリゲート艦, used as a training ship for ordinary seamen and boys, and she 転覆するd off the 小島 of Wight in a sudden squall in 1878. Before sail could be 減ずるd, the ship fell on her beam ends, then filled and went 負かす／撃墜する. That a ship of her class should be lost in such circumstances is wholly irreconcilable with any 原則s of seamanship. The captain was a man of large experience in sailing ships, but the Eurydice's lower deck ports were open, and when she lay over the water 注ぐd in, and 完全にするd the mischief. It is 申し立てられた／疑わしい that she was known to be crank, yet was carrying every stitch of canvas, and the 明言する／公表する of the 天候 certainly did not 正当化する doing this with the lower deck ports open.
The Atlanta, a 類似の class of 大型船 雇うd in the same service, left Bermuda in 1880 with 280 people on board, and she was never afterwards heard of; it is surmised that she went 負かす／撃墜する in one of the 激しい 強風s 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing in the 大西洋 at that period, in which many merchantmen were lost.
The escape of the Calliope from the ハリケーン in 1889 at Samoa has been often 述べるd; all that I shall 令状 of it here was 関係のある to me on the deck of the ship when she （機の）カム into Sydney harbour to 修理 損害賠償金.
When ship after ship had gone 岸に, and it was plain the Calliope's 錨，総合司会者s could not be 推定する／予想するd to 持つ／拘留する much longer, there （機の）カム a moment when Captain Kane had to decide upon one of two courses of 活動／戦闘. Such a moment as this is the 実験（する） of all others of the fitness of a man to 命令（する）. It was necessary to 行為／法令／行動する without 滞るing, すぐに. The life teaching of a 海軍の 指揮官 is directed に向かって 準備するing him for such a 危機, and Captain Kane did honour to his training. To 危険 the lives of all, slip the cables and 長，率いる straight out, taking the chances of the 機械／機構 breaking 負かす／撃墜する, the engine-room 存在 押し寄せる／沼地d, a 欠如（する） of 力／強力にする in the engines to 運動 the ship through the sea, the rudder breaking and the ship becoming unmanageable; or to beach her in a sandy place where the ship would probably be 難破させるd, but the lives of the 乗組員 saved—these were the 代案／選択肢s.
Captain Kane decided. The cables were slipped, the engines were put 十分な 速度(を上げる） ahead, every 続けざまに猛撃する of steam and every 革命 of the screw that the best of engineers and stokers could bring to the 援助（する） of the ship were there, and the fight began.
The American 旗艦, the Trenton, had at this time so dragged that she lay 権利 in the channel, leaving insufficient room for the Calliope to （疑いを）晴らす her. It was necessary to pass to leeward of the American. The movement needed delicate 技術 and the steadiest 神経 to direct the steering. To 衝突する／食い違う with the Trenton would be as 致命的な as to touch the 暗礁.
Slowly the engines of the Calliope 軍隊d her ahead. She 急落（する），激減（する）d and rolled, and the seas broke over her decks, washing away the boats and all that was moveable, every instant 脅すing to flood the engine room. Then at last （機の）カム the moment when she was abreast of the Trenton. For an instant the 大型船s were so の近くに together that it seemed as if their yards would interlock. Just in time, the Calliope rolled outward from the Trenton, and when she 回復するd and rolled the other way the danger was over. The shave was so の近くに that the Calliope as she (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進むd ahead carried away some of the Trenton's gear, leaving part of her 人物／姿／数字-長，率いる in the Trenton's cabin.
Upon the 大型船's 橋（渡しをする） beside his 指揮官 stood Navigating-中尉／大尉／警部補 Henry Pearson, and the tremendous 責任／義務 of this time was upon the 中尉／大尉／警部補's shoulders as 井戸／弁護士席 as upon those of the captain. Apia harbour is difficult to navigate at all times—a 大型船's course has to be steered by 確かな 示すs upon the land, which are 非，不，無 too easily distinguishable in the best of 天候, but, with all the 追加するd difficulties of the 嵐／襲撃する at this 最高の moment there was the danger of 衝突／不一致. The writer was told by an 注目する，もくろむ-証言，証人／目撃する that Captain Kane, as the Calliope drove に向かって the Trenton, turned to his 中尉／大尉／警部補 and said—
"井戸／弁護士席, Mr Pearson, what do you think of it? Shall we （疑いを）晴らす her?"
"We must—or go over her," answered the other.
And the Calliope did （疑いを）晴らす the American. As she passed out to sea leaving the Trenton 運動ing helplessly に向かって the 暗礁 to 株 the 運命／宿命 of the other 大型船s, 海軍大将 Kimberley of the Trenton, who was on the 橋（渡しをする） of his ship, waved his cap. Then the American sailors, seeing the Britishers (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進むing their way from danger to safety, forgot their own 危険，危なくする, and 乗組員を乗せた the 船の索具 and gave three hearty 元気づけるs.
Then the outer 暗礁 was （疑いを）晴らすd, leaving いっそう少なく than sixty yards of sea room to spare. Outside it blew harder even than it was blowing in the harbour; but outside there was sea-room, and the Calliope, now 安全な, stood off the coast until the 天候 穏健なd.
Upon the good seamanship and 安定した 神経s of those on deck the 問題／発行する of that day depended; but below, in the engine-room and stokehold, courage, 技術, and faithful service in no いっそう少なく degree were needed. From the gold-laced 長，指導者 engineer upon whom the 責任／義務 残り／休憩（する）d, to the youngest grimy coal trimmer whose 単独の 義務 it was silently to shovel coal even though his last moment had come to him while doing it, all did their allotted 仕事s in a manner 井戸／弁護士席 worthy of the 勇敢に立ち向かう man who 命令（する）d them. Every one belonging to this department was on 義務, and there remained for sixteen hours. The pitching and rolling of the ship were so bad that, in 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing the boilers, the men nearest the furnace doors were in no small danger of 存在 pitched headlong into the furnace, and so a man held a ringbolt with one 手渡す, and with the other しっかり掴むd a comrade's waistbelt, while he threw coal upon the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s.
The engineer in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 told me that the 力／強力にする developed by the 機械／機構 was equal to, if not greater than, would 推進する the ship at 15 knots an hour in smooth water, and yet in the ハリケーン the Calliope at no time made more than steerage way. In the stokehold not a sound was heard but the （犯罪の）一味 of the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 shovels, and in the long hours of suspense and danger no man murmured, nor by any man below was a question asked as to the 進歩 of the ship, or the chances of Hfe and death.
There are plenty of 海軍の 災害s from which I might go on selecting instances of individual courage 同様に as 集団の／共同の coolness, and make a 調書をとる／予約する of the 支配する. The Orpheus, a new screw steam corvette, （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d for service as 旗艦 of Commodore Burnett of the Australian 騎兵大隊, went 岸に on the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, at the 入り口 of Manukau harbour, New Zealand, and out of her complement of 280, the commodore, 22 officers, and 167 men were lost. The 原因（となる） of the 災害 was a 転換ing shoal that the 地元の 操縦するs did not seem to have taken account of The 広大な／多数の／重要な loss of life was 原因（となる）d by the 激しい sea running on the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, breaking 権利 over the ship, and the absence, for many hours, of any efficient life-saving 器具s. With the Orpheus went 負かす／撃墜する many 価値のある 早期に 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the Australian 海軍の 駅／配置する. In 1847, the Avenger was lost off Galita; out of 250 only 4 were saved, and の中で the 溺死するd, 中尉／大尉／警部補 Marryat, son of the 小説家, died bravely endeavouring to 開始する，打ち上げる a boat. In the latter half of the century, besides the ships I have について言及するd, there have, of course, been 非常に／多数の 難破させるs of men-o'-war. The Wasp went 岸に in a 強風 on Tory Island, off the north-west coast of Ireland in 1884, and 52 lives were lost; and the Serpent met with a 類似の 災害 in 1890, off the coast of Corunna, 溺死するing 173 persons. With the exception of the instances I have 引用するd, the loss of life in the last fifty years has, however, been very small, and in every 選び出す／独身 instance all 手渡すs have behaved perfectly.
We have been fortunate, considering all things, in our 免疫 from 事故s with steam and gunpowder on modern war 大型船s. やめる as many men have been killed by 事故s with the old thirty-two pounders as have been 負傷させるd by the modern 武器s. The Thunderer has been the unluckiest ship in the service in this 尊敬（する）・点. In 1876, one of her boilers burst, 殺人，大当り 45 men and 負傷させるing 50 others, and four years later one of her big guns 爆発するd, 殺人，大当り 2 officers and 8 men, and 負傷させるing about 35 others. Coal gas was the 原因（となる） 割り当てるd for the blowing up of the Dotterel in the 海峡s of Magellan in 1881, by which about 145 of the ship's company were 溺死するd. On the Cordelia in 1891, while on the Australian 駅／配置する, a gun burst, 殺人，大当り 2 officers and 4 men. On the torpedo-破壊者 Bullfinch, in July 1899, 10 men were killed by an 事故 to the 機械／機構, when she was on her 裁判，公判 trip.
Men have done their 義務 nobly in the merchant service 同様に as in the 王室の 海軍. The British merchant 船長／主将 has almost invariably been the last to leave his ship. With 非，不，無 of the pride of 階級 and （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 to 奮起させる him in the hour of 危険，危なくする, he has gone 負かす／撃墜する with his 乗客s, when the 資源s of his courage and 技術, unaided by little else, 式のs! have availed nothing; when the boats have been washed away, or 粉砕するd in unskilful 開始する，打ち上げるing, or 急ぐd by panic-stricken 暴徒s, he has stood on the 橋（渡しをする） of the liner, or hung on to the 天候 船の索具 of the clipper, dying at his 地位，任命する with dignity and 静める courage.
The number of American and Australian emigrant ships burnt at sea, run 岸に, or 創立者d, between the forties and the seventies, and the terrible loss of life 伴う／関わるd, when one looks 負かす／撃墜する the 難破させる 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）, makes it 平易な to understand why a 世代 ago, people were so much more chary of 請け負うing a sea voyage than they are now. In the years when 移住 was in 十分な swing, one loss 後継するd another so 速く that the "nine days' wonder" created by the 災害 was やめる fresh in the memory of the public when the next occurred. It would be tedious to 述べる them—they are nearly all alike. If the 大災害 was sudden, a panic 始める，決める in, boats were 粉砕するd or washed away in the lowering of them, and those who were saved 借りがあるd nothing for their deliverance to any such 準備完了 for 緊急s as people have a 権利 to 推定する／予想する from public 運送／保菌者s. 解雇する／砲火／射撃s at sea occurred with 広大な／多数の／重要な frequency, and when they did take place the 割合 of persons lost was shocking. In the 事例／患者 of the steamer Austria, for example, bound from Hamburg to New York, which caught 解雇する／砲火／射撃 in 1858 by the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の incapacity of those responsible, 67 out of 530 on board were all that were saved.
早期に in the century, the 乗組員s of some of the 難破させるd merchantmen often thought more of breaking into the spirit-room than 救助（する）ing the 乗客s, and what else could be 推定する／予想するd from the class of men then 利用できる? When the Earl of Abergavenny, East Indiaman, went 負かす／撃墜する off Portland, in 1805, taking with her 250 people, の中で them her captain, Wordsworth, brother of the poet, and seemingly of 類似の temperament to the 詩（を作る） 製造者, one of the last scenes remembered is that of riotous sailors endeavouring to break into the spirit-room, and the 長，指導者 officer standing there with a を締める of ピストルs 厳しく ordering them to die like men, and not like drunken cowards; but many of the 乗組員, notwithstanding, died drunk.
The 燃やすing of the アマゾン in the Bay of Biscay in January 1852, taught a lesson in the danger of 木造の steamships. When she was 開始する，打ち上げるd, in 1851, on the Thames, she was the largest 木造の merchant steamer in the world, and the fact that she was 300 ft. long and had paddle-wheel engines of 800 horse 力／強力にする, created a sensation. She left England with the West Indian mails on January 2, having on board 50 乗客s and no 乗組員. Three days later a 蓄える／店 locker in the engine-room, filled with such inflammables as oil, tallow, and cotton waste, caught 解雇する／砲火／射撃, and in the 強風 that was blowing the ship was soon 燃えて, and, worse than all, the engines were going 十分な 速度(を上げる）, and no one could enter the 燃やすing engine-room to stop them. In such circumstances it was impossible 安全に to 開始する，打ち上げる boats, of which there were plenty, though so stowed that they were difficult to get at, and fitted with a 特許 lowering apparatus that no one seems to have understood, or any one ever thought about, until the 災害 happened. Notwithstanding the 速度(を上げる） of the ship, 試みる／企てるs were made to lower the boats, but in the wild 緊急発進する most of them were 転覆するd. 最終的に, about sixty persons escaped in three boats, the ship blowing up a few hours later. These 生存者s were 選ぶd up by passing 大型船s, after 苦しむing many hours of （危険などに）さらす and hardship.
The owners of the アマゾン, the 王室の West India Mail Company, were very unfortunate in the beginning of their history. The Company was 設立するd in 1841, and the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of its losses in ten years runs thus:—
The Medina, 難破させるd on 12th May 1844, on a 珊瑚 暗礁, 近づく Turk's Island; the Isis, on the 8th October 1842, sunk off Bermuda, having 以前 struck on a 暗礁; the Solway, 難破させるd off Corunna, on the 8th April 1843; the Tweed, on 12th February 1847, on the Alacranes 激しく揺するs, 湾 of Mexico; the 前へ／外へ, likewise on the same 激しく揺するs, on 15th January 1849; the Actaeon, lost in 1844 on the Negrellos, 近づく Carthagena; the steamer Demerara, 立ち往生させるd in the river Avon, 近づく Bristol, in 1850. The 難破させるs of the Tweed and Solway were …に出席するd with peculiarly 苦しめるing circumstances, 伴う／関わるing the loss of nearly 120 lives, and, in the 事例／患者 of the 生存者s of the Tweed, …を伴ってd by an extent of hardship and 苦しむing which has rarely 設立する a 平行の in the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of 災害s at sea. The 生き残るing 乗客s of the Tweed, with little on but their night apparel, remained for a week on a barren 激しく揺する before they could be 救助（する）d, and 72 out of 151 persons lost their lives.
The modern steel 乗客 ship, lit by electricity, does not catch 解雇する／砲火／射撃, so that of late years we have had no 平行の 事例／患者 with that of the アマゾン, but the modern, steel, 貨物-carrying sailing-ship has been very unfortunate in this way. I have personal knowledge of two typical 事例／患者s. In the one an アイロンをかける sailing-ship, 負担d fore and aft with jute, was 始める，決める on 解雇する／砲火／射撃 by the steward carrying a naked light into the storeroom. The captain, as good a sailor as ever stepped a deck, as soon as the alarm was given, lost his 長，率いる and opened the hatches, with the result that the ship's 持つ／拘留する was soon a furnace of 炎ing jute. Fortunately she was in a river, and was just getting under sail. The captain in the greatest 明言する／公表する of excitement gave a dozen contradictory orders, and the next thing that happened, the ship drifted 岸に on the soft river bank and there 倒れるd on her beam ends. Her 安全な position enabled the men to 支払う／賃金 attention to the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and 得る help from the shore, and in the course of some hours the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 was put out. This 船長／主将 was 正確に／まさに the man one would have 推定する／予想するd to behave 井戸／弁護士席 in a 批判的な moment at sea, yet the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 seemed to throw him 完全に off his balance, and this 条件, it is more than likely, 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in many of the 災害s to emigrant ships.
A second 事例／患者 shows an 完全に different 肉親，親類d of shipmaster. A few years ago a steel sailing-ship left Newcastle, New South むちの跡s, for San Francisco with the usual 貨物 of coals. In this particular 貿易（する） there have been an 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の number of 事例／患者s of coal taking 解雇する／砲火／射撃, and no 満足な explanation of the 原因（となる） has been 設立する, although かなりの 調査 has been made in the 事柄. About two-thirds of the voyage was 完全にするd when this particular ship's 貨物 was 設立する to be 燃やすing. The captain battened 負かす／撃墜する the hatches and smothered every place where there was the least 可能性 of 空気／公表する reaching the 解雇する／砲火／射撃, then he got his boats all ready for lowering, 在庫／株ing them with food, water, compasses, and such things; for at any moment the gases 限定するd in the ship's 持つ／拘留する might 爆発する the deck, as he knew very 井戸／弁護士席. Then, having 任命するd men to their 駅／配置するs in the boats, he 雇うd the watch in pumping water 負かす／撃墜する the 持つ／拘留する to keep the ship as 冷静な／正味の as possible, and in pumping it out again as soon as the 負わせる of it began to tell. For many days the ship was kept 刻々と on her course in this 明言する／公表する, the アイロンをかける deck いつかs getting so hot that the men could not stand upon it, until at last the coast of California was reached, and a 強く引っ張る-boat 選ぶd up just in time to 牽引する the ship into the bay. She was such a furnace, by this time, that the harbour master was compelled to have her sunk on a mud shoal, to 消滅させる the 解雇する／砲火／射撃. When the 強く引っ張る first saw the ship with her boats all 牽引するing astern, and looking as if something had happened, the 強く引っ張る master thought he had fallen in with a 一打／打撃 of fortune in the way of 海難救助. But the captain of the ship was 冷静な／正味の enough when the 強く引っ張る あられ／賞賛するd him to reply that he was all 権利; there was nothing the 事柄, and that he ーするつもりであるd, as there was a fair 勝利，勝つd, to sail to the 長，率いるs; and, 最終的に, he 取引d with the 強く引っ張る to take him at ordinary 牽引するing 率s.
When 移住 to Australia was at its 高さ, an appalling number of lives were lost, 一般に through panic, or want of 技術 in the 開始する，打ち上げるing of boats. The 難破させる of the Northfleet was awfully sudden, but panic 溺死するd most of her 乗客s. She was a 木造の sailing-ship, and was run into by a steamer in the middle of the night in January 1873, when at 錨，総合司会者 off Dungeness before sailing for Tasmania. On board her were about 350 persons, mostly 鉄道 navvies, and of this number 293 were 溺死するd. The Spanish steamer Murillo was 責任がある the 災害; after cutting the Northfleet in two she steamed away, and left the 沈むing ship to her 運命／宿命. At a その後の 調査 the captain of the Murillo escaped 罰. He 宣言するd that he believed at the time that no 損失 had been done by the 衝突／不一致. The Northfleet went to the 底（に届く） within half-an-hour—time enough to have saved most of the people if they had not gone mad with 恐れる, the navvies 急ぐing to the boats, though the captain, revolver in 手渡す, did his best, 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing at and 負傷させるing one man, in an endeavour to save the women and children, の中で them his wife, who escaped and was 認めるd a 年金 from the Civil 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） in 承認 of her husband's bravery, for Captain Knowles went 負かす／撃墜する at his 地位，任命する, and most of his officers went with him.
The scene on the deck of the Northfleet was lamentable, but though men 押すd women aside and （人が）群がるd the boats, they were rough labourers; many of them, likely enough, had never seen a ship before, and they behaved more like 脅すd sheep than like men. Though it is a bad page in our sea story, there are worse ones in our modern history. Italian emigrants, when the Utopia, in 1891, ran into H.M.S. Alison lying off Gibraltar, behaved far worse, and 550 out of 830 of them were 溺死するd through their own fault, for there was no want of 援助; two British bluejackets were also 溺死するd in trying to 救助（する） the poor 脅すd creatures, and ten minutes' coolness would have saved hundreds. Again, we cannot 平行の the horrors of the Burgoyne 災害 when, in July 1898, she was run 負かす／撃墜する by the Cromartyshire off the Nova Scotian coast, 溺死するing more than 500 persons, only one woman, out of the hundreds on board, 存在 saved. The emigrants, and it is 申し立てられた／疑わしい some of the 乗組員, in their 急ぐ, drove the 乗客s away with boat-hooks and oars. Some of them even used their knives to 運動 women and children away from the boats, and 切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセスd the 武器 of those who were 持つ／拘留するing on to the rafts to 強要する them to 緩和する their しっかり掴む. We have nothing like this 記録，記録的な／記録するd under the British ensign, but we should be careful not to cry shame too loudly upon our 隣人s. The horrors of a 沈むing ship on a dark night, a thousand men and women at a moment's notice 直面するd with death, and perhaps not a hundred 冷静な／正味の 長，率いるs in the 暴徒, are circumstances 考えられる under any 旗. The 燃やすing of the sailing-ship Cospatrick, in 1875, was another terrible 災害. She was taking about 450 emigrants to New Zealand, and caught 解雇する／砲火／射撃 at sea. The 炎上s were fore and aft the ship in いっそう少なく than half-an-hour after they were discovered; then the usual panic 始める，決める in, and the people were 溺死するd by 得点する／非難する／２０s in 試みる／企てるs to 開始する，打ち上げる the boats. About a dozen persons managed to get into a boat, and after many days of frightful 苦しむing, three poor creatures, the only 生存者s, were 選ぶd up by a passing 大型船.
The Northfleet was 難破させるd before 公正に／かなり starting on her voyage; the 王室の 借り切る／憲章 went 負かす／撃墜する in sight of the home so many of her 乗客s had spent the best years of their lives in 患者 toil and 疲れた／うんざりした waiting to see again. She was a sailing-ship, and out of 500 persons on board, 459 were 溺死するd, の中で them many returning diggers bringing home their Australian gold. Charles Dickens has told the story in a beautiful 尊敬の印 to the clergyman of the little Welsh village where the 団体／死体s washed up by the sea were buried.
The London, アイロンをかける screw steamer, 創立者d in the Bay of Biscay in January 1866, outward bound to Melbourne. Her loss is best remembered for the fortitude 陳列する，発揮するd by the 乗客s. Two of these men, in life probably as far apart as the 政治家s, died in such fashion, that their 指名するs to-day live in the memory, linked together for the likeness of their 広大な／多数の／重要な ending.
The Rev. D. J. Draper, a Wesleyan missionary, returning to Melbourne, the scene of thirty years of his 使節団 work, 権利 up to the moment of the ship 沈むing, with his wife, stood by the 乗客s in the saloon, praying with them and exhorting them to die 静かに. "The captain tells us there is no hope," said Mr Draper, "but I tell you there is hope for all," and by his 静める demeanour and fearless 準備完了 to die, giving such 慰安 in his words that no pulpit utterance of them could 伝える. On the deck, the while, G. V. Brooke, in his time a popular tragedian, so nobly played his last part that all England still 心にいだくs his memory. For hours he, in his shirt sleeves, worked at the pumps, setting an example to the seamen, until at last the London, 圧倒するd by the seas, filled and made her final 急落（する），激減（する）; then the last seen of him, he was leaning 静かに on the after-hatch, swinging one of the doors of it idly to and fro, thus waiting for the curtain.
No いっそう少なく bravely died the officers of the ship, working to the end to save her; then, when the only boat 首尾よく 開始する，打ち上げるd 押すd off, one of those in her 勧めるd the captain to join them.
"No," replied Captain ツバメ, "there is not much chance for the boat; there is 非，不，無 for the ship, your 義務 is done, 地雷 is to remain here, and I will go 負かす／撃墜する with the 乗客s, but I wish you God-速度(を上げる） and 安全な to land."
These are all often-told stories—that of the 難破させる of the Dunbar was told to me by the only 生存者, still alive, and now the 長，指導者 lighthouse-keeper at Newcastle, New South むちの跡s. The Dunbar, on a wild night in August 1857, went 岸に on the South 長，率いる of Sydney Harbour, and out of 121 persons on board, one only escaped.
The 大型船 was a 割れ目 clipper, her 乗客s were mostly 井戸／弁護士席-to-do Australians returning to their homes after a trip to the old country, and the 貨物 lost in her was 価値（がある） ｣22,000. 正確に／まさに how the 災害 happened no one can tell, but it appears that the captain, finding the ship 危険に の近くに to the 非常に高い sandstone cliffs, 試みる／企てるd to wear, but it was too late; she struck, and a 激しい sea 倒れるd her over, broadside outwards. This happened at ten at night, and nothing was known on shore until the に引き続いて midday when men saw floating 難破 and mangled dead 団体／死体s jammed between the 激しく揺するs. What happened to able 船員 Johnston is here told in his own words:—
"I was 結局 washed off the 難破させる, and driven up under the cliffs, where I 後継するd in 安全な・保証するing 持つ／拘留する of a 事業／計画（する）ing 激しく揺する. I remained there until such time as the ship broke up. Up to this time the Dunbar 行為／法令／行動するd as a breakwater, but as she broke up I had to （疑いを）晴らす out. I managed to 緊急発進する from one ledge of a 激しく揺する to another, till I reached one 20 ft. high from where I was washed up. It was about midnight on a Thursday when I first caught the 激しく揺する, and I remained there till noon on the に引き続いて Saturday (in all thirty-six hours). On the Saturday the sea went 負かす／撃墜する, and I dropped from one ledge of 激しく揺する to another, till I could see the 最高の，を越す of the cliffs 総計費. I saw one man there in the morning, but before I could attract his attention, I was 軍隊d to return to my 退却／保養地 借りがあるing to three big seas に引き続いて one another, looking as if they would wash me away. When I next returned I saw about a dozen men on the cliff, and soon after a rope was lowered, which, at first 試みる／企てる, did not reach me. It was 運ぶ／漁獲高d up again and 負わせるd, and on 存在 lowered I caught 持つ／拘留する of it, and made it 急速な／放蕩な to myself, and was 運ぶ／漁獲高d up."
A more remarkable escape even than that of Johnston's was that of a 乗客 in the British India steamer Quetta, which struck a 激しく揺する in Torres 海峡s in February 1890, when about 150 out of 282 persons were 溺死するd. Two women only out of the many on board were saved, and one of them, 行方不明になる Lacy, was 選ぶd up after keeping herself afloat by swimming and floating on her 支援する for twenty hours! And here is another curious instance: In August 1852, the ship Maise of Queenstown, when off Malta, was struck by 雷 and 創立者d 即時に. The 雷 passed 負かす／撃墜する the mainmast, literally cutting the 大型船 in two. The master by a lucky 事故 caught a spar and kept himself afloat for seventeen hours, when he was 選ぶd up by a Maltese sailing 大型船; he was the only 生存者. This is an 事故 that we never hear of now, but which was やめる ありふれた a hundred years ago, before it was thought 価値（がある） while to run a 雷 conductor from the 王室の masthead to the water.
The 難破させるs of 罪人／有罪を宣告する 輸送（する）s between 1833 and 1835 were of so terrible a character that even 政府 was awakened to the fact that the wretched 囚人 had some （人命などを）奪う，主張するs to considerations of ありふれた humanity. The Amphitrite, in 1833, went 岸に on the coast 近づく Boulogne, the captain and 外科医 辞退するing to 解放（する） the 囚人s from their アイロンをかけるs until too late to save them, lest they should 背負い込む the 通貨の 刑罰，罰則 that was then （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd for the escape of each 囚人. Men, women, and children were kept below at the point of the bayonet; a hundred and more of their bruised 団体／死体s washed upon the French coast was an 控訴，上告 not strong enough to move the 当局 to でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる better 規則s.
Two years later, the George the Third discovered the danger of D'Entrecasteaux's Channel 主要な to the harbour of Hobart, Tasmania, by running upon a 激しく揺する. The 囚人s 急ぐd to the hatchway to try and save themselves, and were 解雇する／砲火／射撃d upon by the guard, and more than half the 200 on board were 溺死するd. Within a month the Neva struck upon King's Island in Bass 海峡s; 22 out of 240 were saved. The 知事 Phillip, in 1848, struck a sandbank off Cape Barren Island on the Tasmanian coast, when by the courage of one man most of those on board were saved. The 罪人／有罪を宣告するs 急ぐd on deck, and the seamen who were getting out the boats were surrounded by a panic-stricken 暴徒. 中尉／大尉／警部補 Griffiths, the officer in 命令（する） of the guard, 演説（する）／住所d them kindly and calmly, solemnly 約束ing to remain on the 大型船 until the last man was （疑いを）晴らす of her. The boats were lowered and the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs 列／漕ぐ／騒動d to the shore, while Griffiths remained 静かに knocking the アイロンをかけるs off his 囚人s. All but four men were in safety when the 大型船 sank, and the last seen of the 兵士 was while trying to save these four; but he went 負かす／撃墜する with them.
特に dangerous points on coasts would, one might reasonably 推定する／予想する, be given a wide 寝台／地位 by shipmasters, but the modern mail steamer goes 岸に on them just the same as in the time of sails, when a 物陰／風下 shore was dangerous—the Manacles during fifty years has been 責任がある the loss of hundreds of lives. The Mohegan 溺死するd more than a hundred people when she went 岸に on them in 1898, and the Paris followed not many months later. Fortunately, 借りがあるing to 罰金 天候, no lives were lost, and the last-指名するd ship was 最終的に got off.
The P. & O. Company's 中国, in the same fashion, （機の）カム to grief off the island of Perim in the 湾 of Aden, in March 1898; everybody still wonders how the 災害 could have happened, as the danger was seen by many of her 乗客s, and by no one else until too late. Again, no lives were lost, and the ship by wonderful 技術 in salving was got afloat again after many months.
Lascar 乗組員s are いつかs 反対するd to as inferior to other merchant-seamen, but whatever 反対s there are to Lascars for political 推論する／理由s, from a personal knowledge of the true Lascar seamen I would sooner have them than many other foreigners. Between the Lascar, however, and the coolie, there is a かなりの difference. Wretched 苦力s who know nothing of the sea are often shipped on the inferior tramp steamers, and they are dangerous. I have seen them run below and hide themselves when a 激しい sea broke on board a steamer; but I have seen Lascars obedient and cheerfully doing their 義務 when English seamen have hidden in the forecastle, or in place of going to the ropes have stopped to argue with their officers. The P. & O. steamer Aden, in 1897, bound from Yokohama to London, got into very bad 天候 soon after leaving Colombo, and ended by striking the eastern end of the island of Socotra. For seventeen days the ship, though a 難破させる, kept afloat, and during that time about seventy-five persons were either washed off or died of their sufferings.
The 乗客s, many of them women and children, were no いっそう少なく 勇敢な. On June 22nd they celebrated the Queen's Jubilee to keep their spirits up, though the 祝宴 spread in the wave-washed saloon consisted of a few nuts, a small 量 of whisky, and two or three 瓶／封じ込めるs of soda water. The captain, four officers, and the 外科医 were 溺死するd; besides many of the Lascar 乗組員, in 試みる／企てるing to bring succour, or in moving about the 難破させる to find 準備／条項s, were washed overboard, and when the Mayo, the 救助（する）ing steamer, arrived, the Lascars were the last men to leave the 難破させる.
The loss of the Drummond 城 off Ushant, in 1896 when only 3 out of 250 persons were saved, is a terrible example of the suddenness with which a good ship, belonging to a company that has ever 熟考する／考慮するd the safety of its 乗客s as a first consideration, can come to 災害. 霧 is the 推論する／理由 申し立てられた／疑わしい for the ship striking the 激しく揺するs, and she sank in いっそう少なく than a ４半期/4分の1 of an hour. There was very little panic, and fifteen minutes at eleven at night in a 霧 is not much time in which to 開始する，打ち上げる boats. But it is やめる unaccountable how so few escaped. The Breton fishermen and their wives, as the sea cast the 団体／死体s on shore, tenderly 用意が出来ている them for burial, 供給（する）ing their finest linen and most 心にいだくd flowers. The whole island 全住民 嘆く／悼むd at the simple funeral, and by their kindly 行為／法令／行動するs of thoughtful sympathy did evoke such 感情 of English 感謝 as should make more for a good understanding between the two nations than the speech-making of a century of Peace Societies.
In the 早期に sea story of the 太平洋の, the 障壁 暗礁, and Bass 海峡, and other dangerous points on the little-known Australian coast, were hidden dangers, until ship after ship left her ribs as a beacon for the whalers and sealers. Now, when the coast should be, and is, 井戸／弁護士席-known, with the greatest regularity every year one or more of the 罰金 沿岸の steamers come to grief—the 現在の is always stronger than was 推定する／予想するd; or something must have gone wrong with the compasses—the excuse always 量s to the same thing, the land is too の近くに, the ship never too の近くに to the land. But when the 災害 does happen, whatever 欠如（する） of care or unforeseen 原因（となる） has led to it, the spirit of the British sailor in Australian waters is the same, and I could 指名する many instances of masters and officers bred on the 太平洋の who have died at their 地位，任命するs as bravely as the older race of seamen at home.
The loss of the Channel Island steamer Stella, in March 1899, is still fresh in the memory. Of about 180 persons on board no were saved, though after the ship struck she did not remain afloat a ４半期/4分の1 of an hour. From the captain, who went 負かす／撃墜する with his ship, to the smallest boy of the 乗組員, every one's first thought was for the 乗客s. This inscription upon a recently 築くd monument shows how one member of the 乗組員 behaved:—
"In memory of the heroic death of Mary Ann Rogers, stewardess of the Stella, who, まっただ中に the 混乱 and terror of shipwreck, 補佐官d all the 乗客s under her 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 to やめる the 大型船 in safety, giving her own life-belt to one who was unprotected. 召喚するd in her turn to make good her escape, she 辞退するd, lest she might 危うくする the ひどく-laden boat. 元気づける the 出発／死ing 乗組員 with the friendly cry of 'Good-bye! Good-bye!' she was seen a few moments later, as the Stella went 負かす／撃墜する, 解除するing her 武器 上向き with the 祈り, 'God have me!' then sank in the water with the 沈むing ship. 活動／戦闘s such as these—確固たる perfonnance of 義務 in 直面する of death, ready self-sacrifice for the sake of others, 依存 on God—構成する the glorious 遺産 of our English race. They deserve perpetual 記念; because の中で the trivial 楽しみs and sordid 争い of the world they 解任する to us for ever the nobility and love-worthiness of human nature."
When the Wairarapa ran 十分な 速度(を上げる） in a 霧 on the 広大な／多数の／重要な 障壁 Island, New Zealand, in October 1894, 溺死するing 115 persons, the stewardess, 行方不明になる M'Quaid, went 静かに about her 義務 in the saloon, serving out life-belts to the women 乗客s. At the same moment as the ship was going 負かす／撃墜する, she caught sight of a little child without a belt. Taking her own off, she stooped over the child, and was fastening the belt around its waist when a sea （機の）カム and swept them both away.
Occasionally we hear of 事例／患者s when sailors do not seem to have forgotten how to 扱う boats. On August 25th, 1896, the steamer Patrician, when 400 miles east of Australia, 遭遇（する）d a 強風 that left her a 難破させる, and Captain Stirling enclosed in a 瓶／封じ込める and threw overboard a 別れの（言葉，会） message to his friends. On the 28th the masts were 削減（する） away, the boats all stove in, the 強風 blew as hard as ever, and the ship, a dismal 難破させる, lay helpless in a sea that all on board agreed no boat could live in—if boat there had been to 開始する，打ち上げる. Then the steamer Fifeshire, Captain Wilson, bound from Sydney to New Zealand, hove in sight. The captain of the Patrician hoisted a signal, asking if the steamer would 危険 taking the 乗組員 off. The Fifeshire answered, "We will do so if possible." Then the steamer was skilfully manoeuvred, and an 試みる／企てる was made to lower a boat, but 借りがあるing to the terrible sea and the rolling of the steamer, the boat was 鎮圧するd, the 橋（渡しをする）, the 防御壁／支持者s, and other fittings 粉砕するd, and Mr Ross, the 長，指導者 officer, 負傷させるd. Mr Forder, the third officer of the Fifeshire, 申し込む／申し出d to swim off to the 沈むing ship with a line, but Captain Wilson, knowing that the 試みる／企てる must end in death, 辞退するd to 許す him. After その上の manoeuvring, another 試みる／企てる to 開始する，打ち上げる a boat was successful. Notwithstanding his 傷害s, Mr Ross took 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金, but he had to 押し進める off with only two men—Mouatt, the boatswain, and ツバメ, a quartermaster.
These three men persevered in their heroic work, and after tremendous exertion approached the Patrician. When 近づくing her a tremendous sea caught the boat and took her 権利 over the taffrail of the Patrician, but the backwash fortunately carried her 支援する into the sea without having touched anything. By means of a line the 乗組員 of the Patrician were got on board the boat, and by the same means transferred to the Fifeshire, this necessitating two 旅行s. The 乗組員 of the boat had to be taken on board in the same manner, and as it would have been 危険な to have 試みる／企てるd to take the boat on board, it was abandoned.
Captain Stirling thus 述べるd his 救助（する）:—
"Notwithstanding the 傷害s the 長，指導者 officer had received, and やめる forgetful of himself, he again bravely 申し込む／申し出d to 危険 his life in saving those of his fellowmen by taking 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the boat. The boatswain and the quartermaster, were 平等に willing to sacrifice their lives, and they seemed to be going to 確かな death by 直面するing such a sea. One may imagine it, when at times, the 船体 of the Fifesshire, as seen from the 難破させる, would 完全に disappear in the 気圧の谷 of the waves. It was 単独で 予定 to their wonderful courage and perseverance, and the skilful manner in which Mr Ross and his 乗組員 扱うd the boat, that they reached the 難破させる. Had it not been for Captain Wilson, who 扱うd his ship in such 船員-like manner, （判決などを）下すing 価値のある 援助 to the lifeboat, all 成果／努力s would have 証明するd fruitless, as the Fifeshire is a very large ship, and having a 激しい 強風 and high sea to 競う with, it was 極端に difficult to keep her in position."
Careless 航海 of 沿岸の and フェリー（で運ぶ） steamers has led to 広大な／多数の／重要な loss of life during the century. The 難破させる of the Rothsay 城, running between Liverpool and Anglesea in 1831, by which 130 lives were lost, was a shocking example of 甚だしい／１２ダース neglect on the part of those responsible. The 大型船 was a sixteen years old 木造の paddle-boat. She put to sea in rough 天候, was carelessly navigated by a drunken 船長／主将, and was 最終的に 許すd to drift 岸に on the Dutchman's Bank, where she fell to pieces, and her panic-stricken 乗客s and 臆病な／卑劣な 乗組員 were 溺死するd in shallow water, and in such circumstances that if the steamer had 所有するd a boat that would have kept together, or her 乗組員 had done their 義務 in the least degree honestly, every one might have been saved.
The Princess Alice, an アイロンをかける paddle excursion steamer, running between London and Gravesend, was 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する in September 1878 by the steamer Bywell 城. The excursion steamer was abreast of Woolwich on her return trip at about eight o'clock in the evening, and the Bywell 城, an アイロンをかける screw steam collier, was outward bound. By some mistake the 支配する of the road was not 観察するd, and, too late, the steamers went astern. The 災害 was so sudden—the Princess Alice 沈むing the moment after she was struck—that 670 out of 800 persons on board were 溺死するd, many of them 鎮圧するd to death in their frantic 試みる／企てるs to make their way up the 狭くする staircase from the saloon to the deck. Whatever error of judgment brought about the 災害, one man at anyrate—Branksome, the second mate of the Bywell 城—deserves 賞賛する for his courage and coolness; by his exertions a 得点する／非難する／２０ at least of people were saved.
One new form of 事故 which has sprung from the going out of sails, is that of the helpless steamer with the broken プロペラ 軸. As late as 1899, iri a modern ocean-going steamer the people on board had an experience, if not so 悲劇の, almost as dreary, as that undergone by the 古代の 水夫. The steamer Perthshire broke her プロペラ 軸 when about 中途の between New Zealand and New South むちの跡s, and drifted helpless for seven weeks. Fortunately there was plenty to eat on board, and the 疲れた／うんざりした waiting for help was the worst hardship 苦しむd by those on the ship, which was searched for by at least a dozen 大型船s, and 最終的に 選ぶd up just as the 軸 was 修理d 井戸／弁護士席 enough to move the プロペラ and make steerage way. There have been two or three 類似の instances within the last couple of years, and until twin screws and duplicate engines become 全世界の／万国共通の, it is difficult to see how such 事故s can be guarded against.
The New Zealand Shipping Company's steamer, Waikato, left London on May 4, 1899, bound for New Zealand ports. On June 5, when she was about 180 miles south of Cape Agulhas, her tail-軸 broke, and the その後の 訴訟／進行s on board are here told in the words of the second officer:--
"Sail was 始める，決める, but, thereafter, for many days
the 大型船 drifted hither and thither, and often crossed her old
跡をつけるs. On July 28 we sighted the barquentine Tukora. She
約束d to give us a 牽引する, but after having got the line 船内に it
parted, and she stood off until the に引き続いて day. Next day we got
another line 船内に. It was then dead 静める, with a 穏健な swell.
Unfortunately she started to 耐える 負かす／撃墜する on us, 軍隊ing her captain
to 削減（する） the 牽引する-line, and 試みる／企てる to get her upon the port tack. The
sternway she had, however, 軍隊d her to 衝突，墜落 into us. Very
luckily but little 損失 was done to either ship. No one was to
非難する for the 衝突／不一致, which was 必然的な. She then signalled
us she could （判決などを）下す no more 援助, and after 約束ing to
報告（する）／憶測 us as soon as possible, stood away. On August 2 we sighted
the Danish ship Aalbuy, bound to Lyttelton, N.Z.; the
captain 辞退するd to 牽引する us, but waited till we could send a boat
船内に with letters. He also furnished us with spare 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s. As
our company's Ruahine might be in that locality about the
evening of the 16th, we 決定するd to get on the 跡をつける, if
possible, and keep a good 警戒／見張り for her.
"準備／条項s now giving out, we 精密検査するd the 貨物 for something
to 取って代わる them. Tinned herrings and sardines, Dutch cheeses, and a
量 of seed peas were all we could get, and we felt the want
of flour very 熱心に. From the 9th to the 15th we drifted about 160
miles 予定 east. We were 40 miles from the company's 跡をつける on the
16th, but were unfortunately in a 厚い 霧. We 行方不明になるd the
Ruahine. On the 22nd, with a fresh 勝利，勝つd, we were running
along with all sails 始める，決める, when, suddenly, a terrific gust （機の）カム 負かす／撃墜する
on us and carried everything before it save the foresail. The
fore-topsail and the staysail were the only sails repairable.
Luckily, we had a spare lower-topsail. Good and bad 天候
followed alternately until September 1, when we sighted the barque
Banca, but she could not help us. The 持つ／拘留するs were frequently
rummaged for 準備／条項s, but little else could be 設立する than fish,
peas, and cocoa, of which we had got heartily tired. On September 8
the barque Alice was sighted, and gave us a generous
出資／貢献 to our 蓄える／店s, consisting of two バーレル／樽s of beef,
three of flour, and five spare sails. We had now come so far east
as to be as 近づく to Australia as to the Cape, and we decided to
make for the former. On the 15th the steamer Asloun was
sighted, and, 答える／応じるing to 苦しめる signals, （機の）カム と一緒に, and
約束d to give us a 牽引する to Fremantle, whither she was bound. On
the 18th, in a 激しい sea, the towline parted, and was 取って代わるd with
広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty, the men in the boat having many 狭くする escapes
from 存在 dashed to pieces against the 大型船's 味方する. When we
reached Amsterdam Island the Asloun 要求するd re-coaling, so
we coaled her with 110 トンs by means of our boats, using the
lifeboats as はしけs. It was a very difficult 職業, and all 手渡すs
worked 権利 through the night, almost without food, and until noon
next day. No one 船内に either ship had ever heard of such a thing
as this coaling having been done at sea before with ship's boats.
On the 28th a 激しい 強風 was met with, and there was a big 緊張する
on the 牽引する-rope. At 8.30 A.M., when the 強風 was at its 高さ, the
line suddenly snapped, then we fell off 速く before the 勝利，勝つd.
The decks were flooded with water.
"There was no 調印する of the Asloun, and 広大な／多数の／重要な 恐れるs were
entertained for her safety. Next day the 勝利，勝つd 減少（する）d; but the
Asloun was not sighted until the afternoon. Another 牽引する-line
was taken 船内に her, when it was ascertained she had a very 狭くする
escape, having started her funnel and 支えるd other 損失. 激しい
天候 was experienced between then and the 7th October, but the
Hne held till the latter date. Rottnest Island, off Fremantle, was
reached, and the 操縦する boarded the Asloun. The 牽引する-rope then
touched 底（に届く）, and parted, and we had to 錨，総合司会者. The
Penguin 牽引するd us to the roads. We had travelled 4452 miles
after having broken 負かす／撃墜する, and before 存在 選ぶd up. We were 牽引するd
2521 miles. Altogether the passage from port to port 占領するd 157
days, and we consider it a 記録，記録的な／記録する one. All are 井戸／弁護士席 on board. The
Waikato was 選ぶd up by the Asloun in latitude 39ｰ
30' S., longitude 64ｰ 40'. Captain Barnet, of the Asloun,
明言する／公表するs that it was the most trying voyage of its 肉親，親類d on 記録，記録的な／記録する. He
would not go through the same experience for all the money in the
Bank of England."
But the people on such a steamer are better off than were 確かな sailors I took some small part in succouring about twenty years ago. We were in a sailing ship and were about half-way between the Azores and the mouth of the Channel. A 厳しい 強風 had left us pretty 井戸／弁護士席 乱打するd, but on the morning, when it had gone 負かす／撃墜する enough for us to make sail, we sighted a ship evidently worse off, for she was 飛行機で行くing signals of 苦しめる. We bore 負かす／撃墜する and あられ／賞賛するd her to send a boat; all but one of ours had been 粉砕するd to matchwood in the 強風.
The 苦しめるd ship was a big Nova Scotiaman, and as we passed under her 厳しい her captain answered our あられ／賞賛する so feebly, that we could only just make out words to the 影響 that the ship's company had not strength enough in them to lower their boat. We could see this for ourselves, for the men were almost はうing on all fours to 削減する the 一時しのぎの物，策 sails that were rigged upon their 陪審／陪審員団 masts. In time we got a boat out and heard the story. The ship had been "pooped"—that is, been overtaken when running before the sea by a 広大な／多数の／重要な wave—and this had 粉砕するd in her whole 厳しい. All the 蓄える／店s carried were in a lazarette under the cabin, and every 粒子 of food had been destroyed by the water washing about in the storeroom. For nine days the 木材／素質 貨物 keeping the ship afloat, all 手渡すs lived in the forecastle, 支えるing life on some 実体 that was shown to us to guess its nature. Our people guessed all sorts of things, from pump-leather to dead ネズミs; and were wrong. This food was fished for in buckets from the storeroom, and was the mud lying at the 底（に届く） of it, 蓄積するd by the wash of the sea upon the 蓄える／店s. The Nova Scotia 船長／主将 （機の）カム off in our boat, and was requested by the steward to take a seat at the cabin （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する—breakfast would be on in a few moments; and our 船長／主将 was shaving. I was in the storeroom getting up 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s for the 餓死するing 乗組員, and my 長，率いる was just level with the feet of the cabin （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, and I looked curiously at the tall half-餓死するd "Blue Nose" who had gone through such an experience. We had killed our last pig the day before, and pork chops were for breakfast. The steward put them on the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する and went 支援する to the galley for coffee. The 訪問者 匂いをかぐd the dish with satisfaction and longing; the smell tempted him to raise the cover and peep at the delights to come; the sight of the chops was too much, he snatched one—it was swallowed in a moment—there were two others; the Nova Scotiaman looked furtively at the の近くにd door of the captain's room, hesitated an instant, then put the cover 支援する on an empty dish.
"Glad to be of service to you, captain," said our 船長／主将, coming out of his room.
"Guess I am mighty glad to hev fell in with yer," answered the Nova Scotiaman.
"井戸／弁護士席, you （機の）カム at the 権利 time, sir, I have two or three pork chops for breakfast, and—"
"You hed, cap'an, you hed, but for a nine days hungry man to smell 'um while you shaved was—井戸／弁護士席, you know—!"
Not so hungry was the half-餓死するd old salt to whom I 申し込む／申し出d food, and who said "if 'twas all the same to me he'd wait, but would be glad of a chaw of terbaccer fust;" and still hungrier was the young sailor who was 手渡すd an eight-続けざまに猛撃する tin of Danish butter to 持つ／拘留する a moment while some one brought him 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s, and who, before he could be stopped, had ladled, with his 手渡す, 負かす／撃墜する his throat, half the contents of the tin, and was never the worse of it. The ship was 供給（する）d with 蓄える／店s, sails, spars, and 航海の 器具s, all of which, except her lower-masts, had gone in the 嵐／襲撃する, and, curiously enough, her men so effectually rigged her up again, that 落ちるing in with a lucky slant of 勝利，勝つd which we 行方不明になるd, she reached London before we did.
The 一時期／支部 is already too long, and yet not half long enough to be a 完全にする 難破させる 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of the century.
"Cook's old ship, the 発見, has been 除去するd from Woolwich, and is now moored off Deptford as a receiving hulk for 罪人／有罪を宣告するs." The 抽出する is from a newspaper of 1834, and a year later the wife of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 航海士 died, having 生き残るd long enough to see the continent her husband may be said to have discovered a 繁栄するing British 植民地. In the の近くにing years of the eighteenth and in the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, most of our sea 探検 was a 延長／続編 of the work of Cook, Vancouver, and other famous discoverers.
Nearly every ship bound to Australia, upon its 出発 from the penal 解決／入植地s, returned 経由で the East, or went 捕鯨 の中で the islands, continually making fresh South Sea 発見s, or 立証するing the 調査するs of former ships. There is an intimate 関係 between the discoverers and the discovered, from Cook 負かす／撃墜する to the middle of the century. Bligh served under Cook, and long after Cook was dead Bligh was again in the 太平洋の, 追加するing something to our knowledge of that ocean. The Kings, father and son, the Shortlands, father and son—two 世代s of 海軍の officers, in two families—charted many miles of the Australian coast, and Sir John Franklin, who was afterwards 知事 of Tasmania, and became one of the most famous 北極の explorers, served as a midshipman under Flinders, who, with Bass, first discovered that Tasmania was an island. By land and sea, 海軍の officers, 早期に in the century, were 調査するing; the 指名するs of Clapperton and of Tuckey are important in the story of African 探検, and are only two of many.
Guthrie's 地理学 of 1808 sums up "the islands of the South Sea, and late 発見s" in a dozen pages; について言及するs 挟む, Tahiti, the Society Islands, the 航海士s, the Friendly, the Pelews, and New Guinea, as savage islands; gives a paragraph to New Zealand, with a short description of the Maoris, and 明言する／公表するs a belief that if the country were settled by Europeans they could live in 慰安 there. Of New Holland it 断言するs that it is the largest island in the world, that 先頭 Diemen's Land has just been discovered to be a separate island, and that the eastern part of the big island has been taken 所有／入手 of by England for a penal 解決／入植地 on the sea coast, "but beyond this fact nothing is known of the country."
By the end of the first fifty years of the century our 海軍の officers had done such 調査するing work that, excepting 確かな small islands, and 詳細（に述べる）d charts of the groups in remote parts of the 太平洋の, there was little left to be charted. At this end of the century it is 事実上 訂正する to 明言する／公表する that there are no undiscovered islands left, no group without its chart, and the work now going on is 単に that of keeping up to date.
Of important voyages of 発見, or for 科学の 目的s, as understood by the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 a century ago, there are few within the last hundred years. Captain Murray Maxwell, in H.M.S. Alceste, in company with a 蓄える／店-ship, and the Lyra, brig-of-war. Captain Basil Hall, in 1816, left England to 伝える an 大使館 to 中国. After 上陸 the British 外交官／大使, Lord Amherst, the two war-大型船s sailed on a 調査するing 巡航する. On this voyage the 主要な／長／主犯 fruits were minute 調査するs of Corea and the Foo-Chow Islands.
The voyage of the Beagle, 1826-36, on the 調査する of Magellan 海峡 and the west coast of South America, was made famous by Darwin's account of it. In voyages of 科学の 調査, such as 深い-sea sounding, 診察するing the 底（に届く） of the ocean, and mapping it, the voyage of the 挑戦者, 1872-73, is the 主要な／長／主犯.
But in 北極の and 南極の 探検s the work of this century far （太陽，月の）食／失墜s all that was done in the last. A comparison between the 地図／計画するs of Sir John Barrow, 1818, and Delisle, 1715, shows that between those dates 事実上 no 進歩 had been made in 北極の 探検. When the century opened, the problem of the North-West and North-East Passages, the 輪郭（を描く）ing of the northern coast of America, and the 発見 of the islands on the north of the northern continents, the search for the 政治家 and the 磁石の 政治家, were what remained to be 遂行するd; and there could be no thought of 試みる／企てるing it while we were at war. But 利益／興味 in this 支店 of science was 新たにするd in 1817, when William Scoresby, junior, transmitted to Sir Joseph Banks the results of his 発見s in northern 地域s. Young Scoresby was the son of a Scotch 捕鯨 船長／主将, and with his father made several voyages to the Greenland seas. He afterwards …に出席するd Edinburgh University, and later Cambridge, where he was 任命するd. The results of the work of the Scoresbys, father and son, were the 発見 of "about 2000 square leagues of the Greenland or (Spitzbergen) Sea between 74ｰ and 80ｰ, perfectly 無効の of ice." The 報告（する）／憶測 その上の 明言する／公表するd that the 航海士 had been enabled "to 侵入する within sight of the Eastern coast of Greenland to a meridian usually considered inaccessible."
This 発見 of an open sea 原因（となる）d a sensation in the 科学の world, and gave Sir Joseph Banks, 大統領 of the 王室の Society, and Sir John Barrow, 長官 of the Admiralty, strong argument in favour of an 探検隊／遠征隊; and the 政府 decided to 用意する two. One of these under Captain John Ross, in the Isabella, and 中尉／大尉／警部補 W. E. Parry, in the Alexander, was to search for a North-West Passage; the other, the Dorothea, under Captain D. Buchan, and the Trent, under 中尉／大尉／警部補 John Franklin, was to 試みる／企てる an approach to the North 政治家.
Ross! Parry! Franklin! How familiar are the 指名するs to us now. Ross, then forty-one years of age, the son of a Scotch 大臣, had served with distinction in the French wars, and was now to make his first voyage in the ice 地域s. Parry, also forty-one years of age, the son of a Bath 内科医, had served against the Danes in 1808, and two years later Avas 保護するing North Sea whalers; in this 義務, at twenty years of age, navigating for the first time in ice 地域s, and now he was to sail on the first of five famous 北極の voyages. Franklin, thirty-two years old, having fought at Copenhagen and 調査するd under Flinders, having been shipwrecked on the 障壁 暗礁, and having fought in a 著名な sea fight on his way home, and again at Trafalgar, and yet again at New Orleans, was to begin his career as an 北極の explorer, and twenty-five years later end it, leaving his 指名する an imperishable remembrance in the hearts of his countrymen.
Ross, in company with many afterwards distinguished scientists—J. C. Ross, his 甥, Sabine, and Hoppner, の中で them—sailed on May 3, 1818, and 追いつくing the ice-bound 捕鯨 (n)艦隊／(a)素早い at Hare Island in 70ｰ 43' N., 57ｰ W., 押し進めるd northwards, until he reached north of Melville Bay, where he met the 最北の Greenlanders, Eskimo, or, as Ross aptly called them, 北極の Highlanders. The voyage is remembered for Ross's 発見 of that しん気楼 he 指名するd the "Croker Mountains," the 場所／位置 of which was a year later sailed over by Parry.
Buchan, with whom were Franklin, Frederick Beechy, and George 支援する, after 戦う／戦いing with the pack north of Spitzbergen for some weeks and getting the ships 不正に knocked about, abandoned the 試みる／企てる on the 政治家 and returned to England. Beechy, 述べるing an 出来事/事件 of the voyage when the 大型船s were 軍隊d by a furious 強風 to take 避難 の中で the ice, wrote: "If ever the fortitude of seamen was 公正に／かなり tried, it was aspuredly not いっそう少なく so on this occasion, and I could not 隠す the pride I felt in 証言，証人／目撃するing the bold and 決定的な トン in which Franklin, the 指揮官 of our little 大型船, 問題／発行するd his orders, and the promptitude and steadiness with which those orders were carried out by the 乗組員."
直接／まっすぐに Ross returned, it was decided to despatch another 探検隊／遠征隊, and the 命令（する） of it was given to Parry, who was in the Hecla of 375 トンs, …を伴ってd by the Griper of 180 トンs, 命令（する）d by 中尉／大尉／警部補 Liddon. Captain Sabine, the 主要な 磁石の 観察者／傍聴者 of the day, was one of the officers of this 探検隊／遠征隊.
The ships sailed in May 1819, and after 診察するing Lancaster Sound, and sailing over the 場所／位置 of Ross's "Croker Mountains," on September 4, 1819, Parry crossed the meridian of 110ｰ W., thus 安全な・保証するing the bounty 申し込む／申し出d by the British 政府 to "such of His Majesty's 支配するs as might 後継する in 侵入するing thus far to the 西方の, within the 北極の circle."
Parry went into winter ４半期/4分の1s at Melville Island, his 乗組員 having in three days 削減（する） a channel in the ice to 収容する／認める the ships for a distance of two and a third miles. During the winter, amusements were organised, theatrical 業績／成果s, a 週刊誌 newspaper, The North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle, edited by Sabine, 存在 two features of the many 装置s by which "the 暗い／優うつな prospects which would いつかs obtrude on the stoutest hearts" were コースを変えるd; and in this care for his 乗組員. Parry 始める，決める the example which has happily been followed by his 後継者s. The 冷淡な was so 激しい that the 温度計 いつかs 登録（する）d 55ｰ, and it was often 76ｰ below 氷点の point. On one of the coldest nights the house on shore caught 解雇する／砲火／射撃, and in the work of saving the 器具s sixteen men incurred 霜 bite, notwithstanding that while the men were working at the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 the 外科医s kept continually going from man to man, and rubbing their 直面するs with snow.
Before wintering. Parry had opened up Lancaster Sound, discovering many 罰金 水路s; Barrow 海峡, Wellington Channel, Melville Sound and Island, are his 発見s, and he reached, before turning east again, 114ｰ W. The ships were 解放する／自由なd on August 8, 1820, and the 探検隊／遠征隊 arrived in England in November, having made such an 前例のない success that, in May 1821, Parry was again sent out to continue the work.
The 大型船s, this time, were the Fury, under Parry, the Hecla, under Lyon, and the officers 含むd Ross, Buchan, Hoppner, and Crozier. Parry's orders were to 侵入する to the 西方の through Hudson's 海峡, reach the coast of the continent of America, and に引き続いて it northward, 捜し出す a passage to the 西方の from the 大西洋 to the 太平洋の. It had been held since 1742 that the North-West Passage was through Frozen 海峡, but the error of this 大勝する Parry settled by 証明するing that it was 完全に landlocked.
早期に in September Parry's ship lost an 錨，総合司会者 after 存在 nearly 難破させるd, and the 大型船 was driven to almost the same position she had been in a month earlier. New ice and 増加するing 冷淡な 存在 experienced in October, Parry was compelled to （問題を）取り上げる winter ４半期/4分の1s at Winter Island. On July 12, 1822, he sailed north again, and after discovering Hecla and Fury 海峡, wintered again in 北極の 地域s. Parry ーするつもりであるd to send the Hecla home, and in the Fury, with a 選ぶd 乗組員, once more go north, but 借りがあるing to the continued （危険などに）さらす telling on the health of his men, he was 強いるd to abandon the idea, and the two ships were 長，率いるd for home, and arrived on October 10, 1823.
The third voyage, in 1824-25, 証明するd 不成功の; one of Parry's 大型船s—the Fury—was lost, and with this 災害 the 探検隊／遠征隊 （機の）カム to an end. Parry did not again 試みる／企てる the North-West Passage, although in 1827 he tried to reach the North 政治家. He sailed in the Hecla in April, and leaving his 大型船 at Turenberg Bay, started in boats fitted on 走者s, with which the party made a thirty-five days' 旅行 over the ice, 遭遇（する）ing enormous difficulties from drift ice. They reached 82ｰ 45' N. on July 23, the farthest north till Markham's 記録，記録的な／記録する forty-five years later. Then the party turned and 伸び（る）d the ship after 存在 absent from her sixty-one days. This was the last 探検隊／遠征隊 Parry made; he afterwards went to Australia, and there very 首尾よく managed a 広大な／多数の／重要な 農業の company, returning to England in 1835, where he received at different times several civil 任命s. He died in 1855.
In 1827, Sir John Ross 示唆するd another 試みる／企てる to discover the North-West Passage, this time in a steamer, but the Admiralty would 申し込む／申し出 no 激励, soon afterwards 身を引くing the 申し込む／申し出 of ｣20,000, which had been for some years held out as an 激励 for the 発見 of the Passage. Then Felix Booth, 郡保安官 of London, （機の）カム 今後, and 主として at his 私的な expense fitted out the Victory, a paddle steamer of 150 トンs—the first steam 大型船 to enter ice 地域s, and probably the least suitable design of ship for 巡航するing の中で ice. She left England in May 1829, and returned in October 1833—this 探検隊／遠征隊 of four and a half years having cost the London distiller who had made it possible ｣17,000, and earned him a baronetcy.
The Victory during her voyage entered Lancaster Sound and passed to Prince Regent Inlet. Three winters were spent on the most northern 半島 of America, 適切な 指名するd by the explorers Boothia Felix; and during the 介入するing time young James Ross, 甥 of Sir John, 決定するd the position of the North 磁石の 政治家, where the Union Jack was hoisted on June 1, 1831. In May 1833 Sir John Ross was compelled to abandon his 大型船, and after a 旅行 of 広大な／多数の／重要な hardship, the 探検隊／遠征隊, by means of open boats, reached Baffin Bay, where, in August, they were 選ぶd up by a whaler and brought to England.
While Parry was 調査するing by sea, Franklin had been despatched to 診察する, in sledges and canoes, the north coast of America eastward from the 巡査 地雷 River. Franklin's companions were 支援する, Hood, Dr Richardson, and a 船員 指名するd Hepburn. They left England in May 1819, and started from York Factory, Hudson's Bay, in August. After a most 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 旅行 of hardship—in which 餓死, wolves, and Eskimos were 遭遇（する）d with indomitable courage—Franklin 後継するd in 調査するing 550 miles of coast line to the eastward, reaching Point Turnagain (68ｰ 18' N., 109ｰ 25' W.)on August 16, 1821.
At this time the 状況／情勢 was so serious that after a three days' 急速な／放蕩な the last food was cooked, one of the canoes furnishing 支持を得ようと努めるd for the 解雇する／砲火／射撃; the remaining canoe became so 損失d that it was abandoned, the men 辞退するing to 補助装置 Franklin in carrying it その上の. The 探検隊／遠征隊 had now reached within forty miles of Fort 企業, and 支援する and two men 押し進めるd on ahead for 援助（する）. 一方／合間 two noble examples of bravery and self-否定 were given: Dr Richardson volunteered to swim across a stream, carrying a line by which a raft could be 運ぶ／漁獲高d over. The doctor was a mere 骸骨／概要, and at the moment of making the 試みる／企てる he had stepped on some sharp 器具, cutting his foot to the bone, and it was only with the greatest difficulty his life was saved; the other instance was that of Perrault, a Canadian, who, as his comrades were one night seated 一連の会議、交渉／完成する a 解雇する／砲火／射撃 餓死するing, produced a piece of meat that he had saved from his former allowance and divided it between all.
Two Indians died of sheer 餓死—they had been living for days upon lichens and 捨てるs of leather. Some of the 運送／保菌者s were caught stealing from the scanty 蓄える／店s; and Indian hunters, sent out to forage, 隠すd from the party what they discovered, and when caught, 解雇する／砲火／射撃d upon the explorers, 殺人，大当り 中尉／大尉／警部補 Hood, and it is 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd they had 以前 殺人d and eaten three fellow-countrymen. With 広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty, 借りがあるing to his 証拠不十分, Dr Richardson contrived to 持つ／拘留する a 法廷，裁判所-戦争の with his companion, and then 発射 the 犯人s to save Hepburn and himself A partridge, 発射 at this time, was divided between Franklin and three companions, the first flesh they had tasted for thirty-one days. At last 支援する arrived with 救済, and the 探検隊／遠征隊, in 予定 course, reached home. In spite of the terrible hardships 遭遇（する）d, the only deaths were those of two Canadians from 餓死, and of Hood, and the Indian hunters who were killed.
すぐに upon their return, Franklin, Richardson (afterwards Sir John), and 支援する volunteered for another 探検隊／遠征隊. This time they 首尾よく reached the mouth of the Mackenzie River, and from there made many 利益／興味ing 発見s, 成し遂げるing the work without sensational 出来事/事件s, and, 借りがあるing to excellent 手はず／準備, in comparative 慰安. Then in 1832, the 非，不，無-return of Sir John Ross's 探検隊／遠征隊 原因（となる）ing 広大な／多数の／重要な 苦悩 in England, 支援する, partly 財政／金融d by 政府 and partly by Ross's friends, 始める，決める out to succour him. The Hudson's Bay Company 与える／捧げるd generous support, and by its liberality. 支援する, who, soon after he started, was 知らせるd of Ross's 安全な return, was able to 充てる かなりの time to 調査するing. In July 1834, 支援する discovered and 調査するd the 広大な／多数の／重要な Fish River, に引き続いて it to the 北極の Ocean; his most northern （軍の）野営地，陣営 was made at the eastern 入り口 of Simpson 海峡 in 68ｰ 14' N., 94ｰ 58' W. After 指名するing King William's Land, 支援する turned south, wintering at 依存, and then returning to England.
The Hudson's Bay Company, in 1837, endeavoured to fill what gaps remained in the 探検s of Franklin and 支援する, and they chose for the work Messrs Thomas Simpson and P. W. Dease, who in a boat 後継するd in connecting Return 暗礁 with Cape Barrow, a space of about 150 miles. Later, the same explorers reached the mouth of 支援する's River from Cape Turn-again, and 押し進めるd to the east to Castor and Pollux Bay. In 1846-47 an 探検隊／遠征隊 planned by Sir George Simpson, and 命令（する）d by Dr John Rae, 後継するd in travelling 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the 湾 of Akkoolee, and connecting Hudson's Bay with the 発見s of Ross, and with those of Parry during his second voyage; and in 1854, during the search for Franklin, Dr Rae 部隊d the work of Ross with that of Simpson, thus 完全にするing the 探検 of the whole of the northern coast of America.
During 1823-24 the Griper 侵入するd to the east coast of Greenland in 76ｰ N., and about this time a ロシアの 探検隊／遠征隊, under 中尉／大尉／警部補 (afterwards 海軍大将 Lutke) 調査するd the west coast of Nova Zembla; and Urangell, the 広大な／多数の／重要な ロシアの explorer, made four famous 旅行s over the ice from North Siberia; in 1832-35 Pachtussow 調査するd the east coast as far as 74ｰ 24' N.; several other foreign 探検隊／遠征隊s 追加するd かなり to the world's knowledge of Nova Zembla; in 1869 Palliser, an English sportsman, sailed half a degree north of Cape Nassau; in 1870 another 探検隊／遠征隊 reached 76ｰ 47' N., and 59ｰ 17' E., 50 miles north-east of Cape Nassau; in 1871 Quale sailed east as far as 75ｰ 22' N., 74ｰ 35' E. Johannsen, a Norwegian hunter, discovered and circumnavigated Lonely Island (77ｰ 31' N., 86ｰ E.) in the sixties; and in 1871, Captain Elling Carlsen circumnavigated Nova Zembla, his ship, the Solid 存在 the first 大型船 to enter Ice 港／避難所 since Barent's voyage, 275 years before. Many other scientists and explorers have spent much time in 調査するing Nova Zembla, and the result is that we have now a かなりの knowledge of it.
In 1836, the 王室の Geographical Society 嘆願（書）d the British 政府 to 調査する the coast between Regent Inlet and Point Turnagain, with the result that the Terror was placed under the 命令（する） of 支援する, who had, 一方／合間, been knighted, and for his 調査するing services raised to the 階級 of captain by an order in 会議.
The Terror sailed on June 14, 1836, and her voyage, 地理学的に considered, was a 失敗, but because of the startling experiences of the explorers, was remarkable. Six weeks after leaving England, in Davis' 海峡 an iceberg not いっそう少なく than 300 ft. high was sighted, and this was the forerunner of innumerable ice-floes in which the ship soon became hopelessly wedged. For nine months they were thus 拘留するd, and for four of these months they were in an ice-cradle high out of water, and in continual 期待 of the ship 落ちるing through and 存在 粉々にするd to pieces. But the Terror was 運命にあるd for another 運命／宿命, and 支援する and his comrades were 最終的に 解放（する）d and returned home, 非，不，無 the worse for their experience.
南極の 探検 began when Captain Cook first crossed the 南極の Circle in 1773, crossing it again in 1774, and a third time in 1775; his longitudes 存在 それぞれ 40ｰ E., between 100ｰ and 110ｰ W., and between 135ｰ and 148ｰ W., and his highest latitude reached 71ｰ S.
Bellinghausen, a ロシアの, was the next voyager to enter the 南極の circle, discovering Alexander Island (68ｰ S., 72ｰ W.) and Petra Island (68ｰ S.,91ｰ W.). This was in 1821, and the explorer sailed through several degrees of longitude, keeping just on the 辛勝する／優位 of the circle.
Few people have any idea of what Southern Ocean sailing in these high latitudes means. In 60ｰ S. I have seen at one time, and counted for myself, eighty-five icebergs; thirty-five of these bergs were 上向きs of 300 ft. in 高さ. It was hours before we were （疑いを）晴らす of the ice, and a long while before we could see a way out. The hopeless 条件 of a ship pinched in these 地域s, the 絶対の certainty that in such 事例／患者s her 乗組員 have no escape, makes one 反映する with wonder and 賞賛 on the 技術 and courage of the men who 押し進めるd the frail little 大型船s of sixty or seventy years ago into the seventies of the Southern 半球.
In 1823 Weddel, an ex-master of the 王室の 海軍, the peace having left him without 雇用 in the King's service, took a small 調印（する）ing brig, the Jane, and a 切断機，沿岸警備艇, the Beaufoy, as far south as 74ｰ; though his professed 反対する was 調印（する）ing, not 調査するing, his account of the trip 追加するd not a little to our knowledge. Again, in 1830-32, Biscoe, another 調印（する）ing captsin in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of one of Enderby's 大型船s, discovered Enderby and Graham's Islands on the 南極の Circle; and in 1839 Balleny, another of Enderby's sealers, discovered Balleny's Island (66ｰ 44' S.), and Sabrina Island, (65ｰ 10' S.). Dumont d'Urville, in 1840, went as far south as 66ｰ 30' and discovered Adelie Land; and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 調査するing 探検隊／遠征隊, under Commodore Wilkes, went over the ground and amplified the 発見s of the French explorer.
Then （機の）カム the 南極の 探検隊／遠征隊, that of the Erebus and the Terror, under the 命令（する） of Sir James Ross. Ross, it will be remembered, had …を伴ってd Parry in all his 北極の voyages, and under his uncle, Sir John Ross, 直す／買収する，八百長をするd the position of the North 磁石の 政治家. The 探検隊／遠征隊 left England in 1839, and after calling at Hobart, Tasmania, left that port on November 20, 1840, entering the 南極の Circle on New Year's Day, 1841, in 170ｰ E.
The main 反対する of the 探検隊／遠征隊 was the 発見 of the South 磁石の 政治家, and soon after the Circle was crossed the course was 形態／調整d accordingly. Then Ross met with a 障壁—high land rising in lofty 頂点（に達する）s. The highest point, 10,000 ft, was 指名するd 開始する Sabine after the distinguished scientist. 罰金 天候 enabled Ross to coast along the land until, in latitude 72ｰ S., longitude 171ｰ E., a 上陸 was made on an island which he 指名するd 所有／入手 Island, where the British 旗 was hoisted and the usual 儀式 of taking 所有／入手 was 成し遂げるd. The 天候 now grew 嵐の, but notwithstanding this, the explorers 押し進めるd on until they reached 75ｰ S., 170ｰ E., on January 25th. Ross wrote that in this latitude "two of the mountains of this magnificent 範囲, 指名するd Melbourne and Monteagle, were here seen to 広大な／多数の／重要な advantage; the 巨大な 噴火口，クレーター of the former, and the more pointed 首脳会議 of the latter, rose high above the contiguous mountains, forming two of the many remarkable 反対するs of this most wonderful and magnificent 集まり of 火山の land."*
[* Sir James Ross's Voyage to the Southern Seas. (John Murray, London, 1847.)]
Three days later, Franklin Island (76ｰ S., 168ｰ E.) was discovered and 指名するd, and 開始する Erebus, an active 火山, was discovered, its 概算の 高さ more than 12,000 ft., while 近づく it was an extinct 火山 nearly as high, 指名するd by the explorers 開始する Terror. The explorers traced land to 79ｰ S. This 最南端の point they 指名するd after Parry, and the whole continent was 適切な 指名するd Victoria Land. Then they discovered the 広大な／多数の／重要な southern ice 障壁—a 塀で囲む of ice from 150 to 200 ft. high, 延長するing from 78ｰ S. in an easterly direction about 450 miles from 開始する Erebus, and 概算の from the soundings to be 1000 ft. in thickness; the 気温 at this season, the depth of summer, was 18ｰ below 氷点の point.
It was impossible to do more; no suitable winter ４半期/4分の1s could be 設立する, and so the ships' 長，率いるs were turned north, Balleny's and Biscoe's 発見s were 確認するd, and the ships, after a 厳しい 扱うing in the ice, returned to Hobart, where they arrived on April 6.
What 狭くする escapes they had may be gathered from the fact that in a 強風 遭遇（する）d in the pack both 大型船s lost their rudders, and the ships took fifty-six days, 長，率いるing north, to cover the same distance they had made in four days 長，率いるing south. At one time the Erebus was an hour と一緒に a berg, and was compelled to 始める，決める her mainsail aback in a 激しい 強風 to make a 厳しい board and 解放する／自由な herself After wintering at the Falkland Islands the ships sailed again on September 4, 1842, and made 観察s as far south as 71ｰ and to longitude west 14ｰ 29'. Then the ships returned to England, 存在 paid off at Woolwich on September 23, 1843.
一方／合間 the 王室の Geographical Society was 新たにするing its agitation for the search for the North-West Passage, and the 完成 of the 探検 of the north coast of America. Sir John Franklin at this time was fifty-nine years of age, and had just returned from Tasmania after 治める／統治するing the island for seven years. The return of the Erebus and the Terror, and of Franklin, 示唆するd the ships and the man to 命令（する） them. And in May, 1845, Franklin sailed with a party of 134 persons, of whom 9 left the 探検隊／遠征隊 before it entered the ice; he 命令（する）d the Erebus, and Captain F. R. M. Crozier took 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the Terror, both ships having, in the interval, been 完全に 精密検査するd and fitted with auxiliary screws. The last despatches from the 探検隊／遠征隊 were 時代遅れの 鯨 Fish Island, July 12, 1845. A whaler, on July 26, saw the ships moored to an iceberg, waiting for a favourable 適切な時期 to enter Baffin's Bay. This was the last seen of them. Nothing of their 運命／宿命 was known until 1854. No 確かな traces of the explorers reached England until M'Clintock ひったくるd from the awful silence of the polar 地域s the story of their ending.
The history of 北極の 探検 from 1848 to 1859 is 事実上 a 記録，記録的な／記録する of the search for Franklin. Between these years, 非常に／多数の 探検隊／遠征隊s, equipped at public and 私的な expense, by sea and by land, joined in the search, and not one of them returned without 追加するing かなり to our knowledge of the 北極の 地域s. 準備／条項s and 着せる／賦与するing were deposited in さまざまな places in the 北極の seas by the British and by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府s. The Hudson's Bay Company lent its 価値のある 援助（する）, and Lady Franklin and her friends, from their 私的な means, and of their own energy, persevered when the British 政府 abandoned the search as hopeless. Here is a short 要約 of what was done:—
The first 探検隊／遠征隊 sent out by the Admiralty was H.M.S. Plover, first under Captain Moore, and later under Captain Maguire. She sailed from Sheerness for Behring 海峡s on ist January 1848. Three months later, on 25th March a land 探検隊／遠征隊 under Sir John Richardson and Dr Rae, of the Hudson's Bay Company, left England. Richardson returned in 1849, but Dr Rae continued the search till 1851. In June 1848, Sir James Ross, with the 企業 and 捜査官／調査官, sailed from England, discovered the western 味方する of North Somerset, and returned in November 1849. Sir Leopold M'CHntock served his 北極の 見習いの身分制度 in that 探検隊／遠征隊. Two or three months after the return of Ross, the two ships sailed again under Collinson and M'Clure to search for Franklin, and M'Clure discovered the long-sought-for North-West Passage, making an honoured place for himself in the roll of 北極の explorers. Collinson, 一方／合間, made a remarkable voyage along the north coast of America. Captain Austin's 探検隊／遠征隊, consisting of the Resolute, the 援助, Captain Ommanney, the Intrepid, 中尉／大尉／警部補 Bertie Cator, and the 開拓する, 中尉／大尉／警部補 Sherard Osborn, sailed in April 1850, and wintered almost in the centre of the 地域 discovered by Parry on his first voyage. M'Clintock was with this 探検隊／遠征隊, and developed and put into practice the system of sledge travelling, which has since 達成するd such success. Some remarkable 旅行s in さまざまな directions were made by Ommanney, M'Clintock, Sherard Osborn, Frederick Mecham, Robert Aldrich, and Vesey Hamilton.
In April, 1850, the Lady Franklin, Captain Penny, sailed from Aberdeen for Barrow's 海峡, and a month later the first American 探検隊／遠征隊 in the 前進する and the 救助（する）, under 中尉／大尉／警部補 De 港／避難所 and Dr Kane, sailed for Lancaster Sound. The Lady Franklin 探検隊／遠征隊 returned to England in September 1851, having discovered some small traces of the lost ship; and the American 大型船s, after drifting with the pack 負かす／撃墜する Baffin's Bay, returned during the same year. The Felix, fitted out 主として by the Hudson's Bay Company, sailed in May 1850, and returned in the に引き続いて year. Captain Kellet, C.B., sailed in H.M.S. 先触れ（する）, in 1848, and after making three voyages to Behring 海峡, returned in 1851. When Austin's 探検隊／遠征隊 returned in September 1851, the 援助, Resolute, Intrepid, and 開拓する, together with H.M.S. North 星／主役にする, were fitted out under Sir Edward Belcher, C.B. The 探検隊／遠征隊 arrived at Beechy Island in August 1852, and the 援助 (Belcher) and 開拓する (Sherard Osborn) proceeded through Wellington Sound, while the Resolute (Kellet) and Intrepid (M'Clintock) went to Melville Island, the North 星／主役にする (Pullen) remaining at Beechy Island.
In April 1854, Sir Edward Belcher, after 円熟した 審議, finding that there was no chance of 解放（する） from the ice, abandoned his ships, for which step, on their return to England, the captains were tried by 法廷，裁判所-戦争の and honourably acquitted. The Resolute was subsequently 選ぶd up by an American whaler a thousand miles from the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where she was abandoned. She was taken to New York, and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会 gave orders for her 購入（する）. The American 政府 then 完全に 修理d and equipped the ship, and sent her across the 大西洋 as a 現在の to the Queen. When the Resolute was broken up in 1880, a desk was made of a 部分 of her 船体, and the Queen 現在のd it to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 大統領.
Lady Franklin, 補佐官d by a few friends, equipped her first 探検隊／遠征隊 in 1850, the Prince Albert, under Forsyth. She sailed in June, and returned the same year. The same 大型船 left again, in June 1851, for Prince Regent's inlet. This was the voyage on which 中尉／大尉／警部補 Bellot of the French 海軍 volunteered and lost his life. The third of Lady Franklin's 探検隊／遠征隊s sailed, under Inglefield, in the Isabel, in July 1852, and returned in November of the same year. H.M.S. Rattlesnake, under Trollope, was despatched to 補助装置 the Plover at Point Barrow, returning with her to England in August 1853, and the Isabel made another voyage to Behring 海峡s in the same year. Even this 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） does not make について言及する of every 試みる／企てる; yet so far no trace of the 行方不明の had been 設立する.
Then, in 1853, the second American 探検隊／遠征隊 in the 前進する sailed, and Dr Rae shed the first ray of light upon the mystery of Franklin's 見えなくなる. He 報告（する）／憶測d to the British Admiralty that he had 購入（する）d from a party of Eskimos a number of articles which had belonged to Sir John Franklin and to members of his 探検隊／遠征隊. The 遺物s 含むd Sir John's 星／主役にする, part of a watch, some silver plate and other articles. Dr Rae also 報告（する）／憶測d that Eskimos 明言する／公表するd they had met with a party of white men about four winters 以前, and had sold them a 調印（する）; and that four months later, in the same season, they had 設立する the dead 団体／死体s of about thirty men. Dr Rae made out the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where this 会合 was said to have taken place, to have been in the 近づく neighbourhood of the Fish River. For their 発見, Dr Rae and his companions were awarded the ｣10,000 申し込む／申し出d by 政府 for the first 知能 of the 運命／宿命 of the lost explorers.
The news gave a fresh zest to 私的な 企業, though the 政府 now 中止するd its 成果／努力s. In May 1854, the 不死鳥／絶品, North 星／主役にする, and the Talbot searched until October. A third American 探検隊／遠征隊 sailed to look for Dr Kane, who, after a 旅行 of 1300 miles over ice to a Danish 解決／入植地, was on his way home in a Danish 大型船, when Hartstene, in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the American ships, fell in with him. The Hudson's Bay Company, in June 1855, sent out an 陸路の canoe party, which returned in the に引き続いて September, bringing a few more Franklin 遺物s. Then, in 1857, （機の）カム the last of Lady Franklin's 探検隊／遠征隊s in the Fox, under M'Clintock.
M'Clintock's little party altogether numbered only twenty-five persons, of whom the 指名するs of Captain (now Sir Allen) Young, and Hobson, the first 中尉／大尉／警部補, were made famous by the good service they 成し遂げるd under their able 指揮官.
The traces discovered by M'Clintock, 補佐官d by Dr Rae's 報告（する）／憶測,* enabled the English officer in his account of the Fox 探検隊／遠征隊 to explain, with almost 確かな exactness, what befell Franklin's party from the time they were last seen by the whaler in July 1845.
[* 運命／宿命 of Franklin and his 発見s—M'Clintock. John Murray, London, 1859.]
The Erebus and Terror passed on to Lancaster Sound and entered Wellington Channel, the southern 入り口 of which had been discovered by Parry in 1819. The ships sailed up that 海峡 150 miles, and having reached 77ｰ N., turned southward again, either 封鎖するd by ice, or because Franklin considered it a mistake to follow a 大勝する which seemed to lead away from the known sea of America. Re-entering Barrow's 海峡, the ships passed by a new channel between Bathurst and Cornwallis Islands, and then lay up for the winter of 1845-6 at Beechy Island. In 1846 they were again afloat, 長，率いるing south-west, and reached to within twelve miles of the northern extremity of King William's Land, where they wintered for 1846-7. Then 中尉／大尉／警部補 血の塊／突き刺す was despatched with a land-調査するing party, probably to connect the unknown coast line of King William's Land between Point Victory and Cape Herschel. At Point Victory, 中尉／大尉／警部補 Hobson, of M'Clintock's search 探検隊／遠征隊, on 6th May 1859, 設立する an ordinary Admiralty 現在の paper on which 血の塊／突き刺す had written that all was 井戸／弁護士席, and that a small party had left the ships on a land 探検隊／遠征隊. This paper was 時代遅れの 28th May 1847. But around the 利ざや of this 文書, in the handwriting of Fitzjames, the last ten words 追加するd by Crozier, the に引き続いて had been written:—
"April 25, 1848.—H.M. Ships
Terror and Erebus were 砂漠d on April 22nd, 5
leagues N.N.W. of this, having been beset since September 12, 1846.
The officers and 乗組員s, consisting of 105 souls, under the 命令（する）
of Captain F. R. M. Crozier, landed in latitude 69ｰ 37' 42" N.,
longitude 98ｰ 41' W. This paper was 設立する by Lieut. Irving under
the cairn supposed to have been built by Sir James Ross in 1831, 4
miles to the northward, where it had been deposited by the late
指揮官 血の塊／突き刺す in June 1847. Sir James Ross's 中心存在 has not,
however, been 設立する; and the paper has been transferred to this
position, which is that in which Sir James Ross's 中心存在 was
築くd. Sir John Franklin died on June II, 1847, and the total
loss by death in the 探検隊／遠征隊 has been to this date, 9 officers
and 15 men.
(調印するd) F. R. M. Crozier, Captain and 上級の Officer. James
Fitzjames, Captain H.M.S. Erebus.
And start on to-morrow, 26th, for 支援する's Fish River."
The Erebus and Terror were only 準備／条項d up to July 1848, and these simple words, a message from the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な, in that 宣告，判決, "Start to-morrow for 支援する's Fish River," told more than could a 容積／容量 that the explorers, rather than 死なせる／死ぬ without an 成果／努力, were about to make a last bold and painfully hopeless struggle to reach civilisation.
M'Clintock, に引き続いて his 中尉／大尉／警部補 Hobson's 跡をつけるs at the western extremity of King William's Land, （機の）カム to a 砂漠d boat, 含む／封じ込めるing two incomplete human 骸骨／概要s, many articles of 着せる／賦与するing, some 調書をとる／予約するs, 航海の 器具s, silver plate, and other 遺物s, which, with those 設立する by Dr Rae, are now treasured in the Museum of Greenwich Hospital and that of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Service 会・原則. No traces of the ships were seen, only these personal 所持品—sad 証拠 that, as was told by an Eskimo old woman, "they fell 負かす／撃墜する and died as they walked along."
Twenty years later, in 1879, 中尉／大尉／警部補 Schwatka, in an 陸路の 探検隊／遠征隊, discovered more remains of Franklin's party, and the bones of 中尉／大尉／警部補 John Irving, of the Terror, were brought away and buried at Edinburgh in January 1881. This was the last of the search for Franklin—a 追求（する），探索（する） that had lasted for nearly forty years, and in the course of it had trained more than one 世代 of 北極の explorers.
The 反対する of Franklin's 探検隊／遠征隊 was the 発見 of the North-West Passage, and Franklin, on the 証拠, did undoubtedly 完全にする the 発見 by filling the gap between Parry's Melville Island and 支援する's Fish River; but before this 証拠 of Franklin's success was brought to light, M'Clure, on October 26, 1850, when with his sledge party he saw from Bank's Land away to the north, "the frozen waters of Melville 海峡s, with no land between us and Melville Island," had discovered a North-West Passage.
For fifteen years after the return of M'Clintock, England neglected polar 探検, but in that time several foreign 探検隊／遠征隊s were sent out. In 1853-55 the American brig 前進する wintered within the 入り口 of Smith Sound, and an 調査するing party from her went for some distance up the east 味方する of the channel. In 1860 Dr Hayes wintered 近づく the same 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, and made a sledge 旅行 up the west 味方する. Ten years later, in 1871, Captain Hall, in the Polaris, 後継するd in passing up the channels 主要な north from Smith Sound. Hall died in the autumn, but the 探検隊／遠征隊 達成するd 82ｰ 11' N., and wintered in 81ｰ 38' N., up to that date the highest latitude reached.
Then the British 政府 woke up again and equipped the 警報 and 発見. The 命令（する） was given to Captain (afterwards Sir George) Nares, and the 探検隊／遠征隊 sailed in 1875. The ships reached Cape Sabine without difficulty, passed Cape Leiber on August 25, crossed Lady Franklin Bay, and discovered 発見 Harbour, a 罰金 land-locked inlet. Here Nares placed the 発見 in winter ４半期/4分の1s, and in the 警報 押し進めるd northward, reaching Floeberg Beach in 82ｰ 25' N. and 62ｰ W. Thus Nares （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 Hall's 記録，記録的な／記録する, the 警報 having reached さらに先に north than the Polaris. The 警報s company wintered on the shores of the Polar Sea, and sledging parties were engaged 準備するing 倉庫・駅s for the Spring, eight men 存在 霜-bitten in carrying on the work. 中尉／大尉／警部補 Pelham Aldrich 越えるd Parry's latitude of 1827, the modern explorer reaching 82ｰ 48'. In the 早期に spring Nares opened communication with the 発見, and then 試みる／企てるd to 遂行する the 反対する of the 探検隊／遠征隊.
He divided his 計画（する） into two 際立った undertakings, the first that of a direct sledge 旅行 に向かって the 政治家, and the other the 探検 of the north shore of Grinnel Land. The first 請け負うing was intrusted to 指揮官 (now 後部-海軍大将) Markham, who, with two sledges and seventeen men, took to the Frozen Sea on April 10, 1876. The party reached 83ｰ 20' N., and 64ｰ W. on May 12, 1876, and later, 予定 to the energy of the leader, several of whose men had been 無能にするd by 病気, 83ｰ 20' 26" N. was 伸び（る）d, and the Union Jack hoisted on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, the most northerly point 達成するd to that date, and until Lockwood of the American Greely 探検隊／遠征隊 in 1881-84 reached 83ｰ 24'. The serious troubles of the party began before they turned 支援する, and nothing but the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の march of twenty-four hours' duration, made by 中尉／大尉／警部補 A. C. Parr to the 警報 for help, saved the whole party from death.
From the 発見 good work was 一方／合間 carried on in the 探検 of Grinnel Land. Aldrich and his party traced 220 miles of new coast; and the shores of Grinnel Land were 延長するd from Archer Fiord to Cape Columbia, and the Coast of Greenland was 延長するd to Cape Britannia.
During 最近の years there have been several 探検隊／遠征隊s of more or いっそう少なく importance, fitted out by 私的な 企業 and under his companion Johansen 後継するd, after surmounting incredible difficulties, in making a sledge 旅行 to 86ｰ 14' N, longitude, 95ｰ E., the highest latitude ever reached. This was on April 6, 1895.
While several 探検隊／遠征隊s were with 変化させるing success 調査するing other parts of the 北極の 地域s, the question of a North-East Passage remained 活動停止中の, the general opinion 存在 that the 存在 of such a passage was impossible. Adolf Erik Nordenski?d, a Finn, who had taken part in Swedish 北極の 探検隊／遠征隊s of 1858-61-64-68 and 72, and in a voyage to Greenland in 1870, was 確信して that he could find a channel; and in 1875, in the Proven, a 大型船 of 70 トンs, he sailed on an 探検隊／遠征隊 which was 完全に successful. The Proven visited Nova Zembla, passed through Jugor 海峡, and 錨，総合司会者d in the mouth of the Yenese.
Here Nordenski?d left the ship, and with a party 上がるd the Yenese, and （機の）カム 支援する 陸路の, the Proven, 一方／合間, having returned to Tromso. In the に引き続いて year Nordenski?d led another 探検隊／遠征隊 to the mouth of the Yenese, and repeated successful voyages have since been made. The Swedish 政府 then fitted out an 探検隊／遠征隊, in 返答 to a 嘆願（書） from Nordenski?d, with the 反対する of 侵入するing from the Yenese to Behring 海峡, and the 試みる／企てる was begun in July 1878. After much trouble the 大型船 reached Kolyuchin Bay, but it was impossible 借りがあるing to the ice pack to proceed その上の. The 探検隊／遠征隊 wintered off Pitlekai in 67ｰ 7' N., 123ｰ E., and on July 30, 1879, the ice having broken up two days 以前, the Vega 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd the East Cape and thus made the North-East Passage.
The 探検 of Spitzbergen has been by no means the least important or uninteresting 反対する of many 探検隊／遠征隊s. Although the 群島 is uninhabited, parties have spent long periods on its shores 診察するing its 広範囲にわたる flora, or 殺人，大当り in thousands the reindeer with which it abounded. ロシアのs and Norwegians 追跡（する）d its shores two centuries ago. Scoresby, the English explorer, made seventeen voyages to Spitzbergen, and in his Polar 地域s, published in 1823, wrote the best account of it that had been published since Marten's in 1671. Buchan and Franklin in 1818 made pendulum and other 観察s on Dane Island; Clavering and Sabine followed some years later; and Parry in 1827, at Turenberg Bay, continued the work. In 1838, a French 探検隊／遠征隊, La Rech鑽e, Captain Fabvre, 占領するd Bell Sound, and, the に引き続いて year, Magdalen Bay; but to Sweden, more than to any other country, is 予定 our 早期に knowledge of the 群島, and Nordenski?d, in many voyages, 完全に 診察するd a large area of ground. Germany, in 1868-71, made several successful 探検s; and an Austrian 探検隊／遠征隊, in 1872, （太陽，月の）食／失墜d all other. Frantz Josef Land 祝う／追悼するs the voyage which was made by Weyprecht and Payer in the Austrian steamer Tegethoff. The explorers made a sledge 旅行 to Cape Fligely in 82ｰ 5' N., were 結局 compelled to abandon their ship, and reached Norway in September 1874. In modern times, English yachtsmen have done a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of 調査するing in the 群島, and they have been the only 代表者／国会議員s of the 旗 engaged in this work.
In 最近の years we have in the North, the Jackson-Harmsworth 探検隊／遠征隊, and that of Peary in the Windward; what they have done is still part of the news of the day; and in the South we have the 南極の 探検隊／遠征隊 under Borchgrevink organised by Sir George Newnes, the results of whose work cannot be known until the year 1900 is 井戸／弁護士席 前進するd.
By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Buccaneers of the Spanish Main had degenerated into out-and-out 著作権侵害者s. The 正規の／正選手 walk-the-plank, skull-and-cross-bones fellows, such as Avery, Teach, Roberts, and 類似の rascals, all earned their notoriety at this period, and by the beginning of the nineteenth century the true 著作権侵害者, like the true highwayman, was becoming 不十分な, and the word "piracy" began to carry a different meaning. Blackguard merchant-seamen in ill-disciplined ships occasionally 反乱（を起こす）d and 掴むd the 大型船 on which they were serving, but in time of peace there were too many war-大型船s 利用できる for such ruffians to remain long unpunished, and before they could do much mischief they were 逮捕（する）d, and 死刑執行 ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる saw the last of them. The nearest approach in this century to the 著作権侵害者 proper was in the person of Benito de Soto, a Portuguese, who began his career in a slaver belonging to Buenos Ayres in 1827. The 大型船 left Buenos Ayres for the coast of Africa with a 乗組員 made up 主として of Spanish, French, and Portuguese rascals, and the mate of the ship was a 悪名高い ruffian. De Soto was before the mast, and the mate for some 推論する／理由 took a fancy to him as 存在 a Hkely fellow to help him in a design to 掴む the ship, which was put in 死刑執行 at an hour when the captain was on shore arranging with the slave-スパイ／執行官 for the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s on the freight of slaves.
Twenty-two of the 乗組員 joined the mutineers and eighteen 辞退するd; De Soto then served out 武器 to his companions, 宣言するd the mate was now in 命令（する）, and compelled the loyal men to enter a boat. They were then 削減（する） 流浪して, and the 大型船, which had been hove to about ten miles from the land, was put to sea. A strong 微風 sprang up and a 激しい surf rolled upon the beach, and those in the boat were all 溺死するd in 試みる／企てるing to 影響 a 上陸. The sun was setting as the ship left the land, and by nightfall most of the 著作権侵害者s were drunk, the newly-elected 指揮官 having himself 始める，決める the example by breaking into the spirit-room. This 正確に／まさに ふさわしい De Soto's 目的; as soon as the mate had drunk himself into a stupor, and most of the 乗組員 were incapable of 抗議するing, De Soto deliberately put a ピストル to the 長，率いる of his leader and 発射 him dead, 脅すing to serve the first man who should 抗議する in the same manner. The drunken 乗組員, so far from 抗議するing, あられ／賞賛するd him as a 罰金 fellow, and 約束d to follow De Soto to the death. Their first 商売／仕事 was to get rid of the slaves, and this they did by taking the 大型船 to the West Indies and there 首尾よく selling them. De Soto 改名するd his ship the Defensor De Pedro, and having refitted and 準備／条項d her, sailed out in 追求（する），探索（する） of prey.
In a few months' 巡航するing in West Indian waters he fell in with several 大型船s, plundering them, and 一般に 殺人ing the 乗組員s; in one instance, that of an American brig, the 著作権侵害者s 遂行するd this by battening all 手渡すs below and then setting 解雇する／砲火／射撃 to the ship. Then De Soto, 巡航するing off Ascension, fell in with the Morning 星／主役にする, an English 大型船 bound from Ceylon to England. He 精密検査するd this ship, and the captain of her, having no 武器s, struck his colours. De Soto thereupon sent a party to take 所有／入手, and with orders to kill all the people. The 著作権侵害者s, however, after committing most horrible 残虐（行為）s on men, women, and children who were 乗客s, and 殺人，大当り a few, battened the 残り／休憩（する） below, and then got drunk. Having lost a good 取引，協定 of time in these 訴訟／進行s, they 負担d their boats with such 価値のあるs as they could collect, and boring several 穴を開けるs in the ship's 底（に届く）, returned to their own 大型船.
De Soto, imagining that his men had killed the people on the Morning 星／主役にする, sailed away; but a day later, learning what had really occurred, put about with the 意向 of 殺人ing any 生存者s, but he could find no trace of the Morning 星／主役にする, and so inferred that she had gone 負かす／撃墜する. As a 事柄 of fact, however, the unfortunate creatures had managed to break open the hatches, and a passing 大型船 had seen them just in time and taken them on board. The Morning 星／主役にする went to the 底（に届く）, but most of her people 結局 reached England and made public their sad story. De Soto, 一方／合間, 形態／調整d his course for Spain, ーするつもりであるing to make the harbour of Corunna. Off the port he fell in with a small merchantman, boarded, plundered, and sank her, 溺死するing all the 乗組員 but one man, whom he 保持するd to 行為／法令／行動する as 操縦する.
As they were 近づくing the harbour with this man at the 舵輪／支配, De Soto said to him:
"Is this the 入り口?"
"Yes."
"Very 井戸／弁護士席, my man, you have done 井戸／弁護士席, I am 強いるd to you."
Taking a ピストル from his belt, he 発射 the 操縦する dead. At Corunna the 著作権侵害者 後継するd in selling his plunder; and 得るing ship's papers in a 誤った 指名する, he 始める，決める sail for Cadiz, but on a dark night, in bad 天候, his 大型船 行方不明になるd stays, and went 岸に. The 乗組員 後継するd in escaping in the boats, and De Soto then arranged that they should march 陸路の to Cadiz, there 代表する themselves as honest shipwrecked 水夫s, and sell what remained of the 難破させる. At Cadiz, however, in some way, the 当局 grew 怪しげな and 逮捕（する）d six of the 著作権侵害者s, but were not quick enough with the others, who escaped, De Soto managing to reach Gibraltar, where a few weeks later his 身元 was discovered, and he was brought to 裁判，公判, and hanged. The story of his life is told in the 軍の Sketch 調書をとる／予約する, and the author of the account, who saw the wretch 遂行する／発効させるd, says he died truly repentant, but without 恐れる.
A like villain to De Soto was an American, Charles Gibbs, who first went to sea in the American sloop Hornet, and was in the 約束／交戦 in which she 逮捕（する）d the English sloop of war Peacock. Then he joined the Chesapeake, and when that ship was 逮捕（する）d by the Shannon, was brought a 囚人 of war to England, and 限定するd in Dartmoor 刑務所，拘置所 until 交流d. Then he 始める，決める up a low tavern in Boston, until, having drunk and 賭事d his money away, he again went to sea in the John of Buenos Ayres. The 乗組員 of this 大型船 反乱（を起こす）d, carried her to the West Indies, and 始める，決める up in those waters as 著作権侵害者s, making prizes of many small 大型船s until they acquired a 正規の／正選手 (n)艦隊／(a)素早い.
A British sloop of war destroyed the 要塞／本拠地 of these miscreants at Havana, when it was 設立する that they had 殺人d the 乗組員s of the 大型船s they had 逮捕（する）d, and it was 証明するd that 150 persons at least had so lost their lives. The 著作権侵害者s escaped to the mountains, Gibbs 結局 making his way 支援する to Boston, and thence to Liverpool, where he lived for some time a dissipated life on the proceeds of his piracy. In 1826 he went 支援する to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and there 後継するd in joining the Buenos Ayres 反逆者／反逆するs. In November 1830 he shipped at New Orleans in the brig Vineyard, and 審理，公聴会 there was money on board, he induced some of the 乗組員 to join him in 殺人ing the master and the mate of the 大型船, and taking 所有／入手 of her. After this, 確かな of the 乗組員 who had taken no part in the 罪，犯罪 were compelled by the 著作権侵害者s to navigate the 大型船 to Long Island, where, one rascal 知らせるing on another, the 逮捕（する） of the 殺害者s soon followed, and Gibbs and another ringleader were taken to New York, tried for 殺人, and, in April 1831, were hanged.
In the first half of the century, 大型船s navigating the Mediterranean and Grecian seas were in たびたび（訪れる） danger from Greek 著作権侵害者s; and the とじ込み／提出するs of the Times, fifty years ago, 含む／封じ込める many 報告（する）／憶測s of 大型船s attacked by them. In 1843 H.M.S. Locust made an 不成功の search for a 報告（する）／憶測d 著作権侵害者 schooner, that had 現実に been seen to attack a small brig off Malaga. The schooner was laid と一緒に the merchantman, and thirty 武装した Greeks boarded her. A little while later the brig was scuttled, and nothing more was heard of her 乗組員.
The newspapers of 1844 報告（する）／憶測 nine 事例／患者s of piracy within as many months, in Greek waters; in each instance the 大型船s were scuttled and nearly all on board 殺人d; in one 事例／患者 shocking 残虐（行為）s were committed upon a girl who was taken away by the 著作権侵害者 schooner, and was afterwards thrown overboard. In the same year the Times 報告（する）／憶測d that "Letters from Athens 発表する that some 著作権侵害者 boats in the Channel of Andros had 逮捕（する）d two merchant 大型船s—one a 王室の 切断機，沿岸警備艇 with four men and carrying 16,000 drachmas belonging to the Greek 政府—and put their 乗組員s to death. The headless 団体／死体s of twenty of the 著作権侵害者s' 犠牲者s were washed 岸に on the coast of Andros."
This is just the sort of rascality practised, even at the 現在の day, by Chinese 著作権侵害者s; and ships in some of the rivers are never 安全な from attacks of the 肉親，親類d. In July 1899, for example, the Portugese steamer Taiping, on a voyage from Macao to Samohui, was coming 負かす／撃墜する the west river and was attacked by a ギャング（団） of 著作権侵害者s, who ran と一緒に her in a steam 開始する，打ち上げる! The 著作権侵害者s opened 解雇する／砲火／射撃 on the steamer with a nine-pounder gun and ライフル銃／探して盗むs, and then boarded, 殺人，大当り the purser, who seems to have been the one man who 申し込む／申し出d serious 抵抗. There were forty 乗客s on board, and these were robbed of everything they 所有するd of any value; but, except the purser, no one was 負傷させるd. Before leaving the ship, the 著作権侵害者s 損失d the engines, so that they should have time to make good their escape before the steamer could 報告（する）／憶測 the 事件／事情／状勢.
The Taiping was 特に 用意が出来ている against the usual form of attack by having アイロンをかける rails 直す／買収する，八百長をするd across the gangway-ports, stairways, and so on, to 妨げる a sudden 急ぐ to the upper deck by 著作権侵害者s who had shipped as 乗客s—an old trick of the Chinese. This is a true story. Here is another from the Shipping Gazette and Lloyd's 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of May 26, 1899:—
"News has been received here (i.e., San
Francisco) that H.M.S. たいまつ on her way from Sydney to
Samoa, destroyed a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い of 著作権侵害者 sloops. (調印するd) REUTER."
The people of H.M.S. たいまつ have not yet been able to account
for this story, and it would be 利益／興味ing to know how the yarn
起こる／始まるd. There is as much chance of speaking the 飛行機で行くing
Dutchman as of 落ちるing in with 著作権侵害者s between Sydney and
Samoa, and the 正規の／正選手 old-fashioned 著作権侵害者s have, nowadays, no
more chance against steamers than have highwaymen against
locomotives, except in such instances as occur on the Chinese
rivers, where reasonable 警戒, such as a half-a-dozen ライフル銃／探して盗むs
in the 手渡すs of as many resolute men, would settle the 商売／仕事 of
most Chinese 著作権侵害者s.
The 広大な／多数の／重要な 反乱（を起こす）s at Spithead and the Nore did not end the 記録，記録的な／記録する of 反乱（を起こす）s on men-o'-war. The class of men 新採用するd in war time led to many desperate 試みる／企てるs at 反乱（を起こす） on King's ships, but since the long peace we have been saved this 不名誉. Occasionally Jack will make a 抗議する, such as throwing his mess-罠（にかける）s or the gun-sights overboard, for some real or imaginary 不正, and when we read of this in the newspapers, it can be pretty 井戸／弁護士席 taken for 認めるd that injudicious officers, or even one officer who does not "play the game 公正に／かなり," is at the 底（に届く） of the trouble. One of the most serious 反乱（を起こす）s occurred in Bantry Bay, on board the Temeraire, in December 1801. Fourteen seamen were tried and five 遂行する／発効させるd for an 試みる／企てる to take the ship, which was 打ち勝つ by the 決意／決議 of the officers.
In November of the に引き続いて year, the men of the Gibraltar, an 84-gun ship, took her from the officers on the passage to Malta. The Gibraltar was in company with a 騎兵大隊 of three other 大型船s, and when the mutineers 逮捕（する）d the ship they ran her under the 厳しいs of the others, 元気づける and calling upon the 乗組員s of the 騎兵大隊 to join them. But they received no support, and, 一方／合間, the officers, 存在 支援するd by the 忠義 of the 海洋s, soon 回復するd 所有／入手 of their ship, and the ringleaders of the 反乱（を起こす） were soon afterwards hanged at Gibraltar. In the same year the 乗組員 of the Hermione 殺人d some of their officers, and took the ship into La Guaira; but she was afterwards retaken and the 殺害者s hanged.
In 1800 the 乗組員 of the Danae rose suddenly on their officers and carried the ship into Brest, where the French 扱う／治療するd them as they deserved, 交流ing the officers and those of the men who had remained loyal to our 旗, and 手渡すing the mutineers over to the English 政府. The ringleader of this 事件／事情／状勢 was a man 指名するd Jackson, who had been 長官 to Parker, the 長，率いる of the 1797 反乱（を起こす）. Jackson and most of the ギャング（団） were afterwards hanged.
In the merchant service men often 辞退する 義務, and, in consequence, are sent to gaol on the arrival of their ship in port, but beyond this offence there have been very few serious 罪，犯罪s of the 肉親，親類d, and those that have occurred have invariably been committed by foreigners. It is 井戸／弁護士席 to remember this, now that the British merchant service is to such a 広大な／多数の／重要な extent 乗組員を乗せた by foreigners.
The three worst 反乱（を起こす）s in the merchant service were those of the Lennie, the Flowery Land, and the Caswell. The Flowery Land, in 1863, was bound from London to Singapore, and, on September 10, seven foreigners, who formed part of the 乗組員, suddenly attacked the officers, 殺人ing the captain, his brother, the mate, the Chinese steward, and the Chinese cook. The mutineers surprised the mate at daybreak, 乱打するing his brains out with a handspike, then throwing him overboard. The captain and his brother, 審理，公聴会 the 騒動, ran on deck and were stabbed to death. The second mate was then compelled to navigate the ship to the Brazilian coast, where she was scuttled, and the cook and the steward 溺死するd in her. The mutineers, taking the second mate with them, landed in the boat; then the officer managed to communicate with the 当局, and the mutineers were 逮捕（する）d, sent to England, and five of them were hanged.
Seamen of the Latin races, known to English sailors as Dagos, have been the 犯罪のs in every 事例／患者 of serious 反乱（を起こす） in the merchant service during the 現在の century. In 1830 the Vittoria shipped half-a-dozen Spaniards at the Philippines, for the passage home to London. A few days after leaving Manila, the Spaniards suddenly attacked their shipmates in the forecastle, stabbing three Englishmen, then they went aft and killed the captain, the second mate, and the carpenter, but spared the 長，指導者 mate and the steward. After throwing the 団体／死体s overboard the mutineers compelled the mate to navigate the ship to the Californian coast; but the mate and the steward watched their 適切な時期, and the mutineers a week later, having got drunk, were attacked, three or four of them killed, the 残り／休憩（する） 安全な・保証するd, and the ship retaken, and sailed into port, in 予定 course, by the 援助（する） of two or three English の中で the 乗組員, who had been kept 囚人s by the mutineers and were 解放（する）d by the mate and his party. The Spaniards were in 予定 course hanged, as were seven others who, in the same year, 反乱（を起こす）d on a Liverpool schooner bound home from the same port, and luckily fallen in with by a British man-o'-war, just after the mutineers had 殺人d the only three Englishmen on board of her. One of the Spaniards betrayed his fellows, and so the 罪，犯罪 was discovered.
The Lennie was a Nova Scotia ship, and she sailed from Antwerp on October 22, 1875. Her captain was a Canadian 指名するd Hatfield; the mate, Wortley, and the second mate, Macdonald, were both Englishmen; the steward. 先頭 Hoydek, was a ベルギー, and the cabin boy, Henry Trusillo, was a fellow-同国人 and relation of the steward. Besides these men there were eleven seamen, ten Greeks and one Frenchman, a 悪名高い ruffian. At four o'clock in the morning, when the ship had been five days at sea and was in the Bay of Biscay, the steward was 乱すd in his sleep by a 広大な／多数の／重要な noise on deck. He ran to the companion, but 設立する it fastened, then through the の近くにd doors he heard five 発射s 解雇する／砲火／射撃d, and noises as of men 落ちるing from aloft, then he heard groans and cries of 殺人, these terrifying sounds 継続している for more than an hour.
Then the hatch was opened, and some of the Greek seamen entered the cabin. One of them said to the steward, "井戸／弁護士席, we are finished now, and you can take 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the ship."
"Very 井戸／弁護士席," answered 先頭 Hoydek, "where do you wish to go, and what have you finished?"
"To Greece; but take the ship to Gibraltar, and we'll find our way from there. The captain and both mates are dead."
The steward 約束d to do this, but 始める，決める a course for the English Channel, and so steered for several hours, when one of the mutineers discovered his 意向, and he was solemnly 警告するd that he would be killed if he deviated from his orders. 一方／合間 the mutineers had thrown overboard the 団体／死体s of the two mates and the captain; one of the officers had run up the 船の索具 to escape, but had been 発射 dead before he could 開始する half-a-dozen ratlines. After きれいにする away the horrible traces of their 罪，犯罪, the 殺害者s rigged a 行う／開催する／段階 over the 厳しい and 削減（する） out the ship's 指名する; they then broke into the sea-chests of their 犠牲者s, and dressed themselves in the dead men's 着せる／賦与するs.
Again the steward 試みる／企てるd to 長，率いる the ship for the Channel, and again he was 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd, and the mutineers 本気で discussed whether they should kill him, but he with 広大な／多数の／重要な coolness told them if they thought they knew more 航海 than he did, to navigate the ship for themselves. One of the Greeks then took 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 for two days, and the steward was sent below.
In the cabin he 設立する the boy and said to him, "Now look here, Harry, if we take these fellows to where they want to go, there is no knowing what they may do. When they know where they are, they will be very likely to 殺人 us and throw us over too. Let us try to save the ship and our own lives 同様に. Now, can I 信用 you?" "Yes, all 権利," replied the boy. "井戸／弁護士席, then," said the steward, "now you go 負かす／撃墜する into the cabin and I will lock you in. Then you 令状 twenty-four 公式文書，認めるs in French and in English, 明言する／公表するing that the captain and officers on board of the Lennie are all 殺人d, and that the 乗組員 have 掴むd the ship, and that we two are waiting 援助. While you are doing that I will go and get twenty-four empty 瓶／封じ込めるs to put them in, and then we'll throw them overboard, and see what they send us."
The boy did as he was told, and when everything was ready, the steward again altered the course of the 大型船 に向かって the French coast, and arriving there on the 8th of November, he threw the 瓶／封じ込めるs over, hoping that they would drift に向かって the coast, or that they might attract the attention of the French 当局. The 天候 became very rough, and the steward told the men that it would be no use for them to go to sea to lose their sails, and if they chose to go on shore, he would put them 近づく land at a small place he knew of where there were no police. Six of the mutineers, 認可するing of this suggestion, took one of the ship's boats and landed at Les Sables d'Olonne. The steward, by this 戦略 having got rid of six of the most dangerous, lay for two days 近づく the coast.
In the 合間, some of the 瓶／封じ込めるs had been 選ぶd up, and two days afterwards a 操縦する boat （機の）カム と一緒に, followed by the Travailleur, a French man-o'-war. The 援助 had 敏速に been sent by the French 政府. 先頭 Hoydek, the steward, and the boy Harry Trusillo now （機の）カム 今後, and, （人命などを）奪う，主張するing the 即座の 保護 of the French 当局, at once told the whole story of the 反乱（を起こす）. The remaining five of the mutineers who were on board were 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with complicity in the 殺人, 逮捕（する）d, and placed in アイロンをかけるs, and taken on shore by the Travailleur. In the 合間 the news of the occurrence was 個人として communicated to the French gendarmes.
While all this had been going on, the six who had landed at Sables d'Olonne had attracted the attention of the French police there, they having with them their officers' 着せる／賦与するs and other things they had 掴むd to sell. 結局 they 適用するd to the Commissioners of 海洋, 代表するd themselves as 存在 destitute, and as having belonged to the Greek brigantine St Georges, which had 創立者d with all 手渡すs but themselves. By this time the news of the 殺人 had spread through the French 州s, and 存在 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd, the six rascals were soon 逮捕（する）d. The whole of the eleven having undergone a 予選 examination in a French 法廷，裁判所, were sent to England. Two of them turned Queen's 証拠, and four were 罪人／有罪を宣告するd and hanged in Newgate.
Mr F. J. Dunn, one of the 乗組員 of the Caswell, now living in Sydney, New South むちの跡s, 保持するs a remarkably vivid recollection of the terrible experience he went through on that ship in 1875. I have compared the story as 関係のある by him to me in 1899, with the 証拠 given at the 裁判，公判 of the mutineers, and there is no 構成要素 difference in it. Mr Dunn is probably now the only 生存者 of that 事件／事情／状勢 whose どの辺に can be ascertained. Dunn left London for Buenos Ayres in March 1875, and on arrival at that port, his ship was 非難するd as unseaworthy, and so he joined the Caswell, which was then on the eve of sailing for Valparaiso to 負担 for England. In 予定 course the 大型船 arrived at her port of 負担ing, nothing eventful happening on the passage, then she sailed for Queenstown on New Year's Day 1876. The 乗組員 was made up of the captain, mate, second mate, carpenter, two 見習い工s, two able seamen, Carrick and Dunn, all English or Scotsmen, a negro steward, three Greek and two Italian seamen. The evening of the ship's sailing, "Big George," a powerful Greek, was insubordinate, and three days later, at eight on a Tuesday morning, just as the wheel was 存在 relieved, Mr Dunn 述べるs what follows:—
"I was getting the gear to ratline 負かす／撃墜する the
fore-船の索具, when I heard a cry and the 報告（する）／憶測 of a 発射. On
turning 一連の会議、交渉／完成する and looking aft, I saw the captain and 'Big George'
on the main deck の近くに to the ship's 味方する, while George was
繰り返して stabbing him with his sheath-knife; Joseph Pistolo had
left the wheel, and was standing at the end of the ４半期/4分の1-deck
with a revolver in his 手渡す. The 長，指導者 mate, on 審理，公聴会 the cry
from the captain, started to run aft to his 援助, but on
passing the galley door, the Greek cook ran out of the galley, and
軍隊ing the mate against the rail of the ship, 急落（する），激減（する）d a large
knife into his breast twice. The mate fell without a struggle. The
captain was lying under the main 船の索具 with a revolver 発射 in
his forehead, and terribly 負傷させるd by knife を刺すs. On the second
mate seeing what was happening (he was aloft at the time) he ran
負かす／撃墜する, and started to go aft, crying, 'Put the ship 支援する, men, and
stop this,' He was met by Gaspar Pistolo, who 発射 him in the arm,
and Christopher Bambos stabbed him in the 支援する. He ran from them
and （機の）カム where I was standing amidships, 持つ／拘留するing his arm. He seemed
to have 完全に lost his 長，率いる, and was crying like a child, I
took off my neck handkerchief and started to 貯蔵所d up his arm. The
whole of the Greeks had gone on the ４半期/4分の1-deck by this time.
"The steward, 存在 in the cabin, had not heard any of the trouble;
so Joseph Pistolo called 負かす／撃墜する the companion to the steward that the
captain 手配中の，お尋ね者 him. On the steward coming up, 'Big George' 掴むd
him by the hair, and 公正に／かなり 切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセスd him to pieces, all of them
taking part in it. 'Big George' then, with a cry of 'Maclean,
Maclean,' together with some words in their own language, 急ぐd
off the poop on to the main deck に向かって Maclean. On seeing them
coming Maclean 急ぐd 今後, while I ran up the fore-船の索具,
Gaspar and Joseph Pistolo 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing at him as he ran. On getting a few
yards abaft the 団体／死体 of the 船長／主将 Maclean fell, and George and
the cook finished him with their knives. They then started to look
for M'Gregor, the carpenter, who had shut himself up in the
deckhouse, but they could not 軍隊 open the door. On Joseph
Pistolo 説 something to them in their own language, they
stopped trying to 軍隊 it, and Joseph Pistolo called to him that
they would do him no 害（を与える） if he would come out. They put their
knives up, and walked aft to the quarterdeck. The carpenter, on
their going aft, （機の）カム out, where I joined him, having come 負かす／撃墜する
from the foretop.
"The two 見習い工s were just turned fourteen years of age; it was
their first voyage, and they had gone 負かす／撃墜する the forepeak at the
開始／学位授与式 of the trouble, while Carrick, the other AB., had shut
himself up in the forecastle. The whole of the 事件／事情／状勢 did not last
ten minutes from start to finish. On seeing us two
together—that is myself and the carpenter—J. Pistolo
（機の）カム to us and said, '井戸／弁護士席, carpenter, you see what has happened.
The 船長／主将 said he would do for us before he got home, but his
turn has come first. I am sorry that Maclean got in our way, for he
was not a bad man. I have had a 職業 to get George to spare the 残り／休憩（する）
of you, as he says dead men tell no tales, but I think there has
been enough 流血／虐殺, so does my brother Gaspar. If you will ひさまづく
負かす／撃墜する and 断言する to help us take the ship where we ーするつもりである to leave
her, we won't 干渉する with you.'
"There 存在 nothing else for it, the carpenter and I did so.
Joseph then told me to go to the wheel, as the ship was without a
helmsman since Joseph had left it to attack the captain. They then
threw overboard the dead and washed the decks. Joseph Pistolo took
命令（する）, while the cook navigated, Joseph not understanding
航海. All of them took up their ４半期/4分の1s in the cabin, taking
the carpenter's 道具s from him, and everything they thought would
serve us as 武器s. They let Carrick and me come aft and take our
turns at the wheel, Carrick steering her one watch and me the
other, the 残り／休憩（する） of them …に出席するing to the trimming of the sails when
they 要求するd it. They made the carpenter do the cooking, and they
did not trouble the boys. They were too young, I suppose. This
明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s went on for five or six weeks. We had 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd the
Horn, and were off the South American coast. We noticed they did
not agree very 井戸／弁護士席 together. Joseph and his brother did not seem
to be on very friendly 条件 with the other three, while 'Big
George' took every 適切な時期 to 刺激する us to give him and his
mates, Bambos and the ex-cook, a chance to put us out of the way.
They 存在 井戸／弁護士席 武装した with revolvers, and knives stuck in their
sashes, and not 許すing us to come on the ４半期/4分の1-deck, we had no
chance at all.
"Joseph Pistolo （機の）カム 今後 in the forecastle one day, and told us
himself and brother ーするつもりであるd to take a boat and leave us, and that
we must do the best for ourselves, as he and his brother had
妨げるd us from 存在 killed up to then, the other three 存在 of
the opinion that while we were alive they would not be 安全な, but
with us dead, they could scuttle the ship and go on shore where
they liked, 説 they ーするつもりであるd to take the ship to some island in
the Mediterranean, where George thought they could land without any
trouble, first getting rid of us and the ship. Joseph finished up
by 説, 'Now, boys, mind I am telling you when we are gone your
lives are in your own 手渡すs, for you will never leave the ship
alive if you don't get the best of them.' We thanked him, and the
next day Joseph and his brother left, taking with them their 株
of the cabin plunder. George took 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of one watch with me and
the carpenter—me at the wheel, and the carpenter on the main
deck with one of the boys; while Bambos and the ex-cook took the
other watch, with Carrick to steer, but not 許すing us to come off
the main deck for anything; while they did nothing but try to get
us to do something for an excuse to 殺人 us, throwing boiling tea
over us when we were getting our meals, also scalding rice. At last
M'Gregor, Carrick, and myself managed to get together without them
seeing us, and we 決定するd to end it one way or the other. 'Big
George' told me and the carpenter that he would send us to look for
the captain before the morning. He could speak a little broken
English. It was on a Saturday, and the only chance we had was in
the middle watch. It was a 罰金 night. I was at the wheel. 'Big
George' was walking the 天候 味方する of the ４半期/4分の1-deck. Bambos
and the ex-cook were asleep in the cabin. It was their watch below.
We had arranged a 計画（する） between us—Carrick. M'Gregor, and
myself 'Big George' would get tired of walking about the whole of
the watch; he would lean over the 天候 rail いつかs for ten
minutes or so. If we could only get within striking distance of him
we should be 権利. He 存在 井戸／弁護士席 武装した and always on the watch, it
would have been all wrong should he have seen us coming. I had
安全な・保証するd a 激しい soldering アイロンをかける a few days before, while the
carpenter had got 持つ／拘留する of a short axe that was left in the
galley.
"About 2.30 A.M. I noticed George leaning over the 天候 rail. I
gave the signal to the carpenter, who was watching on the main deck
as 近づく aft as he could get. I took the soldering アイロンをかける from the 脚
of my trousers, where I had it 隠すd from the time I went to
the wheel, let go the wheel, and 急ぐd at George, hitting him over
the 長，率いる, and as he turned, the carpenter gave him another blow
with the axe that settled him; but he had alarmed the other two in
the cabin. We left him and jumped 負かす／撃墜する in the cabin. As we entered,
the cook 解雇する／砲火／射撃d a 発射 at us, but it 行方不明になるd, and went through the
deck. After a bit of a rough-and-宙返り／暴落する for five minutes or
so—Carrick coming to our 援助—we got the best of
them, the cook 存在 killed and Bambos 負傷させるd. On reaching the
deck we 設立する 'Big George' dead. We put them over the 味方する, and
next saw to Christopher Bambos' 負傷させるs, and 限定するd him in a cabin
until we arrived at Queenstown, where he was tried and hanged.
Joseph Pistolo was 逮捕（する）d at Monte ビデオ two years after, and
株d the same 運命／宿命. Carrick, M'Gregor, and myself sailed the ship
home, Carrick navigating. We passed a ship on the 赤道 and told
them of the 事件／事情／状勢. They 報告（する）／憶測d us on arrival, so it was known a
fortnight before we got to Queenstown. On arrival off the Irish
coast, H.M.S. Goshawk was on the look-out for us, and put an
officer and 乗組員 on board, and our troubles were at an end. The
underwriters and owners recompensed us for bringing the ship
home."
The Caswell had an unfortunate history: the 反乱（を起こす） occurred on her first voyage; a few years later she was nearly lost on a 物陰／風下 shore: and in 1899 she sailed from Newcastle, New South むちの跡s, for Guayaquil with a 貨物 of coal, and was never afterwards heard of.
One of the most 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の stories of this 肉親，親類d is that of the ship Tory. She arrived in the West India ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs from Hong-Kong in November 1845, when the Thames police 逮捕（する）d sixteen of her 乗組員, one of them 不正に 削減（する） about the 長，率いる, and took a seventeenth under 逮捕（する） to the hospital, he having been 発射 in the 脚 by the master of the ship, George Johnson, who appeared at the police 法廷，裁判所 to 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 the 乗組員 with 反乱（を起こす） and 殺人. The ship was a 大型船 of 608 トンs, owned by Duncan of Liverpool, and she brought a 貨物 価値（がある） ｣30,000 in tea and silks, besides several 乗客s, の中で them some women; her 乗組員 consisted of twenty-six men and boys. The master on his arrival 報告（する）／憶測d that the second mate had jumped overboard, and the first mate had been 殺人d, that the 乗組員 had conspired together to take his life and run away with the ship, and that it was only by the 解放する／自由な use of 小火器 and cutlasses, which accounted for the 負傷させるd men, that he 保存するd the 命令（する）. Before the 事例／患者 had been long under 調査, the 証拠 of the 乗客s and the 声明s of the 乗組員 put an 完全に different complexion upon it, and the 乗組員 were taken out of the 囚人's ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる, the master put in their place, and he was 最終的に committed for 裁判，公判 for 殺人. When 近づくing St Helena the 準備／条項s had run very low, and the whole 乗組員 were put on short allowances, the captain 発表するing that he ーするつもりであるd to call at St Helena for 蓄える／店s; but he passed this island, and when remonstrated with, said he had made up his mind to go on to Ascension, but, instead of doing so, kept on his course; then, a few days later—部分的に／不公平に, it was 申し立てられた／疑わしい, through drink—he went mad, and attacked his officers and men, indiscriminately 削除するing and stabbing some with cutlasses, and 負傷させるing others with 小火器, 運動ing one officer overboard at the point of a bayonet. On one occasion, he sent for three men to his cabin, receiving them there one at a time, and then attacking them with such ferocity that a beam running across the cabin 天井 was 削減（する） several インチs 深い by the 軍隊 of the blows from his cutlass. Johnson was 設立する not 有罪の on the ground of insanity.
I do not think the story of the Indefatigable 反乱（を起こす） has been printed in any 調書をとる／予約する. This 大型船 was on a voyage from Chili to Sydney with a 貨物 of wheat. On July 22, 1828, she was three or four days' sail from the Low 群島. Loftgreen, the mate, had the middle watch, and on the forecastle Antonio Mancillo kept the look-out. The 大型船 a few years before this time had been a 割れ目 Australian 仲買人; she was then called the Calder, and was 命令（する）d by Dillon, the man who afterwards solved the La Perouse mystery; she was, on this voyage, the 所有物／資産／財産 of a Mr John Duncan of Valparaiso, and six of her 乗組員 were Chilians, 選ぶd up at the last moment before sailing. The master, Joseph Hunter, and the mates had had たびたび（訪れる） 原因（となる） to speak はっきりと to the Chilians, who were both lazy and incompetent; but there was no 疑惑 in the minds of the Englishmen that any dangerous disaffection 存在するd. It was a （疑いを）晴らす starlight night, with only just enough 勝利，勝つd to keep the sails from flapping, and the mate, as he walked the short poop, had all he could do to keep awake; suddenly the look-out man cried in broken English that there was an island 権利 ahead—"Come 今後, sir, and look!"
The mate ran 今後 to the forecastle, and just as he reached it two men dashed out and pinioned his 武器, while Mancillo held the point of a knife to his throat, whispering in his ear, the while, that if he uttered a word he was a dead man. But Loftgreen struggled 猛烈に, and, without 注意するing the 脅しs, cried 殺人 several times. In the scuffle the mutineers dropped their knives, and when for a moment they relaxed their 持つ／拘留する and stooped to 選ぶ them up, Loftgreen managed to shake them off and run aft; then he 設立する that he had been stabbed several times in the 権利 arm and was bleeding profusely, but he reached his cabin, took a pair of ピストルs from his bunk, and crying loudly for help, 用意が出来ている to fight the mutineers.
一方／合間 the noise first awakened the steward, who, as he （機の）カム hurrying up the companion, was met by a Chilian, who struck him over the shoulder with a cutlass, and he fell 厳しく 負傷させるd at the foot of the ladder. Captain Hunter, 武装した with ピストルs and cutlass, 審理，公聴会 the mate's cries, opened his cabin door just as some of the mutineers reached it. Then the 船長／主将, in his excitement taking no 目的（とする）, 解雇する／砲火／射撃d both ピストルs, hitting no one, but for some minutes he fought 猛烈に with his cutlass, then, covered with 負傷させるs, fell dead.
Another party of the Chilians had during this time attacked Loftgreen, who had been joined by the second mate, and who fought 井戸／弁護士席, but they were soon overpowered, アイロンをかけるd, and, with the steward, 攻撃するd to stanchions.
Before the mutineers began their work, they had battened 負かす／撃墜する the fore-scuttle, 限定するing the carpenter, the cook, and the three other seamen, so that the 大型船 was now in 所有／入手 of the Chilians. Having thrown the 団体／死体 of the captain overboard, the mutineers broke open the spirit room and drank 自由に, but kept sober enough to 始める，決める a guard over their 囚人s, and to steer the ship and 削減する the sails. The next morning they had a 協議, and, as a result, hove the ship to, and hoisted out a boat, 蓄える／店ing it with a couple of breakers of water, a 捕らえる、獲得する of 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s, and some salt meat.
Loftgreen was then sent for, and ordered to draw a rough chart, showing the course and distance to the nearest land, Mancillo standing over him with a 負担d ピストル the while. The mate remonstrated, 説 that the nearest land was a cannibal island, and was answered, "so much the better."
Loftgreen, notwithstanding that he was 負傷させるd and very much agitated, remembered that the mutineers could not in all probability read English. "Mancillo," said he, "see I have drawn a chart of this savage island, and written on the 支援する of it the course and distance. I have also 警告するd them to look out for the natives, they are cannibals; you do not 反対する to this, I hope."
Mancillo looked 批判的に at the 令状ing, and then said, "We are not 殺害者s, and do not 反対する if the words are as you say."
But Loftgreen had really drawn a chart showing the course and distance to Tahiti, and the words he had written were, "Coast all the islands, they are dangerous; land nowhere till you reach Tahiti. Don't show this to any one; I am 軍隊d to take the ship to Manila, but will try to 奪い返す her; I think I can 伸び（る） over Jose and the cook."
Loftgreen was then put in アイロンをかけるs, and one of the mutineers kept guard over him, while the others lowered a boat, and 軍隊d Todd, the second mate, the carpenter, the steward, and a Swedish 船員 into her. Then Mancillo 手渡すd the second mate a compass and said: "We give you a 罰金 chart made by the mate, who has written sailing directions. We do not wish to 負傷させる you."
Todd looked at the 令状ing and adroitly replied that there was mighty little chance of escaping the savages with such means; then the boat was 削減（する） 流浪して, the mutineers ran up the Chilian 旗 and flung jeers at the castaways as the boat dropped astern, crying to them to keep in 条件, as cannibals liked plump men. Poor Todd, though the nearest land was 600 miles away, kept his heart up. "Better the open sea," he said, "than the brig and these 削減（する）-throats." Then he took the tiller, the three others hoisted the sail, and the boat was 長，率いるd 予定 west, which, によれば the mate's chart, would bring them to the eastermost of the Paumotus.
They had enough 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s, raw meat, and water to last them with 広大な／多数の／重要な economy for three weeks, their boat was a good one, they were 供給するd with a compass, and the course to be steered; the men were on good 条件 with each other and submissive to their officer, so that they had much to be thankful for, and their 長，指導者 悲しみ on leaving the ship was their 恐れる for the safety of Loftgreen.
On August 7—after fifteen days in the open boat—they made 決意／決議 Island, almost the centre of the Paumotu 群島, having passed, without sighting them, several islands which 嘘（をつく） その上の to the East. To their joy, on reaching 決意／決議 Island the natives put off in canoes and 扱う／治療するd them with 広大な／多数の／重要な 親切, so that they were induced to land, staying a day and a night, and receiving a 在庫／株 of cocoanuts and fresh water. Then they continued on their course, 遭遇（する）ing a 厳しい 強風 in which they lost their rudder and were nearly 押し寄せる／沼地d, and the compass was so 不正に 損失d as to be （判決などを）下すd useless. Fortunately they soon made Tahiti, after having been altogether twenty-four days in the boat. Here, to their surprise, instead of 存在 received cordially, they were 即時に made 囚人s. Luckily, an American whaler happened to be lying in the port, and her master, seeing the commotion from the deck of his ship, landed to 問い合わせ the 原因（となる）; explanations followed, and the castaways were then 扱う／治療するd with every 親切. It appeared that a party of runaway 罪人／有罪を宣告するs had called at the island a few days before in a ship's longboat; they had stolen a missionary's whaler that had been lying in the harbour and put to sea in her. Canoes gave chase, the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs 解雇する／砲火／射撃d upon the Tahitians, 殺人，大当り some of them. The natives at first thought that Todd and his companions were another party of 類似の rascals. The castaways, after a short stay at Tahiti, were taken on board the 鯨 ship Tiger and 伝えるd in licr to Sydney, where they told their story.
一方／合間, as soon as the boat was （疑いを）晴らす of the brig, Loftgreen was sent for and ordered to navigate the 大型船 to Guam, one of the Ladrone Islands. The voyage, thus began, lasted from the 22nd July till the 12th December. 罰金 静める 天候 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd the whole time, and it was fortunate that it was so, for the mutineers would only furl or 削減する the sails just when the humour took them, and four out of the six rascals were drunk during the whole time. The four drunkards soon took it into their 長，率いるs that it was necessary for their safety that Loftgreen should be 殺人d; but the two sober men, knowing the need of his 航海, defended him; and as the mate was taking his 観察s with the sextant every day, he heard the discussion as to when and how he should be killed. The mutineers seemed to have no idea that the Ladrones were at all civilised, and were under the impression that on arrival there they could sell the ship to the natives.
In 予定 course they sighted Guam, and as the ship sailed into the harbour, the mutineers 発言／述べるd to one another that the buildings looked as if there were Europeans living there, but they supposed it would be all 権利. The ship's 錨，総合司会者 was let go and a boat lowered; Mancillo and another man got in her and pulled 岸に to strike a 取引, when they were surprised to find themselves taken in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 by an Alcade and a guard of Spanish 兵士s. The officers closely questioned them, and not considering their answer 満足な, he put them in a boat, and with a guard 列／漕ぐ／騒動d off to the ship.
The men on the brig, seeing the boat approach with a party of 兵士s in it, 結論するd that their comrades had betrayed them, and they ran below to hide themselves, leaving Loftgreen on deck to receive the Alcade, who was soon in 所有／入手 of the whole story. Thereupon the brig was 掴むd and every one on board taken to a guard-house. Next day the Spanish 知事 heard the mate's 証拠, and believing it, the mutineers were placed in アイロンをかけるs, and Loftgreen 扱う／治療するd with every 親切. Soon afterwards H.M.S. Rainbow, then 命令（する）d by Captain Rous (afterwards the famous racing 海軍大将), entered the port, and she took Loftgreen and the mutineers to Manila, where, after 裁判，公判 before a Spanish 法廷，裁判所, the 殺害者s were hanged, the Indefatigable 非難するd as a prize to the 政府, and Loftgreen sent to Sydney.
The gold 強盗 商売／仕事 is managed now with かなりの 技術. In 最近の years it has been nothing uncommon for a mail steamer from Australia, on arrival at her 目的地, to find the specie room short of a box or two of gold; and no trace is ever afterwards 設立する of the thieves. They went at it in rougher fashion fifty years ago; the Nelson gold 強盗 is an example.
The Nelson, a sailing ship, in 1852, was lying at 錨，総合司会者 in Hobson's Bay the night before sailing for England, with an 量 of gold bullion on board to the value of ｣25,000. On the evening of April 2 the captain was on shore at the スパイ／執行官's office, and the officers and 乗組員, with the exception of the mate, three seamen, and a boy, were on shore for the night. At midnight, two boats 含む／封じ込めるing twenty-two persons, some of them dressed as women, pulled 静かに と一緒に the ship. These people 伸び（る）d the main deck and the forecastle without waking any one; then suddenly 掴むd the three seamen and the boys, and securely 攻撃するd and gagged them, 脅すing instant death if they made a cry; 一方／合間 another party went aft to where the mate and the carpenter were sleeping, and attacked them in like manner.
The mate fought 猛烈に, but was 発射 in the thigh by one of his 加害者s, and 最終的に 安全な・保証するd. Then the robbers proceeded to the storeroom, and deliberately hoisted up the twenty-three boxes of gold it 含む／封じ込めるd, and lowered them into the boats. The thieves then carefully threw overboard everything that could be used as a 武器, and carried all the 囚人s into the storeroom, の近くにing and battening the hatch upon them, then they got into their boats and 列／漕ぐ／騒動d away. During these 訴訟／進行s, one of the 乗組員 had been sleeping on deck, and had been overlooked by the thieves, and he, waking and seeing what was going on, hid himself until the thieves had （疑いを）晴らすd out, then he 解放（する）d the 囚人s from the storeroom, and the mate, 負傷させるd as he was, lowered a boat and 列／漕ぐ／騒動d 岸に to alarm the 当局. Water police and harbour master's boats were sent in search, but no trace was discovered until daylight, when on the shores of the bay, half-a-dozen miles away, an abandoned boat was seen, and on the sand were the wheel 跡をつけるs of a waggon. What became of the gold has never been discovered; but, subsequently, four men were 逮捕（する）d, and three of them 罪人／有罪を宣告するd, the 乗組員 断言するing to them as having taken part in the 罪，犯罪; and a Melbourne storekeeper is 申し立てられた／疑わしい to have bought the gold at thirty shillings an ounce, and afterwards to have left for England.
In 1856, the Strebon ヒース／荒れ地, a sailing ship, was carrying about ｣250,000 価値（がある） of bullion to England, and soon after leaving England, a man 指名するd William 吊りくさび 広げるd to other members of the 乗組員 a 陰謀（を企てる） he had arranged, to take the ship and carry her to the South American coast. For his 目的 he, after 断言するing some of the men to secrecy, showed them a 供給（する） of 小火器 and daggers he had stowed in his bunk, and a couple of 瓶／封じ込めるs of laudanum with which he 提案するd to doctor the soup for the cabin dinner, and 毒（薬） the twenty-two 乗客s on board. Fortunately the other seamen were honest fellows, and they 報告（する）／憶測d the whole 事件／事情／状勢 to the captain, who 敏速に put 吊りくさび in アイロンをかけるs and carried him thus to London, where he was tried at the Central 犯罪の 法廷，裁判所 and 宣告，判決d to transportation for life.
Broaching 貨物 is another form of sea 罪，犯罪 carried on to this day. Some years ago I was on board of a ship carrying a 価値のある general 貨物, in which the steerage 乗客s and one watch of the 乗組員 連合させるd to steal 所有物／資産／財産 価値（がある） altogether about ｣800. The 商売／仕事 was carried on so 井戸／弁護士席 that it was not 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd until the ship was nearly at her 目的地. As soon as this watch （機の）カム on deck at night, 確かな of the men were told off to keep guard, while others who had in some way 安全な・保証するd the 重要なs of the locked fore-hatch, went below and rummaged the 貨物, emptying 事例／患者 after 事例／患者 of jewellery, beer, spirits, drapery, cutlery, and 保存するd foods, such as pickles, jams, condensed milk, and 類似の articles. The 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の part of the 事件／事情／状勢 was the fact that the officer in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the watch never appears to have had the slightest idea of what his men were doing, and 非，不，無 of the men were tempted to get drunk, notwithstanding the 量 of アルコール飲料 that was の中で the goods stolen. There is no 疑問 the steerage 乗客s had a 手渡す in the 商売／仕事, for many of them were afterwards seen on shore wearing 着せる／賦与するing known to have been in the 貨物, but the police could not 得る 証拠 enough to 罪人／有罪を宣告する them. The thieves burrowed like rabbits into the ship's 持つ／拘留する, leaving the 最高の，を越す of the 貨物 undisturbed, so that when, occasionally, the hatch was opened there were no traces of anything unusual.
On arrival in port, the ship, having about fifty トンs of 爆発性のs on board, was 錨，総合司会者d some distance below the usual 船の停泊地 to 発射する／解雇する the dangerous part of her 貨物. The place was at that time a 静かな little sleepy hollow, and a 微光ing of 疑惑 having got into the captain's 長，率いる that something was wrong, when the 操縦する left the ship late in the evening he was told to send the police boat to her as soon as possible. The police boat duly （機の）カム the に引き続いて morning at about seven o'clock and 設立する the officers asleep in their beds, and the whole 乗組員, 含むing the 錨，総合司会者 watch, 行方不明の. They had made a raft during the night of 半端物 planks, and thus got on shore, and not one of them was ever afterwards heard of. When what remained of the ship's 貨物 was 発射する／解雇するing, it was seen what a remarkable escape from 災害 those on board of her had experienced.
The thieves had so burrowed in the 持つ／拘留する that if we had come in for any serious rolling, the 激しい 貨物 would have 転換d and 転覆するd the ship—but this was not the worst. The magazine, as it was called, was 単に a 取引，協定 plank compartment in the 持つ／拘留する amidships, and in this the fifty トンs of 砕く and 花火s were stowed in ケッグs and 木造の 事例／患者s. The bulkhead of this compartment was covered with candle-grease, and burnt 黒人／ボイコット in several places where the thieves had stuck candles to light them at their work.
When the century opened, the story of the South Seas could be told in a 一時期／支部. An Englishman's knowledge of the 太平洋の for 世代s later can be summed up in the phrase that it was dotted with 珊瑚 暗礁s, peopled by savages, and 支配するd by the "King of the Cannibal Islands." But the long peace drove adventurers, men who if they had lived a century earlier would have been buccaneers, out of civilised waters. Steam made of ocean 大勝するs （人が）群がるd 主要道路s of 商業, too 井戸／弁護士席 policed for any but respectable travellers to 旅行 upon, and vagabond sea rovers, and men with a past to be buried, or with the love of adventure, abandoned the 正規の／正選手 furrows of the プロペラ-ploughed 大西洋 for the trackless wastes of the 太平洋の Ocean.
It was not until 1809, nearly twenty years after the 反乱（を起こす） of the Bounty, that the first news of the lost mutineers reached England, when Captain Folgar of the American ship Topaz, 報告（する）／憶測d to Sir Sydney Smith at Rio de Janeiro his re-発見 of Pitcairn, peopled by a half-caste race of thirty-five persons and by one Englishman, calling himself Alexander Smith, the only mutineer remaining alive. Six years longer elapsed before the English 政府 had a 大型船 in these seas, and Sir Thomas Staines, in H.M.S. Briton, sighted it by mere 事故. "I fell in with an island where 非，不，無 is laid 負かす／撃墜する on the charts," he 令状s to the Admiralty, 存在 on his passage from the Marquesas to Valparaiso; "the island must undoubtedly be that called Pitcairn," he 追加するs, and then relates his 会合 with Smith, then calling himself Adams, and with Thursday October Christian, the son of the ringleader of the mutineers.
When the century opened, the only 解決／入植地 in the South 太平洋の was the 罪人／有罪を宣告する 駅／配置する at Sydney; the islands of New Zealand were still "savage;" the 発見 that Tasmania was a separate island from the main Australian continent was a year old, and Flinders and Bass, the discoverers, had gone their several ways, and were within sight of their ending: Flinders upon the 調査する of the continent, which was to end in his shipwreck, followed by 捕らわれた, and soon after, in 1814, death; Bass in a 貿易（する）ing voyage to the South Seas, there to go out of history, no man knows whither.*
[* Their romantic story is told in The 海軍の 開拓するs of Australia: Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery (John Murray, London, 1899).]
Missionary work in the 太平洋の—if the 工場／植物ing of the cross by the Spaniards in the far north-west, in the Philippines and 隣接する islands, be excepted—was still so much in its 幼少／幼藍期 that the account of the second voyage of the Duff, 関係のある in the 定期刊行物 of a 逮捕（する）d Missionary, was only published in 1800, and the 使節団 was then always 述べるd as to "cannibals," while dozens of islands, now 井戸／弁護士席-known copra 貿易（する）ing 駅／配置するs, whence the native races have disappeared, were then undiscovered.
For nearly forty years the 運命／宿命 of La Perouse and his comrades remained a mystery. The French 海軍大将 in the Astrolabe, with the Boussole in company, in 延長／続編 of his voyage of 発見, left Botany Bay in 1788, just as the first (n)艦隊／(a)素早い for the colonisation of New South むちの跡s was leaving the bay for Port Jackson; and the English officers were the last Europeans to speak with the Frenchmen. In 1791 Captain Hunter, on his way from Sydney to England, 報告（する）／憶測d that he had seen natives in canoes off the Admiralty Islands, dressed in 部分s of European 着せる／賦与するing, and wearing French 海軍の sword belts. In the same year 海軍大将 D'Entrecasteaux was despatched by the French 政府 upon an 探検隊／遠征隊 of 発見, with orders to search for traces of the 行方不明の ships—in the course of his voyage sighting, but not searching, the island of Vanikoro in the Santa Cruz group.
In 1813 the East India Company's ship Hunter, 巡航するing in the South Seas, left two sailors, a Prussian and a lascar, upon the island of Tucopia in the Santa Cruz group. And, in 1826, Mr Peter Dillon, the officer in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the boat which had landed the seamen, 存在 in 命令（する） of a ship in this ４半期/4分の1 of the world, 決定するd to call at Tucopia, and see if his old shipmates were still alive. They were; and they 知らせるd him that on the 隣人ing island of Vanikoro, so late as 1820, there were living two 生存者s of the La Perouse 探検隊／遠征隊, besides a 広大な／多数の／重要な 量 of 蓄える／店s and 難破 from the ships.
Dillon was unable to make the island to 満足させる himself of the truth of these 声明s, but he 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd upon the East India Company, upon his return, to send him in the 研究 to the island. He reached Vanikoro in September 1827, and there, though the two men were dead, he learned from the natives the 解答 of the mystery. The ships had been 難破させるd on Vanikoro 暗礁s forty years before; some of the 乗組員s had met their deaths by 溺死するing or at the 手渡すs of the natives, others had built a brig from the 木材／素質s of the 難破させるs, and in her, with La Perouse, had sailed in search of help. The brig was never more heard of, and it was conjectured that she was 難破させるd at the Admiralty 小島s, the 遺物s seen by Captain Hunter in 1791 存在 those of her people.
Dumont D'Urville, in April 1826, was sent by the French 政府, who had heard of Dillon's 探検隊／遠征隊, to join the search in a new Astrolabe, but he arrived after Dillon had 完全にするd his 発見. Dillon 廃虚d himself in the 企業, and the East India Company gave him nothing in return for the honour he had conferred upon it; but フラン made him a Chevalier, and he died one of her most honoured men.
During the first half of the century the South Sea Islands were slowly 居住させるd by the "civilised" from three 広大な／多数の／重要な sources: castaways, 見捨てる人／脱走兵s from whalers and 仲買人s, and runaway 罪人／有罪を宣告するs. This two-to-one 割合 of rascals to unfortunates was not altogether counterbalanced by the small number of decent men who then settled in the islands, nor were the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs in many 事例／患者s a worse leaven than the 見捨てる人／脱走兵s; nor the castaways, in all instances, a better than the other two elements. 囚人s at the penal 解決／入植地s often stowed away on board whalers, and notwithstanding the 激しい 刑罰，罰則s 課すd for harbouring 罪人／有罪を宣告するs the masters of the ships were often short-手渡すd, therefore glad to get these men, for there were many seamen の中で them, or at least a 大多数, with a knowledge 選ぶd up on the long sea voyage in the 輸送（する）, that would serve their 目的.
Such men when they got to sea, of course, pretty soon fell out with the master or the mates; then the "bolters," as the runaways were called, were either marooned, or 砂漠d at the first island where the whaler, or the 仲買人, stopped to 支持を得ようと努めるd and water. What fearful 罪，犯罪s, what horrible 出来事/事件s, could be told and have been printed of these people! Many of the 悲劇の stories of the South Seas told by Louis Becke are true.
On February 1, 1843, the Giraffe, bound from Sydney to Manila, was off Pleasant Island. It is only a dot on the largest 地図／計画する, lying to the west of the Gilbert group, の近くに to the 赤道, about twenty degrees to the eastward of New Guinea. Simpson, master of the Giraffe, 報告（する）／憶測d that this island, like many others with which he was 熟知させるd, was infested with a ギャング（団） of rascals, 構成するing runaway 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, time-満了する／死ぬd men, or 見捨てる人／脱走兵s from whalers. On his ship bringing-to off the island, she was boarded by George Lovett, who said he was a 見捨てる人／脱走兵 from the Offley, whaler, of London. Lovett 知らせるd him that there were seven Europeans with him, all 見捨てる人／脱走兵s. On January 31 one of these men 発射 another in a drunken quarrel; they 製造（する）d the drink by distilling stuff from the cocoanut trees. Not long before this, several runaway 罪人／有罪を宣告するs had landed there, の中で them a fellow who became known to posterity as "Monster Jones." In October 1841 there were eleven 見捨てる人／脱走兵s and bolters on the island, and Jones decided that this was too many for 慰安, so he 招待するd them all to a feast. The food had 以前 been 用意が出来ている by him, and seven died 毒（薬）d; the remaining four 辞退するd to eat, so, waiting 適切な時期s of catching them alone, Jones 発射 them one at a time. After this the natives 削減（する） him, thinking he was dangerous even to them; so he left in a whaler, and the last heard of him was that he had shipped at Guam on a 大型船 bound to England.
The 逮捕（する） of the Cyprus was adapted by Marcus Clarke for the main 出来事/事件 of For the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of His Natural Life; the true story was little altered in the novel. In August 1829 the Cyprus, while lying in Recherche Bay, Tasmania, was 逮捕（する）d by the thirty-one 囚人s on board, led by a man 指名するd Swallow, who eighteen years before had 削減（する） out a schooner in Port Jackson, and was a man of かなりの 知能 and 広大な／多数の／重要な courage. The 輸送（する） in which he had come out to Australia was caught in a ハリケーン and lay on her beam ends. The captain called for volunteers to 削減（する） away the masts. No man moved, the danger appalled them. Then Swallow stepped 今後, 説 that his life was of no value, 押し進めるd aside the captain who was himself about to 請け負う the dangerous 仕事, and did what was necessary. For his 行為／行う on that occasion, although he had made more than one 試みる／企てる to escape, he had been 扱う／治療するd with leniency. On board the Cyprus was 中尉／大尉／警部補 Carew in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of a guard of ten 兵士s, Mrs Carew, and a child. Carew imprudently left the ship in a boat to go fishing, …を伴ってd by a 囚人 指名するd Popjoy, the 外科医, the mate, and a 兵士. Just after the boat was （疑いを）晴らす of the brig, the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, led by Swallow, suddenly rose upon the 残りの人，物 of the guard.
The 囚人s had been left without アイロンをかけるs, and nine of them were 許すd on deck for 演習 with only two 兵士s in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金. The 大型船 was taken without 流血／虐殺, and, after a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of 交渉，会談ing, the mutineers 始める，決める on shore the 残りの人，物 of the guard, and thirteen 囚人s who 辞退するd to join them, with Mrs Carew and her child. Altogether forty-five persons were landed, and a 供給（する） of food was given to them. They were upon a desolate coast, and during the thirteen days they remained, 苦しむd 広大な／多数の／重要な hardships. They 建設するd a coracle of wicker work from wattle 支店s covered with canvas, and in this frail barque two 囚人s, Morgan and Popjoy, put to sea, happily 会合 with a 大型船 in a 隣人ing bay, 20 miles distant. 一方／合間, the mutineers carried the Cyprus to the Friendly Islands and thence to Japan, where seven of them left, and the 残り／休憩（する） took the brig to 中国. At Canton, having scuttled the 大型船 off the coast, they landed in the character of shipwrecked seamen in a boat with the 指名する Edward painted on her 厳しい; their story was believed, and Swallow and three others were given a 解放する／自由な passage to England. A few days after they sailed, a second boat （機の）カム in, but the men in her had forgotten their parts, and gave wrong 指名するs and dates. The whole story was then 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd, and these men were 逮捕（する）d, sent to England as 囚人s, and advice of the real character of Swallow was despatched home. Swallow, however, was clever enough to land at Margate, and escaped for the time, but on the ship entering the Thames his two companions were 逮捕（する）d, tried, and 遂行する／発効させるd. Swallow was later on 逮捕（する）d, and for want of 証拠 would have been acquitted, but Popjoy, who had 一方／合間 been 解放（する）d in consequence of his good 行為／行う, happened to be in the Thames Police 法廷，裁判所 under 逮捕（する） for a trifling offence, and his 証拠 罪人／有罪を宣告するd Swallow as an escaped 囚人, but was not considered strong enough to 正当化する hanging him, and he was sent out to Port Arthur, where he subsequently died.
Another 事例／患者 of the 肉親，親類d is that of the brig Frederick, 掴むd in January 1834 at Macquarie Harbour. The ringleader, John Barker, understood 航海, and several of the 囚人s were sailors by profession. After a very rough voyage of six weeks, they 後継するd in making Valdivia in South America, where they scuttled the 大型船, and landed and made a clean breast of their story to the 知事, who received them kindly, and 結局 they settled in the place, marrying and becoming decent 国民s. Then H.M.S. Blonde put into the port; her captain discovered them, and 需要・要求するd that they should be 配達するd to him. The 知事 辞退するd to give them up, and the Blonde 出発／死d, returning later when a new 知事 had been 任命するd. This man put them under 逮捕（する） while he was 交渉するing with the British officer, but Barker and three others, who had just built a boat for the use of the 知事, managed to 開始する，打ち上げる her and escape; the 残り／休憩（する） were put on board the English 軍艦, taken to England, and again 輸送（する）d for life to 先頭 Dieman's land, arriving there four years from the date of their escape. Barker and his companions were never afterwards heard of.
In another 事例／患者, in 1833, an ex-中尉／大尉／警部補 in the 海軍, 指名するd Darby, who had fought at Navarino, carried off a 25-トン schooner, the Badger, and in company with a 罪人／有罪を宣告する clergyman and half-a-dozen 罪人／有罪を宣告する seamen, made good his escape, and there is 推論する／理由 to beheve the whole party reached one of the South Sea Islands and lived out the 残りの人，物 of their lives there.
These 事例／患者s could be multiplied till the story of them filled a 調書をとる／予約する, which would be in 影響 the biographies of a 広大な／多数の／重要な many of the first colonists of the 珊瑚 islands of the 太平洋の. Commodore Wilkes, in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 調査するing 探検隊／遠征隊, the first and only American 企業 of the 肉親，親類d, relates his 会合s at one of the islands of the Fiji group, in 1840, with 米，稲 Connel of 郡 Clare. Connel had belonged to the army, and was in one of the 連隊s sent to …に反対する the French 上陸; but the regimental 禁止（する）d, in an incautious moment, struck up a White Boy's tune, and 米，稲 砂漠d and joined the enemy. When Lord Cornwallis won his 戦う／戦い, 米，稲 was の中で the 囚人s, and his accent showing he was not a Frenchman, he was mercifully not hanged, but 輸送（する）d. From New South むちの跡s he managed, after getting a ticket of leave, to stow away on a ship bound to Tonga, where he arrived soon after the cutting off of the Port au Prince at that island. The ship then went to Fiji, and there 米，稲 left her, and when Wilkes met him he had been nearly forty years living with the natives—a man of good repute, the husband of a hundred wives, the father of forty-eight half castes. At the same island Commodore Wilkes met an Englishman, or what was once an Englishman, calling himself James Housman, who 占領するd the dignified position of cup-持参人払いの to the King of Fiji.
Mr Becke, who knows the South Seas better than most men, has 井戸／弁護士席 retold many old stories of the cutting off of 仲買人s in the islands. The adventures of 水夫, who was one of the 乗組員 of the Port au Prince, which was 掴むd by the natives of Lefuka in the Friendly Islands in 1805, is an instance の中で many, and the cutting off of the Boyd, in 1809, is also an old story. The Maoris at Whangaroa, it will be remembered, 殺人d her European complement of some sixty persons, sparing only three, who were afterwards 救助（する）d with much difficulty and only by the 演習 of 広大な／多数の／重要な 外交. The 木材／素質s of the Boyd are still to be seen protruding from the harbour mud at low water.
In May 1826 the La Fayette, an American whaler, was in the Tongan group when some of her 乗組員, while wooding and watering at a small island, met a Hawaiian native, who 知らせるd them he was one of the 生存者s of the Port au Prince. This man said that the La Fayette was the second 大型船 to visit the island; in the first that had called, about ten years before, there was a very big stout woman who had with her a little girl of about eight years of age. The woman told him she was an Englishwoman who had escaped from the Maoris. Description and date leave little 疑問 that this was a woman 指名するd Charlotte Badger, and here is her story: The Venus, a 植民地の brig, sailed from Sydney for Hobart in November 1800, having on board some male 囚人s and two women. While at 錨，総合司会者 in Twofold Bay en 大勝する, the captain 存在 on shore, a 量 of rum was 密輸するd on board, and when the master returned to his ship he 設立する all 手渡すs, from the mate 負かす／撃墜する, drunk, and the two 罪人／有罪を宣告する ladies entertaining them with a dance. After some difficulty the master 回復するd order, and proceeded to his 目的地.
A few days later, while the ship was in a small bay 近づく Hobart, Kelly the mate, and three others, 補助装置d by the two women, suddenly rose on the 乗組員, and with 小火器 drove them into the boat, 削減（する） her 流浪して, and sailed off with the brig. As soon as the alarm was given the 大型船 was chased; but nothing was heard of her for more than a year. Then it was 報告（する）／憶測d in Sydney by the master of a 大型船 that he, while at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, had met with traces of the Venus, and by degrees the 残り／休憩（する） of the story was 広げるd. After committing all sorts of 残虐（行為）s, the 著作権侵害者s made friends with the Maoris, burnt the ship, and went to live with them. In 1808 a British man-o'-war （機の）カム across Kelly, 逮捕（する）d him, and he was hanged in England; an American whaler met with another of the mutineers, and he （機の）カム to the same end. All the others except Badger and her child were lost trace of, but Badger was met with in 1808, when she was 申し込む／申し出d a passage to Sydney, but 拒絶する／低下するd it, 説 she preferred to die with the Maoris; then no more was heard of her until the La Fayette, in 1826, arrived in Sydney with the 報告（する）／憶測 from Tonga.
In the year 1693 The Adventures of Jaques Sadeur was published, and a few months later an English translation was printed in England, する権利を与えるd A New 発見 of Terra Incognita—Australia or the Southern World. This 出版（物） 趣旨d to be the story of a Frenchman who had been 難破させるd on the 広大な／多数の／重要な Southern Continent, and had spent thirty-five years の中で the savages. It was fictitious from beginning to end; の中で the adventures Sadeur relates is one in which he 棒 cross-legged upon a dragon, mistaking, perhaps, a 海がめ for this creature! Sadeur seems to have written a couple of hundred years too soon; he was disbelieved, and no learned societies or distinguished persons patronised him; there was no 企業ing magazine to give him bold 宣伝.
It is curious how unlucky Frenchmen have been in the South Seas. There are plenty of very remarkable true stories of adventures of French castaways, and not the imagination of a Defoe, but the 産業 of a reader and compiler, is all that is 要求するd to 建設する thrilling narratives of shipwreck and strange adventures の中で 黒人／ボイコットs.
In 1858 Narcisse Pellatier sailed from Bordeaux as cabin boy on the St Paul of that port, bound to 中国, where she shipped 350 emigrants for Sydney. On the way to Sydney, the St Paul struck a 暗礁 on the Louisiade group of Islands, and became a 難破させる. All 手渡すs reached the shore in safety, but the savages showed 調印するs of attacking them, and the Chinese emigrants were so 脅すd of the islanders that the Europeans saw that they would be of no use for defence. Thereupon the 乗組員 掴むd the best boat and left the island, in the hope of making the Australian coast It was afterwards discovered that the Chinese were then 掴むd and penned off in pairs by the savages, who deliberately fattened, then ate them; one Chinaman was kept for some unknown 推論する／理由, and he was afterwards 救助（する）d and told the story. 一方／合間 the Europeans, after 広大な／多数の／重要な 苦しむing, reached the northern coast of Australia, 近づく Cape Direction. The captain, seven seamen, and the boy Pellatier, were all that now remained alive of the European 乗組員.
These persons landed and made a search for water, finding only enough to give some of them a sip. At the moment of discovering the water, a party of 黒人／ボイコットs was seen in the distance; the seamen ran to their boats, jumped in, and 列／漕ぐ／騒動d away, leaving Pellatier lying exhausted on the ground. The boat 最終的に reached New Caledonia and 報告（する）／憶測d all that had happened, and that there was no 疑問 Pellatier had 死なせる／死ぬd. In 1875 a pearling 大型船 was lying under the 物陰／風下 of Night Island, within the 広大な／多数の／重要な 障壁 暗礁, and some of her 乗組員 made friends with the 黒人／ボイコットs on the shore of the 本土／大陸. の中で these natives was one of はしけ colour than the others, and the 乗組員 were 知らせるd "this fellow a white fellow." He was induced to come on board the schooner's boat, though not without difficulty, and as the boat 押し進めるd off from the beach, he seemed half inclined to spring overboard and 再結合させる the natives. Some incoherent French words escaped from his lips, and his affrighted 注目する，もくろむs, as he ちらりと見ることd from one to the other of the boat's 乗組員, showed that he was under strong excitement. As soon as he stood upon the schooner's deck, however, his alarm seemed to 沈下する, and he tried to 表明する his satisfaction at again 存在 の中で white men, by gestures and other 調印するs of 是認. The schooner 始める，決める sail for Somerset, on Cape York, which in those days was the （警察，軍隊などの）本部 of the Torres 海峡 pearling (n)艦隊／(a)素早い. As the little 大型船 made her way northward along the coast, the strange white man began to speak, and to eat his food like a Christian, losing his 恐れる.
A fortnight later he was able to tell his 救助者s that his 指名する was Narcisse Pellatier, that he was a Frenchman, and had been seventeen years living の中で the 黒人／ボイコットs. Pellatier, after his return to フラン, published a little 調書をとる／予約する of his adventures, which seems to have gone out of print, and is now やめる forgotten.
The ship Charles Eaton left Sydney in 1834, bound to Singapore. She struck a 激しく揺する in Torres 海峡s, in the month of August, and the ship's complement, consisting of twenty-six men and six 乗客s, were compelled to take to the boats. Although there was no need for haste, the 乗組員 made a 急ぐ, and after 押し寄せる／沼地ing one boat, made off with the other. There were only five men in her, and they 安全に reached Timor. There remained on the 難破させる the captain, the 外科医, Captain D'Oyly of the Bengal 大砲, Mrs D'Oyly, two children and an ayah, the mate, and several seamen. These people 始める，決める about building a raft, and when it was finished, all but the mate and the seamen 押し進めるd off from the 難破させる, leaving those on board to 完全にする a second raft and follow.
Nothing more was heard of the Charles Eaton or her people until the New South むちの跡s 政府 schooner Isabella, sent in search of them, 設立する two 生存者s in July 1836. This was their story: A cabin boy 指名するd John Ireland was の中で those of the second raft party; he 関係のある how, when the first raft was out of sight, the second was 開始する，打ち上げるd, and after two days and nights upon it, in which the people were up to their middles in water, and without food, they fell in with a canoe 含む／封じ込めるing ten natives. These people, by 調印するs, 招待するd the white men to leave their raft for the canoe, and this they did, and were presently landed upon a small island, afterwards discovered to be Boydan, not far from Cape Camisade on the Queensland coast. The exhausted castaways were just able to はう on shore, then as soon as they were landed, the savages 始める，決める upon them and clubbed them all to death, except Ireland, who, for some unaccountable 推論する／理由, was spared. A few days later the savages re-乗る，着手するd in their canoe, taking Ireland with them. Presently they landed upon another island nearer to New Guinea, where Ireland saw one of Captain D'Oyly's children. This little fellow was just old enough to comprehend, and to explain what had happened to the party on the first raft. The child was the only 生存者. The 黒人／ボイコットs were not cannibals, they seemed to kill for the mere lust of 血.
The two white boys remained with the natives on this island about two months, when the savages again took to their canoes and sailed to the northward. On their way they called at several places for food; and, at last, at Murray's Island a native bought them from their captors for some bunches of 気が狂って. This Murray Island 黒人／ボイコット took the white boys home with him and 扱う／治療するd them kindly for several months; then, when the Isabella was making her search, he saw her, and putting off in his canoe, 回復するd the children. The schooner, from the boys' description, was enabled to find the scenes of the 殺人s of the 残り／休憩（する） of the Charles Eaton's people, and there discovered the bleached bones of the 犠牲者s, brought them to Sydney, and they were interred in what is now an old disused graveyard.
A 類似して horrible 事件／事情／状勢 was that of the Stirling 城, 難破させるd, in 1836, in Torres 海峡s. The 生存者s of that 難破させる were nearly six months の中で the 黒人／ボイコットs. Seven persons were 回復するd out of eighteen who got 岸に from the 難破させる, and the 拷問s and deaths of the castaways is one of the most heartrending 一時期／支部s in the story of the South Seas.
Mrs Fraser, the wife of the captain, was compelled by the 黒人／ボイコットs to climb trees for honey, the 黒人／ボイコットs 軍隊ing her to do this by 適用するing 解雇する／砲火／射撃-sticks to her person. She had 証言，証人／目撃するd her husband beaten to death because he was too exhausted to drag 広大な／多数の／重要な 支店s of trees to which the 黒人／ボイコットs had harnessed him. One of the 乗組員 during their 捕らわれた managed to escape, and by singular good fortune to make his way to what was then the small penal 解決／入植地 at Moreton Bay, and is now the Queensland 資本／首都, Brisbane. He brought help, and by good 管理／経営 and 賄賂s, Mrs Fraser, the second mate, and five seamen were 救助（する）d from the 黒人／ボイコットs. 中尉／大尉／警部補 カワウソ, who 影響d the 救助（する） of Mrs Fraser, said: "The woman was a 骸骨／概要, the 肌 literally hanging upon her bones, whilst her 脚s were a 集まり of sores, where the savages had 拷問d her with firebrands. Notwithstanding her 哀れな 苦境, it was 絶対 necessary for us to start homewards, though she had already come nine or ten miles, as there were about 300 natives in the （軍の）野営地，陣営, who would most likely attack us in the night, for many of them had been unwilling to give her up. Graham, our guide, had fortunately met with one of his former friends, a 肉親，親類d of 長，指導者, through whose 影響（力） he had 後継するd. So 背信の are the natives that it is impossible to 信用 one of them for a moment. When we met her she had been two days without food, and had subsisted the most part of the time on a 肉親，親類d of fern root which is 設立する in the 押し寄せる／沼地s. Now and then she would get the tail or fin of a fish, when the savages had a superabundance, and this she was 強いるd to earn by dragging 激しい スピードを出す／記録につけるs of 支持を得ようと努めるd and fetching water. She was not 許すd to enter their huts; but, naked as she was, she was 強いるd to 嘘（をつく） out the whole night, even in the heaviest rains. This is but a slight sketch of what she went through. When we had got about half-way to our boats, we were 強いるd to carry her in turn. We did not arrive until next morning, when she begged for hot water, as she was anxious to 回復する her 直面する and person to their natural colour. The natives, ーするために bring her as 近づく as possible to their own complexion, had rubbed her 肌 every day with charcoal."
In 1823 four men in a little 切断機，沿岸警備艇 left Sydney for Illawarra, fifty miles to the southward, to 負担 cedar. When within sight of their 目的地 they were caught by a 激しい 強風 and driven to sea. They had no knowledge of 航海, and not even a compass, so that when the 天候 穏健なd they had not the least idea of their position; and the only man with any sea experience, after the boat had been drifting for a week, through drinking salt water, died, raving, in a few hours. For twenty-one days they drifted, living on a few 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s and such water as they could collect from the rain, which fortunately fell pretty frequently after the first week. At last land was seen, and the men 後継するd in making it, 上陸, and abandoning their 切断機，沿岸警備艇. Seven months later the 政府 切断機，沿岸警備艇 Mermaid put into Moreton Bay, and 設立する two of the three men on an island living with the 黒人／ボイコットs, who had 扱う／治療するd them kindly. The third man was away on a 追跡（する）ing 探検隊／遠征隊, but a 瓶／封じ込める was left with a message 知らせるing him that he would be called for later, but it was not until September 1824 that he was 救助（する）d; so remote was the place at this time.
The barque Peruvian was, in 1846, 難破させるd 近づく Cape Cleveland on the North Queensland coast, and many of her people, 含むing some women and children, drifted about on a raft for six weeks, until all but four 死なせる／死ぬd, when they were washed upon the coast. The 生存者s were the master of the 大型船 and his wife, a boy, and a seamen 指名するd Murrel. They fell in with 黒人／ボイコットs, who 扱う／治療するd them kindly, but in two years all died but Murrel. Seventeen years later, in January 1863, an Australian 在庫／株-keeper, sitting in his hut, on an outback 駅／配置する on the Burdekin river, 近づく where there is now a 鉄道 橋（渡しをする）, was startled by the sudden 外見 of a man whom he took to be a 黒人／ボイコット. The stockman levelled his gun to shoot—in those days men 解雇する／砲火／射撃d first and challenged afterwards. "Don't shoot, I'm a British 反対する" (sic), said the man. It was Murrel, who afterwards became a customs officer, and whose 子孫s still own 価値のある country in the 周辺.
In the Islands of Bass 海峡s, and off the main continent, the sealers earned for themselves a 評判 more evil than that of the buccaneers of the West Indies. 罪人／有罪を宣告するs on ticket-of-leave, and 見捨てる人／脱走兵s and bolters, went 調印（する）ing. Soon the Americans, getting 勝利，勝つd of the 調印（する） 漁業s, sent 大型船s 巡航するing in these waters, and more than one French 大型船 試みる／企てるd to 削減（する） in, but was driven out by the 地元の vested 利益／興味s. The sealers, as sealers, were 害のない enough, but they did not stop at 調印（する）ing. It was not 安全な for a small 大型船 to 巡航する in the 周辺 of 辺ぴな islands, for the 無法者s upon them 削減（する） off 切断機，沿岸警備艇s and schooners at every 適切な時期, thus making good their escape from the penal 解決／入植地s, 上陸 either upon the Islands of Polynesia, or even making the South American coast. This was not all; the women belonging to the now extinct tribes of Tasmanian 黒人／ボイコットs were kidnapped, and every sealer had his native wife. This 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s lasted 負かす／撃墜する to the forties. At 保護 Island, in 1841, Captain Stokes of the Beagle met James Munro, "King of the Eastern Straitsmen," who had been a sealer for twenty-three years, and had three wives and a dozen half-caste children.
On Kangaroo Island, 負かす／撃墜する to the twenties, there was a 正規の／正選手 nest of 著作権侵害者s, most of them escaped 囚人s. This ギャング（団） had for a leader a scoundrel 指名するd Williams. One of the ギャング（団）, 指名するd Antonio, got drunk and 誇るd to the 乗組員 of a passing 大型船 of the 偉業／利用するs of himself and his companions. A few weeks later this man was 雇うd by Williams to 得る 調印（する）-肌s by 存在 lowered from a high cliff. After Antonio had been at work several hours sending up 肌s, the time （機の）カム for him to be 運ぶ／漁獲高d up by the rope. When he was swinging a hundred feet in the 空気／公表する, Williams leant over the cliff, and reminding him that he was a fellow who could not keep his tongue 静かな, coolly 厳しいd the rope, and Antonio was dashed to pieces on the 激しく揺するs below. Williams and part of his ギャング（団） 最終的に built a schooner, in which they left the island and were never afterwards heard of.
Not thirty years ago the brig Maria sailed from Sydney in most remarkable circumstances. A party of young men, seduced by 誇張するd stories of gold to be 設立する in New Guinea, formed themselves into a company, and 購入（する）d an unseaworthy old 大型船 lying in Sydney harbour. The party consisted of seventy-five persons of all classes of society, and each subscribed ｣10 to the 請け負うing.
They elected a captain on the "one man one 投票（する）" 原則, and the brig sailed in January 1872. This captain had 絶対 no knowledge of 航海, there was no chart of the 障壁 暗礁 on board the ship, and no 航海の 器具s. The idea was to steer north and reach New Guinea somehow. In 予定 course the 大型船 struck on Bramble 暗礁, thirty miles east of the then new 解決／入植地 at Cardwell, and twenty miles from Hinchinbrook Island—the Hinchinbrook Channel is one of the show places now on the Queensland coast, and the tourist in a 罰金 intercolonial steamer, if he should decide to go north, will be shown the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す.
When the brig struck, the elected captain got out the best boat and 発表するd his 意向 of going for help. He took six seamen with him and made the 本土／大陸, where a party of 黒人／ボイコットs attacked him and killed him and three of his men, 負傷させるing the other three, who, however, managed to escape, and reached Cardwell a week later. At Cardwell, Mr Sabben, a midshipman belonging to H.M.S. Basilisk, with eight blue-jackets, happened to be on board of a 逮捕（する）d South Sea slaver, and he made a 勇敢に立ち向かう 試みる／企てる to 救助（する） the 残りの人，物 of the party, while （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） of the 災害 was sent in all directions. 一方／合間 the people on the brig, by the 援助（する） of rafts and the remaining boat, got on shore, all but nine, who were 溺死するd in making the land. When in 予定 course the 救助（する）ing parties reached the scene they 設立する a few 生存者s; some had been 殺人d by the 黒人／ボイコットs, some had gone mad from かわき and （危険などに）さらす, and, strange to relate, some had fallen in with 黒人／ボイコットs who had 扱う／治療するd them kindly. Within a space of half-a-dozen miles the savages in one place had clubbed to death, and, it is believed, eaten fourteen persons, and in another had fed and 扱う／治療するd with the greatest 親切 the other castaways. The total number of the 生存者s of the seventy-five persons who went out in the brig was forty—twelve were 溺死するd on the 難破させる, fourteen killed by 黒人／ボイコットs, and nine were 溺死するd off the rafts.
On March 11, 1887, the Tamaris of Bordeaux, bound to Noumea, ran on Penguin Island, one of the Crozets. The thirteen men of the 乗組員 managed in their boats to land 安全に upon another island of the group. They were then 井戸／弁護士席 off, for H.M.S. Conus, in 1880, had left upon Hog Island, in a hut built for the 目的, a 在庫／株 of tinned 準備／条項s. On September 22 an albatross was 選ぶd up on the beach 近づく Fremantle, West Australia. Scratched upon a piece of tin hung 一連の会議、交渉／完成する its neck were these words: "Thirteen shipwrecked Frenchmen are 難民s on the Crozets, August 4." In consequence of this message a French war 大型船 went to the Crozets to 救助（する） the men. In the 避難所 hut on Hog Island the captain of the French ship 設立する a letter written by the captain of the Tamarus, giving particulars of the 難破させる, and 明言する／公表するing that, after seven months of waiting, they had 消費するd what little food had been saved from the 難破させる and most of the tinned 準備／条項s left by the Comus; they had therefore 決定するd to leave in their boat for 所有／入手 Island, where they thought they could find food enough until they were 救助（する）d by a passing 大型船. The French searching ship then proceeded to 所有／入手 Island, and there 設立する that the 避難所 hut had never been 占領するd; the food left by the Comus was untouched, the castaways had evidently not reached the place, and must have been 難破させるd again on the passage, for they were never afterwards heard of.
The schooner Bobtail Nag, in 1875, when off the Island of Malayta, 後継するd by means of 賄賂s in inducing the savages to give up a white man who had been living の中で them for seven years. In the year 1868, at St Francisco, John Renton, a native of Stromness, nineteen years of age, ran away from the 大型船 in which he had shipped as cabin boy; a couple of days later he was hocussed, put on board the Renard of Boston, and knew nothing of what had happened until he was 井戸／弁護士席 （疑いを）晴らす of the land, bound to M'Kean's Island for guano. On the voyage the ship called at the 挟む group to refresh, and there, 借りがあるing to the ill-治療 of the ship's company, and the persuasive 影響（力） of an old sailor known as "Boston Ned," 確かな of the 乗組員 決定するd to 砂漠. The conspirators, numbering altogether five persons, 内密に 在庫／株d a small 鯨-boat, that was hanging by her painter to the 厳しい of the 大型船 as she lay at 錨，総合司会者, with some 準備／条項s and water, but at the last moment were unable to 安全な・保証する a compass. Then in the dead of night they 乗る，着手するd in the boat and 削減（する） 流浪して, ーするつもりであるing to make an island some distance from the one off which their ship was lying. By 夜明け, however, they had lost sight of land; it fell dead 静める, and they could make no 前進; soon they lost all idea of their position, and thus they drifted.
At the 満期 of ten days they were still out of sight of land, their food was nearly all gone, and they were beginning to despair. Five days more elapsed, then it （機の）カム on to blow a 強風, the little boat flew before a 山地の sea, every soul in her 推定する／予想するing the next moment would be his last. For a whole day and night "Boston Ned," 攻撃するd to the steer oar, kept his 地位，任命する, and while the other men baled, steered the boat with a 技術 only to be acquired by a man who has served an 見習いの身分制度 in a whaler. Then 罰金 天候 （機の）カム, and the men had time to realise that they had eaten their last crumb and drunk their last mouthful of water.
Three more days and nights passed like this, then young Renton saw "Boston Ned" whispering in the ear of another sailor, looking curiously at him the while. Ned produced a sheath knife and began 実験（する）ing its 辛勝する／優位. Renton for a whole day and night kept awake, never taking his 注目する，もくろむs from "Boston Ned," and crouching in the 屈服するs of the boat, as far as possible from the steersman. Then 早期に one morning the youngster caught sight of a shark; it followed the boat as if waiting—a horrible suggestion to its occupants; then Renton was struck with an idea, and he whispered it hurriedly to "Boston Ned."
They had fortunately a harpoon in the boat, and Ned, with this 大（公）使館員d to the painter, stood ready to strike when the shark could be induced to come の近くに enough. Renton now stripped, and lying along the gunwhale of the boat, put one 脚 over the 味方する, 追跡するing it in the water. The shark presently caught sight of the bate, hesitated once or twice, then darted for it. Renton withdrew his 脚 just in time, and Ned 開始する，打ち上げるd the harpoon. The shark was caught, and the food 供給（する） 新たにするd; the same night rain fell, and they got fresh water enough to fill the breaker. But their sufferings were not yet ended, and the shark's flesh became too putrid even for 餓死するing men to eat. On the thirty-fourth day from leaving the ship they sighted land, and twenty-four hours later ran their boat into a little harbour, where they were 即時に surrounded by savages, who, seeing them unable to walk, carried them 岸に and 扱う／治療するd them with 広大な／多数の／重要な 親切. 最終的に, however, Renton's four companions were killed, but Renton having a powerful friend in a young 長，指導者, was spared and 救助（する）d by the Bobtail Nag.
This story of the Auckland Islands is only one of many that could be told of that desolate group of 激しく揺するs nearly two hundred miles south of New Zealand. The schooner Grafton, in 1864, drove 岸に there, and the 乗組員 辛うじて escaped with their lives. The 乗組員 numbered five persons—the master, Musgrave, the mate, Racqual, a Frenchman, and three seamen. They got on shore all the 準備／条項s, some old sails, and a 乱打するd boat from the 難破させる. A few herbs grew on the 激しく揺するs, and with these and the flesh of 調印（する）s they were compelled to 支える life for many months, for the 在庫／株 of 準備／条項s on the schooner was very small, and it was eighteen months before they were 救助（する）d. After 存在 more than a year on the island, Racqual undertook to build a boat from the remains of the 難破させる and the でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる of the schooner's dingey. They took six months at the work, Musgrave the while keeping a 定期刊行物 written in 血—his 代用品，人 for 署名／調印する. Although it was 静める when she was 開始する，打ち上げるd she nearly 転覆するd, she was so frail and tender in the water. After some patching, Musgrave, Racqual, and one 船員 投機・賭けるd to put to sea in her, the others remaining behind in the hope that their comrades would reach Stewart Island, the nearest land, and send succour.
After five days at sea, Musgrave and his companions 後継するd in making Port Adventure, and from there 得るd help and returned for the other two men. These were brought off, and all landed 安全に in New Zealand.
While the Grafton was 岸に on one island of this group, the Invercauld was 岸に on another. Nineteen persons belonging to this 大型船 後継するd in getting a 地盤 on the desolate 激しく揺するs, where they remained for fourteen weeks before the 生存者s, three men, were taken off by a passing 大型船. The limpets on the 激しく揺するs, 逸脱する roots, and two 調印（する）s was all the food the Invercauld's 乗組員 could 後継する in finding. Everything in the ship had gone 負かす／撃墜する with the 難破させる. It is singular that during the time both 乗組員s were castaways on this group, they saw nothing and knew nothing of each other 存在 there. The schooner sent to the 救助（する） of the Grafton's 乗組員, the 飛行機で行くing 疾走する, while she was in the group, （機の）カム across the 骸骨／概要 of a man, evidently one of the Invercauld's 乗組員, who had wandered from his fellows, and had fallen, exhausted, to die on the 激しく揺するs, but there was nothing by which he could be identified.
The American ship General 認める was 難破させるd の中で this group, in May 1866, on a voyage from Melbourne to England, carrying many diggers as 乗客s, and many thousands of 続けざまに猛撃するs in gold. The ship went 岸に in the middle of the night on one of the small islets, and in a most 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の manner was driven by the sea into a 肉親，親類d of cavern in the 激しく揺するs. Of the eighty-three souls on board, only fifteen, の中で them one woman, managed, by the 援助（する） of the boats, to make a 上陸 on 失望 Island. James Tier, one of the 乗客s, during the trying time between the occurrence of the 災害 and the eighteen months that elapsed before the ten unfortunate castaways who 生き残るd were 救助（する）d, showed the courage and resourcefulness of a 広大な／多数の／重要な leader.
The captain and many of the 乗組員 had 上がるd the 船の索具 of the ship when she ran into the awful 開始 in the 激しく揺するs. Tier, 一方／合間, 後継するd with the 援助（する） of others in getting out a boat, and as this boat with the 生存者s pulled past the mouth of the cavern, they saw the ship with all who had remained on board go to the 底（に届く）. Four men, about eight months after the 難破させる occurred, fitted up the boat and sailed away in an endeavour to bring help. They were never afterwards heard of In November 1867 a 捕鯨 brig happened to touch at the island, and a boat's 乗組員 from her （機の）カム across Tier and his party. They were 着せる／賦与するd in sealskins, and were in such a 条件 that the captain of the whaler believed them to be mad, and was at first 脅すd to take them on board. But one of the 乗組員 of the ship happening to recognise Tier, the castaways were 最終的に 乗る，着手するd, 扱う／治療するd with every 親切, and landed at Melbourne. Tier spent the 残りの人，物 of his life in Australia, organising many 探検隊／遠征隊s to 試みる／企てる the 回復 of the gold from the sunken 難破させる, but nothing （機の）カム of these 投機・賭けるs, and Tier, about ten years ago, just as he had 完全にするd a 計画（する） to make one more 投機・賭ける, was one morning 設立する dead in his bed. An American 探検隊／遠征隊 was, some months ago, 報告（する）／憶測d as about to 試みる／企てる the 回復 of the gold.
Tier thus 述べるs how the ship, after she struck, was sucked into the 洞穴:—
"In the 不明瞭 we saw nothing save the dark 集まり above and around us. Lamps were held over the 味方する, as the ship was lying very easily; we could then see the overhanging 激しく揺するs, and no place where a bird could 残り／休憩（する） upon them. Soundings were taken, and there were 25 fathoms under her 厳しい, but she kept working into the 洞穴. The boats were thought of, but the captain thought it best to wait for daylight, as 広大な／多数の／重要な lumps of 激しく揺する were 落ちるing in all directions. As the ship was carried in, she caught the overhanging 激しく揺するs with her fore-王室の mast, and carried it away, then the other masts followed. At last daylight （機の）カム, and with 広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty I and some others managed to get away with one boat, 開始する，打ち上げるd over the 厳しい by means of a 事業／計画（する）ing spar, rigged for the 目的, for there was no room between the ship's 味方する and the 塀で囲むs of the 洞穴, which appeared to be about 400 ft. high, and overhanging."
The story of Benjamin Boyd, who sailed the schooner ヨット Wanderer under the 旗 of the 王室の ヨット 騎兵大隊 to New South むちの跡s, is curious. Boyd （機の）カム out to Sydney in 1841 in 関係 with some important banking 商売／仕事, and 購入（する）d a 広大な／多数の／重要な 量 of land in more than one of the Australian 植民地s, 推測するing 大部分は in the South Sea 貿易（する）. He owned many 鯨 ships, and was the first man to introduce the South Sea Islander, or Kanaka, to the Australian 労働 market; he was also the first to 輸入する camels for crossing the 乾燥した，日照りの country with 供給（する）s for his 辺ぴな 駅／配置するs. His 憶測s at length grew to such a 規模, 含むing the building of a town and making of a harbour, Boydtown, on the south-western coast of New むちの跡s, for his whalers, that the 株主s in the 広大な／多数の／重要な 財政上の 関心s, in which he was the 長，指導者 manipulator, 同意しないd with him, and he 辞職するd from the 関心s, setting sail in the Wanderer for the new gold diggings in California in 1850. A year of this life was enough for him, and he sailed for Sydney, calling at Guadalcanar, in the Solomon Islands, on the way. Boyd went 岸に in the ヨット's boat, sculled by a Kanaka, was attacked by the natives and killed, the ヨット and those who remained on board 存在 attacked by savages in canoes, and only （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing them off after a desperate 約束／交戦. After an 不成功の endeavour to 回復する Boyd's remains, the ヨット sailed, and was 難破させるd coming up the New South むちの跡s coast, only a few of her company escaping to tell their story.
Christian and his companions in the Bounty are いつかs said to have been 刺激するd to 反乱（を起こす） by the beauty of the Tahitian women, but in more than one instance where sailors have lost their ships in the South Seas, a white woman has been the 原因（となる） of the mischief. 早期に in the century, a brig owned by Mr Kerr, American 領事 at Manila, and 命令（する）d by a man 指名するd Melton, was despatched with a 貨物 to Batavia, with orders to bring 支援する goods from that port suitable for 処分 at the Philippines. Melton was 供給するd with a letter of credit する権利を与えるing him to draw against a Batavian house for ｣4000. On arriving at his port. Melton, having sold his 貨物 and cashed his letter of credit, sold the brig and 購入（する）d a ship called the Duke of Portland, and sailed, as he wrote to Kerr, for the South American coast, 明言する／公表するing in his letter not to 推定する／予想する him for some time, as he had gone on a good 貿易（する）ing 探検隊／遠征隊. The letter of credit was duly 現在のd and taken up by Kerr, who was much 尊敬（する）・点d at Manila. 一方／合間 Melton got a 借り切る／憲章 from the Dutch Company at Batavia to carry rice to one of the islands in the Dutch 群島, but instead of carrying out his 借り切る／憲章, he sailed to the Mauritius and there sold the 貨物; whence he took the ship to Cape Town, and there 乗る，着手するd a woman 指名するd Elizabeth Morey. He then sailed, ーするつもりであるing to make Lima, there sell the ship, and settle in South America; but, on the voyage, he called at the Friendly Islands. At Tonga the ship was boarded by large numbers of natives, and の中で them was an Irishman 指名するd Doyle, a castaway who had been 難破させるd a year or two 以前, and had become a sort of 長，指導者; and also a Malay calling himself Charley. At a signal given by these two scoundrels, the natives suddenly attacked the 乗組員 of the Duke of Portland, and 殺人d nearly all 手渡すs, 含むing the master, and carrying off the woman, who was three years kept 囚人.
In 1804 the American ship Union was off the island, when Doyle and the Malay boarded her and induced her 乗組員 to lower boats and land. The woman Morey was put in a canoe and ordered to 保証する the strangers of the friendly 意向s of the natives. She went off to the ship, and was at first too 井戸／弁護士席 watched to do other than she was ordered, and in consequence some of the Union's people landed and were 殺人d. A second trip was made to the ship to induce others to come; then Morey sprang out of the canoe and swam to the ship, crying out to the people on board for help, and telling them the truth. The woman was taken on board just in time to save her life, and the Union's 錨，総合司会者 存在 apeak, and her topsails hoisted, the 残りの人，物 of the 乗組員 managed with their 小火器 to 運動 off the canoes and get the ship to sea, and in 予定 course she arrived in Sydney.
The 罪，犯罪s of the Kanaka slave 貿易（する）—"黒人／ボイコット-birding" was the slang word for it—are やめる equal in their 残虐（行為） to anything that is 記録，記録的な／記録するd in the stories of the "Middle Passage." In the forties, two British owned 大型船s, because the natives of one of the 太平洋の Islands 反対するd to them cutting 支持を得ようと努めるd, 発射 a 得点する／非難する／２０ or more of the islanders, and 運動ing a number of others into a 洞穴, filled it with 支持を得ようと努めるd and burnt the natives alive. The 殺人 of Bishop Patterson in the Swallow 小島s, Santa Cruz group, in 1871, is せいにするd to the exasperation of the islanders by some 乱暴／暴力を加える committed by a 労働 大型船 that had called there a short time 以前. Kidnappers have been known to land disguised as missionaries; and it is a fact that native 長，指導者s have 契約d to 供給（する） 船長／主将s of 仲買人s with human 長，率いるs, these 存在 at one time of 商業の value in the South Seas; so many 長，率いるs from one group sold at another group would 購入（する） so many Kanakas. The "Carl" 残虐（行為）s took place so late as 1871. The 長，指導者 scoundrel in that horrible 一連の 殺人s was permitted to turn Queen's 証拠, and from his own words, as 報告（する）／憶測d at the 裁判，公判 of his 共犯者s, natives were kidnapped in the New Hebrides group in the に引き続いて manner: The brig was hove to off an island, her boats were lowered, and the natives were encouraged to come off in their canoes. Then pig-アイロンをかける was dropped into the boats, and the natives, as they struck out to （疑いを）晴らす themselves of their 沈むing canoes, were stunned by the men in the Carl's boat and 運ぶ／漁獲高d out of the water as 急速な／放蕩な as possible. After this had gone on for some time at さまざまな islands, the ship's 持つ／拘留する was filled with slaves, and one night, while at sea, the poor creatures made an 試みる／企てる to break out and 伸び（る） the deck. Then the Carl's 乗組員, led by one Dr James Patrick Murray, part owner of the 大型船, and, later on, "Queen's" 証言，証人／目撃する, opened 解雇する／砲火／射撃 with revolvers and ライフル銃／探して盗むs on the people below. Fifty were killed, and about sixteen 不正に 負傷させるd.
The 大型船 was at this time out of sight of land, but killed and 負傷させるd alike were hoisted up from below and thrown overboard. Some of the 負傷させるd, when they were thrown overboard, were still tied by the 脚s and 手渡すs, as they had been deposited in the 持つ／拘留する, and it was sworn at the 裁判，公判 that Dr Murray sat on the coambing of the hatchway and sang, "Marching through Georgia," while he emptied his revolvers on the islanders below. Two men were 罪人／有罪を宣告するd and 宣告，判決d to death for the 罪，犯罪s, but the 宣告，判決 was afterwards 減刑する／通勤するd to penal servitude for life; others of the 乗組員 got off with two years, two others were acquitted on a 合法的な 専門的事項, and Murray, by turning 密告者, 完全に escaped 罰.
労働 大型船s still 輸入する Kanakas to Queensland, but under 規則s and 政府 監督, so that the public, when 反対 is 申し込む／申し出d, are 保証するd that it is impossible that the Kanakas can 苦しむ any 不正; it is, however, 井戸／弁護士席 to remember that the Carl 残虐（行為）s occurred not thirty years ago, and a man-o'-war fell in with that slaver a few hours after the 殺人s, and could find nothing wrong on board, so beautifully 正規の／正選手 and innocent did everything appear.
More than enough has been written of missionary work in the South Seas. That it has been a strong civilising 影響（力） in the islands, as どこかよそで, there can be no 疑問; it is 平等に 確かな that in a few 世代s the missionary 商売／仕事 of the 現在の century will be 階級d with the Tulip Mania, the South Sea 泡, and other popular delusions; and our 子孫s will read with amazement of that amiable public who subscribed its thousands for 使節団 steam ヨットs and 類似の agreeable 企業s for the 利益 of the 井戸／弁護士席-fed savages in the 太平洋の, while hundreds of men, women, and children, their winter 避難所 the 乾燥した，日照りの arches of Thames 橋（渡しをする）s, year in year out, 餓死するd in the sight of their fellow Christians.
In the seventies of last century, a young man 指名するd Henry Greathead, belonging to 保護物，者s, having 完全にするd his 見習いの身分制度 to a boatbuilder, was "bitten with the sea fever," so shipped himself as carpenter on a 大型船 supposed to be bound for the West Indies. But the master of this ship had やめる another 反対する than honest 貿易（する）ing in 見解（をとる）. His design was to put the 大型船 岸に in some place where the boat could comfortably land the 乗組員; then 報告（する）／憶測 the loss of the 大型船, and 安全な・保証する as reward some 部分 of the fraudulently 得るd 保険 money. The master and 乗組員 could not agree on the means to 達成する this end, with the result that the 罪，犯罪 was bungled, the ship was 立ち往生させるd on the French coast, and her people were taken 囚人s by the French. The captain made out a （人命などを）奪う，主張する on に代わって of the owners for the 保険 money, and he asked the 乗組員 to 調印する the 文書. Greathead 反対するd, and so 影響（力）d the 乗組員 that they also 辞退するd to do so; その上の, Greathead wrote to Lloyd's, and told the underwriters the whole circumstances of the 試みる／企てる to defraud them.
The French people, 審理，公聴会 of all this 商売／仕事, for the correspondence had to pass through the 手渡すs of the 軍の 当局, kept the master of the ship 囚人, but sent Greathead home to England with a message to the 影響 that he was an honest fellow, who deserved better than to be kept in Calais town 刑務所，拘置所.
Greathead, on his arrival at Portsmouth, heard that the pressgang was 逮捕（する）ing every seafaring man entering the port; so to escape the 圧力（をかける）, he shipped すぐに on board a 大型船 bound to the West Indies. This ship on her way out was 逮捕（する）d by an American privateer, and Greathead was 申し込む／申し出d 階級 and 支払う／賃金 to join the "反逆者／反逆するs," but 辞退するd, and was 交流d with others for some American 囚人s. 上陸 in New York, before he had time to leave the wharf, he was impressed on an English sloop of war, and remained in the service until 1784, when he returned to 保護物，者s, married, settled 負かす／撃墜する as a boatbuilder, and invented, or rather perfected a lifeboat, 開始する，打ち上げるing her in 1789. The 初めの patentee of the lifeboat was Lionel Lukin, a London coachbuilder, who was 認めるd his 特許 in 1785; but Greathead's boat was, to a large extent, 初めの in design, the 主要な／長／主犯 feature 存在 the curvature of the keel, which Greathead 工夫するd after a long series of 実験s.
Greathead was a poor man, and, in 1801, he 嘆願（書）d the House of ありふれたs for a 認める, and his 嘆願（書） was 支援するd by many philanthropists who were anxious to 得る 基金s to build more boats. They had good 推論する／理由 to believe in the boat, for, by 1801, she had saved between four hundred and five hundred lives; but the House of ありふれたs said that it was a work that should be left to 私的な 企業, and having taken a lot of 証拠 before a Select 委員会, got rid of Greathead by making him a 認める of ｣1200.
一方／合間, the public spirit of some 主要な 国民s had 始める，決める on foot a movement to 供給（する） 基金s. The 委員会 of Lloyd's remembered that this Greathead was the man who, a few years before, had written to them, exposing an 試みる／企てる to 得る 保険 money fraudulently, and 確かな of the underwriters thereupon "took up" the man and 支援するd him with money and 影響（力）, as also did the Trinity House. The Duke of Northumberland, before this time, had 供給（する）d the money for the first boat, 指名するd after him, and 駅／配置するd at North 保護物，者s. This boat was 30 ft. long by 10 ft. 幅の広い, pulled ten oars, 二塁打-banked, and was whaleboat 形態／調整d, much the same in 外見 as the 現在の ordinary lifeboats. By 1803 Greathead had built thirty boats, and he, giving 証拠 before the Select 委員会, said that the 利益（をあげる） made by him was from ｣10 to ｣15 on each boat, and the cost of the largest boats ｣165.
From this beginning sprang the 王室の 国家の Lifeboat 会・原則, 設立するd in 1824, whose honourable 誇る it is to-day, that it is supported 完全に by voluntary 出資／貢献s. Its 歳入 普通の／平均（する）s ｣80,000 a year, spent in keeping up about three hundred lifeboat 駅／配置するs on the coasts of the 部隊d Kingdom. The 普通の／平均（する） cost of each boat is ｣1000, and its 年一回の expense ｣100. On the coasts of most of our 植民地s there are boats 持続するd at the public expense, and abroad, 早期に in the century, Greathead built many lifeboats to the order of foreign 政府s. The boat 扶養家族 on oars developed into the larger sailing boat; then, in 1894, steam was tried, and there are now several steam lifeboats in use.
There is no end to the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 発明s, some admirable, some possible of 開発 into useful 目的s, and many silly, that have been brought before the public to save shipwrecked persons. Breakwaters, lifeboats, lifebelts, and the ロケット／急騰する apparatus are the most practical, and these have been developed more than others during the century. Watertight compartments on shipboard, when they 行為／法令／行動する, which is nearly as often as when they do not, are likely to save 大型船s from 災害 by 衝突／不一致. The only useful watertight compartments are 永久の ones. A ship should be built with compartments that cannot be opened by the 乗組員—water-tight doors cannot be depended upon—and いわゆる compartments, in some ships, are too frequently used for 貯蔵 or 貨物 目的s.
Breakwaters, during the century, have in many 事例／患者s 変えるd dangerous seaports into 安全な harbours of 避難—that of Plymouth, begun in 1812, took more than a ４半期/4分の1 of a century to build, and now, to keep it in order 25,000 トンs of masonry every year are 要求するd. 罪人／有罪を宣告するs began the Portland breakwater in 1849, and 完全にするd it in 1872, and 類似の work is now 存在 carried out at other ports.
In like fashion to the growth of the lifeboat service, the ロケット／急騰する apparatus and 類似の 装置s have been 改善するd, and are now in very general use on most civilised coasts; from Captain Manby's 迫撃砲, whence a ball carrying a line 大（公）使館員d was 解雇する／砲火／射撃d, we have D'Arcy Irvine's shoulder-line-throwing gun, worked on the same 原則, the 反対する 存在 to 設立する communication with a 大型船 岸に by means of a small line—an 反対する too often 敗北・負かすd, even when the line is 解雇する／砲火／射撃d over the ship, by the stupidity, ignorance, or want of 神経 of the men on board, who, though supposed to be 井戸／弁護士席 熟知させるd with the working of the apparatus, have, in very many instances, never in their lives seen one.
A good 取引，協定 of the coast life can be seen from the tower of a lighthouse or the deck of a light-大型船. During some months spent in the Trinity House service, I saw something of the hardships, not to speak of the danger incurred in the lifeboat service. A 大型船 was 岸に on the Maplin Sands in a January 強風, when, though within sight of the mouth of the Thames, there was a sea running that the oldest seamen on the light-大型船 on which I was 宣言するd no lifeboat could live in. But the lifeboat （機の）カム out, and, after many hours of terribly hard work, saved all the shipwrecked 乗組員. Nearly all the lifeboat 乗組員 when they returned were carried out of their boat 霜-bitten, and that 厳しく!
The coxswain of this boat was Robert Legerton, who died in 1892. He was 初めは a 取引，協定 boatman—perhaps the finest of our boat sailors—and his 記録，記録的な／記録する of fourteen years in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the Clacton-on-Sea lifeboat was: "saved 216 lives and 14 ships." Even that 記録，記録的な／記録する is beaten by Mr C. Fish, late of the Ramsgate lifeboat, who, during twenty-six years' service, put out 591 times and saved 877 lives.
"Putting out" on our coast in a boat, even in a life-boat, in bad 天候, is a 実験（する） of seamanship that few 深い-water sailors would 生き残る. I have seen men who have never been seasick, downright ill on board a light-大型船, through the terrific pitching and 投げ上げる／ボディチェックするing of her, as she 緊張するd at the end of a couple of enormous cables, with four hundred and 半端物 fathoms of chain and two mushroom 錨，総合司会者s keeping her on her 駅／配置する.
There is a story of an American schooner that was such a good sea-boat that one night she 転覆するd and turned 完全に over, coming up the other 味方する without wetting anybody, and not a man on board would have known what had happened if it had not been that the clews of the sailors' hammocks had a 一連の会議、交渉／完成する turn in them! Such an 事故 as this only happens in American waters; but from personal experience I can vouch for it that a light-大型船, not far from the Thames' mouth, will roll a half-filled can empty, and will 嘘（をつく） at such an angle that men can only walk on all fours on her decks, or she will pitch so violently that a kettle will literally jump off the galley stove.
Lighthouses, light-大型船s, ブイ，浮標s, and all the 残り／休憩（する） of the "finger 地位，任命するs" of our coast, have grown with the century, from the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 chauffer, to the electric flash, 明白な thirty miles distant; from the 原始の 炎 of a bucket 十分な of coals, extant 負かす／撃墜する to the twenties, to the 現在の-day lighthouses, that have いつかs cost ｣100,000 to 築く. There are about three hundred and sixty light-houses on the coasts of the 部隊d Kingdom and Ireland, the oldest of them, the Eddystone, dating from Winstanley's 木造の tower of 1699—though this was not a true lighthouse, as we understand the word now—until Smeaton 完全にするd his tower of 1759, which lasted till 取って代わるd in 1882. Smeaton's structure was not then worn out, but the 激しく揺する on which it was built had been 土台を崩すd by the waves. From half-a-dozen lights at the beginning of the century we have about seventy now, and the oldest of them is the Nore, dating from 1732.
The history of the lighthouse and the stories of lighthouse-keepers have been too often told to 耐える re-telling—every schoolboy remembers who Grace Darling was, and what she did; but a word on the excellence of the 現在の Trinity House Service. 早期に in the century old men, incapable of doing anything else, were usually given 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of such poor lights as then 存在するd—a system still 追求するd in many parts of the world, where old sailors are 供給するd for in this fashion, living with their families in houses 隣接する to the light-towers. In England the Trinity House 築くs beacons and lighthouses, and 持続するs them, and ブイ，浮標s all channels and rivers, 支配する to 確かな exceptions in harbours and rivers controlled by 地元の 当局, and besides these 義務s the 会社／団体 診察するs and licenses 操縦するs, and 支配（する）／統制するs many kindred 事柄s relating to shipping, 含むing the 義務 of 操縦するing the Queen whenever she makes a sea voyage. In Scotland and in Ireland, there are boards having 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of these 事件／事情／状勢s, but the Trinity House has much to say in advising and 規制するing lights in all parts of the British Dominions, and the advice and 援助 of the 会社／団体 is often sought by foreign 政府s.
The Trinity House divides the English coasts into 地区s; each 地区 is in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of a superintendent, who has under him a staff of light-keepers, light-大型船 乗組員s, 乗組員s of tenders, 霧 signalmen, and others. The 主要な／長／主犯 地区 is the Thames, 延長するing from Harwich on the north, to Ramsgate on the south, the 長，率いる-４半期/4分の1s of the 駅／配置する and of the working service 存在 at Blackwall, while the 長，率いる-４半期/4分の1s of the 会社／団体 at Trinity House, Tower Hill, is almost 同様に known as the Tower itself.
The men of the service are all now 適切に graded, entering the lighthouse or light-大型船 service as young men in the capacity of assistant lighthouse-keepers, or as able seamen of light-大型船s, and 徐々に learning their 商売／仕事, until they are too old to work, when they are 年金d. They serve 正規の／正選手 periods of two months on 義務 at the lights, and one month on shore, working on the Trinity House wharves. At a few of the shore lighthouses, the men are 永久的に ４半期/4分の1d with their families in houses 近づく the light-towers, but in most 事例／患者s the light-keepers serve, as do seamen in light-大型船s, in 正規の／正選手 条件, two men on 義務 at a time and one on shore; in the more 孤立するd lighthouses three keepers on 義務 are considered necessary. A light-大型船's 乗組員, as a 支配する, consists of a master and a mate, on 義務 補欠／交替の／交替する months, three light-keepers, and six or seven seamen, of whom two light-keepers and four or five seamen are always on board the ship. On board a floating light the 義務 of a 乗組員 含むs keeping a look-out for 大型船s running into danger, and 警告 them off by 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing signals, communicating with shore life-saving 駅／配置するs by means of ロケット／急騰するs and signal guns, and, thanks to wireless telegraphy, also, now, in some 事例／患者s, by telegraph; and, of course, the 長，指導者 義務 of looking after the lantern.
To keep the light trimmed, and, if it is of the 回転するing description, 定期的に to 勝利，勝つd the clockwork of the 回転するing apparatus, needs, at night, constant and intelligent attention, and when there is a 霧, the 乗組員 of the light-大型船 have plenty to keep them 雇うd in sounding 霧 signals.
いつかs the 霧-horn is a syren driven by a hot-空気／公表する engine, an apparatus that sends 前へ／外へ such horrible noises that, while it is going, men on board can never sleep, no 事柄 how long they have been familiar with it; at other times the 霧 signal is 単に a big gong sounded by one of the 乗組員, who, perched on the 橋（渡しをする） where it is hung, during the 霧, continually 大打撃を与えるs away—an 古風な and tedious 過程, unworthy of this end of the century.
Not only in the 利益／興味s of passing 大型船s, but in that of the light-ship, is the 霧 signal important. On several occasions I have been roused from my sleep by the cry of "all 手渡すs on deck, there is a 大型船 upon us," a 急ぐ from below, half-dressed, to the boat davits follows, and the 乗組員 of the light-ship are just in time to see through the gloom of the 霧 the 輪郭（を描く） of the 船体, and hear the thrash of the プロペラ, of some steamer that has thus shaved past their floating home.
Trimming the light, 規制するing the ventilation of the lantern, and きれいにする its glass windows, is a difficult 職業 in bad 天候, when you have to keep your 地盤 on the 船の索具 of the lantern mast, and use both 手渡すs to 削減（する） wicks, 持つ／拘留するing the lantern door open the fewest possible インチs the while, and taking very particular care that you do not stop the 革命. There is always danger of your light blowing out, and 操縦するs are, 適切に, ever ready to 報告（する）／憶測 at 長，率いる-４半期/4分の1s that the Mouse, or the Gunfleet, or the Nore, was at such and such a time stopped for so many seconds, or was showing white instead of red or green, because the coloured glass door of the lantern was opened too wide.
It is not pleasant either, when it is blowing hard, to hear the 報告（する）／憶測 that the so-and-so mail-boat has run over the so-and-so gas ブイ，浮標, and that it is your 商売／仕事 to go off and relight it. These gas ブイ，浮標s are very handy 発明s for places where it is not 価値（がある） while to put a 正規の／正選手 light. A ブイ，浮標—a big アイロンをかける cylinder—is so 建設するd as to 含む／封じ込める gas for several weeks, and has a gas burner giving a fair light, enclosed in a lantern. The light will serve admirably until, sooner or later, it is run into by some 大型船 and 損失d, and then it is the 商売／仕事 of the nearest light-大型船 to lower a boat and 修理 損害賠償金. For onlookers there is a good 取引，協定 of fun to be got out of this 職業. First there is a long pull to reach the ブイ，浮標, then there is the extreme nicety of 管理／経営 要求するd to keep the boat と一緒に the cylinder, which bounds about in the water much as a big rubber ball bounces on a 覆うing 石／投石する; then there is the 栄冠を与えるing piece of fun when a man 後継するs in jumping upon the ブイ，浮標 and tries to balance himself while 影響ing 修理s. Standing on a ブイ，浮標 is just such a feat as the circus clown 成し遂げるs when he walks on a ball: when the clown 落ちるs off he rolls on the sawdust; when the man slips or his 負わせる 倒れるs the ブイ，浮標, he goes overboard altogether, and gets a ducking. A 規則 of the Trinity House is that all servants should insure their lives.
In lighthouses the lights are much more 複雑にするd than are those on light-大型船s, and it 要求するs a good mechanic to be 長，指導者 light-keeper in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the beautiful dioptric lanterns with all their 複雑にするd 手はず／準備 of 罰金 レンズs and delicate 機械／機構 of burners. Sperm oil was the 長，指導者 illuminant during the first half of the century, then （機の）カム 強姦 oil, and now mineral oil is almost 全世界の／万国共通の. Gas and electricity are in use, but not to a large extent. In 霧s these lights have no 構成要素 advantage over other lights, and the cost of the 工場／植物 necessary to keep them going does not 正当化する their general use.
The old-fashioned smuggler was old-fashioned fifty years ago. For stories of 密輸するing and of wreckers it is necessary to go 支援する to the の近くに of the last century. Wreckers, during the nineteenth century, have 一般に been persons who stole 難破, but who were not 犯罪の enough to bring about the 災害 by such means as 誤った lights and 類似の tricks, for which the Irish and the Cornish coasts were, perhaps, more 悪名高い than other parts of the 部隊d Kingdom; though, to do 司法（官） to the South, the folks at the 支援する of the 小島 of Wight did understand the trick of tying a lantern to a horse's tail on a 嵐の night, as can be seen by the 報告（する）／憶測s of the newspapers a hundred years ago.
But if bringing about a 難破させる was not a ありふれた 罪，犯罪, making the most of the 災害 was never neglected, and even going to the length of 殺人 in the 追跡 of 価値のある flotsam and jetsam was by no means infrequent. The century was 井戸／弁護士席 into its first ４半期/4分の1, and a good many rascals were hanged or 輸送（する）d, before the 設立するd custom of plundering first, and 救助（する）ing last of all, was altered for the better.
難破させるing, in the 犯罪の sense, must not be 混乱させるd with hovelling, a means of turning an honest penny still 追求するd upon our coasts. The hovellers take 危険s in all sorts of 天候, in all sorts of boats, in a search for what they can 合法的に salve from 難破させるs; いつかs sailing so の近くに to the 勝利，勝つd as to put the coastguard into a very 怪しげな humour with them. Here, for example, is an instance which occurred at the mouth of the Thames in 1852, and which is possible now, though not likely to happen in such （人が）群がるd waters.
The schooner Renown went 岸に on the Nore Sand at midnight on a Saturday in July; the 乗組員 landed at Sheerness at 4 A.M. on the Sunday to look for help, and returning in a few hours to unbend the schooner's sails and 除去する her 蓄える／店s, 設立する her surrounded by ten or twelve boats （人が）群がるd with men, who, under the 嘆願 of （判決などを）下すing help, boarded the schooner as she lay, her deck just above water. The helpers then 始める，決める to work, and, taking no 注意する of the remonstrances of the schooner's 乗組員, with axes, saws, and knives, began to 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する spars, 船の索具, and sails, and even to saw up what they could reach of the 船体. The master of the schooner then went 支援する to Sheerness and asked for help from the dockyard, and a small steamer, with a 軍隊 of blue-jackets and 海洋s, was sent to 保護する the 難破させる. When the 政府 steamer arrived on the scene, the wreckers 列／漕ぐ／騒動d away for the Essex shore, and were chased, but not caught, by the man-o'-war's men. Then the 政府 steamer went 支援する to Sheerness, and, as soon as she was out of sight, the wreckers returned to their plunder. Later on a guard-boat was sent 負かす／撃墜する to look after the 難破させる, but before this arrived, everything 価値のある of 貨物 and gear had been stolen.
The coastguard and 歳入 切断機，沿岸警備艇s still find some work to do, but much of their time is usefully 雇うd in keeping a look-out for 大型船s in 苦しめる, and in manning lifeboats and ロケット／急騰する apparatus. The old-fashioned smuggler, who got himself 輸送（する）d and afterwards, in many 事例／患者s, became "a 主要な colonist," is now as extinct as the buccaneer.
Johnston, who 繁栄するd late enough to be （刑事）被告 of having organised a 計画／陰謀 for 救助（する）ing Napoleon from St Helena, but who died before he could put it into 死刑執行, was about the last of the 著名なs.
In August 1797 Johnston was a 囚人 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 密輸するing, and 審理，公聴会 of the 探検隊／遠征隊 to Holland, he 後継するd in making his escape from 刑務所，拘置所 and getting on board one of the ships. He did such good service on this occasion that Sir Ralph Abercromby and the Duke of York interceded for him with Pitt, and he was 容赦d. Soon after he received his 容赦 he was at the old game again, was 逮捕（する）d, and 宿泊するd in the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, making his escape from that gaol in a very clever manner, and got across to Holland, where he managed a big system of 密輸するing which 雇うd many men and 大型船s. When war was 新たにするd, the French thought so much of him that they first 説得するd, then tried to 軍隊, him into their service, and on account of his 拒絶 to turn 反逆者, put him in gaol, whence he subsequently escaped and made his way to America.
The coastguardsman now, in the sight of the seaside 訪問者, seems やめる superfluous, his 秘かに調査する-glass 存在 of little more 明らかな use than to relieve the monotony of dawdling about the beach by making out the 装備する of passing 大型船s; but apart from his 価値のある life-saving services, the coastguardsman still has 時折の chances of setting his wits, if not his 武器s, against smugglers. Fishermen and small coasting-大型船s still 密輸する in a 穏やかな way, but 現在の-day methods are as unlike to the old-fashioned as are area こそこそ動く thieves to Hounslow ヒース／荒れ地 highwaymen, and the 貨物s that are run now are seldom 価値（がある） the 危険 incurred.
In a newspaper 報告（する）／憶測, in the year 1818, it is 明言する／公表するd that a French 列／漕ぐ／騒動ing boat was 逮捕（する）d, 上陸 goods on Southsea beach, 近づく Fort Cumberland. Her 貨物 consisted of 1132 yards of French silk, 19 Angola shawls, 11 dozen pair Angola gloves, 36 pair silk stockings, 42 snuffboxes, 56 dozen kid gloves, 225 yards of cambric, 1 petticoat of fur, and 16 silk sashes. In the same paper another paragraph 明言する／公表するs that:—
"The produce of the Fox 密輸するing 切断機，沿岸警備艇, 逮捕（する）d a short time ago, on the coast of Ireland, by the Vendeleur 歳入 巡洋艦, 量d to ｣85,791, 15s. 10d. after deducting all expenses, which have been thus divided:—Sir Benjamin Hallowell, 海軍大将 of the 駅／配置する, ｣10,721 9s. 5d.; Mr Hoskings, 指揮官 of the Vendeleur, ｣21,441, 18s. 11d.; Mr Spencer, first mate, ｣10,721, 9s. 5d.; Mr Collins, purser, ｣4251, 15s. 8d.; the gunner, boatswain, and carpenter, ｣2251, 15s. 8d.; to the 残りの人，物 of the 乗組員, ｣112, 17s. 10d. each."
At this end of the century most of the 密輸するing is done by 井戸／弁護士席-to-do 大陸の tourists, who defraud the 歳入 by 密輸するing scents and silks 隠すd on their persons when travelling; but even this 肉親，親類d of thing is going out of fashion, and ingenious 装置s on shipboard, once ありふれた, of stowing タバコ in strange places, have by たびたび（訪れる） use of them become familiar to 歳入 officers. I have seen examples of this within 最近の years. An angle-アイロンをかける beam, supporting the roof of a ship's deck-house, was filled with plugs of タバコ by the petty officers living in the house. A light lathe of 支持を得ようと努めるd was 直す／買収する，八百長をするd on to this, and a coat of paint given to it, with the result that the アイロンをかける beam looked very natural, and no one thought a man not in the secret could かもしれない （悪事，秘密などを）発見する the deception.
The ship duly arrived in the Thames, and the 捜査員s went to the forecastle and deck-houses, 精密検査するd the men's 道具s and bedding, and 設立する nothing. One of the two men searching the deck-house cast his 注目する，もくろむs 一連の会議、交渉／完成する for a possible corner of concealment, and looked at the roof "What is that?" he said to his mate; "a solid 木造の beam running across the deck-house in an アイロンをかける ship! No, no, that won't do;" the next moment he had 機動力のある on a sea-chest, and with the 援助（する） of the 捜査員s' 道具, a long "pricker," had pierced the アイロンをかける beam in several places, discovering by the smell of the 器具 that the beam was stuffed with タバコ. A jack-knife soon prised out the cakes, and the whole 陰謀（を企てる） was blown. Of course, every one 否定するd knowledge of the 事柄, and the タバコ was 没収されるd.
Filling the chines on the 底（に届く）s of 木造の deck buckets with タバコ, and stowing it in the man-穴を開けるs of boilers, in the coils of ropes, and 類似の dodges, have long since been played out. But within my own knowledge, a good 取引，協定 of 密輸するing was done some years ago in Zuyder Zee schuts bringing eels to Billingsgate. The 船長／主将s of these 大型船s stowed タバコ and other contraband goods in watertight tins の中で the eels in the water-washed 二塁打 底（に届く）s of their 大型船s, and 性質の／したい気がして of it to small boats, met with on their way up the coast. Not much 害（を与える） was done to the 歳入 by the 貿易（する）, as the receivers were mostly coasting seamen and fishermen, who only 購入（する）d enough タバコ for their own use, 支払う／賃金ing half-a-栄冠を与える a 続けざまに猛撃する for seventeen ounces of inferior Dutch shag, the smuggler making about two shillings on each 続けざまに猛撃する he sold.
Lloyd's opened as a coffee-house in 1688, by 1788 had grown into an important 協会 of 海洋 保険 underwriters, with offices at the 王室の 交流, and in 1811 became a 会社／団体 by 行為／法令／行動する of 議会, it 存在 then 設立するd for the "carrying out of 海洋 保険, for the 利益／興味s of the members of the 協会, and for the collection and diffusion of 知能 and （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） relating to shipping." The 量 of 所有物／資産／財産 insured at Lloyd's now 量s to ｣4,000,000 or ｣5,000,000 英貨の／純銀の, and to this 会社／団体 we 借りがある much of the excellent system of 規則s derived for the 目的 of sending seaworthy ships to sea; we 借りがある to the same 会社／団体 the 広範囲にわたる and reliable service of signal 駅／配置するs on our coast, so 完全にする, even 早期に in the century, that the British 政府 was indebted, and 自白するd its indebtedness to it, for receiving war news earlier than it reached 大臣s through 公式の／役人 channels.
Lloyd's 登録（する） of Shipping, for some years managed by a 委員会 altogether separate from the underwriters, is the most 完全にする 記録，記録的な／記録する of the world's shipping in 存在, giving, as it does, not only a 完全にする account of all British ships, but a history of shipmasters, thus enabling 保険 仲買人s to calculate their 危険s, with not only the particulars of the 大型船s before them, but with the 記録，記録的な／記録するs for 信用, or さもなければ, of the men 主として 責任がある their 航海. There are, as a 事柄 of fact, several other 登録（する）s and classifiers of ships, though Lloyd's 登録（する） does most of the English 商売／仕事, and a good 取引，協定 of the foreign, for to be 分類するd "A1 at Lloyd's" is to a ship "a first-class life" in 保険 商売／仕事.
The history of Lloyd's has been 井戸／弁護士席 and often written, and some pages of it make very entertaining reading; for example, the story of the loss of the Lutine, which begins with the の近くに of the last and runs through the 現在の century. The Lutine, one of the North Sea 騎兵大隊 under 海軍大将 Duncan, was a 32-gun フリゲート艦, and she left Yarmouth with a 量 of bullion on board for Hamburg on the morning of October the 9th, 1799, and, for some unexplained 推論する／理由, eighteen hours later, went 岸に on the dangerous shoals ofif the Zuyder Zee. One man only was saved from the 難破させる, and he 満了する／死ぬd soon after 存在 選ぶd up, 存在 unable before he died to give an explanation of the 災害.
Through the whole of the 現在の century runs the curious story of the search for the sunken treasure in the Lutine, 計算するd, after careful 計算／見積り, to 量 to 上向きs of ｣1,175,000, of which sum about ｣100,000 has been 回復するd in gold and silver 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s and Dutch guilders. The salvors have at different times been Dutch and English companies, Lloyd's スパイ／執行官s and the Dutch 政府, not to speak of the hundreds of Zuyder Zee fishermen who have 非公式に joined in the search. Lloyd's, a few weeks after the 難破させる, paid the 保険 （人命などを）奪う，主張するs in 十分な, but their スパイ／執行官s 回復するd いっそう少なく from the 難破させる than would 支払う／賃金 for the expense incurred in searching for it. After much trouble, the Netherlands 政府, who （人命などを）奪う，主張するd the 難破させる, 認めるd the underwriters a half 株 in it—an 協定 so 妨害するd by 条件s as to be scarcely 価値（がある） 受託するing—but the whole story has been often told before, and the mementos 回復するd in 1859, still to be seen at Lloyd's rooms, in the 形態／調整 of a （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する and 議長，司会を務める made from the 難破させる, and the bell and rudder-chain of the フリゲート艦, form the text, at 正規の／正選手 intervals, of magazine articles on the 難破させる of the Lutine.
Other pages in Lloyd's history 記録，記録的な／記録する curious stories of 試みる／企てるs to defraud the underwriters. Here are some of them:—
At daybreak on a November morning, in 1802, William Codlin, ex-master of the brig Adventure, was taken out of Newgate, placed on a cart, and, まっただ中に the jeers of the （人が）群がる, slowly driven to 死刑執行 ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる, where he was duly hanged for 試みる／企てるing to defraud Lloyd's by scuttling his 大型船. But the greater rascals in this 罪，犯罪 had escaped 司法（官）, 借りがあるing to the imperfect 明言する／公表する of the 法律 and the 技術 of their counsel. Two London shipowners, 指名するd Easterly and Macfarlane, 購入（する）d the Adventure in May 1802. In June she was 負担d with a general 貨物, 申し立てられた／疑わしい to consist of plate, cutlery, watches, etc., and was （疑いを）晴らすd for Gibraltar and Leghorn, her owners having insured her for about ｣5,000. The 大型船 left the Thames on July 8, and took just a month to get off Brighton, having, in the 一方／合間, called at Yarmouth, landed some of her 乗組員, who did not 認可する of the captain's 訴訟／進行s, and shipped others いっそう少なく scrupulous. Off Brighton, a man 指名するd Cooper, under the 指示／教授／教育s of Captain Codling, deliberately bored a number of 穴を開けるs in the ship's 底（に届く）, and the brig, 存在 の近くに in to Brighton beach, began to 沈む. Several fishermen （機の）カム と一緒に in their boats and 申し込む／申し出d 援助, but Codling ordered them off. The 歳入-切断機，沿岸警備艇 Swallow then （機の）カム along, and the 中尉／大尉／警部補 in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of her took the brig in 牽引する, and endeavoured to beach her, but she sank two miles off the land, leaving only her topmasts above water. Codling and his 乗組員, 一方／合間, had got into their boat, and, it 存在 a perfectly 静める and 罰金 Sunday, 列／漕ぐ／騒動d 岸に comfortably, and walked up to the nearest tavern.
This was such a barefaced piece of rascality, every one on Brighton beach having 証言，証人／目撃するd it, that the 事柄 soon got abroad, and the underwriters at Lloyd's sent a reliable man to 調査／捜査する. This man arrived from London on the Tuesday, and, producing his 当局, ordered Codling and his men to remain in the tavern until he gave その上の orders; the owners, 一方／合間, having been interviewed in London, gave a 約束 to 補助装置 in making 調査s. Instead of keeping their 約束, Macfarlane went 負かす／撃墜する to Brighton and arranged 内密に for the escape of Codling. The brig in a day or two was 運ぶ／漁獲高d high and 乾燥した，日照りの on the beach, and the surveyors then discovered the 原因（となる） of her 沈むing. In the course of a week or two Codling was 逮捕（する）d while 試みる／企てるing to make his way to the Continent; the sailor who had scuttled the ship turned King's 証拠; without any difficulty several 付加 証言，証人／目撃するs were 得るd, and Codling, the two owners, and the supercargo were brought to 裁判，公判. The last three were acquitted on technical points, though there was plenty of undoubted proof that they were the 長，指導者 scoundrels. The two owners were defended by Thomas Erskine, the 未来 Lord （ドイツなどの）首相／（大学の）学長, but Codling was 宣告，判決d to death.
The brig Colina, in July 1840, was insured for ｣1250. William Simpson, her master, deliberately, in 罰金 天候, ran her 岸に a few months later off the Texel. The owner was 証明するd to be a 高度に respectable person. But Simpson was 輸送（する）d for life. The owner was put on his 裁判，公判, but Simpson 宣言するd that he had cast the ship away for no other 推論する／理由 than that he had a mind to it, and as Mr 司法（官） Maule said, he richly deserved to be punished, seeing that by his own showing he had committed the 罪，犯罪 at the instigation of no one, and the owner was やめる innocent.
The 事例／患者 of the Dryad, in 1841, was another instance. Her owners insured the brig for ｣2000 with one 会社／堅い of underwriters, and for a その上の ｣2000, 内密に, with another, pretending by means of 誤った 法案s of lading to have put on board 貨物 which was never shipped. The captain, with a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of difficulty, managed to 難破させる the ship in the West Indies. The 搾取する, in 予定 course, was discovered, and the two owners were 輸送（する）d for life.
This sort of 罪，犯罪 was by no means uncommon during the first half of the century, and we have not been 解放する／自由な from it in later years. In 1867, for example, Lloyd's 起訴するd, and 安全な・保証するd the 有罪の判決 of an 保険 仲買人, the mate, and another man who had scuttled the Severn, which, had been insured for ｣15,000, a sum 大いに in 超過 of her value. The captain of the ship, in this 事例／患者, turned 密告者, so that the first villain in the piece was, on this occasion, duly punished; one of the men 罪人／有罪を宣告するd was 証明するd to have been 関心d in the 怪しげな loss of fifteen 大型船s.
The 証拠 in all these 事例／患者s, as indeed 権利 through the history of Lloyd's, shows that the 協会 of Underwriters as a 団体／死体 have been 完全に honourable men, perfectly fitted to be ゆだねるd (as the peculiar growth of the 会・原則 has brought about) with 事実上 the whole 責任／義務 for the seaworthiness of our 海上の shipping—a 条件 of 事件／事情／状勢s unknown in any other country. Our Board of 貿易（する） 代表するs such 政府 干渉，妨害 as 存在するs in England, but Lloyd's surveyors make the extent of that 干渉，妨害, or the necessity for it, very slight indeed.
It used to be the vulgar idea that unseaworthy ships were sent to sea to be lost for the sake of the 保険, with the 十分な knowledge of the 仲買人, who was 大部分は 責任がある the 罪，犯罪s of shipowners. There is nothing その上の from the truth; the most searching 調査s have 証明するd that while 保険 仲買人s have to take 危険s of all 肉親，親類d, and there have been dishonest men の中で them, the system, as a whole, slowly built up in the course of a couple of hundred years, is the most effectual in 保護するing the public, 供給するs the best 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限s possible, and does a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of the 商売／仕事 of shipping, much better in every way than it could be done if undertaken by 政府.
The 漁業s of the British 小島s have changed wonderfully during the century. The 施設s of ice packing, of 鉄道 carriage, and of steamers to 伝える the fish from the fishing grounds to the markets, have made it much easier to 規制する 供給（する） to 需要・要求する. Until the fifties fishermen were, for a market, 事実上 限定するd to the 即座の neighbourhood of the sea-ports to which their fishing 大型船s belonged. Now we have steam トロール船s, decked, and 井戸／弁護士席-boats, instead of open boats and sailing-smacks, although both of the last two classes of 大型船 still より数が多い the steamers. About 14,000 men and boys are 雇うd in the North Sea 漁業s alone.
ヨットing 事実上 dates from the beginning of this century, for although the Cork Harbour Water Club, now the 王室の Cork ヨット Club, was formed in 1720, ヨット-racing as a sport, as we understand it, did not take 正規の／正選手 form, until a party of Cowes ヨット owners started the 王室の ヨット 騎兵大隊 Club at Cowes in 1812. In the twenties, the Thames, the Clyde, and Plymouth started clubs, and the Mersey, the Harwich, the Southampton, and many others were formed by the forties, William IV. having helped to make the sport popular by his 会・原則 of the 王室の ヨット 騎兵大隊 Cup in 1834.
The Americans took up the sport in 1844, and in 1851 won their first race from the English with the America, and the America Cup has since been an 会・原則. The Americans still 持つ／拘留する the Cup in spite of our endeavours, ending with that of Sir Thomas Lipton in 1899, to 勝利，勝つ it 支援する. We have, however, not much to 悔いる in this. From small 大型船s suitable for 貿易（する）ing, yet sailing 急速な／放蕩な, in which 建設業者s took as much pride for their seaworthiness as for the 速度(を上げる） of their （手先の）技術, the modern racing ヨット has become a mere 速度(を上げる） machine. And while we are still an 平易な first in the building of steel sea-going 大型船s, we need not 悔いる that we are only a good second in the science of racing machine construction.
Within the last two or three years, the 圧力をかけて脅す（悩ます）, the 抵抗, the 軍人, and the Canada, types of our earliest ironclads, have been 牽引するd to a last 残り／休憩（する）ing-place in "Rotten 列／漕ぐ／騒動," and now 嘘（をつく） hulks at moorings where いっそう少なく than a 世代 ago lay three-deckers, whose 木材／素質s yet litter the yards of the shipbreakers; and within sight of these ironclad hulks, the Trafalgar of 1806, disguised as the Pitt, still floats, a coal hulk, while the Victoria and Albert of 1899 is lying と一緒に the third George's ヨット, the old sailing-ship 王室の George. These, and other hulks still afloat, were ships before the アイロンをかける age was thought of, and it is やめる possible they will still be floating when the last of our ironclads has become a hulk, 取って代わるd by the modern steel war-大型船.
Sir William White, K.C.B., F.R.S., who was born at Devonport, and served in the dockyard there as a shipwright's 見習い工, has only this year retired from the position of Director of 海軍の Construction. He designed our first ironclads and our most 最近の 戦艦s. In the period 1883-85 he 一時的に left the Admiralty and joined the Elswick 作品; but when the 政府 awoke to its 義務 and began the construction of the new (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, Sir William White was 解任するd to the Queen's service, and, in about a dozen years, he built nearly ｣50,000,000 価値（がある） of war 大型船s.
As a 構成要素 for shipbuilding, アイロンをかける had been 実験d with long before the century opened. But the thing was preposterous. For any sane man to go afloat in an アイロンをかける 大型船 was to 飛行機で行く in the 直面する of nature. This was said by a 主要な 海軍の architect of a period 井戸／弁護士席 within this century, and in this 宣告，判決 he 表明するd the world's opinion of the proposition.
I have some particulars of a 提案, made as 早期に as 1809, not only to build アイロンをかける ships, but to 装備する them with アイロンをかける masts and yards and chain 船の索具; the Vulcan, a small アイロンをかける steamer, was running on the Clyde nine years later, but it was not until 1821, when the Aaron Manby crossed the channel, that アイロンをかける ship-building was 公正に／かなり started.
The introduction of the screw プロペラ gave an impetus to the use of new 構成要素, for the screw 需要・要求するd greater length of 船体s and greater strength and lightness of construction. Before another １０年間, Ditchburn and 損なう on the Thames (how many people will recognise in the 指名するs the 現在の 広大な／多数の／重要な Thames アイロンをかける 作品 and Shipbuilding Company!), the Lairds of Birkenhead, the Napiers on the Clyde, and others began building アイロンをかける 大型船s. The scarcity of 木材／素質 and the growing cheapness of アイロンをかける, the constant danger of 解雇する／砲火／射撃 in 木造の steamers, all 控訴，上告d to the minds of 海軍の architects open to 有罪の判決, and, in a very few years, アイロンをかける had 事実上 superseded 支持を得ようと努めるd as a 構成要素 for shipbuilding, though not for war-大型船s, for it was some years later before the Admiralty paid serious attention to the change.
Before, however, アイロンをかける became general, a 妥協 was tried. This was the 合成物 ship. Jordan and Getty, of Liverpool, built a schooner on this 原則 in 1850, and in February of the に引き続いて year they 開始する，打ち上げるd the barque Marion Macintyre, for Macintyre & Co. of Liverpool. The 長所 of the 発明, as 始める，決める 前へ／外へ by Mr John Jordan, junior, who （人命などを）奪う，主張するd to be the inventor, lay in the fact that a 合成物 ship 所有するd a perfect and rigid アイロンをかける でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる, 完全に 独立した・無所属 of the 構成要素 with which it was covered, be that 構成要素 支持を得ようと努めるd or any other; and in the disposition and 協定 of the 主要な／長／主犯 木材／素質s and planking, whereby 安全な・保証する and perfect joinings of 支持を得ようと努めるd with 支持を得ようと努めるd, and アイロンをかける with アイロンをかける, were formed throughout the structure.
Such method of construction was also much cheaper than in the 事例／患者 of either 支持を得ようと努めるd or アイロンをかける ships, and the 木造の 底（に届く）, in the still 存在するing difficulty of fouling, was, of course, an advantage, since the 木造の outer 肌 could be covered with 巡査. Without going into その上の 専門的事項s of construction, it is fair to について言及する that Mr Jordan foresaw one of the serious 反対s to 合成物 shipbuilding. Galvanic 活動／戦闘 was 始める，決める up whenever アイロンをかける （機の）カム into 接触する with 巡査. Jordan, to 妨げる this, between the アイロンをかける でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる and 支持を得ようと努めるd sheathing, laid a lining of gutta percha, but this was not altogether successful, and the 合成物 ship never became popular in the merchant service. In the 王室の 海軍, however, the 合成物 大型船 has lasted till the 現在の day, 存在 useful for 調査するing 目的s on foreign 駅／配置するs, where 捨てるing a 暗礁 and 涙／ほころびing off plates would be ぎこちない to 修理, but a started plank comparatively 平易な. The fact, too, has always to be remembered that an アイロンをかける or steel steamer should be ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるd, at least, once in six months—for the perfect anti-fouling paint has yet to be invented, useful as are those now 雇うd. The 合成物 ship, with her 巡査d 底（に届く）, where 乾燥した，日照りの ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs are not handy and when 大型船s are long in （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, is therefore 一般的に 雇うd by the Admiralty for 調査するing service in distant parts of the world.
The 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, in 1845, was the first アイロンをかける steamer to cross the 大西洋, and the Adriatic, of the Collins line, was the last 木造の steamer built for this service. She was running from 1857 to 1861, when she was sold for a hulk. The first アイロンをかける Cunarder was the Persia, and the last of the アイロンをかける paddle-boats the Scotia; the last of the 木造の steamers the Arabia. Their dates are all between the fifties and sixties, but the Scotia continued running until the later seventies, when she was sold to a telegraph cable company. In the later fifties （機の）カム that sensational 失敗, the often 述べるd 広大な／多数の／重要な Eastern.
The 広大な／多数の／重要な Eastern was designed by Isambard Brunei (son of the inventor of the 封鎖する-making machine), and laid 負かす／撃墜する in Scott, Russell & Co.'s yard at Milwall on May 1, 1854. She was at first called the Leviathan, and was built to the order of the Eastern Steam 航海 Company for the Indian and Australian 貿易（する）. Her propelling 力／強力にするs were six masts for sails, and screw and paddle engines. This combination, it was supposed, would work wonders, but it 証明するd 全く 不十分な to her size. The Thames at Mihvall not 存在 wide enough to 開始する，打ち上げる her end on—she was 691 ft. long, and 83 ft. wide—she was built broadside on to the water, on a 床に打ち倒す, inclined one in twelve, 負かす／撃墜する which she was to be 押し進めるd a distance of 260 ft. by hydraulic 押し通すs along the broadside.
The 開始する，打ち上げる, 試みる／企てるd in November 1857, was a 失敗; some of the workmen were killed in the 操作／手術, and the ship was not got afloat until January 1858. She had cost, so far, with 船体 and engines, about ｣700,000, and the 初めの Company was glad to sell her, within twelve months of her 開始する，打ち上げる, for ｣160,000. Her engines, the paddles of 1200 horse 力／強力にする, and the screw of 1600 horse 力／強力にする, though 不十分な to her 重荷（を負わせる） of 22,500 トンs, were more than enough to move all the 貨物s and 乗客s she could 得る. No port in the world could at that time, within any convenient period, collect 貨物s enough for such a 大型船, and her many misfortunes made 乗客s nervous of travelling in her. Her 二塁打 爆撃する of two 肌s of half-an-インチ 厚い アイロンをかける, though making her safer than many of her 反対／詐欺-一時的なs, 原因（となる）d her, in 合同 with her 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd canoe-like 底（に届く）, to roll horribly, and in spite of her 広大な／多数の／重要な 高さ out of water, she shipped green seas, even in 穏健な 強風s.
On her 裁判，公判 trip an 爆発 of steam occurred, by which ten firemen were killed and several others 負傷させるd, and from this time her career was a 一連の misfortunes. Her designer took her 失敗 so much to heart that he died of grief soon after her 裁判，公判 trip. In 1864, after 不成功の voyages to India, to Australia, and across the 大西洋, she began laying 大西洋 telegraph cable, the most useful and only successful work done by her. Then she was laid up on the Clyde, and, in 1888, was sold for old metal for about ｣16,000. In August of that year she was 牽引するd from the Clyde to the Mersey, and beached on the Cheshire shore, and the ship breakers, before the year was ended, had 完全に broken her up. Brunei, so far as the size of his ship was 関心d, was about half a century ahead in his ideas. The 大洋の, 開始する，打ち上げるd in 1899, 越えるs the 広大な／多数の／重要な Eastern in length by a few feet, but is much narrower in beam, while in 速度(を上げる） the new steamer is twice as 急速な／放蕩な as the old one.
One may 概略で 述べる the 過程 of アイロンをかける ship-building as in the 実験の 行う／開催する／段階 in the twenties, begun in the thirties, 進歩ing slowly till the fifties, and 速く in the sixties and seventies; its 進歩 slackening by the growing use of steel in the eighties, and now 事実上 superseded by the last-指名するd 構成要素.
In 1875 the Admiralty was 支払う／賃金ing ｣20 a トン for アイロンをかける plates for shipbuilding, and in that year no steel 大型船s were building in the 部隊d Kingdom—although 6 steamers, 200 木造の sailing ships, 125 アイロンをかける steamers, and 115 アイロンをかける sailing ships were on the 在庫／株s. Twenty years later the only 木造の 大型船s building were small coasters; the only アイロンをかける 大型船s, 27 steamers and 1 sailing ship; while 282 steamers and 23 sailing ships of steel were on the 在庫／株s. At the end of 1899, in all the big shipbuilding yards, steel had 事実上 superseded アイロンをかける, while the cost of steel plates was about half that of アイロンをかける.
Building in 私的な yards or in 政府 dockyards does not now 異なる materially, except that in the 政府 dockyards much of the 構成要素 used has to be fashioned by 契約 どこかよそで, 反して in many of the 私的な yards nearly every one of the 詳細（に述べる）s of the work can be done on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す; nor is there much difference in the cost to the public of the work done in 私的な or 王室の yards. The cost for the most 最近の types of 大型船s of a first-class 戦艦 in a 政府 yard is about ｣66 per トン, the tonnage is about 12,950 トンs, so that the price is 概略で ｣861,284; a 類似の 大型船 built in a 私的な yard would cost about ｣64 a トン. A third-class 巡洋艦 built in a 王室の yard costs about ｣147,899, or ｣67 per トン, her tonnage 存在 about 2135 トンs; in a 私的な yard the cost is about ｣64 per トン. These 人物／姿／数字s are for ships 完全にする in every 詳細（に述べる） except 軍備.
Besides 存在 cheaper, a steel ship can be built of equal strength, while fifteen per cent, はしけ in 負わせる of metal than an アイロンをかける ship. In the 商業の service it is usual to make some parts of the structure of steel 大型船s of アイロンをかける those parts 存在 where the surface is most exposed to corrosion, viz., underneath the engines and boilers, the exposed 天候 decks, inside the （船に）燃料を積み込む／（軍）地下えんぺい壕s, etc. But in war-大型船s アイロンをかける has 事実上 become extinct. The 広大な／多数の／重要な 増加する in the size of 大型船s in the last year or two is very 示すd; this 増加する still goes on, and no modern 建設者 will 請け負う to say what will be the 最大限, or when that 最大限 will be reached. The largest 貨物 steamers are principally built for the Transatlantic service, for carrying cotton, 穀物, and cattle. It is やめる usual for them to return in ballast when suitable 貨物 is not 利用できる, so that economy in working has to be 大いに 熟考する／考慮するd; with a very slight 増加する in 乗組員 it is possible to work a very large 増加する in tonnage, hence the 人気 with shipowners of big careo steamers.
There is an agitation now going on in 議会 in regard to the necessity for 法律制定 on the 事柄 of ballasting these large 大型船s. The question has arisen within the last few years, and is a direct consequence of the substitution of steel for アイロンをかける, and the introduction of the 現在の large, flat-底（に届く）d, 幅の広い-beamed 大型船s, with a flat keel in place of the 事業／計画（する）ing 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業-keel, ありふれた fifteen years ago. The 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業-keel 事業／計画（する）d かなり below the 底（に届く） plate of the ship, and as ships became larger, 製図／抽選 more water, to 少なくなる their draught this was abandoned. The question of draught is, of course, of major importance in the designing of the 貨物 steamer. The 狭くする-beamed, 安定性のない, dangerous type of ships, usually built from fifteen to twenty years ago, was based upon the, now 認める, fallacy that narrowness of beam was an important factor in the 速度(を上げる） of a 大型船, 反して length is really the main consideration. This change of opinion has led to a reaction, and many 現在の-day steamers have an 過度に 幅の広い beam. These changes have necessitated a modification of the old 計画（する） of carrying all water ballast in a 二塁打 底（に届く）, and the fitting of 付加 spaces for carrying ballast at a higher level, so as not to make the 大型船 too stiff. The Board of 貿易（する） 許すs the 二塁打 底（に届く） to be 除外するd from tonnage 測定, その為に giving the shipowner more space to carry his 貨物, and on the same 原則, other spaces, if used 排他的に for carrying water ballast, should be 除外するd, but the Board 拒絶する／低下するs to recognise this, and the shipowner who 供給するs a large water ballast capacity 苦しむs for doing so. From this has arisen the unsatisfactory practice of arranging these ballast compartments, so that they can also be used for carrying 貨物. This has led to the 願望（する） for 法律制定. But shipowners and shipbuilders both recognise the difficulty, and if left to themselves would probably soon 工夫する a means to 打ち勝つ it.
The Admiralty 建設者s lay 負かす／撃墜する the 計画（する）s for 軍艦s, and Lloyd's 支配するs 規制する, with very few exceptions, the building of merchant ships. Lloyd's 調査するs and classes most British ships, therefore owners and shipbuilders design 大型船s to 会合，会う Lloyd's 必要物／必要条件s. Building begins with the "constructional 製図／抽選s," and from these main 計画（する）s, 計画（する）s of all the さまざまな parts are laid off in the mould lofts. The keel is laid, often now, in the 事例／患者 of a big 軍艦, in a 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大なing ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる, so that when 完全にするd she can be floated out, and the delicate 操作／手術 of 開始する，打ち上げるing 避けるd. To the keel are riveted the angle-アイロンをかけるs forming the でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる; the ribs while at a white heat are then bent to the exact curves 要求するd, this part of the work 存在 a 際立った 支店 of the shipbuilders' 商売／仕事, just as the rolling of the steel plates is another; the plates for the 細胞の 二塁打 底（に届く）s are laid, then follow the decklaying and the 肌 or outer plating; the armour, if a war 大型船, and the upper 作品. The whole 準備 of the 構成要素 is the work of the (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進む, or the lathe, or the steel 計画（する）, or of some 類似の 道具 belonging to the blacksmiths' department, the blacksmithing 存在 on the 規模 that uses a steel 大打撃を与える of ninety トンs 軍隊 on the anvils. The work of putting the 構成要素s together is done by riveters—the shipwrights are riveters, and their assistants are riveters' labourers—and riveting by 手渡す or by machine-driven riveters, using electricity, seems, to the uninitiated onlooker, the 単独の 操作／手術 伴う／関わるd in putting the ships together.
In the modern shipbuilding yard the adze is almost an 未使用の 道具, and 半導体素子s of 支持を得ようと努めるd are rarely seen. The agreeable odours of newly 削減（する） 木材／素質, and the wholesome smell of boiling pitch, have been 取って代わるd by stifling ガス／煙s of sulphur and the gases of molten metal; in place of the music of caulkers' and shipwrights' mallets, the noises of the yard are now 連合させるd in one hideous clangour—the din of the boiler-製造者; the dust of the casting boxes is now the litter of the shops; the steel shaving from a steel-driven 計画（する）ing machine the least ugly 反対する in the factory.
With the 満了する／死ぬing century the 支持を得ようと努めるd-労働者, cunning to see shakes or rends, and learned upon cups that would 分裂（する） planks when trenails （機の）カム to be driven, is dying; and the sail-loft, where 労働者s with palm and needle and fid plied their 貿易（する）, making 選び出す／独身 sails with a thousand yards of canvas in them, will soon be a curiosity.
What a 一時期／支部 in the history of the sea is written in the office ledgers of the 広大な／多数の／重要な shipbuilding yards! In most of them are 入ること／参加（者）s beginning sixty or seventy years ago, when the 開始する，打ち上げる of a 500-トン 木造の sailing ship was the event of a year, and its successful 業績／成就 good 推論する／理由 for rejoicing. The 指名するs of some of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 建設業者s are as familiar to the British public as are the 指名するs of many statesmen, and the services of the 建設業者s have been やめる as important in the furtherance of their country's 繁栄. Some 構成要素s for the story of アイロンをかける and steel shipbuilding, and of the 建設業者s who have become 広大な／多数の／重要な during the Victorian 時代, have been very kindly given to me at first 手渡す by 会社／堅いs whose 指名するs are famous throughout the shipping world. Such short 要約 of this 構成要素 as the 限界s of this 調書をとる／予約する 許すs does but poor 司法（官） to the importance of the 支配する.
By the graceful lines of their 船体s and the smart passages of clippers, by the 早い steaming and beauty of the 広大な／多数の／重要な ocean liners, Clyde-built 大型船s, for the last half century, have given in seaports, the world over, bold 宣伝 to Scotch shipbuilders.
The Dennys of Dumbarton is essentially a historic shipbuilding 会社／堅い. Nearly seventy years ago William Denny, the 創立者, built the 略奪する Roy and the Marjery, 開拓する steamers on the Clyde, 開始する，打ち上げるing the little 大型船s from a small yard on the east bank of the Leven. William Denny died in 1833, leaving seven sons, and three of them, William, Alexander, and Peter, continued the 商売／仕事. In 1844 they began building アイロンをかける 大型船s; in 1851 Dr Peter Denny, the 単独の 生存者, entered into 共同 with Messrs Tullock and M'Ausland, 海洋 engineers of Dumbarton, and in 1871 Mr Walter Brock joined the 共同, and these gentlemen and their sons brought the 会社／堅い to its 現在の high position. In 1867, 借りがあるing to the growth of 貿易（する）, the Leven shipyard was 除去するd to the opposite bank of the river, where it now 占領するs 40 acres in workshops and ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs. The Dennys are famous for their 実験の 戦車／タンク, 300 ft. long by 10 ft. 深い, in which, with models 削減（する） from paraffin wax, by ingenious methods 工夫するd by the late Mr Froude of Torquay, さまざまな designs of ships are 実験d with. The only other 戦車／タンク of its 肉親，親類d is 近づく Portsmouth Dockyard, and the Dennys' fame for beauty of lines, and 広大な／多数の／重要な 速度(を上げる） in their ships, is 大部分は せいにするd to their careful 実験s with what many people at first looked upon as an expensive toy. The Dennys 雇う about 3000 workmen. They have a direct 利益／興味 in a steel 作品 at Dumbarton, which enables them to be almost 独立した・無所属 of outside work, and their 現在の 年一回の 生産（高） is about 36,000 トンs. Since 1844 they have 開始する，打ち上げるd about 633 大型船s of all classes, from shallow draught river and channel steamers, and 厳しい wheelers of large size, 製図／抽選 only 15 in., to 大西洋 greyhounds of 18,000 トンs 登録（する）, and 22-knot Irish Channel 乗客 steamers.
Robert Napier began life in a blacksmith's shop in Glasgow in 1815; eight years later he built his first engine, which for many years propelled a Clyde フェリー（で運ぶ） steamer. The blacksmith's shop soon became a 海洋 工学 設立; then, in 1839, Napier was ゆだねるd with the important 請け負うing of 供給（する）ing the engines for the British Queen, the first of the Cunarders; and, soon after, four other steamers for the same company. He engined the Duke of Wellington, the pride of the English 海軍 forty years ago, and he built the 黒人／ボイコット Prince, the second of the four first アイロンをかける-覆う？s. The 指名する of Robert Napier can be seen now on 厚かましさ／高級将校連 plates on ships in every seaport in the world.
John 年上の served his 見習いの身分制度 with Napier; then, in 1852, he joined the 会社／堅い of Randolph, Elliot & Company, 建設するing the first 構内／化合物 engine (his 発明) for a screw steamer, the Brandon, in 1854, and, in 1868, he became the owner of the Fairfield Ship-building Company. Sir William Pearce, in 合同 with the 相続人s of John 年上の, in 1870, joined the Fairfield 作品, and became 単独の partner eight years later. Since then Fairfield has turned out more than ｣7,000,000 価値（がある） of shipping, の中で them some of the most celebrated ocean liners.
The 会社／堅い of Harland & Wolff of Belfast, いっそう少なく than fifty years ago, proudly 開始する，打ち上げるd an 時折の steamer; and this shipyard was then just beginning to call attention to itself, surprising the Clyde shipbuilders, who thought serious 競争 in Belfast was not to be 恐れるd. Something like 8000 men are now 雇うd by Harland & Wolff, and the Belfast shipbuilders, in the middle of 1899, had, at one time, upon the 在庫／株s or under 修理, ten of the largest ships in the world, 代表するing 100,000 トンs. The 大洋の, the largest British steamer afloat, was 開始する，打ち上げるd from Harland & Wolff's yard in 1899.
The history of the Lairds of Birkenhead is 事実上 the history of steamships. William Laird, grandfather of the 現在の 上級の partner, was one of the promoters of the St George Steam Packet Company, running between Glasgow and Liverpool; later on, Mr Laird 供給するd a steamer service between the 主要な／長／主犯 ports of Scotland and Ireland, and in 1824 he 設立するd a shipbuilding 会社／堅い, the celebrated Sirius 存在 one of the first 大型船s built in the yard. In 1829, John Laird, son of the 創立者 of the Birkenhead アイロンをかける 作品, began building in アイロンをかける, and this Laird, from that time, became an ardent 信奉者 in the new 構成要素, in which belief he was 活発に supported by his brother, Macgregor Laird, who, in 1831, took the アイロンをかける steamer Alburka up the Niger, and he was the first master to make an ocean voyage in an アイロンをかける 大型船. The Lairds, from then on, built dozens of 大型船s whose 指名するs became famous in the annals of shipping—の中で the earliest the Robert F. Stockton is perhaps the best remembered.
By the later thirties, the Lairds were building ships for the East India Company, and the 指名するs of the 武装した flotilla 建設するd in 1839 for service on the Tigris and Euphrates—the Nimrod, Nitocris, and Assyria, and later, the Nemesis and Phlegethon—can be 設立する in English history. These were the first war-大型船s built at the yard. In the same year （機の）カム the first order from the Admiralty; and the Dover for the 政府 Mail Packet Service, 開始する，打ち上げるd in 1840, was probably the first アイロンをかける 大型船 built for the Admiralty. Three gun-boats were ordered in the next year—the Soudan, Albert, and Wilberforce—for service on the Niger, and すぐに afterwards （機の）カム the first foreign order, the Guadaloupe, an アイロンをかける paddle-wheel war-大型船 of 800 トンs 重荷（を負わせる） for the Mexican 政府. In 1842, the 修道女, an アイロンをかける フェリー（で運ぶ） steamer built by the Lairds, grounded on the 石／投石する pier at Birkenhead, her 厳しい 残り／休憩（する）ing on the pier and her 屈服するs on a 激しく揺する, leaving a hollow space between the two points of eighty-one feet. The whole of this 介入するing space, in which her sixty-five トンs 負わせる of 機械／機構 was 据えるd, was unsupported, yet she floated off next tide uninjured. This was a 勝利を得た demonstration of the strength of アイロンをかける 大型船s that went far to encourage 約束 in them, and orders （機の）カム 自由に to the yard. On the 突発／発生 of the Crimean war, the Lairds were in 広大な／多数の／重要な request, and they were equal to all 需要・要求するs, 完全にするing within eight months 29 大型船s, 主として gunboats and light 草案 迫撃砲 大型船s; one of these, the Cupid, of 102 トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, and of アイロンをかける, was begun and 開始する，打ち上げるd within three weeks. Then （機の）カム orders from the Admiralty, from 私的な shipowners, and from foreign 政府s: Vanderbilt's 17-knot steam-ヨット Valiant; the Irish Channel steamers, Ulster, Munster, and Connaught; the British ironclads. Captain, Agincourt, 先導; the foreign war-大型船s, Huascar, Almirante Landell, Almirante Lynch; and famous ocean liners too 非常に／多数の to について言及する; and more famous than all, the Confederate 巡洋艦 Alabama, which was 開始する，打ち上げるd from the yard in August 1862.
In modern times the Lairds have built every 肉親，親類d of war-大型船, from the 27-knot torpedo-破壊者s of 1893 to the up-to-date 33-knot type; and the 王室の Oak and the Glory, 14,000 トンs 排水（気）量, 戦艦s. The 現在の members of the 会社／堅い are the direct 子孫s of the 初めの brothers Laird, in the fourth 世代. Up to the last ４半期/4分の1 of the year 1899, Laird's yard had built about 467,000 トンs of shipping, 雇うing 絶えず about 3000 men and occasionally as many as 5000. Their 20 acres of 作品 含む five 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大なing ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるs and four building slips. From the first アイロンをかける 大型船 built in 1829 to the 現在の, about 650 アイロンをかける and steel ships have been 開始する，打ち上げるd, with 機械／機構 equal to 640,000 horse 力／強力にする; and for the half century the 会社／堅い have been 請負業者s to the Admiralty, they have 開始する，打ち上げるd 80 大型船s for the 王室の 海軍, and more than a 得点する／非難する／２０ for foreign 政府s.
William Armstrong, 創立者 of the Elswick 作品 of Armstrong, Whitworth & Company, on the Tyne, was born in 1810; while articled to an 弁護士／代理人／検事 he made a hobby of electricity, thinking out several important 発明s. Then he turned his attention to hydraulics—the hydraulic crane and a 広大な／多数の／重要な many other 使用／適用s of hydraulic 力／強力にする were 工夫するd by him. In the middle of the century, a small 作品 was 設立するd at Elswick to make Armstrong's 特許s, and, in 1854, he built the ライフル銃／探して盗むd gun that 耐えるs his 指名する. 特許 after 特許 was taken out by the 会社／堅い, until the 作品 grew in extent and importance, and now this shipyard, (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進むing its own steel, making its own 道具s and 構成要素s, turns out 軍艦s 完全にする, from the 操作／手術 of laying the keel plates to furnishing the 軍備.
From that famous 会社／堅い of shipbuilders, Palmers, Jarrow, whose rolling mills, 爆破 furnaces, and building slips 延長する for a mile and a half along the Tyne bank, I have received an 利益／興味ing 文書 which illustrates, without その上の comment, the change from アイロンをかける to steel, and the 増加する of size in the steamers.
Approximate 商業の tonnage 開始する，打ち上げるd at Jarrow:—
Date. |Number of|Total 甚だしい／１２ダース|普通の／平均（する） Tonnage|
| Ships | Tonnage | per Ship |
1852 to 1860 88 50,000 560
1861 " 1870 157 155,000 925
1871 " 1880 124 206,000 1660
1881 " 1890 200 414,000 2070
1891 " 1898 65 226,000 3500
Before 1883 all the ships were of アイロンをかける; after 1885 all the ships were of steel.
The 会社／堅い have built every 肉親，親類d of war-大型船, from the floating 殴打／砲列 Terror, 開始する，打ち上げるd in 1856, to the modern 戦艦 決意／決議 of 1891; from the old-fashioned 巡洋艦 Defence of 1860, to three 30-knot torpedo boat 破壊者s in 1899.
Barrow-in-Furness, 負かす／撃墜する almost to the fifties, had a 全住民 of about three hundred and fifty persons, though the veins of pure haematite アイロンをかける in the 地区 have been worked for a hundred years. Then 鉄道s opened up the country, and from an 輸出（する） of 1000 トンs 年一回の of アイロンをかける-鉱石, the 人物／姿／数字s rose, until now the 広大な／多数の／重要な Bessemer Steel 作品 毎年 use hundreds of thousands of トンs. On a group of islands 据えるd off the 半島 of Furness are the 広大な／多数の／重要な 海軍の Construction 作品 of Vickers Sons and Maxim.
In July 1899, from this yard was 開始する，打ち上げるd the Vengeance, the first 戦艦 built by the 会社／堅い, though not by any means the first big 軍艦, for the Powerful, one of the two largest and fastest 巡洋艦s afloat, was 手渡すd over by these 建設業者s to the Admiralty within twenty-nine months of her keel 存在 laid. This company builds every 肉親，親類d of ship afloat, and 雇うs 14,000 men, whose 給料' 法案 量s to ｣1,000,000 英貨の／純銀の a year—nearly half that sum is 代表するd by the 給料 of what was fifty years ago the hamlet of Barrow. The Vengeance was 完全にするd in every 詳細（に述べる）, from her keel-plates to her 軍備, a broadside of four 50-トン guns, of six 6-インチ quick-firers, of six 12-続けざまに猛撃する guns, and of six Maxims: the whole 代表するing a 解雇する／砲火／射撃, if concentrated, of 11,000 続けざまに猛撃するs of metal, with a 集団の／共同の energy at the muzzle of 600,000 foot トンs. Twenty such ships could 解雇する／砲火／射撃, every five minutes, a 負わせる of metal equal to 190 トンs. The Company has now under construction about 70,000 トンs of armoured 軍艦s for our own and foreign 政府s, and has gun and armour 契約s for nearly every 政府 in the world.
From the comparatively small shipbuilding 会社／堅い of Charles and William Earle, Earle's Shipbuilding and 工学 Company, 限られた／立憲的な, 船体, has grown up within the last eight-and-twenty years. The 現在の 前提s 占領する about thirty acres, with a 罰金 frontage to the Humber, where it is three miles in width. At this yard some five hundred high-class men-of-war and merchant ships have been built, 含むing 巡洋艦s, gunboats, torpedo boat 破壊者s, and 王室の ヨットs, for our own or foreign 海軍s. The 会社／堅い, of which Mr A. E. Seaton is the managing director, 雇うs about four thousand men, and such 井戸／弁護士席-known English 巡洋艦s as the Endymion and the St George were 開始する，打ち上げるd from Earle's, who have also 供給（する）d many of our 軍艦s, built どこかよそで, with 機械／機構. During 1898 their 生産（高） equalled about eighteen thousand トンs, and they built 機械／機構 equal to 48,550 horse 力／強力にする. In 1899 they 開始する，打ち上げるd H.M. ships Perseus and Prometheus, and the torpedo boat 破壊者s Bullfinch and Dove.
Messrs Ditchburn & 損なう began アイロンをかける shipbuilding at Blackwall in the forties—the 王室の ヨット Fairy, as I have どこかよそで 明言する／公表するd, was 開始する，打ち上げるd by them in 1845. In a description of Blackwall, published three years before Ditchburn 開始する，打ち上げるd the Fairy, it is 明言する／公表するd that:—
"Blackwall is celebrated for its sumptuous whitebait dinners, and Lovegrove's West India ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる Tavern is much 訴える手段／行楽地d to during the season by 私的な parties, 法人組織の／企業の 団体／死体s from the City, and occasionally by 閣僚 大臣s, for the sake of the peculiar delicacies there 供給するd." When 閣僚 大臣s go to Blackwall now, their visit is more often connected with the 開始する，打ち上げるing of 戦艦s than with dining on whitebait; for the 会社／堅い of Ditchburn & 損なう has grown into the Thames アイロンをかける 作品 Shipbuilding and 工学 Company, 占領するing 34 acres on the banks of the river, and 雇うing 3000 workmen. In the last ４半期/4分の1 of 1899, besides a 広大な／多数の／重要な number of small 大型船s, the Company were building four first-class 戦艦s, three for the British, and one for the Japanese 政府s. The 会社／堅い has recently taken over the 工学 作品 of John Penn & Sons, and besides its shipbuilding, carries on boiler-making, 海洋 and 電気の 工学, and in 新規加入 to these departments it has a civil engineers' 支店, which has 建設するd some of the most important 工学 作品 in the world. The 会社／堅い has built 軍艦s and merchant 大型船s of every type; from the 軍人, our first sea-going ironclad, to the modern 14,000-トン 戦艦 Albion, from 18-knot mail-steamers to steam lifeboats. One remarkable 大型船 by this Company was the Cleopatra, which 伝えるd the celebrated obelisk from Alexandria to the Thames 堤防.
The 会社／堅い of John L. Thorneycroft & Co. of Chiswick, on the Thames, consists of two partners, both of whom are distinguished in the 科学の world: Mr John Donaldson, as 長，指導者 of the Ordnance Department at Dum Dum in India, and Mr John Thorneycroft, of whom the late 長，指導者 建設者 of the 海軍. Sir Nathaniel Barnaby, said: "Out of the four 広大な／多数の／重要な steps in 速度(を上げる）-making which will make the last ４半期/4分の1 of the century illustrious, Mr Thorneycroft must be credited with three. Mr Thorneycroft in his several successes has given us a new form of boat, a new system of construction, a new form of プロペラ, and an 効果的な way of 生成するing steam by methods which had often been tried unsuccessfully, and abandoned." The Thorneycroft water tube boilers are now 井戸／弁護士席 known the world over, but the 会社／堅い is no いっそう少なく famous for other 工学 特許s, and as 建設業者s of small 急速な／放蕩な steamers, torpedo boats, and 類似の 大型船s for our own and foreign 政府s.
Yarrow & Co., 限られた／立憲的な, is a type of the 会社／堅いs that have grown from the specialisation of modern shipbuilding. The Company have 建設するd （手先の）技術 for nearly every 政府 in the world, their specialty 存在 torpedo boats and torpedo boat 破壊者s, steam 開始する，打ち上げるs and light 草案 steamers, such as the 厳しい wheelers so famous on African rivers, and 井戸／弁護士席 remembered in 関係 with 軍の 操作／手術s on the Nile. They have built light 厳しい wheelers so large that they might be classed as 正規の／正選手 channel steamers, yet 製図／抽選 no more than sixteen インチs; and they have recently 完全にするd a number of torpedo boat 破壊者s with a 速度(を上げる） of 32 knots. The 作品 are at Poplar, and 雇う about 1000 men.
There are at least half a dozen other first-class shipbuilding 会社／堅いs, such as Messrs J. & G. Thomson, and the London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company of the Clyde; Hawthorn, Leslie, & Co. of Newcastle-on-Tyne; Doxford & Sons of Sunderland, and others, who are continually building war-大型船s and merchant steamers of the largest size.
To the 技術 and 企業 of these shipbuilders the people of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain 借りがある a big 負債 of 感謝; for whatever has been done by the 商業の instincts of shipowners and the 船員-like 質s of our sailors to 設立する our sea 最高位, the British shipbuilder has been more than equal to the occasion. He has 危険d enormous 資本／首都 in experimentalising; he has never for a moment 許すd the question of profitable building to be anything but 第２位 to his 評判 for good honest workmanship, and to-day he has the whole world for his 顧客.
一方／合間 Germany has become such a formidable competitor that the 井戸／弁護士席-known Vulcan 作品 of Stettin have, at time of 令状ing, the honour of 存在 the 建設業者s of the fastest 大西洋 steamer—the Norddeutscher Lloyd Company's Kaiser Wilhelm der 甚だしい／１２ダース, of 14,349 トンs and a sea 速度(を上げる） of 24 knots. From having most of their ships built in England in the seventies, the Germans, now, not only build their own 大型船s, but are 得るing many foreign orders; from 147 merchant steamers in 1871, the German 商業の steam (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, in 1898, had grown to the number of 1171 steamers, and the difference in the tonnage had become from, in 1871, 82,000, in 1897, 967,000 トンs. He would be a 無分別な prophet who would 予報する how much or how little within the next ４半期/4分の1 of a century Germany will have 影響する／感情d our shipbuilding 貿易（する）; the last ４半期/4分の1 of a century's lesson in other 支店s of 国家の 産業 is, however, 明らかな to all but those who cannot, or who will not, see.
He would be a 無分別な prophet, too, who would 予報する at what points the 年一回の 増加する in 速度(を上げる） and in size of ships will have reached their 限界s. There are three factors, now in the 実験の 行う／開催する／段階, and the practical utilisation of any one of these is as fraught with 可能性s as those that （機の）カム from the perfection of the screw プロペラ; the successful 使用／適用 of all three, or even of two, it is 安全な to say, will make the 現在の-day steamer as 古風な a 乗り物 of sea travelling as is the 現在の-day sailing ship.
The three factors are the use of aluminium in place of steel in shipbuilding; of 石油 for 燃料; of the turbine プロペラ. The turbine system of propulsion is already more than an 実験; the cheapening of 石油 燃料 is 事実上 the only 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 to the substitution for coal 燃料; aluminium is one-third the 負わせる of steel, and when an inventor 後継するs in giving it, by an alloy, the strength of steel, a saving of half the 負わせる will have been 影響d in shipbuilding 構成要素. This 削減 of 負わせる, and the 排水（気）量 of coal, are all that is needed to break 負かす／撃墜する the 現在の 限界 to the size and 速度(を上げる） of steamers.
It is pretty 一般に agreed that the 現在の method of manning the 王室の 海軍 is about as perfect as it could 井戸／弁護士席 be. The Britannia training school for cadets, and the 王室の 海軍の Engineers College at Keyham, are perfect 会・原則s for training young officers. The system of training seamen, catching them young, and 産む／飼育するing them up to the ways of the service on board training ships, is excellent, and lovers of the service, anxious to see it above reproach, have only one serious fault to find with the 現在の 決まりきった仕事. Men having been 井戸／弁護士席 trained, and having acquired a fair knowledge of gunnery, are, in 予定 course, sent to foreign 駅／配置するs, where they are 主として 雇うd, year in, year out, in 絵 and きれいにする their ships, the least possible time 許すd by the Admiralty 規則s 存在 充てるd to 演習. As a consequence of this, the best ライフル銃／探して盗む team in a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い on a foreign 駅／配置する very often 人物／姿／数字s lowest in a ライフル銃／探して盗む 狙撃 match, and British seamen and 海洋s landed at foreign and 植民地の ports too often 苦しむ 不正に by comparison with foreigners, and even with 地元の volunteer 軍隊s. Many officers know this and lament it, but, as they say, their men can （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 the world at 絵 and 厚かましさ／高級将校連 polishing! This 証拠不十分 is, for obvious 推論する／理由s, not so 明らかな on the Mediterranean and Home 駅／配置するs, and it ought still いっそう少なく to be seen その上の away.
From the merchant service, there 存在 no longer need for 技術d seamen, the sailor, as a sailor, is 速く disappearing. The few British seamen still afloat are, as a 支配する, shamefully 宿泊するd and fed, and, as a consequence, those men who are 価値（がある） anything either 砂漠, or soon get 雇用 in the better class of steamship lines, there to forget their sailor-knowledge and become what are now 意味ありげに known as "deck 手渡すs"—an apt description of the unskilled labourers now usually carried on steamers.
Parents still 支払う／賃金 賞与金s to shipowners for sending their sons to sea to become officers in the merchant service. The indentures of these lads 始める，決める 前へ／外へ that the boys are to be taught the 商売／仕事 of the sea in return for the 賞与金 paid. The shipowners who honestly carry out their part of the 契約 are so few, that most people who know the merchant service 井戸／弁護士席 could 指名する them off-手渡す. The 商売／仕事, like that of 支払う／賃金ing for young men to 得る 植民地の experience, is, in short, too often a 搾取する; yet it 繁栄するs in the 直面する of たびたび（訪れる） （危険などに）さらす. The late Thomas Gray, C.B., Assistant 長官 of the Board of 貿易（する）, did his best, in a little 調書をとる／予約する published some years ago, called Under the Red Ensign, to 警告する parents against the absurdity of 支払う／賃金ing large sums of money to shipowners, who, in return for the 賞与金s, 雇う educated boys of gentle 産む／飼育するing, in きれいにする pigsties; 宿泊する and 料金d them worse than pauper cabin boys; work them day and night beyond their strength; and at the end of four years' service—supposing, as is too frequently the 事例／患者, they have not, 一方／合間, 砂漠d—turn them 流浪して so ignorant of their 貿易（する） that those who become officers almost invariably are compelled to go to sea before the mast to learn seamanship, and to spend weeks on shore at school, learning even the small 量 of 航海 要求するd to enable them to pass the Board of 貿易（する） for second mates' 証明書s.
The 航海 法律s, 設立するd, it is said, by Richard I., 課すing 確かな wise and unwise 制限s upon merchant shipping, became 明確に 設立するd in the 統治する of Charles II. as an 行為／法令／行動する, の中で others of 類似の 輸入する, 制限するing the carrying of goods to English ships, of which the master and three-fourths of the 乗組員 were to be English. These, and 類似の 法律s, were 強固にする／合併する／制圧するd in 1833, and in the whole or part 廃止するd by the 行為／法令／行動する of 1849, which was passed, as its preamble 始める，決める 前へ／外へ, "For the 激励 of British Shipping and 航海."
Logic and 人物／姿／数字s 証明する that, since 1849, we have made such strides, as 運送／保菌者s, as more than 正当化するs the 知恵 of the 立法機関. But no 量 of political sophistry can alter the fact that the British merchant 船員 is 急速な／放蕩な disappearing, and that the ships of the greatest 海上の nation in the world are 大部分は 乗組員を乗せた by foreigners. And a その上の unpleasant truth is the 卸売 desertion of seamen from our ships in all parts of the world.
A British Board of 貿易（する） 報告（する）／憶測, 現在のd to the House of ありふれたs in 1899, 含む／封じ込めるing （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） from our 領事s at the 主要な／長／主犯 American, French, and other ports, and from all the 植民地の 政府s, endeavours to 供給（する） （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） on the 支配する. The 最初の／主要な 原因（となる） of desertion in America is said to be the 搭乗-master and his crimps, together with the higher 率 of 給料 判決，裁定. Drink is 割り当てるd as the 主要な／長／主犯 原因（となる） at Marseilles. At the port of Melbourne, in 新規加入 to high 給料, the 地元の Department of 貿易（する） 明言する／公表するs that the poor and insufficient food 供給（する）d on British sailing ships is the 原因（となる） of 258 事例／患者s of desertion, 132 of them British seamen, 負かす／撃墜する to the year ending June 30, 1898. This is only half the truth. The real trouble, as is known to every merchant sailor, comes of insufficient food, atrocious 宿泊するing, and 審議する／熟考する 意図 on the part of many shipmasters, who make it a 正規の／正選手 practice, to overwork and 一般に ill-扱う／治療する their men during the voyage, thus 運動ing them to 砂漠 at the first port of arrival, leaving their accrued 給料 to go to the 利益（をあげる）s of the voyage, and saving the cost to the ship of the 維持／整備 of a 乗組員 while she is lying in harbour waiting 貨物.
In 1849, when the 航海 法律s were 廃止するd, the shipping in our home and foreign 貿易（する）, 排除的 of river steamers and 類似の 大型船s, 量d in tonnage to a little more than three millions, and in number of ships to 18,221; in a dozen years the number of ships had 増加するd by 2000, and the tonnage by 1,000,000; in 1871 there were 22,207 ships, and the tonnage of them 越えるd 5,500,000; and now the British Empire, owning more than half the tonnage of the world, owns 11,000 ships, of a total 登録（する）d tonnage of more than 13,500,000. In 1800 our tonnage 量d to 1,855,879, and our 植民地s have since then so grown, that the Australian group alone, which, in 1822, owned only 163 トンs of shipping, now owns more than 500,000.
These 人物／姿／数字s are flattering to the 国家の pride; but not so the 統計（学） relating to our seamen. In 1800 the 138,271 men who 乗組員を乗せた our merchant ships could and did fight their country's 戦う／戦いs; not five per cent, of our merchant seamen to-day are of the least use, beyond the value of unskilled 労働, as 乗組員s for our war-大型船s.
The number of officers, seamen, and 海洋s 供給するd for in the 見積（る）s of 1898-99 was 106,390, of whom 18,000 were 海洋s and 4200 coastguard. The strength of our 海軍の reserve of merchant seamen is about 27,000. In ten years we have 増加するd the complement of the 王室の 海軍 to 40,000 men, and in the same period we have 追加するd only 8000 men to the reserve. Strong in men as the 海軍 is, every man will be needed to man our (n)艦隊／(a)素早い whenever we engage in 海軍の war, and the most sanguine 信奉者 in our prowess cannot but have 疑惑s of what will happen when the 必然的な chances of war 強要する us to call for reserves to 取って代わる 死傷者s.
The 技術d men-o'-warsmen of to-day 異なる from the men of the 木造の age, no いっそう少なく than the ships 異なる; the seamen-gunners of the modern (n)艦隊／(a)素早い have only become 高度に trained by many months of careful work; and the fishermen and coasting seamen, who form such a large 部分 of our small reserve, are a long way behind efficiency in this 尊敬（する）・点. At the beginning of the century these men, who more than any others fought our 戦う／戦いs, learnt their 商売／仕事 in a week. The cutlass 演習, and the working of a 32-pounder, were then the only arts of war; at sail trimming, then the 長，指導者 義務 of the sailor, they were in their element.
English merchant seamen have been mostly driven out by Scandinavians, who are just as good sailors, and are more sober, obedient, and respectable than the 普通の／平均（する） 現在の-day forecastle Englishmen. And for these 推論する／理由s, when shipowners and 政治家，政治屋s 主張する that the foreigner is 必然的な, it is very difficult to 否定する the 主張. A weak 試みる／企てる has been made recently in the House of ありふれたs, at the expense of the shipowner, to 改善する 事柄s. This was in the direction of a suggestion to encourage shipowners to carry British seamen, by excusing the owners some 部分 of the light 予定s—a 税金 upon shipping that ought long ago to have been 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d against the public 歳入. But not this way lies the 治療（薬）.
In the 広大な／多数の／重要な steamship lines belonging to フラン and Germany, nearly every 船員 on board is a trained man-o'-warsman, and the companies are ひどく subsidised. In our own 広大な／多数の／重要な companies, a 補助金, barely 十分な to 支払う／賃金 for the 追加するd expense 伴う／関わるd in carrying mails and keeping up to time, 持つ／拘留するing ships at the 処分 of the 政府, and many other 条件s, is 認めるd. But in our steamers it is the exception, rather than the 支配する, to see the blue ensign at the 頂点（に達する）, denoting that ten per cent, of the 乗組員 are 海軍の reserve men, and one of our largest companies is 主として 乗組員を乗せた by lascars. In the 広大な／多数の／重要な steamers of at least two first-class foreign 力／強力にするs, the whole two hundred or more of each ship's 乗組員 will, oftener than not, be 設立する to be trained men-o'-warsmen. There is only one way to alter this, which is to recognise that if a 海軍の reserve is needed, it must be paid for; that steamship companies must be liberally subsidised, and in return for the money, their ships must be compelled to carry 完全に 井戸／弁護士席-演習d 乗組員s of 海軍の reserve men.
Here ends my 試みる／企てる to sketch the changes of a century. The enormous 増加する in our floating wealth has, of course, brought enormously 増加するd 苦悩 and 責任／義務 for its 保護. The 木造の 塀で囲むs that were our 防御壁／支持者s, and the race of seamen in whom we put our 信用, have gone for ever; there are those who think that the new order of steam and steel, and seamen-gunners, and stokers, has so levelled the nations as to 脅す our empire of the sea. To those who have such 疑惑s, it is solid 慰安 to remember that the ocean is still, as when Shakespeare wrote, our natural 同盟（する）, and "Britain is a world by itself."
"The natural bravery of our 小島 which
stands,
As Neptune's park, ribbed and paled in
With 激しく揺するs unscaleable, and roaring waters;
With sands that will not 耐える your enemies' boats,
But suck them up to the topmast. A 肉親，親類d of conquest
Csesar made here, but made not here his brag
Of "（機の）カム," "Saw," and "Overcame" with shame;
(The first that ever touched him) he was carried
From our coast twice beaten; and his shipping
(Poor ignorant baubles!) on our terrible seas.
Like egg-爆撃するs moved upon their 殺到するs, 割れ目d
As easily 'gainst our 激しく揺するs."
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