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肩書を与える: 跡をつける 運動競技のs in 詳細（に述べる）
Author: Albert 物陰／風下
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Date first 地位，任命するd:  September 2016
Most 最近の update: September 2016

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跡をつける 運動競技のs In 詳細（に述べる）

収集するd By The
Editor Of “ Interscholastic Sport ”
In
“Harper's 一連の会議、交渉／完成する （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する”

Illustrated from Instantaneous Photographs

CONTENTS

Introduction

跡をつける Events:
The Sprints
The Middle Distances
The Mile Run
The 障害物s
The Mile Walk

Field Events:
The Running High Jump
The Running 幅の広い Jump
Throwing The 大打撃を与える
Putting The 発射
The 政治家 丸天井

Bicycling:
Bicycling For Men
Bicycling For Women
The Care Of A Wheel

虫垂:
抽出するs From The 運動競技の 支配するs Of The Amateur 運動競技の Union
Intercollegiate 記録，記録的な／記録するs
Best American Amateur 記録，記録的な／記録するs
Interscholastic 記録，記録的な／記録するs

Introduction

In the に引き続いて descriptions of 陸上競技 sports it has been assumed that the reader is more or いっそう少なく familiar with the 支配するs 扱う／治療するd, and cognizant of the minor 専門的事項s of 運動競技の work and phraseology. These papers are not ーするつもりであるd to 伝える （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） to the layman of sport, but rather to 援助（する） and 教える the young 競技者 who is so 据えるd that he cannot 安全な・保証する the personal training and 指示／教授／教育 利用できる to those who live in large cities, or who …に出席する schools and colleges where physical 指示／教授／教育 forms part of the 正規の／正選手 work.

A 大多数 of the illustrations are direct reproductions from photographs taken of the best and most experienced exponents of each special event, and the …を伴ってing text has in most 事例／患者s been 改訂するd by the 競技者s 代表するd. In this way there is 申し込む／申し出d to the reader the clearest possible explanation and description that can be 得るd of the 基準 運動競技の events, and every one who follows the directions and suggestions 申し込む／申し出d may feel 確信して that he is working along the 権利 跡をつける, and that when he 結局 安全な・保証するs the 援助 of a trainer he will not find it necessary to start again at the beginning and unlearn all that he has hitherto looked upon as the 訂正する method.

Because of the 普及した 利益／興味 in the bicycle, it has seemed advisable to 追加する a 一時期／支部 on bicycling for men and one on bicycling for women, and a few hints and suggestions on the care of the wheel. The 抽出するs from the A. A. U. 支配するs are used by 儀礼 of Messrs. A. G. Spalding & Bros., and are taken from the 公式の／役人 手渡す-調書をとる／予約する of the Amateur 運動競技の Union.

跡をつける Events

The Sprints

Of all 跡をつける-運動競技の events the sprints are the hardest to train for, yet the easiest to 成し遂げる. 存在 the easiest, there are その結果 many more 競技者s running the 100 and the 220 than there are competing in any other 選び出す／独身 events; but の中で all these competitors there are comparatively few really first-class men. To become such 要求するs long and 患者 and careful training, and a greater mastery of form than in almost anything else.

It is a difficult 仕事 to tell on paper just what a man should do who wishes to make a specialty of sprinting. There are so many small points of importance that 変化させる with individuals, that only a general description and a few 幅の広い suggestions can be given here. At the same time, whoever 受託するs these suggestions and 注意するs them may feel 確信して that he is working along the 権利 lines, and that if he will follow the advice here 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する he will put himself into 条件 to make 早い strides of 進歩 as soon as he comes under the 管理／経営 of a trainer.

No one せねばならない begin to train for any 運動競技の event much under the age of sixteen. Until that time few boys are 十分に developed 肉体的に to be able to stand the 緊張する of 正規の／正選手 運動競技の work. At that age and afterward, however, the muscles become 会社／堅い, and are amenable to 開発 and 有能な of continuous careful 演習. You will hear a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of talk about “勝利，勝つd” and “breathing” and “肺s,” and kindred 支配するs, when you first begin to train as a 走者. 支払う／賃金 no attention to these “勝利，勝つd” 助言者s. Your 勝利，勝つd and 肺s will take care of themselves. In the first place, the 肺s are not at all the 組織／臓器s that you want to think of in this 関係; it is the heart. The heart is the 組織／臓器 that is 影響する／感情d by running. Run a hundred yards, and you will find your heart （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing faster than when you started. The exertion of sending the 血 more 速く through the 団体／死体 is the 原因（となる） of this. Therefore a （短距離で）速く走る人 should first feel 確信して that he has a strong heart; he may then 始める，決める to work with no 疑惑s about his 勝利，勝つd.

It is not the 肺s that are 影響する／感情d by cigarette smoking. It is the heart. Take any smoker, and you will find that his heart （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域s to a different 手段 from that of an abstainer. For this 推論する／理由 （短距離で）速く走る人s should 避ける タバコ. Another old-fashioned and 爆発するd theory is that the 競技者 should run with his mouth shut. That is not necessary at all. In fact, （短距離で）速く走る人s are taught nowadays to run with their mouths open, and every first-class man in the event does so. It must be plain to every one that a man can get more 空気／公表する into his 肺s, and thus 容易にする the working of the heart, by 吸い込むing through his mouth than through his nostrils. Of late all the best long-distance 走者s have 可決する・採択するd this breathing method, and find it the best.

The training for the 100 yards and that for the 220 are almost 同一の, for an 競技者 who runs one of these events almost invariably becomes proficient in the other. In fact, the 220 is a long sprint—the word sprint meaning to run at 十分な 速度(を上げる） the entire distance of a race. The most important feature of sprinting, of course, is the start, and no 走者 can become too proficient in this. Up to within five or six years the standing start was 全世界の／万国共通の, but in 1889 or 1890 物陰／風下, of the New York 運動競技の Club, introduced the crouching start, and since then that has become the 基準 in America. In England some of the professionals used it, but not until the London 運動競技の Club men （機の）カム over here in 1895 did British amateurs 認める the value of the crouch and 可決する・採択する it. But they did 可決する・採択する it after the international games, and no 疑問 the crouching start will soon become general の中で English amateurs.

The position for the start is somewhat difficult to acquire and master, but once this is 遂行するd an 競技者 is 確かな to knock off one-fifth of a second from his best previous 記録，記録的な／記録する. The first thing of importance is to 落ちる into an 平易な position, with the 手渡すs on the scratch-line and the starting foot from 6 to 9 インチs 支援する. The other foot should be from 2 feet 6 インチs to 2 feet 9 インチs さらに先に 支援する. The 走者 should be raised up on his toes in an 平易な, springy 態度. Illustration No. 1, on the opposite page, shows 正確に／まさに how that position is taken. Many 走者s lean on their knuckles, but a better way is to have the 手渡すs open, and to 残り／休憩（する） on the 延長するd fingers. This gives more spring. ーするために do this, and to keep 持つ／拘留する of the running corks, fasten a rubber 禁止（する）d at each end of these, and slip this over the 支援する of the 手渡す.

When the starter gives the word to “始める，決める,” the 走者 should lean 今後 as far as he can without losing his balance, his 長，率いる 解除するd so that he can get a 十分な and （疑いを）晴らす 見解（をとる） of the 跡をつける ahead of him. When the ピストル sounds he shoots ahead with all the 軍隊 of both 脚s, but his first two strides are taken in a crouching position. Do not 試みる／企てる to stand 築く at the very start. Let the 長，率いる and shoulders rise along a slanting line to their proper 高度, or there will be an infinitesimal but still noticeable loss of time. As soon as the 走者 has got into an 築く position, however, and into his pace, he should run with only the very slightest 今後 inclination of the 団体／死体, but with the chin, thrust 井戸／弁護士席 out. Illustration No. 2, on page 7, shows this 井戸／弁護士席. The 武器 should be swung across the 団体／死体 rather than と一緒に of it. This gives better form and makes an easier stride.

Never look backward while running. Many a race has been lost by that very 行為／法令／行動する. 支払う／賃金 no attention at all to the other competitors, but go it for all you are 価値（がある）, 関わりなく your 競争相手s. Breathe 自然に. Do not begin to stop until you have passed the finish-line, but, this done, throw up your 手渡すs and try to run up into the 空気／公表する. Illustration No. 3 論証するs that idea.

The man who 自然に has a long stride has an advantage over his fellows, but the man who has not a long stride need not 試みる／企てる to 増加する his spread of 脚. An 競技者 can run much better with his natural stride than with an 可決する・採択するd gait. Of course, when jogging for practice, it is best to 解除する the 脚s 同様に up as possible, and thus develop whatever 能力s for a long stride you may have, but do not 緊張する yourself by trying to overdo the thing. The foot should always come 負かす／撃墜する straight upon the ground—that is, flat. This does not mean that the heel should touch, for it must not by any means. Yet a man does not run on his toes; he runs on the ball of his foot; and, in order that the spikes of his shoes may enter the 跡をつける to the best advantage, the 単独の should strike flat, that the nails may dig 井戸／弁護士席 in and 安全な・保証する a 会社／堅い 持つ／拘留する.

For a beginner who has never undertaken any systematic training in sprinting, and who 願望（する）s to become proficient in it, the に引き続いて schedule, to be carefuly carried out for three weeks, may be 堅固に recommended:

• Monday.—Practise the start six times, running at 速度(を上げる） only about 20 yards from the scratch. 残り／休憩（する） between each 試みる／企てる, and 結局最後にはーなる by jogging 50 yards, finishing up the 100 at 速度(を上げる）.
• Tuesday.—Jog a ４半期/4分の1 of a mile, for the 目的 of developing the stride.
• Wednesday.—Run 75 yards at 速度(を上げる）; 残り／休憩（する）, and then run 50 yards at 速度(を上げる）.
• Thursday.—Practise the start ten times, running, as before, not さらに先に than 20 yards each time; jog 220 yards slowly for stride.
• Friday.—Run 50 yards at 速度(を上げる） twice, with a 残り／休憩（する） between.
• Saturday.—Run a 裁判，公判 100 yards on time, and, after a 残り／休憩（する）, jog around the 跡をつける for 220 yards.

To an ambitious young 競技者 who feels he is a 未来 記録，記録的な／記録する-支えるもの／所有者 this schedule may seem altogether too light. There are no words strong enough, however, with which I can 勧める him not to 試みる／企てる to do a bit more at the beginning. What is more, at the slightest 調印する of 疲労，（軍の）雑役 at this work やめる for the day.

For practising starts, where a ピストル is unavailable, get some one to snap two boards together. Don’t start by oral 命令（する）. Get in the habit of getting off the 示す at the 割れ目 of a ピストル, or to a sound as nearly like it as possible. The jogging around the 跡をつける should be taken very slowly, and is ーするつもりであるd 純粋に as a 脚 演習 and to develop the muscles of the calves and thighs. A long, loose jog will lengthen the stride. When 準備するing for a contest, lay off altogether the day すぐに 先行する it, and don’t run your distance against time for three or four days 以前. Run only 50 yards at those times if you are going into the 100, and try 150 if you ーするつもりである entering the 220. In a 220 race you will find that you can make a stronger finish if you 緩和する up a trifle for five or ten yards at the 200-yard 示す—although this is 単に comparatively speaking, for this race is a dash from start to finish. It will be better not to 実験 with this suggestion until you have become a pretty good 裁判官 of pace.

The proper 衣装 for a 走者 is a light jersey shirt with no sleeves, and 磁器-silk running-trousers that barely reach to the 膝s. If 磁器-silk is unavailable, cambric or cotton will do very 井戸／弁護士席. Corks may be 購入（する）d of any 売買業者 in 冒険的な goods. Working shoes should be made of horse-hide, with no heels, and six spikes in the toes. The 競技者 should also have a pair of calfskin shoes of the lightest possible make for use in 競争 only. While at work it is 井戸／弁護士席 to wear light socks, as these make the shoe fit more snugly; but in a race wear “麻薬売人s”; these are made of chamois, and cover the toes from the instep downward.

The Middle Distances

The middle distances are the hardest events for an 競技者 to work at without the 援助 of a trainer; but this fact should not discourage the beginner, because there is a 広大な 量 of 予選 work that he can do which will put him into such 条件 that when he does at last come under the care of a coach he will be able to make 早い 進歩 に向かって proficiency.

The 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 “middle distances” is usually 適用するd to the ４半期/4分の1 and half mile races only, for these have become 認めるd as the 基準s by amateur 協会s and  clubs. The ４半期/4分の1-mile is いつかs 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する on the card as a 440-yard dash—for it is 事実上 a dash from start to finish, as run nowadays—and the half-mile is frequently called the 880-yard run. It is becoming more usual, however, to look upon these events as fractions of a mile.

The 準備の work for the ４半期/4分の1 should begin at the の近くに of winter with walks of from two to three miles across country, ending up with a half-mile jog and a good rub-負かす／撃墜する. This sort of 演習 should be taken every day for three weeks, ーするために harden the muscles and get the 団体／死体 into 正規の／正選手 habits of physical 演習. Let us 推定する that at the end of this time the 天候 has 穏健なd 十分に to 許す of outdoor work in light running 衣装. This should consist of running at an 平易な gait distances longer and shorter than a ４半期/4分の1-mile on 補欠／交替の／交替する days. For instance, on Monday, run 220 and 300 yards a couple of times, with a 残り／休憩（する） in between; on Tuesday run 600 yards or half a mile; on Wednesday run the short distances again; and keep on doing this for a month or more. Occasionally—say once a week—try 100 yards for 速度(を上げる）, and about every tenth day take a 裁判，公判 ４半期/4分の1 on time.

The most important of all things in running the middle distances is that the 競技者 should become a 裁判官 of pace. He must know just how 急速な／放蕩な he is going. It takes time, of course, to acquire this knowledge, but the good men in the events know just how 速く they are travelling around the 跡をつける, and can tell to a fifth of a second what their gait has been for any fraction of the course. That is why these events are the hardest to run. The best way to acquire this knowledge of gait is to get some one to 持つ／拘留する a watch on you every time you run. When you have not a trainer, however, this is not always possible. But there is no 推論する／理由 why you should not 持つ／拘留する the watch yourself. And it is 井戸／弁護士席 to keep a 記録，記録的な／記録する of your 速度(を上げる） as it 増加するs.

たびたび（訪れる） runs of 150 and 300 yards on time will serve to show how your 速度(を上げる） is getting along, and, the distances 存在 short, this will enable you to 裁判官 of pace so that you can tell very closely how you are travelling over the さまざまな 部分s of your distance. As has been said, the ４半期/4分の1 as now run is a sprint from start to finish, and the best thing to do in 競争 is to jump into the lead at once and 長，率いる the field all the way, if you can. As in the 100 and 220, no 注意する should be given to the other competitors; and, above all things, never look 支援する.

There is little more to be said in the way of 指示／教授／教育 for this event, for it is one that must be worked over によれば the 力／強力にするs and 能力s of each individual.

The general training after the first four or five months is about the same as for the sprints. As for the start, it is optional with the individual whether he shall stand or crouch. Burke, the world’s 支持する／優勝者 ４半期/4分の1-miler, who is 代表するd in the 一連の illustrations on the opposite page, uses the standing start, but many others get off from the crouching position. The second picture of the series gives a good idea of the pace and the general position of the 団体／死体, both of which are 同一の with sprinting form. The finish is somewhat different. There is always plenty of space ahead after a ４半期/4分の1-mile race (which, of course, has to be run on a curved 跡をつける) for the 走者 to keep on going as long as he wishes to, and thus he can pass the tape at 最高の，を越す 速度(を上げる） and keep on as far as he likes. Many hundred-yard （短距離で）速く走る人s, coming 負かす／撃墜する a short, straight 跡をつける, lose a fraction of a second of their 速度(を上げる） by slowing up too soon.

The half-mile run 要求するs even a greater judgment of gait than does the ４半期/4分の1, and it is a much harder race to run, having now been developed into such a 迅速な contest that a man should never 試みる／企てる to enter any other event in games where he runs a half-mile. Moreover, the 競技者 who 可決する・採択するs the half-mile as his specialty should give up every other event and train continuously and 単独で for that distance. He must get himself into such 形態／調整 that he can tell, to a fraction of a second, just how 急速な／放蕩な he is going. This is learned only by having a watch going all the time, and while training there せねばならない be some one on the 跡をつける to shout the time every furlong or so.

The 準備の work for this distance is 類似の to that of the ４半期/4分の1—that is, there should be long and short work, over and under the distance, on 補欠／交替の／交替する days. A half-mile 裁判，公判 on time once in two weeks is 十分な. The start and gait are the same as for the ４半期/4分の1. In the illustration of the start of the half-mile race at the Intercollegiates of 1895, opposite, it is plain to see that Kilpatrick is 決定するd to get the 政治家 if he can, while Sichel and Kingsley, who have inside positions, are 決定するd to keep them, even if they have to take a sprinting start. Hollister, on the other 手渡す, has 明らかに made up his mind to let Kilpatrick 始める，決める the pace, and then try to pass him. This was wise of Hollister, because he knew Kilpatrick’s habit was to run a very 急速な／放蕩な first ４半期/4分の1, and he himself had been trained to sprint hard at the finish. Thus he felt that if he could keep up with Kilpatrick for the first three-eighths he could sprint past him at the finish. Hollister is shown winning in the second illustration on page 19.

I give this illustration of the 策略 of half-mile racing to show how much 戦略 has to be used in this event. You must know how your 対抗者s run, and you must 分配する your energies over the race so as to 中和する／阻止する as far as possible those of the other competitors. It would have been unwise for Hollister to fight with Kilpatrick for the lead in this 事例／患者, because the latter could have run him off his feet. That is Kilpatrick’s style. But by letting Kilpatrick 始める，決める the pace, Hollister had an easier time of it in the first ４半期/4分の1, because he did not have to give any thought whatever to his gait. When it （機の）カム to the stretch, all he had to do was to sprint. にもかかわらず, the best general 支配する for a novice is to jump to the lead and 持つ／拘留する it if he can. When he gets to be a first-class man he can 充てる more thought to the individual work of his 対抗者s. One of the best things for any one working at the half-mile is to …に出席する every 会合 he can and watch the work of other half-milers. In fact, it is 井戸／弁護士席 for every 競技者 to follow big games, and 熟考する／考慮する his own event in the work of others. Big 選手権 games should never be 行方不明になるd if it is a possible thing to 証言，証人／目撃する them.

The Mile Run

The mile run is about the only long-distance event practised by American school and college 競技者s. In England the three-mile race is popular, and is one of the 基準 events of the interuniversity field 会合s, but it has not as yet been 可決する・採択するd in this country. At the International games of 1895 it was on the card, and Conneff won for the New York 運動競技の Club. Since then there has been some talk of placing the event on the Intercollegiate schedule, but the proposition to do so was 敗北・負かすd.

Training for the mile run may be begun at almost any time of the year, but it is 推定するd in all these short sketches that training will be started in the winter-time and developed in the spring. 予選 work in long-distance running is of the simplest 肉親，親類d, consisting 単に of walking and running at a slow jog four or five miles every day until the spring season has 公正に／かなり 始める，決める in. For this 肉親，親類d of work the best 衣装 to wear are knickerbockers, 激しい shoes and stockings, a flannel shirt, and a sweater. This walking and running across country will harden the muscles and 徐々に develop staying 力／強力にするs, which can be acquired in no other way.

When the 天候 has become warm enough to 許す 跡をつける work in light running 衣装, the に引き続いて 計画／陰謀 will be 設立する a good one for 安定した training: On the first day do a mile and a half at an 平易な jog; on the second day, run a half-mile at a good pace, trying to do it in 2 min. 45 sec. (as the weeks pass by the 競技者 should try to 減ずる this time for the half-mile 負かす／撃墜する to 2 min. 30 sec. or below); on the third day run a ４半期/4分の1 of a mile at 速度(を上げる）; on the fourth day cover three-４半期/4分の1s of a mile at an 平易な jog; on the fifth day do a mile and a half again very leisurely; on the sixth day another ４半期/4分の1 at 速度(を上げる）. Always lay off on Sunday, for one day’s 残り／休憩（する） a week is necessary when training for any event.

After this method has been practised for several weeks, it will be 井戸／弁護士席 to take a 裁判，公判 mile on time. But thereafter do not run 裁判，公判s more frequently than once in ten days, and never make a 裁判，公判 within ten days of the date of a race. Before a 競争 it is 井戸／弁護士席 to lay off for two or three days, and before trying a mile on time during the practice season it is always best to lay off the day before. In other words, do your 裁判，公判 mile on Monday, Sunday 存在 the 正規の／正選手 lay-off day.

There is little to be said about the 戦略 of mile-running. The mile-走者 must know just how 急速な／放蕩な he can run, and when he goes into a race he should cover his distances 関わりなく what his 競争相手s are doing. This is いつかs very difficult, 特に for younger 走者s who are not 裁判官s of pace, and who 許す themselves to be run off their feet in the first half-mile. It is true that the first half-mile is always run at a greater 速度(を上げる） than the second; but a 井戸／弁護士席-trained 競技者, who knows 正確に／まさに how 急速な／放蕩な he can do his event, should not 許す any 対抗者 to make him go faster than he is in training for. A number of 競技者s, knowing the 普通の／平均（する） 証拠不十分 of mile-走者s, train themselves to go a very 急速な／放蕩な half-mile at first, in the hope that they may run their 対抗者s, who have trained in a different way, off their feet. Those, however, who are 確信して of their ability, and are 裁判官s of pace, will frequently 許す these 急速な／放蕩な fellows to get a ４半期/4分の1 of a （競技場の）トラック一周 ahead of them, knowing very 井戸／弁護士席 that in the second half-mile they will be able to の近くに up and finish 堅固に.

The pictures on pages 24 and 25 show the stride of Conneff—the American and International 支持する／優勝者—and of Lutyens, the English Interuniversity 支持する／優勝者, who was 敗北・負かすd by Conneff in the International games of 1895. It is plain to see that the Englishman’s stride is much longer than Conneff’s; but stride does not seem to be such an important factor in long-distance running as it is in the shorter distances. In fact, it will be noticed that most mile-走者s are short, stocky men, although, as a 支配する, their 脚s are much longer in 割合 to their 団体／死体s than is the 事例／患者 with other men. Conneff runs with his mouth open the whole distance, and, as has already been 明言する／公表するd, this is undoubtedly the best method for 走者s to 可決する・採択する, in spite of the old adage about breathing through the nose. Conneff also runs with his 武器 hanging 負かす／撃墜する, which is by far the best way, as it relieves the chest and shoulders of the 負わせる of the 武器 (which counts in a long race), and the swinging of the 手渡すs low 負かす／撃墜する seems to give a 今後 impetus 類似の to that which a jumper gets when he uses dumb-bells. The 衣装 and footwear for long-distance running are the same as for other distances, except, perhaps, that the shoes may be made a trifle heavier if the 競技者 prefers.

The 障害物s

There are two distances for 障害物 races which have become 認めるd by the Intercollegiate 協会s and the larger 運動競技の clubs as the 基準s for this event. The shorter distance is 120 yards, the race 存在 run over ten 障害物s, three feet six インチs high, placed ten yards apart, the first and last 障害s 存在 それぞれ fifteen yards from the starting and the finishing lines. The longer distance is 220 yards, the ten 障害物s in this 事例／患者 存在 two feet six インチs high, twenty yards apart, and the first and last それぞれ twenty yards distant from the start and finish. These two events are usually spoken of as the “高障害” and the “low 障害物s,” the distances 存在 invariably understood as given above.

障害物ing 要求するs 技術, strength, spring, 神経, and a 冷静な／正味の 長，率いる; and to become a 急速な／放蕩な hurdler you must 充てる several years of hard and faithful practice in this particular event. The training for a beginner should be begun in the 体育館 in the winter, with light calisthenics, rising on the toes, rising on the heels, raising the 脚s, and practising the 二塁打 jump on the toes. There is also a peculiar 演習, which consists of raising one 脚, bent at the 膝, 今後, and the other 脚, bent at the 膝, backward, 補欠／交替の／交替するing the 脚s at each 動議; this serves to limber and 強化する the muscles that are used in 障害物ing. An 時折の short jog out of doors on fair days, and light all-一連の会議、交渉／完成する work in the 体育館, for general physical 開発, should be made a part of this 予選 training. One of the best 演習s that a hurdler can かもしれない indulge in is to dance up and 負かす／撃墜する on the spring-board for ten or fifteen minutes every day. This develops that very necessary 質 of spring and suppleness.

When the out-door training season begins, the first two or three days should be spent in jogging up and 負かす／撃墜する the 跡をつける. After that take 時折の sprints of thirty or forty yards, without practising the start. On the third day practise the start two or three times, and try （疑いを）晴らすing one high 障害物 about three times. On the fourth day do the same thing. On the fifth day place two high 障害物s on the 跡をつける at their proper distances, and 交渉する them two or three times. On the sixth day repeat this 業績／成果 with three 障害物s.

After this first week of out-door practice, whenever the 障害物s are 存在 jumped, the 競技者 should 急ぐ at them with his 最大の 速度(を上げる） from the proper distances, so as to become accustomed to them. The general training for a hurdler should be about the same as that for the 100 and 220 yard dashes.

After three weeks of this 肉親，親類d of 予選 work, the 高障害 may be placed in position, and the hurdler may try going over the whole distance on time; but he should never 試みる／企てる this more than once or twice a week, doing his daily work over not more than three 障害物s.

There are two things of 決定的な importance for the hurdler to work at ーするために acquire 速度(を上げる）: he should 運動 himself as 急速な／放蕩な as he can go from the 割れ目 of the ピストル until he stops running, and each 障害物 should be 急ぐd at as if it were the last.

速度(を上げる） between the 障害物s is of the 最大の importance. The secret of 得るing this lies in starting the foot which has crossed last over the 障害物 今後 for the first step before the 今後 foot has reached the ground, thus making the first step after the jump a very short one, yet a very quick one. This is a difficult movement to learn, but the 競技者 will find that it will lower his time perceptibly if he can master it. The 直感的に 行為／法令／行動する upon 上陸 after the leap is to take a long stride 今後 with a 見解（をとる） to covering distance.

But the 競技者 must 抑制する this inclination and 軍隊 himself to take a short step, even if he has to work over it for months, or he will never be able to acquire 技術 or 速度(を上げる） as a hurdler. That first short step after （疑いを）晴らすing the 障害物 gives the 走者 his impetus, and the other two steps easily follow. The third step is shorter than the second in order that the 走者 may gather himself わずかに for the spring over the next 障害物.

The ideal distance between steps in a high-障害物 race is shown in Fig. 1. The 走者 alights about 7 feet 6 インチs from the 障害, and then takes the short, quick step already について言及するd (4 feet 10 インチs); then he makes a long step (5 feet 10 インチs), and then another short step (4 feet 4 インチs), which brings him within 7 feet 6 インチs of his next 障害物, and he makes that 位置／汚点／見つけ出す his 離陸／出発. A 致命的な fault of many beginners is to bring the 今後 foot 負かす／撃墜する in such a way as to 削減（する） off the length of the jump, as shown in Fig. 2. The first foot should be made to shoot as far 今後 as possible along an imaginary line, as shown in Fig. 3. As the last 障害物 is （疑いを）晴らすd, the 長，率いる should be thrust 今後 as the 競技者 lands on the ground, and so held, for this will 大いに 援助（する） in the sprint for the tape.

Training for the low 障害物s is, in general, the same as that for the 高障害. The jump over the 障害 itself, however, is radically different, and it is for this 推論する／理由 that many hurdlers who are invincible over the shorter distance are frequently 敗北・負かすd in the longer.

In （疑いを）晴らすing the low 障害物s the 競技者 should 努力する not to jump. He must put as little spring as possible into his 成果／努力, but should （疑いを）晴らす the 障害 by a dexterous 管理／経営 of the 脚s. Here is where one advantage of the 二塁打-jump 演習 comes in. In the 220 race the 団体／死体 of the hurdler should be kept on as constant a level as possible. In other words, his shoulders should move along an imaginary straight line from start to finish.

Fig. 4 shows this more 明確に perhaps than any description can. The line AA is the one that the shoulders should follow; the line BB shows the 動議 that should be 避けるd. With practice this form can be readily acquired, and it 追加するs 大いに to the 速度(を上げる） of the hurdler. The secret of the 動議 is to 肺 わずかに 今後 at the 障害物 and to （疑いを）晴らす the 障害 by a dexterous movement of the 脚s. The movement is somewhat 類似の to that which a man would make if he were 一時停止するd from the 天井, his toes just touching the 床に打ち倒す, and a 一連の 障害物s on a treadmill were passing under him. To 避ける 存在 struck he would 単に 解除する his 脚s, as he has learned to do in the 演習 述べるd on page 29.

The low 障害物s 存在 placed twenty yards apart, it is of course necessary to take a greater number of steps between 障害s. Seven strides is the number to be 目的（とする）d at, although a 走者 with a short stride has to be content with nine. The latter いつかs necessitates slowing up before each 障害物, which is 致命的な; and その結果 it is more advisable to train for eight strides, in that 事例／患者 jumping from 補欠／交替の／交替する feet. This makes a race upon a curved 跡をつける 極端に difficult, and is a form that should be 避けるd, although there are many men who are compelled to 可決する・採択する it.

In practice the 競技者 should never go over more than seven 障害物s in succession, except, perhaps, once in two weeks for a 裁判，公判 on time, because the event is too exhausting.

The footwear 可決する・採択するd by hurdlers is 類似の to the high-jumper’s shoes. They are made of kangaroo-肌, and should be わずかに heavier than （短距離で）速く走る人s’ shoes. The heel should be 建設するd of ４半期/4分の1-インチ leather with two spikes placed at the extremities of diagonals drawn through the centre of the heel. This 妨げるs the 可能性 of bruising from the constant 続けざまに猛撃するing on the jumping foot. In the toes there should be the usual six spikes.

The 障害物s, whether the high or the low, should be （疑いを）晴らすd by as 狭くする a 利ざや as possible. From the 見地 of 速度(を上げる） it is better to strike the 最高の，を越す 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 lightly rather than to （疑いを）晴らす it by several インチs, for this 利ざや makes a loss of time. The illustrations on pages 29 and 30 give a very good idea of the position a man should train himself to assume when （疑いを）晴らすing the sticks. The eighth illustration gives a very good idea of the distance of the 上陸-位置／汚点／見つけ出す from the 障害物, as shown also in Figs. 1 and 2. The 選び出す／独身 thing which probably 要求するs the greatest practice is to get the exact length of stride for the さまざまな steps between 障害物s. A good way to get this is to 示す these 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs on the ground, and then go over the 障害物s, lighting on these 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs, until the stride has become 絶対 natural. But no cast-アイロンをかける 支配する can be laid 負かす／撃墜する for any one. By 目的（とする）ing at this ideal the hurdler will 徐々に work into a stride best adapted to himself.

In running the 高障害 the 競技者 may use either foot he chooses at the take-off, although it is better to become accustomed to jump from the 権利 foot. It is better, because in the low 障害物s the successful man must jump from the 権利 foot. This is made necessary by curved 跡をつけるs. There are few 220 straightaway courses, most low-障害物 contests 存在 行為／行うd on a curved 跡をつける; and it is 事実上 impossible to make any 速度(を上げる） at all on such a path when jumping from the left foot. J. P. 物陰／風下 used to jump from the left and 権利 foot alternately, and for that 推論する／理由 he scarcely ever entered a contest on a curved 跡をつける. He knew he could not 勝利，勝つ.

There is a difference of opinion の中で the best men in this event as to whether the standing start or the crouching start is the better. Those who take the upright start 主張する that they can get off quicker and are in better 条件 to take the first 障害物, which is only fifteen yards away, and say that it is difficult to rise to the proper jumping position in such a short run. Those who 好意 the crouching start 否定する this. This is a 事例／患者 where each individual must decide for himself which method he prefers. Another 決定的な point that must be 観察するd is to 急ぐ for the first 障害物 with the 最大の 速度(を上げる）, for the way in which the first 障害 is reached and （疑いを）晴らすd often decides the race. It may be 井戸／弁護士席 to 追加する that under no circumstances whatever should the hurdler look 支援する over his shoulder to see the position of the other competitors. This fault has lost the 主要な man many a prize. A 障害物 race is a constant 運動 from start to finish.

The Mile Walk

This event is the least 運動競技の of any on the intercollegiate or interscholastic schedules, and will doubtless be dispensed with 完全に in a year or two. There are few 演習s for the general run of men any better than walking—walking across country, at a natural gait, 長，率いる up, chest out, toes turned out, and 武器 swinging easily at the 味方するs. Such walking is natural and healthful. “運動競技の” or “heel-and-toe” walking—誇張するd stride, heel 続けざまに猛撃するing, toeing in, and all that—is 人工的な, and of no particular 利益. It is not harmful, of course, because it is 演習, and all normal 演習 is 有益な.

The muscles that 要求する the greatest 開発 for walking are the 復部の and the fore-thigh muscles. Training should be begun as soon as the snow is off the ground by taking walks across country. Begin, of course, by taking short walks, ーするために 就任する a general hardening 過程, and each day when you come to a good stretch of road, try two or three hundred yards of strict heel-and-toe walking, giving especial attention to the 解放する／自由な and rolling 動議 of the hips. This 動議 is 明確に shown in illustration No. 3 on this page.

To become a successful walker it is 絶対 necessary to be loose and supple about the hips. The novice will notice 苦痛s about the abdomen at first, but he need not feel in any way alarmed. He has not caught 冷淡な. He has 単に 始める，決める some muscles to work that are not usually called upon to 発揮する themselves under ordinary circumstances, and for a week or two they will feel sore and lame.

After a week of general unlimbering the walks should be 延長するd, and distances between five and ten miles should be covered. In all this walking the 競技者 must train himself to 始める，決める his foot 負かす／撃墜する straight, for walkers may not toe out. At the end of two or three weeks, begin the 補欠／交替の／交替する work as told of in the foregoing 一時期／支部s for running events. That is, one day take a ten-mile walk at an 平易な gait, and the next a three-mile walk as 急速な／放蕩な as you can travel, and keep this up until you are ready to go on the 跡をつける. But always 残り／休憩（する） on Sunday. One day’s 残り／休憩（する） out of seven is imperative.

When work on the 跡をつける begins, form is the 主要な／長／主犯 thing to 充てる your attention to. Take long, slow walks around the cinder-path, putting the feet 負かす／撃墜する straight and 堅固に, and 充てる all your energy to acquiring an 平易な stride, and, as far as possible, a long, swinging one. Work at the hip 動議 until you are master of it, and train yourself in the swinging of the 武器 until these become a means of 援助 rather than an annoyance.

The only way to acquire 速度(を上げる） in walking is to “sprint” (not a running sprint, but a walking sprint) from 100 to 200 yards. Here again 補欠／交替の／交替する work should be done—that is, walk a half or three-４半期/4分の1s of a mile, and 残り／休憩（する）, then walk half a mile, one day; and on the 補欠／交替の／交替する days do short sprints several times, with 残り／休憩（する）s in between. Don’t try to go a mile at 速度(を上げる） until you have been at work several months.

After the first couple of weeks it may be 井戸／弁護士席 to take a 裁判，公判 half or ４半期/4分の1 on time, but this should never be done oftener than once in a week or ten days. When you have gotten into 条件 at the end of four or five months, try a mile on time, but thereafter never 試みる／企てる to go the 十分な distance at 速度(を上げる） more frequently than once in ten days or two weeks.

The 衣装 for walking is the same as for running, except that the shoes have no spikes. The heels, too, are somewhat different, 存在 built with a slight 発射／推定 of the 単独の at the 支援する, so as to make the constant 続けざまに猛撃するing on the heel いっそう少なく 厳しい.

It seems almost needless to say here that walking 異なるs from running in that one of the 競技者’s feet must be 絶えず on the ground, he must not 解除する the 後部 toe until the 今後 heel has struck, and the 後部 膝 must lock. The illustrations show the 後部 膝 locked in every instance. By speaking of the 膝 as “locked” is meant that the 共同の is の近くにd.

In a race it is always 井戸／弁護士席 to take the lead, if possible, and walk your own mile. Before going into a contest the 競技者 せねばならない know pretty 井戸／弁護士席 how 急速な／放蕩な he can cover his distances, and he should 無視（する） his competitors as much as circumstances will 許す.

Walking has fallen somewhat into disrepute of late, because unscrupulous 競技者s, proficient in the heel-and-toe method, can frequently run without 明らかに altering their form, and when the 裁判官 of Walking is not at their very heels they travel 速く, but 不公平に, over the course. But this is not sport.

Field Events

The Running High Jump

It may 井戸／弁護士席 be 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する as an 絶対の 支配する that no one should 試みる／企てる to start in to train 本気で for the running high jump until after he is eleven or twelve years old. In fact, it is 安全な to say that no one under that age should ever go into any 肉親，親類d of systematic 運動競技の work, for ambition is liable to lead the aspiring 競技者 into injurious over-exertion.

If you want to （問題を）取り上げる high jumping as a specialty, spend the winter, or the indoor season, in pulling 負わせるs, so as to 強化する the 支援する and chest, and in going through 脚 動議s to 防備を堅める／強化する the 四肢s. No one can ever 後継する as a high jumper unless he has a 井戸／弁護士席-developed chest and 支援する, for the 緊張する on the dorsal muscles is 事実上 what 解除するs the man over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業. This sounds very much like 解除するing one’s self up by the boot-ひもで縛るs, but it is にもかかわらず 訂正する. The 脚 演習s are simple. There are two 肉親，親類d. One is to 解除する yourself up on your toes. Start in by doing it about twenty-five times every day for a week; then 増加する the number until you get up to about three hundred times. An 専門家 high jumper can 解除する himself five hundred times without much 疲労，（軍の）雑役. A second 演習 is the “frog 動議.” This consists of placing the heels の近くに together and of squatting and rising. Do this a few times only to start with, and 徐々に bring yourself up to the hundreds. 演習 the chest with 負わせるs and dumb-bells. 強化する the 支援する by bending over with the 脚s stiff, the 武器 thrown out in 前線 until the finger-tips touch the 床に打ち倒す easily. Do not 試みる／企てる any high jumping in the winter months when learning, for running on a hard board 床に打ち倒す is not a good thing, as one is liable to slip and get 負傷させるd. One week of practice in the open 空気／公表する is 価値（がある） a month of indoor work.

For out-of-door practice the jumper should have two square 地位，任命するs about two インチs 厚い, made of almost any 肉親，親類d of 支持を得ようと努めるd, and bored with 穴を開けるs one インチ apart up to 5 ft. 8 in., and half an インチ apart above that. The pegs should be three インチs long, and the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, made of pine, should be about twelve feet long and one インチ square. The 地位，任命するs are placed eight feet apart, and it is usual to hang a handkerchief over the centre of the cross-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 so that the latter may be seen better. A jumper must always keep his 注目する，もくろむ on the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 from the time he starts to run until he lands 安全に on the other 味方する of it. The 滑走路 should be eight feet wide and about forty feet long. It should be made of cinders, 井戸／弁護士席 rolled, and せねばならない be kept 鈍らせるd so that it shall be springy. Beyond the 地位，任命するs the earth should be turned over and raked so as to make a soft 上陸-place.

The jumping 衣装 should consist of a jersey 控訴 rather than a linen blouse and trousers, because the knit goods 粘着する to the form and keep the muscles warm. The trousers should never reach the 膝s, which have to be kept 解放する／自由な. The feet are encased in shoes made of kangaroo 肌, laced in 前線 like running-shoes, and are worn without socks. The shoe of the jumping foot—that is, the foot you take off with—is made several ounces heavier than the other, and is about as 激しい as a （短距離で）速く走る人’s footwear. The heel is made of one-４半期/4分の1-インチ 単独の-leather, and has two spikes. Some men jump with one spike in the middle of the heel; but this is very bad, because when the jumper alights his heel-bone 続けざまに猛撃するs on the spike, and this soon raises a 石／投石する-bruise. If you have two spikes 直す／買収する，八百長をするd at the extremities of a diagonal drawn through the centre of the heel, this bruising is easily 避けるd. There are no spikes on the heel of the other shoe, but the heel itself is made わずかに 厚い. In the toes of both there should be six spikes. It may be 井戸／弁護士席 to say here that the jumping foot is usually the left foot, although this is 純粋に a 事柄 of individual taste. Page, Sweeney, Cosgrove, Baltazzi, and almost all of our successful jumpers, however, take off with the left foot and stride over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 with the 権利. For the sake of uniformity and convenience, therefore, let us hereafter understand jumping foot for left foot.

One of the striking features of the 一連の illustrations of pages 58 and 59 is that it 証明するs that a high jumper 事実上 steps over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 with one stride instead of 飛行機で行くing over it in a compact bunch, as he appears to do when watched by the naked 注目する，もくろむ. The 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 in all these pictures was at 5 feet 8 インチs, and each photograph necessitated a separate jump. This alone is enough to show in what excellent form the 競技者 worked, for a kinetoscope could not have caught the separate 活動／戦闘s in one leap to better 影響 than these photographs have shown them in eight different leaps.

Good form in high jumping is one of the prime requisites for success. It is only within the past few years that much attention has been given to this feature of the 演習, and it is no 疑問 for this 推論する／理由 that the 記録，記録的な／記録する has been so 刻々と climbing. The picture of G. B. 恐れるing, the Harvard high jumper, on the opposite page, is 再生するd from a photograph taken in 1892. He was a splendid all-around 競技者 and a clever jumper, but he had no form. His 単独の thought was to get over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, and form could take care of itself. As he （疑いを）晴らすs the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 in this picture both his feet appear to be curled up under his 団体／死体, and his 長，率いる is thrown 今後 and 負かす／撃墜する. He seems to be almost reclining on his 味方する, 反して Baltazzi, who is shown in the pictures on pages 58 and 59, makes the leap with his 団体／死体 事実上 perpendicular, although he やむを得ず bends 今後 in the 動議 which 解除するs the torso over the stick.

恐れるing’s form, as 陳列する，発揮するd in this photograph, does not give the same idea of 力／強力にする and 保証／確信 as that shown by Baltazzi. Sweeney, the world’s 支持する／優勝者, jumps in the same manner as Baltazzi—in fact, Baltazzi acquired much of his style from 熟考する／考慮するing Sweeney. But there is one peculiarity about the 支持する／優勝者’s jump which many people do not 明確に understand, and so they have 指名するd his style the “Sweeney jump.” Any man who could go as high as Sweeney would have to （疑いを）晴らす the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 in the same manner. This peculiarity is shown in the photograph on the opposite page, taken at the International Games on September 21, 1895. Here Sweeney appears to be lying out flat on his 支援する, instead of （疑いを）晴らすing the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 in an upright position. The upright position is all very 井戸／弁護士席 to 持続する up to six feet, but above that every ounce of muscular 力／強力にする must be 発揮するd in raising the trunk—the 長，率いる and shoulders become a 第２位 consideration. Thus, although up to six feet Sweeney （疑いを）晴らすs the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 in an upright position, when it comes to a higher leap he springs as high as he can from the ground, and then heaves his torso and shoots his 脚s 今後, 新たな展開ing his 団体／死体 in the 空気／公表する until he comes into the position shown in the picture. He has to depend 完全に upon the 勢い of his run and the 中央の-空気／公表する 新たな展開 on 最高の，を越す of the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 to get his shoulders and 長，率いる over.

The Englishmen who （機の）カム over with the London 運動競技の Club team were amazed at Sweeney’s 業績／成果, and even after he had 首尾よく （疑いを）晴らすd the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 at 6 feet 5 5/8 インチs, thus making a new world’s 記録，記録的な／記録する, the Britishers were 懐疑的な until they had 手段d the 高さ of the central point of the cross-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 for themselves.

English high jumpers, as a 支配する, have very little form. Ryan, the Irish 支持する／優勝者, goes over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 with both feet at once. Almost all other Englishmen run に向かって the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 at an angle, instead of straight 負かす／撃墜する the 滑走路, and “削減（する）” over it,, first one 脚 and then the other. This style is 井戸／弁護士席 illustrated in the …を伴ってing portrait of A. B. Johnson, who jumped for the London 運動競技の Club in the International Games of 1895.

And now to return to the 詳細（に述べる） of the high jump itself. There is no 支配する that can be laid 負かす／撃墜する as to how far away from the 地位，任命するs a jumper should start to run. The nearer the better, because いっそう少なく 力／強力にする is then wasted in the approach. Sweeney and Baltazzi both start about seventy-five feet 支援する and run slowly 負かす／撃墜する to a point within three long strides of the 地位，任命するs. This point must be 手段d and 絶対 直す／買収する，八百長をするd by every jumper. He should then start in the middle of the 滑走路 and swing slowly に向かって the 権利 辛勝する／優位 of the cinder 跡をつける, turning はっきりと to the left at this 直す／買収する，八百長をするd point, and then taking his three strides as 速く and with as much 軍隊 as he can 強要する. This brings his left foot on the take-off, and gives his 団体／死体 a sort of 新たな展開 that 援助（する）s 大いに in getting over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業. A man who jumps with his 権利 foot should swerve in に向かって the left 辛勝する／優位 of the 跡をつける so as to get the “解除する” on the left 味方する of the 団体／死体.

The first illustration of the series, on page 59, shows the jumper as he starts. He takes an 平易な gait until he reaches his “示す,” then gets into his stride, and the second illustration shows him springing from the take-off. This 位置／汚点／見つけ出す is another that each individual must 位置を示す by 実験 for himself. A good way for a beginner to 決定する how far from the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 to take off is to stand before it on one foot and 解除する the other until he can touch the cross-piece with his toes. He takes off as far 支援する as he can thus stand on one foot and touch the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 with the other. This distance from the base-line between the 地位，任命するs to the take-off is usually equal to the 高さ of the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 from the ground. A 退役軍人 can, as a 支配する, take off closer than this, but that is the result of long practice and experience. If you jump or take off with the left foot, all the work is done with that foot and that 味方する of the 団体／死体. If you jump with the 権利 foot, the 条件s, of course, are 逆転するd. The 現在の description is of a jumper who uses the left foot.

Upon reaching the take-off, as shown in the second illustration of the series, the heel strikes first, as may 明確に be seen from the 激しい 示す underneath it, and gives the 力／強力にする for the jump. The toe 単に gives direction to the 動議 imparted by the heel and the big 向こうずね muscle which connects with it. The leap has now begun, and with the 権利 foot rising the jumper begins to sail over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業. His line of travel is a perfect semicircle, beginning at the take-off, and ending in the soft ground on the other 味方する at 正確に／まさに the same distance from the base-line of the 地位，任命するs.

No. 3 shows him still rising from the ground, his 権利 foot giving the direction of the leap. The muscles of the 武器 and 支援する are now just coming into play to raise the torso and the left 脚—and all the time the 注目する，もくろむ is 堅固に 直す／買収する，八百長をするd on the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業.

In No. 4 the 権利 foot is just passing over the handkerchief, and the 武器 and 支援する are seen 緊張するing with the exertion of bringing up the left 脚. Notice that muscle of the neck. It connects with the muscles of the 味方する and abdomen, and these harden like steel to 軍隊 the quick 動議 that has to be made to 解除する that 味方する of the 団体／死体. The 緊張する on this neck muscle and the working of the 支援する and 武器 are even better 陳列する，発揮するd in No. 5, where the left 脚 is almost up, and is about to （疑いを）晴らす the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業. かなりの practice is 要求するd for this 動議, because it has to be done very quickly. The left foot has to be brought in very の近くに to the 権利 thigh, and yet the sharp spikes must be kept from 涙／ほころびing the flesh. 公式文書，認める how the 注目する，もくろむ is 絶えず on the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業.

In the next picture, No. 6, the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 has been （疑いを）晴らすd, the whole 団体／死体 is over, and the 権利 脚 has dropped. It is now no more used, except as a balance for the 団体／死体, the entire work of the jump, as before 明言する／公表するd, 存在 done with the left 脚. The jumper’s 注目する，もくろむ is still 直す／買収する，八百長をするd on the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, and not until he is 井戸／弁護士席 over it, as shown in No. 7, does he 除去する his gaze. As he （疑いを）晴らすs the stick his 支援する muscles give a 新たな展開 to his 飛行機で行くing form, and his 権利 arm thrown into the 空気／公表する 援助（する）s him in turning, so that he will 落ちる 直面するing the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業. The left 脚 has now passed the 権利, and is making ready to 支える the 負わせる of the 団体／死体 on 上陸, while the 権利 is thrust わずかに backward to 持続する a proper equilibrium. The 緊張する on the 支援する and 武器 is relaxed.

In No. 8 he is just about to land, and the camera has given us a beautiful 陳列する，発揮する of the looseness of the arm muscles, showing the 権利 arm still in the 空気／公表する and about to 減少（する） as soon as the feet strike the ground. The 団体／死体 is lying along the curve of the semicircle through which the jump has been made.

In a 競争 each competitor is 許すd three 裁判，公判 jumps at each 高さ of the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, and if he fails on the third 裁判，公判 he is 宣言するd out. Running under the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 in making an 試みる／企てる to jump counts as a 妨げる, and three 妨げるs count as a 裁判，公判 jump; thus it is always better to 妨げる rather than to 試みる／企てる a jump if you do not come squarely on your take-off. A competitor may 拒絶する／低下する to jump at any 高さ in his turn, but by so doing he 没収されるs his 権利 to again jump at the 高さ 拒絶する／低下するd. Many jumpers wait until the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 reaches a fair 高さ before entering a 競争, thus reserving their strength, but this may only be done by an 競技者 who is 確かな of his ability to （疑いを）晴らす the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 at that 高さ.

The Running 幅の広い Jump

To become a successful 幅の広い jumper the 競技者 must, to a 確かな extent, 連合させる the 技術 of the （短距離で）速く走る人, the high jumper, and the hurdler, for 幅の広い jumping is a sort of combination of the other three. Like every other 運動競技の feat, this one 要求するs systematic work both of the 団体／死体 and the 長，率いる, and 執拗な, continuous 成果／努力 before any 肉親，親類d of form can be developed.

The first difficulty for the novice to 打ち勝つ is the laying out of his run and the 協定 of his take-off. These 詳細（に述べる）s are both of the highest importance, for although he may be a good （短距離で）速く走る人 and a good jumper, these two 質s are 無効にするd if the take-off is uncertain.

The run 異なるs with almost every individual; each 競技者 must 決定する this for himself by 実験. It is necessary to lay out two 示すs on the cinder-跡をつける; the first one must be a given number of strides this 味方する of the take-off, and the second at a distance さらに先に 支援する, to 控訴 the taste of the jumper.

Bloss, for instance, counts 支援する nine strides from the take-off to his first 示す, and then goes 支援する a dozen strides さらに先に. Lyons, whose jump is illustrated by the pictures on pages 66 and 67, goes 支援する only eight strides from the take-off for his first 示す, and about a hundred and five feet to the start of his run. Let us call, for convenience, the 示す nearest the take-off the first 示す, and the other the second 示す. These have been laid out, so that the jumper may feel 確かな that if his jumping-foot, whether it be the 権利 or the left, strikes 公正に／かなり upon the first it will also come squarely upon the take-off, and the jump will be a good one. It いつかs happens in contests that the 条件s of the 勝利，勝つd or of the 跡をつける will be such that these 示すs will have to be わずかに altered; and every 競技者 should be careful to 診察する the 滑走路 before his event is called, so as to be able to 直す／買収する，八百長をする the points that he must depend upon for his success.

The position for the start of the 幅の広い jump is the same as that assumed by middle-distance and long-distance 走者s, and is illustrated by the first picture of the series on page 66. The jumping foot, in this 事例／患者 the 権利 foot, is on the starting-示す, with the other わずかに in 前進する. The （短距離で）速く走る人 starts 負かす／撃墜する the 跡をつける, 手段ing his strides carefully so as to come 適切に upon the first 示す, and then he sprints at his greatest 速度(を上げる） 負かす／撃墜する the cinder-path to the take-off. If he has 手段d his distances 正確に, he will land, as is shown in illustration No. 3, with his jumping foot squarely upon the take-off. If he feels that he has gotten out of his stride, it is better not to take the jump at all, but to stop, for overstepping the 示す by a few インチs will 廃虚 the jump, and underreaching the 示す will detract just that much from the 手段 of his 成果／努力.

The 行為／法令／行動する of the jump itself is where the greatest 緊張する of muscle and 神経 is 要求するd. Just before coming to the take-off, say at the last step, the 競技者 should gather himself together and crouch as low as his 広大な／多数の／重要な 速度(を上げる） will 許す, and bring his jumping foot 負かす／撃墜する as hard as possible upon the take-off, at the same time throwing his 手渡すs 今後 and 上向き. Bringing 負かす／撃墜する the foot with such 力／強力にする serves to throw the 団体／死体 into the 空気／公表する, and this movement is 補佐官d by the 解除するing of the 武器. The hardest 緊張する comes on the 支援する muscles, just as in high jumping. The 注目する，もくろむs should be 直す／買収する，八百長をするd on some distant high point rather than on the ground where the jump will probably end. This seems to give a better “目的（とする）,” and in many 事例／患者s 追加するs an インチ or so to the distance. The fourth picture shows the jumper just after he has left the take-off. The next sees him 井戸／弁護士席 on his way, with his 脚s curled up の近くに under the chin, and his 武器 reaching out far 今後, so as to throw the balance as much as possible in that direction. The sequence of the three lower pictures of the series gives an excellent idea of the arc along which the 幅の広い jumper travels. As he comes 負かす／撃墜する, the jumper should 持つ／拘留する his feet as far 今後 as he can, ーするために 伸び（る） every インチ that is to be had, and he should also keep his 長，率いる and 武器 今後, so as not to lose his equilibrium and 落ちる backward, thus making his jump 無効の. The sixth picture on page 67 shows the 訂正する 態度 for the end of the flight through the 空気／公表する, the feet 存在 井戸／弁護士席 ahead of the trunk, but the 武器 and the 長，率いる held so far 今後 that they will bring the 団体／死体 along, too, as soon as the feet dig into the soft earth below. The feet should be kept 井戸／弁護士席 together on 上陸 in the jumping-box, and a good 幅の広い jumper will never 許す himself to 落ちる 今後 on his 手渡すs, but will always 再開する his 築く position, and walk out of the soft earth instead of rolling out.

In field 競争s the jump is 手段d from the outer 辛勝する／優位 of the sunken board which 示すs the take-off, on a line perpendicular to it, to the nearest break in the ground made by any part of the person of the competitor. If the jumper oversteps the take-off, or scratch-line, as it is called, and makes a 示す in the earth on the さらに先に 味方する of it, his jump is 登録（する）d as a foul, but counts にもかかわらず as a 裁判，公判.

Training for 幅の広い jumping consists mostly of hard practice in sprinting short distances, say from seventy-five to a hundred yards. This is to acquire the highest 速度(を上げる） for the run. High jumping should also be practised, but the 競技者 should not 試みる／企てる to become proficient in the number of インチs he can （疑いを）晴らす, but rather in the form with which he covers a reasonable 高さ. A spin now and then over the 障害物s will also do a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 に向かって 改善するing a 幅の広い jumper’s form. After the 競技者 has become more or いっそう少なく a master of his event, he will find that half a dozen jumps two or three times a week will be enough to keep him in practice, and I should advise him by all means to 残り／休憩（する） for three or four days before going into a contest.

When the time for jumping at a field-会合 arrives, never try to do the best work on the first jump. Be 満足させるd to make your 示すs 井戸／弁護士席 and to catch the take-off squarely. Do your very best on the second jump and thereafter. Before making the first jump, however, try a spin around the 跡をつける, and take one or two short jumps on the grass, so as to be 完全に limbered up; さもなければ, if you have not 軟化するd your muscles, you may 負傷させる yourself on your first 試みる／企てる, and be laid up, as a result, for weeks.

Throwing The 大打撃を与える

Throwing the 大打撃を与える and putting the 発射 are the only two 負わせる events now practised by college and school 競技者s, although many of the 運動競技の clubs still 保持する throwing the 56-lb. 負わせる on their cards. The last 指名するd, however, is 単に a sort of exaggeration of the first, and only practicable for very large and very strong men. With the other two events it is different. Strength, of course, is a prime requisite, but to 達成する perfection in either of them the performer must 連合させる 技術 with muscular 力／強力にする.

The intercollegiate 支配するs which 治める／統治する the throwing of the 大打撃を与える 要求する that the 大打撃を与える-長，率いる shall be a metal sphere, and the 扱う may be of any 構成要素. Up to within three or four years the 扱う used to be made of hard 支持を得ようと努めるd, but recently 競技者s have shown a preference for a 柔軟な steel 扱う. The 連合させるd length of the 長，率いる and 扱う must not 越える 4 feet, and the 連合させるd 負わせる must be 16 続けざまに猛撃するs. The 大打撃を与える is thrown from a circle 7 feet in 直径. In making an 試みる／企てる the competitor may assume any position he pleases, but he must not step outside of this circle. In a contest each competitor is 許すd three throws, and the best three men in the first 裁判，公判 are 許すd three more throws. The 測定 of a throw is made, from the nearest 辛勝する／優位 of the first 示す made by the 辛勝する／優位 of the 大打撃を与える to the point of the circumference of the circle nearest this 示す. There are three 肉親，親類d of fouls in 大打撃を与える throwing, which are not 手段d, but which count against the competitor as throws. They are: letting go of the 大打撃を与える in an 試みる／企てる; touching the ground outside the circle with any 部分 of the 団体／死体 while the 大打撃を与える is in 手渡す; or touching the ground 今後 of the 前線 half of the circle with any 部分 of the 団体／死体 before the throw is 手段d.

The 主要な／長／主犯 thing for a beginner to realize is that it is necessary to assume the easiest possible position when at work with the 大打撃を与える, so as to give the muscles the fullest play. When the 大打撃を与える is thrown around the 長，率いる it should be kept as far as possible from the 団体／死体; the 武器 should not be bent nor the muscles 強化するd, and the shoulders should be 許すd to move as easily as possible. This 緩和する of movement of course may only be 得るd after long and assiduous practice; and it is only fair to say at the start that proficiency in throwing the 大打撃を与える comes from long rather than from たびたび（訪れる） practice. The most successful 競技者s in this line have begun by practising half an hour every day for weeks and months, trying rather to 得る 支配（する）／統制する of the 器具 than length of throw.

As this is an event which cannot be practised indoors, the winter season must be given up to 演習s that will 強化する the 武器 and the 支援する, but outdoor work may be begun as soon as the snow is off the ground. After a man has become proficient in throwing the 大打撃を与える, he will find an hour’s practice two or three times a week 十分な to keep him in form, and he せねばならない 残り／休憩（する） several days at least before entering a 競争.

The 詳細（に述べる） of the throw proper is a thing that must be carefully 熟考する／考慮するd by all who wish to do 井戸／弁護士席 in the event. First, the 競技者 steps into the （犯罪の）一味 持つ／拘留するing the 大打撃を与える, the 長，率いる 残り／休憩（する）ing on the ground outside the circle. He 安全な・保証するs a 会社／堅い しっかり掴む on the 扱う, leaning over so as to keep the アイロンをかける 長，率いる as far away from his 団体／死体 as possible. This 態度 is shown in the first illustration on page 74. The second picture shows the 大打撃を与える just as it is 存在 解除するd from the ground to be whirled around the 長，率いる. It is plain to see that the 武器 are 持つ／拘留するing the 器具 as far from the 団体／死体 as possible. As the 激しい ball 伸び（る）s in velocity it stretches out so that the 武器 and the 扱う form a straight, 水平の line from the shoulders.

The fourth picture 論証するs the 態度 of the performer as he swings the 大打撃を与える about his 長，率いる ーするために 伸び（る） the necessary 勢い. The 動議 at the start is slow, but becomes 徐々に faster and faster, so that the 最高の，を越す 速度(を上げる） shall be reached just about as the 競技者 is ready to turn. It is the usual custom to throw the 大打撃を与える three times around the 長，率いる before turning.

The fifth picture shows this turn. When this 行為／法令／行動する is 成し遂げるd the 大打撃を与える should be kept 井戸／弁護士席 behind the 団体／死体, and the 投げる人 should try to move his feet around as 急速な／放蕩な as he can, and never under any consideration should he 許す the 大打撃を与える to get ahead of the 動議 of his 団体／死体; he must keep it に引き続いて on behind, or else the 大打撃を与える will throw him instead of his throwing the 大打撃を与える.

The 推論する／理由 given for jumping around on the last turn is that a man when proficient in this trick can 伸び（る） about twenty-five feet on his throw. It is the Irish method of throwing a 大打撃を与える, and has been in use in Ireland for several hundred years. The Scottish way of throwing, still in use in Scotland, is to stand still. This used to be the method in vogue in this country, but within the last ten years the A. A. U. 可決する・採択するd the Irish method, and two years ago the Intercollegiate 協会 followed 控訴. A man who has become accustomed to throw from a 行き詰まり has some trouble in getting accustomed to the turn, but as soon as he has got the knack of the 新たな展開 he will 大いに prefer it over the old method.

The sixth picture shows the moment just previous to the final heave when the 大打撃を与える is to be let go. This should not be done with a jerk, but the 扱う should be 許すd to slip from the 手渡すs at the proper moment, さもなければ any jerking will destroy the 勢い 得るd. The last picture of the series, on page 77, shows the 態度 of the 投げる人 after the 大打撃を与える has left his 手渡すs, the 負わせる of his 団体／死体 存在 thrown backward, so as to 妨げる him from stepping out of the circle.

The 大打撃を与える is thrown from a 制限するd circle, in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, ーするために make the event more 科学の. A strong man with very poor form might make an excellent throw いつか if he were 許すd to follow it and to go where he liked in his 成果／努力s. The circle 妨げるs this go-as-you-please method, and makes it necessary for 競技者s to acquire form; it also gives a 限定された place to 手段 from, so that there can be no 論争 as to the exact distance for the measurer to lay off.

In England, collegiate amateur 競技者s throw from a 30-foot circle. This gives them a 広大な／多数の／重要な advantage, for the more turns you can take before throwing, the greater 勢い you can get into your throw. The Englishmen use a 3-foot-6-インチ 扱う, which, on the other 手渡す, is a disadvantage to them, since the centrifugal 軍隊 is 少なくなるd as the square of the distance from the centre.

If 競技者s used a longer 扱う than the one 受託するd in America, which is 4 feet long, they could not throw the 大打撃を与える so 井戸／弁護士席 as they do now, unless the performer were of unusual stature, because the 長，率いる of the 大打撃を与える would touch the ground in the first few turns and at the final 解除する.

Putting The 発射

Although putting the 発射 and throwing the 大打撃を与える are events usually 成し遂げるd by the same man in an 運動競技の 競争, it is a fact, にもかかわらず, that the two things do not go 井戸／弁護士席 together. The 大打撃を与える develops the pulling muscles in the 支援する and 武器, while the 発射, on the other 手渡す, develops the 押し進めるing muscles.

At one time Hickok, intercollegiate 支持する／優勝者 from ’93 to ’95, 充てるd himself 排他的に to the 発射, and soon got himself into such form that he could put 45 feet at any 裁判，公判. Then he started in to practise with the 大打撃を与える, and 設立する his best throw 手段d only 110 feet—his best former 記録，記録的な／記録する 存在 130 半端物. He kept on systematically working then at both 負わせるs, but he soon noticed that the 発射 went 負かす／撃墜する as the 大打撃を与える went up, so that in a month he could scarcely do 40 feet. At the next Yale-Harvard contest he put the 発射 44 feet, which he considered a lucky 業績／成果—and it was—although before training for the 大打撃を与える event for the same contest he had put the 発射 over 45 feet.

To become successful in this event 要求するs long and 執拗な work, just as in 大打撃を与える-throwing. 発射-putting is a 広大な／多数の／重要な science to develop, and it usually takes several years before an 競技者 can really become proficient in the event. The beginner must first 強化する his 武器, giving particular attention to the 開発 of the triceps and deltoids. This is best 遂行するd by work on the 平行の 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, and by 続けざまに猛撃するing a 捕らえる、獲得する, as in ボクシング. The latter 演習 cultivates swiftness. Sprinting is also an important 演習 for a 発射-putter, for it teaches him to be quick and light on his feet—a most important feature of the general 準備. In 新規加入 to these things he should, of course, 絶えず work at putting the 発射—in the 体育館 in winter, and on the field in the open-天候 months.

The 発射 is put from a 7-foot circle, along 4 feet of the circumference of which is placed a board 4 インチs high. This is the いわゆる 前線 of the circle, and the put is 手段d from this board to the nearest 示す made in the ground by the 発射. A fair put is one that has been made without any part of the competitor’s 団体／死体 having touched in 前線 of the circle or on the 最高の，を越す of the board before the 測定 is made. A put is counted a foul if the competitor steps over the 前線 half of the circle or on the board before the 測定 of his put has been made—and the foul counts as a 裁判，公判.

The careful 競技者 will always spare his 権利 arm as much as he can. For instance, when he 選ぶs up the 発射 he will 持つ／拘留する it in his left 手渡す, and he will do the same while he steps into the circle and gets his 地盤. After this has been 安全な・保証するd he will roll the 発射 over into his 権利 palm—as shown in illustration No. 3 on page 83—and then he is ready to start.

Assuming as 平易な a position as possible, let the 発射 be 井戸／弁護士席 balanced in the 権利 手渡す. Do not 支配する it tightly. In starting off, as shown in the fourth illustration, place the whole 負わせる of the 団体／死体 upon the 権利 脚, 持つ／拘留するing your left arm 今後 as a balance. Then take a quick hop with the 権利 脚, all the time keeping the 発射 as 近づく the shoulder as possible. Upon alighting after the hop, touch your left foot to the ground—and it せねばならない 落ちる very の近くに to the board 縁. This is the position shown in the seventh illustration. The eighth shows the next movement, which is the transposition of the feet.

The 訂正する 態度 for getting across the circle on this hop is crouching. Then, as soon as your left foot touches ground, you bring it 速く backward, throwing the entire 権利 味方する of the 団体／死体 今後; and you turn half around, so that the 権利 shoulder will be in the exact direction in which the 発射 is to be put. After the impetus 上向き has been given by the 脚s and 団体／死体, shoot the arm outward with all the 軍隊 at your 命令（する）, the 動議 存在 just such a one as you would make with the clinched 握りこぶし against the sparring-捕らえる、獲得する. This 動議—the change of feet, the 解除する, the turn, the thrust—is a very 早い one, but the photographs illustrate it very 井戸／弁護士席 in the last two pictures of the series. その上に, this movement must be perfectly uniform from beginning to end, with no jerks and hitches; but it takes long practice to acquire a perfect smoothness.

The 発射 must be 許すd to leave the 手渡す easily, and the 今後 成果／努力 of the put must be so 規制するd that the equilibrium of the performer will be 持続するd. The perfect performer 許すs his 団体／死体 to bend 今後 just to that point where, should he go half an インチ さらに先に, he would be 軍隊d to step out of the （犯罪の）一味.

The beginner should practise with the 発射 for a good period every day. He should work until he begins to feel tired, but after he has become master of the event—say in a year or so—he need practise but two or three times a week, and he will find that his form and 力／強力にするs are thus best 保持するd.

In England the university 競技者s put the 発射 from a 10-foot square instead of a 7-foot circle. This gives them a 確かな advantage over American 競技者s, for they get a longer run, and thus more 速度(を上げる）, and hence a greater 勢い at the end. Hickok can put the 発射 from two to three feet さらに先に from a 10-foot square than he can from a 7-foot circle, and with practice he believes that he could do even better. If an 制限のない run, or 一連の hops, were 許すd, the 記録，記録的な／記録する for putting the 発射 would certainly be much greater than it is at 現在の; but there is no 疑問 that the 普通の／平均（する） form of 競技者s who take part in this event would be very much lower than it is now with the 現在の 科学の 制限s.

The 政治家 丸天井

Training for 棒高跳びing should begin in the 体育館 早期に in the winter. The arm and chest and dorsal muscles are the ones that must be developed, and these may best be 強化するd by work on the chest 負わせるs, rope climbing, dipping on the 平行の 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, and by using the travelling 平行のs. If you have no 体育館 to work in, a good 演習 is to stand four or five feet off from the 塀で囲む of your room and to 落ちる 今後 on your 手渡すs and then 押し進める yourself 支援する into an 築く position. Do this a few times at first, 増加するing the number as you grow stronger. Sprinting is also as necessary an 演習 for the 政治家 vaulter as it is for the 幅の広い jumper. When the 天候 穏健なs, work should be begun and continued daily out-of-doors.

For practice the vaulter must have two square 地位，任命するs 類似の to those used by the high jumper, only higher, bored with 穴を開けるs two インチs apart above 6 feet, then one インチ apart up to 8 feet, and half an インチ apart from there up. The pegs should be between two and three インチs long, and the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 of 1-インチ pine should be about eleven feet long. I say the “妨げる／法廷，弁護士業,” but it were better to say “妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s,” for the vaulter will do 井戸／弁護士席 to buy a dozen at a time, as they break very easily. The 地位，任命するs are placed ten feet apart at the end of the 滑走路, which should be made from eight to ten feet wide, and as long as possible—say fifty feet. Like the high-jumping and 幅の広い-jumping 滑走路s, it is made of cinders, rolled 負かす／撃墜する hard, and must be kept 井戸／弁護士席 鈍らせるd, so that it may be springy. Beyond the 地位，任命するs the earth should be turned over and raked, so as to make a soft 上陸-place. This 上陸-box is usually divided from the cinder-path by a sunken board running perpendicular to the upright 地位，任命するs, and across their bases.

The 衣装 for a 政治家 vaulter should consist of an entire jersey 控訴, although many of the best men seem of late to prefer linen trousers. The advantage of jersey trousers or tights, however, is that they keep the 脚s warm, and, その結果, the muscles more limber. The shoes are the 正規の／正選手 jumping shoes, made of kangaroo-肌, and fitted with six spikes in the toes and two spikes in the heel of the foot that takes off. These two spikes should be 直す／買収する，八百長をするd at the extremities of a diagonal drawn through the centre of the heel, to 妨げる 石／投石する-bruising.

The best 丸天井ing-政治家s are made of selected, straight-穀物d spruce, and are somewhat expensive, on account of the number of sticks that have to be destroyed in the making of one good one. A good 政治家 costs from $4 to $5. It should be sixteen feet long, and fitted with an アイロンをかける spike at the lower end. Having 購入（する）d your 政治家, 勝利，勝つd it with tape for a distance of three or four feet along that part where it is to be held by the 手渡すs in 丸天井ing.

When you first begin to 丸天井, it is best to place the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 at about 6 feet, and to work over this 高さ until you have mastered the knack of the event, which is undeniably a 複雑にするd one.

As in high and 幅の広い jumping, the 競技者 must lay out his take-off and his run. No 支配する can be 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する for either of these things. Some vaulters like a long run, and depend 完全に upon 速度(を上げる） to carry them over the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, while others take a short sprint, and throw all their 軍隊 and energy into the leap. But whichever method is 可決する・採択するd, both the take-off and the starting-point remain 直す／買収する，八百長をするd 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs on the 滑走路, and must be 実験d with until 設立する, and then carefully 直す／買収する，八百長をするd.

Whether in practice or in 競争, and no 事柄 at what 高さ the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 may be, always 手段 your 政治家 before 丸天井ing. This is done by stepping up to the 地位，任命するs and 持つ／拘留するing the 政治家 upright until it touches the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業. Let it 落ちる 支援する then, and しっかり掴む it with the lower 手渡す one foot below the point where it touched the cross-piece. For a vaulter who takes off with the left foot, the lower 手渡す is the left 手渡す. For a man who takes off with the 権利 foot, it is just the other way. For the sake of convenience and clearness, let us understand that we are now speaking of one who takes off with the left foot.

Having 手段d the 政治家, the 競技者 掴むs it with both 手渡すs, thumbs up, the left 手渡す 今後 at the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す 示すd, and the 権利 手渡す from 2½ to 3 feet さらに先に up. He then 退却／保養地s to the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す which he has 決定するd upon as his starting-point. He stands in the middle of the 滑走路, with the 政治家 pointing straight at the uprights, and he 直す／買収する，八百長をするs his 注目する，もくろむs on the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業. From this moment he does not 除去する his gaze from that pine stick, or from the handkerchief which may be hanging from it, until he has made his leap. He should never look to see where he is placing the 政治家 to 丸天井. The 政治家 will take care of itself.

For going 負かす／撃墜する the 滑走路 with the 政治家, styles 異なる. Some vaulters 持つ／拘留する the 政治家 井戸／弁護士席 up over the chest, while others (like Mr. Buchholz in the …を伴ってing illustrations) 持つ／拘留するs the 政治家 井戸／弁護士席 負かす／撃墜する. The novice will find it better to keep his 権利 or higher 手渡す 井戸／弁護士席 up under his 長，率いる. The 競技者 starts 負かす／撃墜する the 滑走路 at 十分な 速度(を上げる）, and when he reaches his take-off he 工場／植物s the 政治家 堅固に into the ground with all his 軍隊, and springs straight for the cross-piece. The moment his 団体／死体 leaves the ground the 権利 arm stretches taut (illustration No. 3), and his 団体／死体 swings に向かって the 政治家. The 動議 of the 団体／死体 as it rises is a turning one, the 反対する 存在 to 新たな展開 and 直面する the 政治家, so that when the proper 高さ is reached the 支援する will be に向かって the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, so that the heels may be 解除するd over.

The fourth illustration shows the vaulter halfway up from the ground to the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, which in this 事例／患者 was at 9 feet. He has turned half around, and by the time he has nearly reached this 高さ he is still さらに先に around. (Illustration No. 5.) This picture shows the beginning of the working of the 武器 and of that 新たな展開 which is so necessary to carry the 団体／死体 over at 広大な／多数の／重要な 高さs. The working of the 武器 begins just before this 新たな展開 is made, and consists of pulling with the 権利 arm and 押し進めるing with the left. This 解除するs the 団体／死体, and the 新たな展開 carries it over, together with a strong 押し進める against the 政治家 at the last moment, when the 競技者 feels his 上向き 動議 is changing to a 落ちる.

After the 政治家 has been let go, all is plain sailing. You have either made your 丸天井 or you have not, and all you have to do is to 落ちる 解放する／自由な, or bring 負かす／撃墜する the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 with you. No 成果／努力 that the 競技者 can now make to 避ける the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 will avail him, as the 動議 in 中央の-空気／公表する is 事実上 uncontrollable after the 政治家 has been abandoned. It is 平易な to learn how to 落ちる limp into the soft earth below, and there is never any danger …に出席するing this 減少（する）. It will be noticed in the illustration that the 新たな展開ing 動議 imparted on the hither 味方する of the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 turns the 団体／死体 so that the 競技者 落ちるs with his 支援する to the 地位，任命するs, having 成し遂げるd one 完全にする gyration in 中央の-空気／公表する.

This is not by any means a necessary element of the event, however, for many men 減少（する） 直面するing the 滑走路.

It is not permissible in 丸天井ing in America to move the upper 手渡す on the 政治家. The lower 手渡す may be brought up, and Hoyt, the Harvard vaulter who won that event at the Olympic games of 1895, usually does this. In England, “climbing the 政治家” is 許すd, and 競技者s there frequently bring the lower 手渡す up above the other. Some of them manage to make better 記録，記録的な／記録するs by this method, too.

When training for this event the novice should not 丸天井 oftener than fifteen times a day, and he should never work with the 政治家 more frequently than three times a week. On the 介入するing days he should do light work at sprinting. Take every 高さ three times, and then raise the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業, as it is frequently possible for a man to （疑いを）晴らす a higher 示す after failing at the point below. On one day each week try to see how high you can go.

Bicycling

Bicycling For Men

Although bicycling may not 適切に belong in the same class with the 陸上競技 sports 扱う／治療するd in the foregoing 一時期／支部s, it is yet a sport so 全世界の／万国共通の and so popular at the 現在の day that it has seemed advisable to 挿入する a few 一時期／支部s on the 支配する in this 容積／容量. It is a fact that with all the bicycle riding done in this country to-day probably half the riders do not sit their wheels 正確に, and その結果 増加する their 支出 of physical labor and derive いっそう少なく 利益 from the 演習.

There is perhaps still a question as to what is the proper position for the best and healthiest bicycle riding. Some good riders sit in one position, have one length of pedal stride, and use one 肉親，親類d of ankle 動議; while others, who ride just 同様に, believe in something 完全に different, and 証明する it by riding long distances or at 広大な／多数の／重要な 速度(を上げる） without either 傷害 or 不快 to themselves. The suggestions given here must stand, therefore, 簡単に as suggestions, which can only be 証明するd by each individual to be 訂正する after he has followed them for some time, and has 設立する them of 利益 to himself. They are followed by many good road riders and racers, and that is some 推薦; and for the practical 楽しみ of wheelmen they are probably as good as can be had.

In the first place, it is taken for 認めるd that the reader rides a bicycle for 楽しみ, not as a 商売／仕事; that he is a road rider and not a racer on a cinder-跡をつける. In other words, it is for the amateur road rider that these words are ーするつもりであるd.

Whoever, therefore, wishes to ride 正確に, and with the greatest 緩和する and 力／強力にする, should, to begin with, take the ordinary upright position—such a position as will correspond to the upright position assumed by any one who is walking, or by a good horseman in the saddle, or by a cross-country 走者 in his run. The prime requisite is that the 肺s should have ample space to breathe in. The chest せねばならない be thrust 井戸／弁護士席 out, the shoulders thrown 支援する, and the 長，率いる held up, so that there will be no （人が）群がるing of the veins that send the 血 into the 長，率いる. This position is the same as that assumed when horseback riding.

Of course, at first no one can keep himself in this position all the time, but you should try to keep as 近づく it as you comfortably can. 慰安 is really the basis of all such positions, and while, to a 確かな extent, 慰安 is the result of habit, still an upright position is more natural to some riders than to others.

This upright seat is 扶養家族 on itself. That is to say, you should get in the habit of taking it so easily that, supposing you could ride without 扱うs, you would sit thus にもかかわらず. In other words, you should not depend on your 支配する on the 扱うs for support. The 手渡すs and 武器 are not needed as you sit in a 議長，司会を務める, nor as you walk, nor as you ride a horse, except as guides, in one 事例／患者 to guide the horse, in the other to 持続する your equilibrium while walking, and finally on the bicycle to steer the wheel and keep yourself balanced on it. A ちらりと見ること at the illustrations on pages 102 and 103 will show the difference between a 訂正する and an incorrect road position. The incorrect position shows a rider “leaning” on his 手渡すs and 武器. This seat is a very ありふれた one, unfortunately, and if you 診察する the next twenty riders you 会合，会う, 特に those who have ridden fifteen or twenty miles, you are likely to find most of them in this 条件. The 武器 are rigid, the 団体／死体 is leaning on them. This thrusts the shoulders 支援する until the shoulder-blades touch each other. The 肺s and neck are 押し進めるd 今後, and almost every 選び出す／独身 muscle and 神経 in the upper part of the 団体／死体 is out of place. The result is that neither heart nor 肺s get a good 適切な時期 for 活動／戦闘, and the 形態／調整 of your upper 団体／死体 is slowly but surely 存在 deformed. In the other position, the 訂正する one, the rider could at any moment take his 手渡すs from the 扱う-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 and not alter his position in any way. The two contrasted speak for themselves.

It may, of course, be said that when a rider becomes tired with riding, the incorrect position is a 広大な／多数の／重要な 残り／休憩（する）. In the first place, this is not true if he has faithfully learned to ride in the upright seat. Then the other becomes uncomfortable. In the 訂正する position the wheelman has his 武器 a trifle bent at the 肘, so that when he goes over any unevenness in the road his 武器 give, and he 避けるs the shaking of his whole 団体／死体 by the 揺さぶるing, to say nothing of the certainty of giving his wheel an unpleasant shaking-up.

In the most modern bicycles the position of the rider is almost that of a 歩行者—that is, the pedals are almost under the saddle, so that he treads 直接／まっすぐに up and 負かす／撃墜する. This helps him in keeping his seat without the 援助（する） of 手渡すs and 武器, and it makes all the muscles of the 脚s and thighs work in their proper places, and the whole 活動／戦闘 of the 団体／死体 becomes natural. All this can be seen in the illustration of the 訂正する position, and there can hardly be a question that this is the natural position for a man to take when he 開始するs his wheel for a run of a few miles. It 自然に brings part of the 負わせる of the 団体／死体 on the pedals, relieves the very uncomfortable 負わせる on the saddle, and helps a rider to balance himself without the use of 扱う-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, thus 避けるing the “wriggling” of the wheel, which is so tiresome and so deadening to a 安定した road gait.

The racing or “scorching” position is a difficult one to 代表する in a photographic reproduction, because each man has his own particular ideas, and as most men who race make a 熟考する／考慮する of the 支配する, the result is that there are many different theories. The general 原則 is, however, to get a strong 購入（する） on the 扱うs, ーするために give yourself greater 力／強力にする in thrusting 負かす／撃墜する on the pedals, and at the same time to curl up the 団体／死体 ーするために give as little 抵抗 to the 空気／公表する as possible. Any one who has ridden against the 勝利，勝つd will realize what an enormous difference the 空気／公表する makes in his 速度(を上げる）, and this is, of course, multiplied when the rider is going at a 記録，記録的な／記録する-breaking gait.

But there are 訂正する and incorrect racing positions, and the two illustrations on these pages will give a suggestion of them. A “scorching” position cannot be taken on a bicycle where the saddle and 扱う-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s have been arranged for the upright road position. In the 訂正する scorching position, shown on page 106, the 扱うs are very low 負かす／撃墜する, and the seat is raised and tipped 今後, so that the rider, while pulling up 堅固に on the 扱うs, is 事実上 only leaning against the saddle, and putting all his 負わせる on the pedals. The 支援する is curved rather than straight, because a much greater 購入（する） can be 得るd in this way; and, indeed, the curved 支援する makes a much more vigorous and symmetrical 態度.

The important point to remember is, that you cannot assume the scorching position and the upright road position on the same bicycle without changing the 扱う-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s. To start out for an afternoon run through the country in a scorching position is absurd. A halfway position—one between the upright and the scorching position—is worst of all.

Another important point in road-riding is the 高さ of the saddle above the lowest point in the arc 述べるd by the pedals. Experience has shown that when the pedal is at its lowest and you are sitting squarely on the saddle, your heel should be on a level with the toe of the boot and your 膝 a trifle bent. Or, to put it 異なって, it should be possible for you to place the arch of your foot on the pedal and follow it around in its circle without 絶対 straightening your 脚 to its 最大の. Or, still again, as other people 述べる it, you should be able to put the toe of your shoe under the pedal and keep it there all the way 一連の会議、交渉／完成する, the 脚 存在 straightened at the longest stretch.

The illustration 代表するing this shows the 訂正する length of stride, and by referring to the 削減（する） on page 108 you will see what results when the rider has raised his seat so high that he is 強いるd to let his toes point 負かす／撃墜する with a straight 脚 ーするために follow the pedal around. The illustration, 代表するing too long a stride, shows by the wrinkles in the rider’s trousers and shirt that the rider is compelled to lower not only his hips but his whole 味方する and shoulder, and, of course, the same 活動／戦闘 is repeated alternately on the other 味方する. As these photographs were taken by an instantaneous slide, and the riders were in 動議, they are all actual positions during riding, and, as such, illustrate 正確に／まさに what happens in each 事例／患者.

In the 事柄 of too long a stride there is real danger to health in the long-run. The wheelman makes many thousand 革命s in a week, and many of us ride throughout a good part of the year, and any one can see in a moment that this constant working of all the 決定的な parts of the 団体／死体 must be anything but healthful. その上に, aside from the question of health altogether, a wheelman becomes quickly tired out with his continual 転換ing. He may not know what is the 原因（となる） of his weariness, but it is sure to be partly 予定 to his riding in that way. There is no 推論する／理由 why a rider should want to have a long stride. It does not give greater 速度(を上げる）, and it 現実に detracts from the 力／強力にする of his 一打／打撃.

And now a word as to the ankle movement. The 軍隊 適用するd through the foot to the pedal at the moment when the latter is one-４半期/4分の1 way 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the circle from the 最高の，を越す, or, in other words, half-way “負かす／撃墜する,” is the most 価値のある and powerful. Just as in 列／漕ぐ／騒動ing, the strength put into the oar when it is 正確に／まさに at 権利 angles with the boat is the most 価値のある. And, その上に, the earlier or later the strength is 適用するd to the pedals the いっそう少なく and いっそう少なく powerful it becomes so far as sending the wheel ahead is 関心d. If you 圧力（をかける） 負かす／撃墜する hard when the pedal is nearly or fully 負かす／撃墜する to its lowest point you are scarcely sending the wheel ahead at all, and all your exertion goes for nothing. 事実上 speaking, ーするために get the best of your strength in at the ４半期/4分の1-circle point you should begin to 押し進める, and 押し進める vigorously, the moment the pedal has passed by its highest point. The 押し進める should be quick and short, and should stop as soon as possible after the ４半期/4分の1-circle point has been passed. There is an instant of 残り／休憩（する） there, and then the heel should be raised a little, and a sharp 上向き and backward pull made on this same pedal at the same instant that the downward 押し進める is 存在 made on the other pedal with the other foot. As a result, the rider is pulling up with one foot while he is 押し進めるing 負かす／撃墜する with the other, and there are therefore two 際立った 動議s with each 脚 during a 選び出す／独身 革命 of the pedal. Many riders only 押し進める downward, and 許す the pedals to rise of their own impetus, but they waste a part of the 軍隊 of each 革命 by doing this—not one-half, perhaps, but fully one-third of what they might easily put into it.

As a result the heel takes a different position 親族 to the toe at different parts of one 革命. At the 最高の，を越す and 底（に届く） the two are on the same level, but the heel goes 負かす／撃墜する quicker than the toe and comes up quicker. This is very tiresome for the beginner, and he soon finds the calves of his 脚s aching はっきりと; but in time he will become accustomed to it, and the 増加するd 量 of 速度(を上げる） which he gets out of his machine will be surprising even to himself.

Bicycling For Women

It is fully as important that women should ride 適切に as it is that men should do so, and if they will follow carefully the few words of 指示／教授／教育 given here they せねばならない find little trouble in becoming masters of the bicycle.

When sitting on a bicycle a woman should assume an upright position, 事実上 as when walking. The saddle should be 幅の広い and flat, and, while most of the 負わせる of her 団体／死体 残り／休憩（する）s upon the saddle, it is にもかかわらず true that she should put as much of her 負わせる upon the pedals as possible; this not only makes riding and balancing easier, but it 分配するs her 負わせる over the machine, both to her own 慰安 and to the safety of the wheel. Sitting perfectly upright, she should be able to place the arch of her instep squarely on the pedal when it is at its lowest point in the arc, and in that position her 膝 should be 事実上 unbent, although, it is perhaps a trifle better if the 膝 is what might be called “sprung” a little. At all events, the 団体／死体 should not 下落する from one 味方する to the other as the pedals turn, and when the rider is 軍隊ing the wheel ahead with the ball of the foot on the pedal, the 膝 will never be straightened 完全に if this 支配する is followed.

There is no advantage どれでも in trying to 安全な・保証する a long reach; it does not help in any way, and it makes it more difficult to send the machine ahead either faster or slower. This is 特に noticeable in going up a hill. Women, as a 支配する, do not have the fault which many men have of leaning 今後 far over the 扱う. They are more apt to sit upright than most men; but they have one fault which should be 訂正するd, and that is the position which the 扱うs 占領する in relation to their 団体／死体s. A girl should sit upright, and when she places her 手渡すs on the 扱うs her 武器 should be わずかに bent at the 肘. It is a ありふれた thing, however, to see, the 武器 so much bent that the forearm forms almost a 権利 angle to the upper arm. This is not only uncomfortable, but it 奪うs the rider of the 購入（する） which she needs when 軍隊ing the machine ahead or going up a hill. In other words, it is much more difficult to pull on the 扱うs when the 武器 are bent to a 権利 angle than when they are almost straight. On the other 手渡す, the fault of leaning the 負わせる of the 団体／死体 on the 扱う-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s should be 避けるd with the 最大の care, as that 軍隊s the shoulders 支援する and the chin 今後 on the chest, and in time distorts the whole symmetry of the upper part of the 団体／死体.

開始するing and dismounting, 特に the former, should not be tried until the novice has learned to keep her balance easily while riding. Then 開始するing will come more or いっそう少なく 自然に, since the difficulty in this 操作／手術 is not so much to get on the machine, as to start the wheel soon enough after 伸び（る）ing the seat to 避ける 落ちるing off.

To begin with, a woman should しっかり掴む both handlebars 堅固に. By means of the 手渡すs the bicycle should be held 絶対 perpendicular, neither leaning に向かって her person nor away from it. Then, standing on the left of the machine, she should step over the gearing with her 権利 foot and place it on the 権利 pedal, which is moved just 今後 of its highest point in the arc, so that the first 圧力 which comes on that 権利 pedal will 軍隊 the machine ahead as 急速な／放蕩な as possible.

Having placed her 権利 foot on this pedal, without 耐えるing any 負わせる on it, she then steps into the position over the gearing which will bring her 負わせる as nearly as possible すぐに over the centre of gravity of the machine. Having arranged her skirt so that it will be symmetrical when she 開始するs, she 単に rises by stepping up on the 権利-手渡す pedal, and sits into the saddle by a slow, 平易な movement. Her 負わせる on the 権利-手渡す pedal starts the machine 今後, pulls the saddle in under her, and gives the velocity to the bicycle which she needs ーするために keep her balance.

One of the most important things about women’s bicycle-riding is the ability to dismount not only gracefully but at once in 事例／患者 of necessity. In this, as in 開始するing, there is no jump anywhere. The rider 簡単に catches the left pedal as it begins to rise from the lowest point in the arc, and, 耐えるing her 負わせる on that pedal, 許すs herself to be 軍隊d 上向き out of the saddle. This not only brings her into a position to step out of the machine, but also brings the machine to a 行き詰まり, or 事実上 so, unless she is going at a high 率 of 速度(を上げる）. When the pedal has nearly reached the 最高の，を越す, and the machine is as 近づく a 行き詰まり as possible, she steps, still 耐えるing her 負わせる on the left pedal, out on the left 味方する of the machine, putting her 権利 foot over the left foot, and letting the 権利 foot strike the ground first. Both 開始するing and dismounting are slow, even movements; there is no quick jump about them, and the 動議s are all 漸進的な. As soon as you 試みる／企てる to leap into the saddle, or leap out of it, you are almost 確かな to 乱す the equilibrium of the bicycle itself, and then 大災害 is the result.

We are just now in the 中央 of a change in ideas 関心ing a woman’s bicycle 衣装. No woman who has ridden ten times fails to complain of skirts, be they never so 井戸／弁護士席 made. They catch in the 後部 wheel. They make a sail to catch all the 勝利，勝つd when the 勝利，勝つd is blowing against you, and only a bicyclist knows what a 長，率いる-勝利，勝つd really means. They are continually in the way.

On the other 手渡す, trousers do not seem just the thing for girls to wear to-day. Some time we may all come to the 規則 knickerbockers for a bicycle 衣装, but just at 現在の a woman who wears them appears to be immodest. As a 事柄 of fact, however, modesty and ladylike 行為 do not depend on the 衣装, but on the 耐えるing and character of the rider herself, and it is only necessary for us to become accustomed to seeing women wearing any 肉親，親類d of a bicycle 衣装 to think it the proper thing, and probably some 肉親，親類d of bloomers or divided skirt is いっそう少なく noticeable and more modest than a skirt which 飛行機で行くs about as you ride along the road. The best thing for a woman then is a divided skirt which is の近くに fitting, which cannot catch in either wheel or in the gearing of the bicycle, or the ordinary 体育館 bloomers. Either of these, 特に the latter, is much better from a hygienic point of 見解（をとる）, since a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of the 緊張する of 軍隊ing the machine ahead is saved by them. In time we shall probably have a 正規の／正選手 woman’s bicycle 衣装, which will be a combination of knickerbockers and bloomers, and then when people once become accustomed to it, they will wonder how under the sun women ever 棒 with long skirts.

As to the question of how 広大な／多数の／重要な a distance a woman shall ride in a day the answer seems very simple. A woman must remember that she has not been accustomed to 厳しい physical 演習, that she would not start out at once to run five miles without stopping, and that she その結果 should not ride ten miles on a wheel either the first time or the thirtieth time. This seems very simple to read in print, but the fact is that most girls want to ride fifteen miles as soon as they can get along on a road by themselves.

The difficult thing is to stop just before you begin to feel the slightest sensation of weariness. There are girls who can ride twenty, forty, or sixty miles in a day, but this is because they have begun 徐々に, and 増加するd their distances by degrees as their 団体／死体s got into good 条件. The 普通の／平均（する） girl of fifteen ought not to ride more than five miles in any one day until she has taken thirty rides within two months—that is to say, until she has ridden at least once in every two days. Then she should not 越える ten miles in a day, or at one time, until she has ridden a bicycle half a year. After this she can 見積（る） about what she can do without tiring herself, and she can 徐々に work up to twenty miles at a time, without ever having that fagged feeling which is a sure 調印する that the thing has been overdone.

The Care Of A Wheel

Considering the 広大な／多数の／重要な number of riders of the wheel at 現在の, it is astonishing how few really know anything about their 開始するs. A casual visit to any bicycle 修理 shop will conclusively 追い散らす all 疑問s as to the truth of this 主張. Here you will find long lines of wheels を待つing 修理s, some of the 損害賠償金, of course, 存在 serious, but the 大多数 are unruly 弁s, 穴をあけるs, and bearings out of 調整. 特に noticeable is the number of wheels in which a slight knowledge of bicycle construction would have enabled 修理s to be made at home.

How frequently one sees a rider, wrench in 手渡す, dubiously 調査するing his wheel at arm’s-length, now 強化するing a nut here or 緩和するing one there, in a vain 努力する to 直す／買収する，八百長をする in this manner something that is out of order and 妨げるs his wheel from running 適切に! But beyond this fact that something is wrong, he has not the slightest idea of the nature of the trouble.

Or again, another 熱中している人 is deluging every 明白な chink in his bicycle with oil in the hope of finding some mysterious squeak, the 場所 of which would be an 平易な 事柄 if the position of the different bearings were understood. It is 譲歩するd without exception by all wheelmen that a fair knowledge of the construction of a wheel is 必須の to its proper care.

Perhaps the most important thing to be considered is the care of the bearings. In the 前進するd 行う／開催する／段階 which bicycle construction has reached today there are a large number of ball-bearings in a machine—in fact, there are balls wherever there is 摩擦, however light. These bearings should have careful 調整. Perhaps a ちらりと見ること at the sketch of a wheel 耐えるing will make the construction clearer. Of course the bearings of different makes of wheel 変化させる, but the 原則 is the same in all. The little steel balls are the only medium by which the 負わせる on the 耐えるing is transmitted from the 縁 to the 反対／詐欺 (中心 and axle). To have the 耐えるing work 適切に and with the least possible 摩擦, the 反対／詐欺 must not be screwed in so tightly as to jam the balls in the 縁, or the wheel will run hard; at the same time it must not be unscrewed so as to 許す too much play of the balls, or the wheel will “wobble.” Most bearings have a flattening on the 発射／推定 of the 反対／詐欺, between the 中心 of the wheel and the fork, that can be caught by a wrench, enabling the 反対／詐欺s to be 強化するd or 緩和するd by screwing this one only. Some have a thumb-screw in place of the 装置 について言及するd, and other makes adjust the 反対／詐欺s by screwing the axle.

In the 調整 of a wheel’s bearings, whether 前線 or 後部, a good 実験（する） to use against too tight a 反対／詐欺 is to raise the wheel （疑いを）晴らす of the ground, and, turning it so that the 弁 of the tire is on 最高の，を越す, or nearly so, see if the 負わせる of the 弁 will 原因（となる） the wheel to 回転／交替 so that the 弁 will 述べる an arc, like a pendulum, each swing 徐々に 減らすing in length. If the 反対／詐欺 is 適切に adjusted, the 弁 should swing 支援する and 前へ／外へ for some time. Of course the 後部 wheel will not swing as long as the 前線, the 弁 having to impart 動議 to the sprocket and pedals. If the 反対／詐欺s are too loose, by gripping the wheel by the 縁 you will be able to slide it 支援する and 前へ／外へ on the axle. The most important bearings in the whole wheel are those of the crank-axle. Here the whole 緊張する of the propelling 力／強力にする comes. The 調整 of these 反対／詐欺s is on the same 原則 as that of the wheels; the same 実験（する） may be used as for the 後部 wheel. The two bearings in the steering-長，率いる may be adjusted by screwing the 反対／詐欺 of the 最高の，を越す one, and, of course, the wheel may be made hard steering or 平易な, to 控訴 the taste of the rider. This is not a 事柄 of 構成要素 importance. The 調整 of the pedal bearings is not of so 広大な／多数の／重要な importance, but it should be seen to that they run 平等に and 静かに, as it is at this point that the propelling 軍隊 is 適用するd. This is usually 遂行するd by 強化するing or 緩和するing the outside 反対／詐欺, which may be gotten at by 除去するing the dust-cap.

Perhaps it would be 同様に to speak here about the たびたび（訪れる） 事故 of a broken ball in the bearings. As soon as one is 設立する broken, waste no time in 除去するing it; one ball いっそう少なく will do no 害（を与える）; but if the wheel is ridden with a broken one, it will soon 削減（する） the 反対／詐欺 and 縁 all to pieces.

A word about oiling. Do not go to the 超過 of either too little or too much oil. In the first 事例／患者 the 反対／詐欺s and 縁 will wear more quickly and the bearings run hard; and in the latter the oil will gum, 原因（となる）ing hard running, or, if it does not do this, it will ooze out of the 共同の, and, collecting the dust, will become gritty and 損なう it. The 量 and frequency of the oiling, of course, depend on the use of the bicycle. For a wheel moderately used, a fair oiling once a week will be 設立する amply 十分な. Most of the bearings have 開始s in which to 適用する the oil, and the oil should not be 適用するd at any other place than these. In the 事例／患者 of the 長，率いる bearings, unscrewing the 反対／詐欺 of the upper one will expose it, and will 許す the 長，率いる to be raised so as to expose the one on the 栄冠を与える for oiling. The pedals may be lubricated by 除去するing the dust-cap and 適用するing the oil on the outside 耐えるing, 攻撃するing the machine so that it will run 負かす／撃墜する to the inside one.

To have the bearings in first-率 条件, they should be cleaned every month or six weeks. In きれいにする them the 反対／詐欺 should be taken out, carefully wiped, the balls put in kerosene oil to 除去する all possible grit, and the 縁 wiped clean of all remains of previous oilings. The easiest ones to get at are those of the 前線 wheel and pedals. In the former 事例／患者, all that is necessary is to undo the nuts and spring the wheel out of the fork, unscrewing the movable 反対／詐欺 and taking out the axle. In the pedals, 除去する the dust-caps and the outside 反対／詐欺, and slip the pedal off. The 後部 wheel is a little more troublesome, the chain having to be 除去するd from the 後部 sprocket before the wheel can be taken out. To 除去する the chain, unscrew the small screw-bolt that 持つ／拘留するs two of the links together. The bearings in the 長，率いる will also be a little troublesome, as it is necessary to 除去する the 扱う-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s and 最高の，を越す 反対／詐欺 and take out the 前線 fork. The only remaining bearings to be spoken of—those of the crank-axle—are in some 尊敬（する）・点s the most important to have clean, and at the same time the most difficult to get at, as it is necessary to take off the cranks before the axle can be 除去するd or the bearings exposed. After the cranks are 除去するd, the 残り／休憩（する） is usually an 平易な 事柄.

To give any general 支配する for the cranks’ 除去 is impossible, as there are so many methods in use for 大（公）使館員ing them to the axle; but to know the way to 除去する the several 目だつ patterns may be useful. We will select four of the general methods, and these will 十分である to cover most of the ground. These may be best understood from a 熟考する／考慮する of the …を伴ってing sketches. First, the most ありふれた way of putting the cranks on with a 重要な or pin is shown in Fig. 1. To 除去する these, unscrew the nut on the pin and 運動 it out. This may be done at home, but as a 支配する the pins are put in, or become wedged in, so tightly that it is frequently advisable to have them driven out at a shop. In the absence of proper punches, there is the chance of 不正に mutilating the pin in 除去.

The second general class is the clamp attachment. There are several patterns in use, but the one shown in Fig. 2 is most 一般的に seen. To 解放する／自由な it from the axle the bolt is 除去するd, and it is frequently necessary to 挿入する a wedge to spring the clamps 解放する／自由な from it.

In the third class the crank fits in a 延長／続編 of the axle, usually 事業／計画（する）ing a little, so as to 許す locking with a nut, as in Fig. 3. いつかs it passes a little to one 味方する of the centre, and, again, 正確に／まさに through it.

The fourth and general class is where the axle and cranks are made in two forgings, as shown in Fig. 4 (the sketch 代表するs a cross-section of the バーレル／樽), the part shown 存在 half, and the two sections fitting together by teeth. These cranks are 除去するd by unscrewing in the opposite direction to which they 回転する in the propulsion of the machine.

The next part of the wheel we will turn our attention to is the chain—the medium through which the 動議 is imparted from the 運動ing-gear to the 後部 sprocket. Frequently after a long ride on rough roads, or perhaps a few days of usage, the chain will be 設立する to have slackened up かなり. There are many 装置s in use for taking up this slack—all of them, however, working on the 原則 of moving the 後部 axle 支援する and 前へ／外へ, and 存在 more or いっそう少なく 改良s of a few general patterns.

In the 装置 代表するd by Fig. 5, after 緩和するing the nut, the axle is moved backward or 今後 by turning the screw in the proper direction.

If it is 願望（する）d to move the axle 支援する (Fig. 6) the screw is 強化するd, or if it is 望ましい to move it 今後 (nearer the cranks), the screw is unscrewed, and the axle 押し進めるd 今後 by gentle taps with a wrench. In the method 代表するd by Fig. 7 the whole 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 swings with the axle.

This 調整 is 強化するd or 緩和するd in the same manner as the 先行する one, with the exception that the nut on the bolt 持つ／拘留するing the upper end of the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s has to be 緩和するd a trifle. In the 協定 shown in Fig. 8 the axle is adjusted without the 援助（する） of a screw. When in the 権利 place, it is held by the 強化するing of the nuts, teeth in the washer engaging others around the 辛勝する／優位 of the slot.

No part of the machine collects the dirt more quickly than the chain, it 存在 設立する liberally ぱらぱら雨d with grit after every ride. As long as it runs 滑らかに and 静かに it does no 害（を与える）, though when it gets rather 厚い it would be best to wipe it lightly with a rag or a stiff 小衝突. When a chain is 乾燥した，日照りの or very dirty it shows a 傾向 to kink, at the same time producing a 動揺させるing noise, joined with sharp snappings. When in this 条件, it should have a 徹底的な きれいにする. First wipe with a rag, and then 除去する the chain from the sprockets; put it in kerosene oil to soak, wiping 乾燥した，日照りの with a rag. The only troublesome part of the きれいにする 操作／手術 will be to 取って代わる the chain. This is 影響d by passing one of the ends of it over the 後部 sprocket, joining them with the screw-bolt; then, catching some of the links on the 最高の，を越す teeth of the 前線 sprocket, 回転する it, and this will spring the chain on.

The について言及する of a “乾燥した，日照りの” chain brings up the 支配する of chain lubricants. There are a 広大な／多数の／重要な many on the market, and riders 異なる in opinion as to their 親族 長所. Two facts are （疑いを）晴らす, however. If a lubricant is too liquid it collects grit very quickly; on the other 手渡す, if too 乾燥した，日照りの, it does not work in the 共同のs of the chain 適切に. Oil, for this 推論する／理由, is 明白に very bad, and should only be used on the road when a chain 突然に runs 乾燥した，日照りの or hard. The 目だつ 選挙権を持つ／選挙人 of most lubricants is グラファイト／黒鉛, the different makes 変化させるing usually in the 量 of oil or other 解散させるing スパイ／執行官 含む／封じ込めるd. Some wheelmen recommend 砕くd グラファイト／黒鉛 alone, but my experience has 設立する a mixture of グラファイト／黒鉛 and oil having about the 選挙区／有権者 of vaseline to be very 満足な. All lubricants, however, should be 適用するd in the same manner. 残り／休憩（する） the step of the bicycle on a box or 議長，司会を務める, so that the 後部 wheel may 回転する 自由に, and 適用する the lubricant rather sparingly; too much will only serve to collect dirt. Spin the wheel 速く for a minute, so as to 許す it to work into the 共同のs, and then, slowly 回転するing, wipe the waste off the 最高の，を越す of the chain.

We have now reached in our discussion of the bicycle a part just as 必須の to the running ability as anything 以前 について言及するd—the tires. On account of the wear and 涙／ほころび upon the tires, from one 原因（となる） or another, they 要求する much care. It is the tires that （問題を）取り上げる the 揺さぶるs from the 不平等s of the road, and upon their proper degree of インフレーション depends the 平易な running of the wheel. やめる a 熟考する／考慮する may be made of this, the 圧力 変化させるing for the different uses the wheel is to be put to. Without exception the 後部 tire should be harder than the 前線; if the latter is more tightly inflated than need be, it creates unnecessary jarring, which manifests itself in a numbing of the wrists. For riding over city pavements the softer the tires, without 危うくするing the 縁s, the いっそう少なく 揺さぶるing; but on good roads hard tires are best, as there is いっそう少なく 摩擦, because a smaller surface is 現在のd to the ground.

From the インフレーション we will turn to the 弁, the most important part of the tire. This is frequently a source of much annoyance from 漏れ. Whenever in 疑問 as to the 弁’s 有効性, immerse it in water, and the 空気／公表する-泡s will soon show the size and 場所 of a 漏れる, if there is one. In all experiences with pneumatic tires you will find water the greatest enemy of 漏れるs, and in all 事例／患者s where one is of 十分な size to be an annoyance, water will surely 位置を示す it. The weak point in most 弁s seems to 嘘（をつく） in the plunger that の近くにs the 開始 through which the 空気／公表する is 認める. Most 弁s work on the 原則 explained in the sketch. When the 空気／公表する is 軍隊d in, the plunger A is 押し進めるd 負かす／撃墜する, admitting the 空気／公表する into D, and so into the tire; and when the downward 一打／打撃 of the pump 中止するs, the spring B, 補助装置d by the 圧力 of the 空気／公表する in the tire, is supposed to 押し進める A tightly up against the partition E, and so の近くに the 開始. 権利 here the trouble occurs. For さまざまな 推論する／理由s the spring いつかs does not 押し進める the plunger up, and if the 圧力 is not 十分な to do it, when the pump is 除去するd the 空気／公表する 軍隊d in with so much labor blows out in a few seconds. In this 事例／患者, first 減少（する） a little benzine in, as perhaps the 弁 may be dirty or stuck in some manner; and if this has not the 願望（する）d 影響, it will be necessary to 除去する the 弁. This annoyance is most 一般的に 原因（となる）d by the spring becoming too much compressed, but this may be 治療（薬）d by 除去するing the spring and stretching it a little. Frequently the plunger becomes jammed against E, and in 押し進めるing it in it disappears 完全に within the 団体／死体 of the 弁. Here also it is often necessary to take the 弁 apart.

穴をあける is a word that makes every wheelman wince. A little 穴を開ける in the tire makes the bicycle, which a few seconds before was a means of travelling, a useless encumbrance. But in this 事例／患者 it does not always follow that it is an encumbrance, for if a pocket 修理 道具 is carried, or the rider can make the best use of things at his 処分, some 肉親，親類d of 停止 of the escape of 勝利，勝つd can frequently be 影響d. The 選び出す／独身 tube, or “靴下／だます-麻薬を吸う,” is the easiest to patch up on the road. The 漏れ can usually be stopped by 固く結び付けるing a piece of rubber over the 穴をあける and binding it on securely with tire tape. Perhaps if the rider is 技術d he may 影響 a 永久の 修理 by plugging it. Now a hint to the rider who goes on the road with only a wrench in his pocket; and if he is given to the chewing-gum habit, it may be of use. A very novel and 効果的な 修理 for a 選び出す／独身-tube tire may be made by a little chewing-gum and some 包帯s. After 位置を示すing the 開始, 適用する some freshly chewed gum and work it in, leaving a fair-sized piece on the tire, and 貯蔵所d it with a handkerchief, if nothing better 申し込む／申し出s.

いつかs it is difficult to 位置を示す a 穴をあける when on the road. After 診察するing the tire, and 公式文書，認めるing the likely places, 適用する saliva at these 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs, and when the 権利 one is 設立する, 泡s will be noticed.

The 永久の 修理 of a 二塁打-tube tire is to patch the inner one. Let the 空気／公表する out, and if the tire is “固く結び付けるd” pull it off, and if a “clincher,” spring it off, 存在 careful in 押し進めるing the 弁 through the 穴を開ける in the 縁. If it is the “clincher” pattern the inner tube may be readily 除去するd, but if a “固く結び付けるd” tire it is a trifle more difficult. In the latter there is a slit about eight インチs long in the outer tube, where the 弁 comes through, which is held together with lacing. 削減（する） this lacing, and the two ends of the inner tube will be seen to come together there. Fasten a string to one end, and, catching 持つ／拘留する of the other end, pull the tube out, 存在 careful to leave the string in the 事例／患者ing. When 除去するd inflate tightly, and, しっかり掴むing 堅固に a section between your 手渡すs about a foot long, immerse in water and stretch to the 最大の; and if the 穴をあける is in this section, this will 十分に 大きくする it to 許す the 解放する／自由な escape of 泡s. Continue in this way throughout the whole tube, and when the 穴をあける is 位置を示すd, bite a little piece of the rubber out from around it, so that it may be more readily 設立する; let the 空気／公表する out, and 削減（する） a piece of rubber to fit over the 穴を開ける, covering the 辛勝する／優位s of the 穴をあける and this piece with a rubber 固く結び付ける made for this 目的; and when a trifle 乾燥した，日照りの, place the patch on and put a 負わせる on 最高の，を越す. Inflate and 実験（する） in water for 漏れるs, and if all is 権利 let the 空気／公表する out and fasten one end to the string, which was carried into the outer tube on the 除去 of the inner one, and by this 運ぶ／漁獲高 it in place again, lacing up the slot with string. Inflate again, and, after covering the 縁 of the wheel with 固く結び付ける, place it on and let it 乾燥した，日照りの, 回転するing the wheel with the 縁 and tire in water so as to make the 固く結び付ける 始める，決める.

The method of making 永久の 修理s in a 靴下／だます-麻薬を吸う or 選び出す／独身-tube tire is simple—すなわち, by plugging. A rubber plug with a 長，率いる like a rivet is covered with 固く結び付ける and 挿入するd in the 穴をあける, 長，率いる inside the tire; and when it 始める，決めるs, the 事業／計画（する）ing part on the exterior is trimmed off 平等に.

虫垂

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