These teachers of eloquence were what we may call the "Professors" of Rome. A lad had 一般的に "finished his education" when he put on the "man's gown;" but if he thought of political life, of becoming a 政治家, and taking office in the 連邦／共和国, he had much yet to learn. He had to make himself a lawyer and an orator. 法律 he learnt by 大（公）使館員ing himself, by becoming the pupil, as we should say, of some 広大な／多数の／重要な man that was famed for his knowledge. Cicero relates to us his own experience: "My father introduced me to the Augur Sc誚ola; and the result was that, as far as possible and permissible, I never left the old man's 味方する. Thus I committed to memory many a learned argument of his, many a terse and clever maxim, while I sought to 追加する to my own knowledge from his 蓄える／店s of special learning. When the Augur died I betook myself to the Pontiff of the same 指名する and family." どこかよそで we have a picture of this second Sc誚ola and his pupils. "Though he did not 請け負う to give 指示／教授／教育 to any one, yet he 事実上 taught those who were anxious to listen to him by 許すing them to hear his answers to those who 協議するd him." These 協議s took place either in the 会議 or at his own house. In the 会議 the 広大な／多数の／重要な lawyer 示すd that （弁護士の）依頼人s were at liberty to approach by walking across the open space from corner to corner. The train of young Romans would then follow his steps, just as the students follow the 内科医 or the 外科医 through the 区s of a hospital. When he gave audience at home they would stand by his 議長，司会を務める. It must be remembered that the 広大な／多数の／重要な man took no 支払い（額） either from （弁護士の）依頼人 or from pupil.

But the young Roman had not only to learn 法律, he must also learn how to speak—learn, as far as such a thing can be learnt, how to be eloquent. What we in this country call the career of the public man was there called the career of the orator. With us it is much a 事柄 of chance whether a man can speak or not. We have had statesmen who （権力などを）行使するd all the 力／強力にする that one man ever can （権力などを）行使する in this country who had no sort of eloquence. We have had others who had this gift in the highest degree, but never reached even one of the lower offices in the 政府. いつかs a young 政治家，政治屋 will go to a professional teacher to get cured of some defect or trick of speech; but that such teaching is part of the necessary training of a 政治家 is an idea やめる strange to us. A Roman received it as a 事柄 of course. Of course, like other things at Rome, it made its way but slowly. Just before the middle of the second century B.C. the 上院 解決するd: "Seeing that について言及する has been made of 確かな philosophers and rhetoricians, let Pomponius the pr誥or see to it, as he shall 持つ／拘留する it to be for the public good, and for his own honour, that 非，不，無 such be 設立する at Rome." 早期に in the first century the censors 問題／発行するd an edict forbidding 確かな Latin rhetoricians to teach. One of these censors was the 広大な／多数の／重要な orator Crassus, greatest of all the 前任者s of Cicero. Cicero puts into his mouth an 陳謝 for this 訴訟／進行: "I was not actuated by any 敵意 to learning or culture. These Latin rhetoricians were mere ignorant pretenders, inefficient imitators of their Greek 競争相手s, from whom the Roman 青年 were not likely to learn anything but impudence." In spite of the censors, however, and in spite of the 流行の／上流の belief in Rome that what was Greek must be far better than what was of native growth, the Latin teachers rose into favour. "I remember," says Cicero, "when we were boys, one Lucius Plotinus, who was the first to teach eloquence in Latin; how, when the studious 青年 of the 資本／首都 （人が）群がるd to hear him it 悩ますd me much, that I was not permitted to …に出席する him. I was checked, however, by the opinion of learned men, who held that in this 事柄 the abilities of the young were more profitably nourished by 演習s in Greek." We are reminded of our own Doctor Johnson, who 宣言するd that he would not 不名誉 the 塀で囲むs of Westminster Abbey by an epitaph in English.

The 長，指導者 part of the 指示／教授／教育 which these teachers gave was to 提案する imaginary 事例／患者s 伴う／関わるing some 合法的な difficulty for their pupils to discuss. One or two of these 事例／患者s may be given.

One day in summer a party of young men from Rome made an excursion to Ostia, and coming 負かす／撃墜する to the seashore 設立する there some fishermen who were about to draw in a 逮捕する. With these they made a 取引 that they should have the draught for a 確かな sum. The money was paid. When the 逮捕する was drawn up no fish were 設立する in it, but a 妨害する sewn with thread of gold. The 買い手s 主張する this to be theirs as the draught of the 逮捕する. The fishermen （人命などを）奪う，主張する it as not 存在 fish. To whom did it belong?

確かな slave-売買業者s, 上陸 a 貨物 of slaves at Brundisium, and having with them a very beautiful boy of 広大な／多数の／重要な value, 恐れるing lest the custom-house officers should lay 手渡すs upon him, put upon him the bulla and the purple- 辛勝する／優位d 式服 that 解放する／自由な-born lads were wont to wear. The deceit was not discovered. But when they （機の）カム to Rome, and the 事柄 was talked of, it was 持続するd that the boy was really 解放する／自由な, seeing that it was his master who of his own 解放する／自由な will had given him the 記念品 of freedom.

I shall 結論する this 一時期／支部 with a very pretty picture, which a Roman poet draws of the life which he led with his teacher in the days when he was first entering upon manhood. "When first my timid steps lost the guardianship of the purple （土地などの）細長い一片, and the bulla of the boy was hung up for 申し込む／申し出ing to the quaint 世帯 gods; when flattering comrades （機の）カム about me, and I might cast my 注目する，もくろむs without rebuke over the whole busy street under the 避難所 of the yet unsullied gown; in the days when the path is doubtful, and the wanderer knowing nought of life comes with bewildered soul to the many-支店ing roads—then I made myself your 可決する・採択するd child. You took at once into the bosom of another Socrates my tender years; your 支配する, 適用するd with skilful disguise, straightens each perverse habit; nature is moulded by 推論する／理由, and struggles to be subdued, and assumes under your 手渡すs its plastic lineaments. Aye, 井戸／弁護士席 I mind how I would wear away long summer suns with you, and pluck with you the bloom of night's first hours. One work we had, one 確かな time for 残り／休憩（する）, and at one modest （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する unbent from sterner thoughts."

It （許可，名誉などを）与えるs with this charming picture to be told that the pupil, dying in 青年, left a part of his 所有物／資産／財産 to his old 教える, and that the latter 手渡すd it over to the kinsfolk of the 死んだ, keeping for himself the 調書をとる／予約するs only.

A ROMAN UNDERGRADUATE

IN the last 一時期／支部 we had no particular "Roman Boy" in 見解（をとる）; but our "Roman Undergraduate" will be a real person, Cicero's son. It will be 利益／興味ing to trace the notices which we find of him in his father's letters and 調書をとる／予約するs. "You will be glad to hear," he 令状s in one of his earliest letters to Atticus, "that a little son has been born to me, and that Terentia is doing 井戸／弁護士席." From time to time we hear of him, and always spoken of ーに関して／ーの点でs of the tenderest affection. He is his "honey-甘い Cicero," his "little philosopher." When the father is in 追放する the son's 指名する is put on the 演説（する）／住所 of his letters along with those of his mother and sister. His prospects are the 支配する of most anxious thought. Terentia, who had a かなりの fortune of her own, 提案するs to sell an 広い地所. "Pray think," he 令状s, "what will happen to us. If the same ill fortune shall continue to 追求する us, what will happen to our unhappy boy? I cannot 令状 any more. My 涙／ほころびs 公正に／かなり overpower me; I should be sorry to make you as sad as myself. I will say so much. If my friends do their 義務 by me, I shall not want for money; if they do not, your means will not save me. I do implore you, by all our troubles, do not 廃虚 the poor lad. Indeed he is 廃虚d enough already. If he has only something to keep him from want, then modest 長所 and 穏健な good fortune will give him all he wants."

任命するd to the 政府 of Cilicia, Cicero takes his son with him into the 州. When he starts on his （選挙などの）運動をする against the mountain tribes, the boy and his cousin, young Quintus, are sent to the 法廷，裁判所 of Deiotarus, one of the native princes of Galatia. "The young Ciceros," he 令状s to Atticus, "are with Deiotarus. If need be, they will be taken to Rhodes." Atticus, it may be について言及するd, was uncle to Quintus, and might be anxious about him. The need was probably the 事例／患者 of the old prince himself marching to Cicero's help. This he had 約束d to do, but the （選挙などの）運動をする was finished without him. This was in the year 51 B.C., and Marcus was nearly fourteen years old, his cousin 存在 his 上級の by about two years. "They are very fond of each other," 令状s Cicero; "they learn, they amuse themselves together, but one wants the rein, the other the 刺激（する）." (Doubtless the latter is the writer's son.) "I am very fond of Dionysius their teacher: the lads say that he is apt to get furiously angry. But a more learned and more blameless man there does not live." A year or so afterwards he seems to have thought いっそう少なく favourably of him. "I let him go reluctantly when I thought of him as the 教える of the two lads, but やめる willingly as an ungrateful fellow." In B.C. 49, when the lad was about half through his sixteenth year, Cicero "gave him his toga." To take the toga, that is to 交流 the gown of the boy with its （土地などの）細長い一片 of purple for the plain white gown of the 国民; 示すd the beginning of independence (though indeed a Roman's son was even in 円熟した manhood under his father's 支配（する）／統制する). The 儀式 took place at Arpinum, much to the delight of the inhabitants, who felt of course the greatest pride and 利益／興味 in their famous fellow-townsman. But it was a sad time. "There and everywhere as I 旅行d I saw 悲しみ and 狼狽. The prospect of this 広大な trouble is sad indeed." The "広大な trouble" was the civil war between C誑ar and Pompey. This indeed had already broken out. While Cicero was entertaining his kinsfolk and friends at Arpinum, Pompey was 準備するing to 飛行機で行く from Italy. The war was probably not an unmixed evil to a lad who was just beginning to think himself a man. He 急いでd across the Adriatic to join his father's friend, and was 任命するd to the 命令（する） of a 騎兵大隊 of auxiliary cavalry. His manœuvres were probably 補助装置d by some 退役軍人 subordinate; but his seat on horseback, his 技術 with the javelin, and his general soldierly 質s were 高度に 賞賛するd both by his 長，指導者 and by his comrades. After the 敗北・負かす at Pharsalia he waited with his father at Brundisium till a 肉親，親類d letter from C誑ar 保証するd him of 容赦. In B.C. 46 he was made 訶ile at Arpinum, his cousin 存在 任命するd at the same time. The next year he would have 喜んで 再開するd his 軍の career. Fighting was going on in Spain, where the sons of Pompey were 持つ／拘留するing out against the 軍隊s of C誑ar; and the young Cicero, who was probably not very particular on which 味方する he drew his sword, was ready to take service against the son of his old general. Neither the 原因（となる） nor the career pleased the father, and the son's wish was overruled, just as an English lad has いつかs to give up the unremunerative profession of 武器, when there is a living in the family, or an 開始 in a bank, or a 約束ing 関係 with a 会社／堅い of solicitors. It was settled that he should （問題を）取り上げる his 住居 at Athens, which was then the university of Rome, not indeed 正確に／まさに in the sense in which Oxford and Cambridge are the universities of England, but still a place of 自由主義の culture, where the sons of 豊富な Roman families were accustomed to 完全にする their education. Four-and-twenty years before the father had paid a long visit to the city, partly for 熟考する／考慮する's sake. "In those days," he 令状s, "I was emaciated and feeble to a degree; my neck was long and thin; a habit of 団体／死体 and a 人物／姿／数字 that are thought to 示す much danger to life, if 悪化させるd by a laborious profession and constant 緊張するing of the 発言する／表明する. My friends thought the more of this, because in those days I was accustomed to 配達する all my speeches without any 緩和 of 成果／努力, without any variety, at the very 最高の，を越す of my 発言する／表明する, and with most abundant gesticulation. At first, when friends and 内科医s advised me to abandon advocacy for a while, I felt that I would sooner run any 危険 than 放棄する the hope of oratorical distinction. Afterwards I 反映するd that by learning to 穏健な and 規制する my 発言する／表明する, and changing my style of speaking, I might both 回避する the danger that 脅すd my health and also acquire a more self-controlled manner. It was a 解決する to break through the habits I had formed that induced me to travel to the East. I had practised for two years, and my 指名する had become 井戸／弁護士席 known when I left Rome. Coming to Athens I spent six months with Antiochus, the most distinguished and learned philosopher of the Old 学院, than whom there was no wiser or more famous teacher. At the same time I practised myself diligently under the care of Demetrius Syrus, an old and not undistinguished master of eloquence." To Athens, then, Cicero always looked 支援する with affection. He hears, for instance, that Appius is going to build a portico at Eleusis. "Will you think me a fool," he 令状s to Atticus, "if I do the same at the 学院? 'I think so,' you will say. But I love Athens, the very place, much; and I shall be glad to have some 記念の of me there."

The new undergraduate, as we should call him, was to have a 自由主義の allowance. "He shall have as much as Publilius, as much as Lentulus the Flamen, 許す their sons." It would be 利益／興味ing to know the 量, but unhappily this cannot be 回復するd. All that we know is that the richest young men in Rome were not to have more. "I will 保証（人）," 令状s this 自由主義の father, "that 非，不，無 of the three young men [whom he 指名するs] who, I hear, will be at Athens at the same time shall live at more expense than he will be able to do on those rents." These "rents" were the 後継のs from 確かな 所有物／資産／財産s at Rome. "Only," he 追加するs, "I do not think he will want a horse."

We know something of the university buildings, so to speak, which the young Cicero 設立する at Athens. "To 捜し出す for truth の中で the groves of Academus" is the phrase by which a more famous 同時代の, the poet Horace, 述べるs his 熟考する／考慮するs at Athens. He probably uses it 一般に to 表明する philosophical 追跡s; taken 厳密に it would mean that he 大（公）使館員d himself to the 下落する whose pride it was to be the 後継者 of Plato. Academus was a 地元の hero, connected with the legend of Theseus and Helen. 近づく his grove, or sacred enclosure, which 隣接するd the road to Eleusis, Plato had bought a garden. It was but a small 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, 購入（する）d for a sum which may be 代表するd by about three or four hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs of our money, but it had been 大きくするd by the liberality of 連続する benefactors. This then was one famous lecture-room. Another was the Lyceum. Here Aristotle had taught, and after Aristotle. Theophrastus, and after him, a long succession of thinkers of the same school. A third 会・原則 of the same 肉親，親類d was the garden in which Epicurus had 組み立てる／集結するd his disciples, and which he bequeathed to trustees for their 利益 and the 利益 of their 後継者s for all time.

To a Roman of the nobler sort these gardens and buildings must have been as 宗教上の places. It was with these rather than with the 寺s of gods that he connected what there was of goodness and 潔白 in his life. To worship Jupiter or Romulus did not make him a better man, though it might be his necessary 義務 as a 国民; his real 宗教, as we understand it, was his reverence for Plato or Zeno. Athens to him was not only what Athens, but what the 宗教上の Land is to us. Cicero 述べるs something of this feeling in the に引き続いて passage: "We had been listening to Antiochus (a teacher of the Academics) in the school called the Ptolem誦s, where he was wont to lecture. Marcus Piso was with me, and my brother Quintus, and Atticus, and Lucius Cicero, by 関係 a cousin, in affection a brother. We agreed の中で ourselves to finish our afternoon walk in the 学院, 主として because that place was sure not to be （人が）群がるd at that hour. At the proper time we met at Piso's house; thence, 占領するd with 変化させるd talk, we 横断するd the six furlongs that 嘘（をつく） between the 二塁打 Gate and the 学院; and entering the 塀で囲むs which can give such good 推論する／理由 for their fame, 設立する there the 孤独 which we sought. 'Is it,' said Piso, 'by some natural instinct or through some delusion that when we see the very 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs where famous men have lived we are far more touched than when we hear of the things that they have done, or read something that they have written? It is thus that I am 影響する／感情d at this moment. I think of Plato, who was, we are told, the first who lectured in this place; his little garden which lies there の近くに at 手渡す seems not only to remind me of him, but 現実に to bring him up before my 注目する，もくろむs. Here spake Speusippus, here Xenocrates, here his disciple Polemo—to Polemo indeed belonged this seat which we have before us." This was the Polemo who had been 変えるd, as we should say, when, bursting in after a night of revel upon a lecture in which Xenocrates was discoursing of temperance, he listened to such 目的 that from that moment he became a changed man. Then Atticus 述べるs how he 設立する the same charms of 協会 in the garden which had belonged to his own master, Epicurus; while Quintus Cicero 供給（する）s what we should call the classical element by speaking of Sophocles and the grove of Colonus, still musical, it seems, with the same song of the nightingale which had charmed the ear of the poet more than three centuries before.

One or other, perhaps more than one, of these famous places the young Cicero たびたび（訪れる）d. He probably 証言，証人／目撃するd, he かもしれない took part (for strangers were 認める to 会員の地位) in, the 祝賀s with which the college of Athenian 青年s (Ephebi) 祝う／追悼するd the glories of their city, the 行列 to the tombs of those who died at マラソン, and the boat-races in the Bay of Salamis. That he gave his father some trouble is only too 確かな . His 私的な 教える in rhetoric, as we should call him, was a 確かな Gorgias, a man of ability, and a writer of some 公式文書，認める, but a worthless and profligate fellow. Cicero peremptorily ordered his son to 解任する him; and the young man seems to have obeyed and 改革（する）d. We may hope at least that the repentance which he 表明するs for his misdoings in a letter to Tiro, his father's 解放する／自由なd-man, was 本物の. This is his picture of his life in the days of repentance and soberness: "I am on 条件 of the closest intimacy with Cratippus, living with him more as a son than as a pupil. Not only do I hear his lectures with delight, but I am 大いに taken with the geniality which is peculiar to the man. I spend whole days with him, and often no small part of the night; for I beg him to dine with me as often as he can. This has become so habitual with him that he often looks in upon us at dinner when we are not 推定する／予想するing him; he lays aside the sternness of the philosopher and jokes with us in the pleasantest fashion. As for Bruttius, he never leaves me; frugal and strict as is his life, he is yet a most delightful companion. For we do not 完全に banish mirth from our daily 熟考する／考慮するs in philology. I have 雇うd a 宿泊するing for him の近くに by; and do my best to help his poverty out of my own 狭くする means, I have begun to practise Greek declamation with Cassius, and wish to have a Latin course with Bruttius. My friends and daily companions are the pupils whom Cratippus brought with him from Mitylene, 井戸／弁護士席-read men, of whom he 高度に 認可するs. I also see much of Epicrates, who is the first man at Athens." After some pleasant words to Tiro, who had bought a farm, and whom he 推定する／予想するs to find turned into a 農業者, bringing 蓄える／店s, 持つ／拘留するing 協議s with his （強制）執行官, and putting by fruit-seeds in his pocket from dessert, he says, "I should be glad if you would send me as quickly as possible a copyist, a Greek by preference. I have to spend much 苦痛s on 令状ing out my 公式文書，認めるs."

A short time before one of Cicero's friends had sent a 満足な 報告（する）／憶測 of the young man's behaviour to his father. "I 設立する your son 充てるd to the most laudable 熟考する／考慮するs and enjoying an excellent 評判 for steadiness. Don't fancy, my dear Cicero, that I say this to please you; there is not in Athens a more loveable young man than your son, nor one more 充てるd to those high 追跡s in which you would have him 利益／興味d."

の中で the 同時代のs of the young Cicero was, as has been said, the poet Horace. His had been a more studious boyhood. He had not been taken away from his 調書をとる／予約するs to serve as a cavalry officer under Pompey. In him accordingly we see the 正規の／正選手 course of the 熟考する／考慮するs of a Roman lad. "It was my lot," he says, "to be bred up at Rome, and to be taught how much the wrath of Achilles 害（を与える）d the Greeks." In other words, he had read his ホームラン, just as an English boy reads him at Eton or Harrow. "肉親，親類d Athens," he goes on, "追加するd a little more learning, to the end that I might be able to distinguish 権利 from wrong, and to 捜し出す for truth amongst the groves of Academus." And just in the same way the English 青年 goes on to read philosophy at Oxford.

The 熟考する／考慮するs of the two young men were interrupted by the same 原因（となる）, the civil war which followed the death of C誑ar. They took service with Brutus, both having the same 階級, that of 軍の tribune, a 命令（する） answering more or いっそう少なく nearly to that of 陸軍大佐 in our own army. It was, however, おもに an ornamental 階級, 存在 bestowed いつかs by favour of the general in 命令（する）, いつかs by a popular 投票（する）. The young Cicero indeed had already served, and he now distinguished himself 大いに, winning some かなりの successes in the 命令（する） of the cavalry which Brutus afterwards gave him. When the hopes of the party were 鎮圧するd at Philippi, he joined the younger Pompey in Sicily; but took an 適切な時期 of an 恩赦，大赦 which was 申し込む／申し出d four years afterwards to return to Rome. Here he must have 設立する his old fellow-student, who had also reconciled himself to the 勝利を得た party. He was made one of the college of augurs, and also a commissioner of the 造幣局, and in B.C. 30 he had the honour of 株ing the consulship with Augustus himself. It was to him that the despatch 発表するing the final 敗北・負かす and death of Antony was 配達するd; and it fell to him to 遂行する／発効させる the 法令 which ordered the 破壊 of all the statues of the fallen 長，指導者. "Then," says Plutarch, "by the ordering of heaven the 罰 of Antony was （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd at last by the house of Cicero." His time of office ended, he went as 知事 to Asia, or, によれば some accounts, to Syria; and thus disappears from our 見解（をとる）.

Pliny the 年上の tells us that he was a drunkard, sarcastically 観察するing that he sought to avenge himself on Antony by robbing him of the 評判 which he had before enjoyed of 存在 the hardest drinker of his time. As the story which he tells of the younger Cicero 存在 able to swallow twelve pints of ワイン at a draught is 明確に incredible, perhaps we may disbelieve the whole, and with it the other anecdote, that he threw a cup at the 長，率いる of Marcus Agrippa, son-in- 法律 to the Emperor, and after him the greatest man in Rome.

IN THE DAYS OF THE DICTATOR

A 上院議員.

IN November 82 B.C., Cornelius Sulla became 絶対の master of Rome. It is not part of my 目的 to give a history of this man. He was a 広大な／多数の／重要な 兵士 who had won victories in Africa and Asia over the enemies of Rome, and in Italy itself over the "同盟（する）s," as they were called, that is the Italian nations, who at さまざまな times had made 条約s with Rome, and who in the 早期に part of the first century B.C. rebelled against her, thinking that they were robbed of the 権利s and 特権s which belonged to them. And he was the leader of the party of the nobles, just as Marius was the leader of the party of the people. Once before he had made himself 最高の in the 資本／首都; and then he had used his 力／強力にする with moderation. But he was called away to carry on the war in Asia against Mithridates, the 広大な／多数の／重要な King of Pontus; and his enemies had got the upper 手渡す, and had used the 適切な時期 most cruelly. A terrible 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 犠牲者s, called the "proscription," because it was 地位，任命するd up in the 会議, was 用意が出来ている. Fifty 上院議員s and a thousand knights (peers and gentlemen we should call them) were put to death, almost all of them without any 肉親，親類d of 裁判，公判. Sulla himself was 無法者d. But he had an army which he had led to victory and had 濃厚にするd with prize-money, and which was 完全に 充てるd to him; and he was not inclined to let his enemies 勝利. He 急いでd 支援する to Italy, and landed in the spring of 83. In the November of the に引き続いて year, just outside the 塀で囲むs of Rome, was fought the final 戦う／戦い of the war.

The …に反対するing army was 絶対 destroyed, and Sulla had everything at his mercy. He waited for a few days outside the city till the 上院 had passed a 法令 giving him 絶対の 力／強力にする to change the 法律s, to fill the offices of 明言する／公表する, and to を取り引きする the lives and 所有物／資産／財産s of 国民s as it might please him. This done, he entered Rome. Then （機の）カム another proscription. The 長，指導者 of his enemies, Marius, was gone. He had died, tormented it was said by 悔恨, seventeen days after he had reached the 栄冠を与えるing glory, 約束d him in his 青年 by an oracle, and had been made 領事 for the seventh time. The 征服者／勝利者 had to content himself with the same vengeance that Charles II in our own country exacted from the remains of Cromwell. The ashes of Marius were taken out of his tomb on the Flaminian Way, the 広大な／多数の／重要な North Road of Rome, and were thrown into the Anio. But many of his friends and 同志／支持者s 生き残るd, and these were 虐殺（する）d without mercy. Eighty 指名するs were put on the 致命的な 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） on the first day, two hundred and twenty on the second, and as many more on the third. With the deaths of many of these 犠牲者s politics had nothing to do. Sulla 許すd his friends and favourites to put into the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） the 指名するs of men against whom they happened to 耐える a grudge, or whose 所有物／資産／財産 they coveted. No one knew who might be the next to 落ちる. Even Sulla's own 同志／支持者s were alarmed. A young 上院議員, Caius Metellus, one of a family which was 堅固に 大（公）使館員d to Sulla and with which he was connected by marriage, had the courage to ask him in public when there would be an end to this terrible 明言する／公表する of things. "We do not beg you," he said, "to remit the 罰 of those whom you have made up your mind to 除去する; we do beg you to do away with the 苦悩 of those whom you have 解決するd to spare." "I am not yet 確かな ," answered Sulla, "whom I shall spare." "Then at least," said Metellus, "you can tell us whom you mean to punish." "That I will do," replied the tyrant. It was indeed a terrible time that followed. Plutarch thus 述べるs it: "He 公然と非難するd against any who might 避難所 or save the life of a proscribed person the 罰 of death for his humanity. He made no 控除 for mother, or son, or parent. The 殺害者s received a 支払い（額） of two talents (about ｣470) for each 犠牲者; it was paid to a slave who killed his master, to a son who killed his father. The most monstrous thing of all, it was thought, was that the sons and grandsons of the proscribed were 宣言するd to be 合法的に 悪名高い and that their 所有物／資産／財産 was 押収するd. Nor was it only in Rome but in all the cities of Italy that the proscription was carried out. There was not a 選び出す／独身 寺, not a house but was 汚染するd with 血. Husbands were 虐殺（する）d in the 武器 of their wives, and sons in the 武器 of their mothers. And the number of those who fell 犠牲者s to 怒り／怒る and 憎悪 was but small in comparison with the number who were put out of the way for the sake of their 所有物／資産／財産. The 殺害者s might 井戸／弁護士席 have said: 'His 罰金 mansion has been the death of this man; or his gardens, or his baths.' Quintus Aurelius, a peaceable 国民, who had had only this 株 in the late civil troubles, that he had felt for the misfortunes of others, coming into the 会議, read the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of the proscribed and 設立する in it his own 指名する. 'Unfortunate that I am,' he said, 'it is my farm at Alba that has been my 廃虚;' and he had not gone many steps before he was 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する by a man that was に引き続いて him. Lucius Catiline's 行為／行う was 特に wicked. He had 殺人d his own brother. This was before the proscription began. He went to Sulla and begged that the 指名する might be put in the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） as if the man were still alive; and it was so put. His 感謝 to Sulla was shown by his 殺人，大当り one Marius, who belonged to the opposite 派閥, and bringing his 長，率いる to Sulla as he sat in the 会議. (This Marius was a kinsman of the 広大な／多数の／重要な democratic leader, and was one of the most popular men in Rome.) This done, he washed his 手渡すs in the 宗教上の water-水盤／入り江 of the 寺 of Apollo."

Forty 上院議員s and sixteen hundred knights, and more than as many men of obscure 駅／配置する, are said to have 死なせる／死ぬd. At last, on the first of June, 81, the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） was の近くにd. Still the 統治する of terror was not yet at an end, as the strange story which I shall now relate will amply 証明する. To look into the 詳細（に述べる）s of a particular 事例／患者 makes us better able to imagine what it really was to live at Rome in the days of the 独裁者 than to read many pages of general description. The story is all the more impressive because the events happened after order had been 回復するd and things were supposed to be 訴訟／進行 in their 正規の／正選手 course.

The proscription （機の）カム to an end, as has been said, in the 早期に summer of 81. In the autumn of the same year a 確かな Sextus Roscius was 殺人d in the streets of Rome as he was returning home from dinner. Roscius was a native of Ameria, a little town of Etruria, between fifty and sixty miles north of Rome. He was a 豊富な man, 所有するd, it would seem, of some taste and culture, and an intimate friend of some of the noblest families at Rome. In politics he belonged to the party of Sulla, to which indeed in its いっそう少なく 繁栄する days he had （判決などを）下すd good service. Since its 復古／返還 to 力／強力にする he had lived much at Rome, evidently considering himself, as indeed he had the 権利 to do, to be perfectly 安全な from any danger of proscription. But he was 豊富な, and he had の中で his own kinsfolk enemies who 願望（する）d and who would 利益（をあげる） by his death. One of these, a 確かな Titus Roscius, surnamed Magnus, was at the time of the 殺人 residing at Rome; the other, who was known as Capito, was at home at Ameria. The 殺人 was committed about seven o'clock in the evening. A messenger すぐに left Rome with the news, and made such haste to Ameria that he reached the place before 夜明け the next day. Strangely enough he went to the house not of the 殺人d man's son, who was living at Ameria in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of his farms, but of the 敵意を持った kinsman Capito. Three days afterwards Capito and Magnus made their way to the （軍の）野営地，陣営 of Sulla it seems, had left a large sum of money and thirteen 価値のある farms, nearly all of them running 負かす／撃墜する to the Tiber. And the son, the lawful 相続人, could easily be got out of the way. Roscius was a 井戸／弁護士席- known and a popular man, yet no 激しい抗議 had followed his 見えなくなる. With the son, a simple 農業者, ignorant of 事件／事情／状勢s, and wholly unknown to Rome, it would be 平易な to 取引，協定. 最終的に the three entered into 同盟. The proscription was to be 生き返らせるd, so to speak, to take in this particular 事例／患者, and the 指名する of Roscius was 含むd in the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of the 非難するd. All his wealth was 扱う／治療するd as the 所有物／資産／財産 of the proscribed, and was sold by auction. It was 購入（する）d by Chrysogonus. The real value was between fifty and sixty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. The price paid was something いっそう少なく than eighteen 続けざまに猛撃するs. Three of the finest farms were at once 手渡すd over to Capito as his 株 of the spoil. Magnus 行為／法令／行動するd as the スパイ／執行官 of Chrysogonus for the 残りの人，物. He took 所有／入手 of the house in which Roscius the younger was living, laid his 手渡すs on all its contents, の中で which was a かなりの sum of money, and drove out the unfortunate young man in an 絶対 penniless 条件.

These 訴訟／進行s excited 広大な／多数の／重要な indignation at Ameria. The 地元の 上院 passed a 決意／決議 to the 影響 that the 委員会 of ten should proceed to Sulla's （軍の）野営地，陣営 and put him in 所有／入手 of the facts, with the 反対する of 除去するing the 指名する of the father from the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of the proscribed, and 復帰させるing the son in his 相続物件. The ten proceeded accordingly to the （軍の）野営地，陣営, but Chrysogonus cajoled and overreached them. It was 代表するd to them by persons of high position that there was no need to trouble Sulla with the 事件／事情／状勢. The 指名する should be 除去するd from the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）; the 所有物／資産／財産 should be 回復するd. Capito, who was one of the ten, 追加するd his personal 保証／確信 to the same 影響, and the deputation, 満足させるd that their 反対する had been 達成するd, returned to Ameria. There was of course no 意向 of 実行するing the 約束s thus made. The first idea of the trio was to を取り引きする the son as they had dealt with the father. Some hint of this 目的 was 伝えるd to him, and he fled to Rome, where he was hospitably entertained by C訥ilia, a 豊富な lady of the family of Metellus, and therefore 関係のある to Sulla's wife, who indeed bore the same 指名する. As he was now 安全な from 暴力／激しさ, it was 解決するd to take the audacious step of 告発する／非難するing him of the 殺人 of his father. Outrageous as it seems, the 計画（する） held out some 約束 of success. The （刑事）被告 was a man of singularly reserved character, rough and boorish in manner, and with no thoughts beyond the rustic 占領／職業s to which his life was 充てるd. His father, on the other 手渡す, had been a man of genial temper, who spent much of his time の中で the polished circles of the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂. If there was no 肯定的な estrangement between them, there was a 広大な／多数の／重要な discrepancy of tastes, and probably very little intercourse. This it would be 平易な to 誇張する into something like a plausible 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金, 特に under the circumstances of the 事例／患者. It was beyond 疑問 that many 殺人s closely 似ているing the 殺人 of Roscius had been committed during the past year, committed some of them by sons. This was the first time that an 申し立てられた／疑わしい 犯人 was brought to 裁判，公判, and it was probable that the 陪審／陪審員団 would be inclined to severity. In any 事例／患者, and whatever the 証拠, it was hoped that the 判決 would not be such as to 暗示する the 犯罪 of a favourite of Sulla. He was the person who would 利益（をあげる） most by the 激しい非難 of the （刑事）被告, and it was hoped that he would take the necessary means to 安全な・保証する it.

The friends of the father were 満足させるd of the innocence of the son, and they 発揮するd themselves to 安全な・保証する for him an efficient defence. Sulla was so much dreaded that 非，不，無 of the more 目だつ orators of the time were willing to 請け負う the 仕事. Cicero, however, had the courage which they 手配中の，お尋ね者; and his speech, probably little altered from the form in which he 配達するd it, remains.

It was a horrible 罪，犯罪 of which his （弁護士の）依頼人 was （刑事）被告, and the 罰 the most awful known to the Roman 法律. The 直面する of the 有罪の man was covered with a wolf's 肌, as 存在 one who was not worthy to see the light; shoes of 支持を得ようと努めるd were put upon his feet that they might not touch the earth. He was then thrust into a 解雇（する） of leather, and with him four animals which were supposed to symbolize all that was most hideous and depraved—the dog, a ありふれた 反対する of contempt; the cock, proverbial for its want of all filial affection; the poisonous viper; and the ape, which was the base imitation of man. In this strange company he was thrown into the nearest river or sea.

Cicero begins by explaining why he had undertaken a 事例／患者 which his 年上のs and betters had 拒絶する／低下するd. It was not because he was bolder, but because he was more insignificant than they, and could speak with impunity when they could not choose but be silent. He then gives the facts in 詳細（に述べる）, the 殺人 of Roscius, the seizure of his 所有物／資産／財産, the fruitless deputation to Sulla, the flight of the son to Rome, and the audacious 解決する of his enemies to 起訴する him for 親殺し. They had 殺人d his father, they had robbed him of his patrimony, and now they （刑事）被告 him—of what 罪，犯罪? Surely of nothing else than the 罪，犯罪 of having escaped their attack. The thing reminded him of the story of Fimbria and Sc誚ola. Fimbria, an 絶対の madman, as was 許すd by all who were not mad themselves, got some ruffian to を刺す Sc誚ola at the funeral of Marius. He was stabbed but not killed. When Fimbria 設立する that he was likely to live, he 起訴するd him. For what do you 起訴する a man so blameless? asked some one. For what? for not 許すing himself to be stabbed to the heart. This is 正確に／まさに why the confederates have 起訴するd Roscius. His 罪，犯罪 has been of escaping from their 手渡すs. "Roscius killed his father," you say. "A young man, I suppose, led away by worthless companions." Not so; he is more than forty years of age. "Extravagance and 負債 drove him to it." No; you say yourself that he never goes to an entertainment, and he certainly 借りがあるs nothing. "井戸／弁護士席," you say, "his father disliked him." Why did he dislike him? "That," you reply, "I cannot say; but he certainly kept one son with him, and left this Roscius to look after his farms." Surely this is a strange 罰, to give him the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of so 罰金 an 広い地所. "But," you repeat, "he kept his other with him." "Now listen to me," cries Cicero, turning with savage sarcasm to the 検察官，検事, "Providence never 許すd you to know who your father was. Still you have read 調書をとる／予約するs. Do you remember in C訥ilius' play how the father had two sons, and kept one with him and left the other in the country? and do you remember that the one who lived with him was not really his son, the other was true-born, and yet it was the true-born who lived in the country? And is it such a 不名誉 to live in the country? It is 井戸／弁護士席 that you did not live in old times when they took a 独裁者 from the plough; when the men who made Rome what it is cultivated their own land, but did not covet the land of others. 'Ah! but,' you say, 'the father ーするつもりであるd to disinherit him.' Why? 'I cannot say.' Did he disinherit him? 'No, he did not. Who stopped him? '井戸／弁護士席, he was thinking of it.' To whom did he say so? 'To no one.' Surely," cries Cicero, "this is to 乱用 the 法律s and 司法（官） and your dignity in the basest and most wanton way, to make 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s which he not only cannot but does not even 試みる／企てる to 設立する."

すぐに after comes a lively description of the 検察官，検事's demeanour. "It was really 価値（がある） while, if you 観察するd, gentlemen, the man's utter 無関心／冷淡 as he was 行為／行うing his 事例／患者. I take it that when he saw who was sitting on these （法廷の）裁判s, he asked whether such an one or such an one was engaged for the defence. Of me he never thought, for I had never spoken before in a 犯罪の 事例／患者. When he 設立する that 非，不，無 of the usual （衆議院の）議長s were 関心d in it, he became so careless that when the humour took him, he sat 負かす／撃墜する, then walked about, いつかs called a servant, to give him orders, I suppose, for dinner, and certainly 扱う／治療するd this 法廷，裁判所 in which you are sitting as if it were an 絶対の 孤独. At last he brought his speech to an end. I rose to reply. He could be seen to breathe again that it was I and no one else. I noticed, gentlemen, that he continued to laugh and be inattentive till I について言及するd Chrysogonus. As soon as I got to him my friend roused himself and was evidently astonished. I saw what had touched him, and repeated the 指名する a second time, and a third. From that time men have never 中止するd to run briskly backwards and 今後s, to tell Chrysogonus, I suppose, that there was some one in the country who 投機・賭けるd to …に反対する his 楽しみ, that the 事例／患者 was 存在 pleaded さもなければ than as he imagined it would be; that the sham sale of goods was 存在 exposed, the confederacy grievously 扱うd, his 人気 and 力／強力にする 無視（する）d, that the people were giving their whole attention to the 原因（となる）, and that the ありふれた opinion was that the 処理／取引 一般に was disgraceful.

"Then," continued the （衆議院の）議長, "this 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of 親殺し, so monstrous is the 罪，犯罪, must have the very strongest 証拠 to support it. There was a 事例／患者 at Tarracina of a man 存在 設立する 殺人d in the 議会 where he was sleeping, his two sons, both young men, 存在 in the same room. No one could be 設立する, either slave or 解放する／自由な man, who seemed likely to have done the 行為; and as the two sons, grown up as they were, 宣言するd that they knew nothing about it, they were 起訴するd for 親殺し. What could be so 怪しげな? 怪しげな, do I say? Nay, worse. That neither knew anything about it? That any one had 投機・賭けるd into that 議会 at the very time when there were in it two young men who would certainly perceive and 敗北・負かす the 試みる／企てる? Yet, because it was 証明するd to the 陪審／陪審員団 that the young men had been 設立する 急速な／放蕩な asleep, with the door wide open, they were acquitted. It was thought incredible that men who had just committed so monstrous a 罪，犯罪 could かもしれない sleep. Why, 議員, the wisest of all 立法議員s, 製図／抽選 up his code of 法律s, 供給するd no 罰 for this 罪，犯罪; and when he was asked the 推論する／理由 replied that he believed that no one would ever commit it. To 供給する a 罰 would be to 示唆する rather than 妨げる. Our own ancestors 供給するd indeed a 罰, but it was of the strangest 肉親，親類d, showing how strange, how monstrous they thought the 罪，犯罪. And what 証拠 do you bring 今後? The man was not at Rome. That is 証明するd. Therefore he must have done it, if he did it at all, by the 手渡すs of others. Who were these others? Were they 解放する／自由な men or slaves? If they were 解放する／自由な men where did they come from, where live? How did he 雇う them? Where is the proof? You 港／避難所't a shred of 証拠, and yet you 告発する／非難する him of 親殺し. And if they were slaves, where, again I ask, are they? There were two slaves who saw the 行為; but they belong to the confederate not to the （刑事）被告. Why do you not produce them? 純粋に because they would 証明する your 犯罪.

"It is there indeed that we find the real truth of the 事柄. It was the maxim of a famous lawyer, Ask: who 利益（をあげる）d by the 行為? I ask it now. It was Magnus who 利益（をあげる）d. He was poor before, and now he is rich. And then he was in Rome at the time of the 殺人; and he was familiar with 暗殺者s. Remember too the strange 速度(を上げる） with which he sent the news to Ameria, and sent it, not to the son, as one might 推定する／予想する, but to Capito his 共犯者; is surprising, when we remember how high he stood in the favour of the 絶対の master of Rome, "See how he comes 負かす／撃墜する from his 罰金 mansion on the Palatine. Yes, and he has for his own enjoyment a delightful 退却／保養地 in the 郊外s, and many an 広い地所 besides, and not one of them but is both handsome and conveniently 近づく. His house is （人が）群がるd with ware of Corinth and Delos, の中で them that famous self-事実上の／代理 cooking apparatus, which he lately bought at a price so high that the passers-by, when they heard the clerk call out the highest 企て，努力，提案, supposed that it must be a farm which was 存在 sold. And what 量s, think you, he has of embossed plate, and coverlets of purple, and pictures, and statues, and coloured marbles. Such 量s, I tell you, as 不十分な could be piled together in one mansion in a time of tumult and rapine from many 豊富な 設立s. And his 世帯—why should I 述べる how many it numbers, and how 変化させるd are its 業績／成就s? I do not speak of ordinary 国内のs, the cook, the パン職人, the litter-持参人払いの. Why, for the mere enjoyment of his ears he has such a multitude of men that the whole neighbourhood echoes again with the daily music of singers, and harp-players, and flute-players, and with the uproar of his nightly 祝宴s. What daily expenses, what extravagance, as you 井戸／弁護士席 know, gentlemen, there must be in such a life as this! how 高くつく／犠牲の大きい must be these 祝宴s! Creditable 祝宴s, indeed, held in such a house—a house, do I say, and not a manufactory of wickedness, a place of entertainment for every 肉親，親類d of 罪，犯罪? And as for the man himself—you see, gentlemen, how he bustles everywhere about the 会議, with his hair fashionably arranged and dripping with perfumes; what a （人が）群がる of 国民s, yes, of 国民s, follow him; you see how he looks 負かす／撃墜する upon every one, thinks no one can be compared to himself, fancies himself the one rich and powerful man in Rome?"

The 陪審／陪審員団 seems to have caught the contagion of courage from the 支持する. They acquitted the （刑事）被告. It is not known whether he ever 回復するd his 所有物／資産／財産. But as Sulla retired from 力／強力にする in the に引き続いて year, and died the year after, we may hope that the favourites and the villains whom he had 避難所d were compelled to disgorge some at least of their 伸び（る）s.

A ROMAN MAGISTRATE AND GOVERNOR

OF all the base creatures who 設立する a 利益（をあげる） in the 大虐殺s and plunderings which Sulla 命令（する）d or permitted, not one was baser than Caius Verres. The 罪，犯罪s that he committed would be beyond our belief if it were not for the fact that he never 否定するd them. He betrayed his friends, he perverted 司法（官）, he plundered a 寺 with as little scruple as he plundered a 私的な house, he 殺人d a 国民 as boldly as he 殺人d a foreigner; in fact, he was the most audacious, the most cruel, the most shameless of men. And yet he rose to high office at home and abroad, and had it not been for the courage, sagacity, and eloquence of one man, he might have risen to the very highest. What Roman 国民s had いつかs, and Roman 支配するs, it is to be 恐れるd, very often to 耐える may be seen from the picture which we are enabled to draw of a Roman 治安判事.

Roman 政治家，政治屋s began public life as qu誑tors. (A qu誑tor was an 公式の／役人 who managed money 事柄s for higher 治安判事s. Every 知事 of a 州 had one or more qu誑tors under him. They were elected at Rome, and their 地位，任命するs were 割り当てるd to them by lot.) Verres was qu誑tor in Gaul and embezzled the public money; he was qu誑tor in Cilicia with Dolabella, a like-minded 知事, and diligently used his 適切な時期. This time it was not money only, but 作品 of art, on which he laid his 手渡すs; and in these the 広大な／多数の／重要な cities, whether in Asia or in Europe, were still rich. The most audacious, perhaps, of these 強盗s was （罪などを）犯すd in the island of Delos. Delos was known all over the world as the island of Apollo. The legend was that it was the birthplace of the god. 非，不，無 of his 神社s was more たびたび（訪れる）d or more famous. Verres was indifferent to such considerations. He stripped the 寺 of its finest statues, and 負担d a merchant ship which he had 雇うd with the booty. But this time he was not lucky enough to 安全な・保証する it. The islanders, though they had discovered the 窃盗, did not, indeed, 投機・賭ける to complain. They thought it was the doing of the 知事, and a 知事, though his 訴訟／進行s might be 弾こうするd after his, 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of office, was not a person with whom it was 安全な to remonstrate. But a terrible 嵐／襲撃する suddenly burst upon the island. The 知事's 出発 was 延期するd. To 始める，決める sail in such 天候 was out of the question. The sea was indeed so high that the town became scarcely habitable. Then Verres' ship was 難破させるd, and the statues were 設立する cast upon the shore. The 知事 ordered them to be 取って代わるd in the 寺, and the 嵐／襲撃する 沈下するd as suddenly as it had arisen.

On his return to Rome Dolabella was 弾こうするd for ゆすり，強要. With characteristic baseness Verres gave 証拠 against him, 証拠 so 納得させるing as to 原因（となる） a 判決 of 有罪の. But he thus 安全な・保証するd his own 伸び（る）s, and these he used so profusely in the 購入（する） of 投票（する）s that two or three years afterwards he was elected pr誥or. The pr誥ors 成し遂げるd さまざまな 機能（する）／行事s which were 割り当てるd to them by lot. Chance, or it may かもしれない have been contrivance, gave to Verres the most かなりの of them all. He was made "Pr誥or of the City;" that is, a 裁判官 before whom a 確かな class of very important 原因（となる）s were tried. Of course he showed himself scandalously 不正な. One instance of his 訴訟／進行s may 十分である.

A 確かな Junius had made a 契約 for keeping the 寺 of Castor in 修理. When Verres （機の）カム into office he had died, leaving a son under age. There had been some neglect, 予定 probably to the troubles of the times, in seeing that the 契約s had been duly 遂行する／発効させるd, and the 上院 passed a 決意／決議 that Verres and one of his fellow-pr誥ors should see to the 事柄. The 寺 of Castor （機の）カム under review like the others, and Verres, knowing that the 初めの 請負業者 was dead, 問い合わせd who was the responsible person. When he heard of the son under age he 認めるd at once a golden 適切な時期. It was one of the maxims which he had laid 負かす／撃墜する for his own 指導／手引, and which he had even been wont to give out for the 利益 of his friends, that much 利益（をあげる） might be made out of the 所有物／資産／財産 of 区s. It had been arranged that the 後見人 of the young Junius should take the 契約 into his own 手渡すs, and, as the 寺 was in excellent 修理, there was no difficulty in the way. Verres 召喚するd the 後見人 to appear before him. "Is there anything," he asked, "that your 区 has not made good, and which we せねばならない 要求する of him?" "No," said he, "everything is やめる 権利; all the statues and offerings are there, and the fabric is in excellent 修理." From the pr誥or's point of 見解（をとる） this was not 満足な; and he 決定するd on a personal visit. Accordingly he went to the 寺, and 検査／視察するd it. The 天井 was excellent; the whole building in the best 修理. "What is to be done?" he asked of one of his 衛星s. "井戸／弁護士席," said the man, "there is nothing for you to meddle with here, except かもしれない to 要求する that the columns should be 回復するd to the perpendicular." "回復するd to the perpendicular? what do you mean?" said Verres, who knew nothing of architecture. It was explained to him that it very seldom happened that a column was 絶対 true to the perpendicular. "Very good," said Verres; "we will have the columns made perpendicular." Notice accordingly was sent to the lad's 後見人s. 乱すd at the prospect of 不明確な／無期限の loss to their 区's 所有物／資産／財産, they sought an interview with Verres. One of the noble family of Marcellus waited upon him, and remonstrated against the iniquity of the 訴訟／進行. The remonstrance was in vain. The pr誥or showed no 調印するs of relenting. There yet remained one way, a way only too 井戸／弁護士席 known to all who had to を取り引きする him, of 得るing their 反対する. 使用／適用 must be made to his mistress (a Greek freedwoman of the 指名する of Chelidon or "The Swallow"). If she could be induced to take an 利益／興味 in the 事例／患者 something might yet be done. Degrading as such a course must have been to men of 階級 and honour, they 解決するd, in the 利益／興味 of their 区, to take it. They went to Chelidon's house. It was thronged with people who were 捜し出すing favours from the pr誥or. Some were begging for 決定／判定勝ち（する）s in their favour; some for fresh 裁判，公判s of their 事例／患者s. "I want 所有／入手," cried one. "He must not take the 所有物／資産／財産 from me," said another. "Don't let him pronounce judgment against me," cried a third. "The 所有物／資産／財産 must be 割り当てるd to me," was the 需要・要求する of a fourth. Some were counting out money; others 調印 社債s. The deputation, after waiting awhile, were 認める to the presence. Their 広報担当者 explained the 事例／患者, begged for Chelidon's 援助, and 約束d a 相当な consideration. The lady was very gracious. She would willingly do what she could, and would talk to the pr誥or about it. The deputation must come again the next day and hear how she had 後継するd. They （機の）カム again, but 設立する that nothing could be done. Verres felt sure that a large sum of money was to be got out of the 訴訟／進行, and resolutely 辞退するd any 妥協.

They next made an 申し込む／申し出 of about two thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. This again was 拒絶するd. Verres 解決するd that he would put up the 契約 to auction, and did his best that the 後見人s should have no notice of it. Here, however, he failed. They …に出席するd the auction and made a 企て，努力，提案. Of course the lowest 入札者 せねばならない have been 受託するd, so long as he gave 安全 for doing the work 井戸／弁護士席. But Verres 辞退するd to 受託する it. He knocked 負かす／撃墜する the 契約 to himself at a price of more than five thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs, and this though there were persons willing to do it for いっそう少なく than a sixth of that sum. As a 事柄 of fact very little was done. Four of the columns were pulled 負かす／撃墜する and built up again with the same 石／投石するs. Others were whitewashed; some had the old 固く結び付ける taken out and fresh put in. The highest 見積（る） for all that could かもしれない be 手配中の，お尋ね者 was いっそう少なく than eight hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs.

His year of office ended, Verres was sent as 知事 to Sicily. By 権利s he should have remained there twelve months only, but his 後継者 was 拘留するd by the Servile war in Italy, and his stay was thus 延長するd to nearly three years, three years into which he （人が）群がるd an incredible number of cruelties and 強盗s. Sicily was perhaps the wealthiest of all the 州s. Its fertile wheat-fields 産する／生じるd 収穫s which, now that 農業 had begun to decay in Italy, 供給するd no small part of the daily bread of Rome. In its cities, 設立するd most of them several centuries before by colonists from Greece, were 蓄積するd the riches of many 世代s. On the whole it had been lightly 扱う／治療するd by its Roman 征服者／勝利者s. Some of its 明言する／公表するs had 早期に discerned which would be the winning 味方する, and by making their peace in time had 安全な・保証するd their 特権s and 所有／入手s. Others had been 許すd to 降伏する themselves on favourable 条件. This wealth had now been 増加するing without serious 騒動 for more than a hundred years. The houses of the richer class were 十分な of the rich tapestries of the East, of gold and silver plate cunningly chased or embossed, of statues and pictures wrought by the 手渡すs of the most famous artists of Greece. The 寺s were adorned with 高くつく／犠牲の大きい offerings and with images that were known all over the civilized world. The Sicilians were probably 用意が出来ている to 支払う／賃金 something for the 特権 of 存在 治める／統治するd by Rome. And indeed the 特権 was not without its value. The days of freedom indeed were over; but the turbulence, the incessant 争い, the bitter struggles between 隣人s and parties were also at an end. Men were left to 蓄積する wealth and to enjoy it without hindrance. Any 穏健な 需要・要求するs they were willing enough to 会合，会う. They did not complain, for instance, or at least did not complain aloud, that they were compelled to 供給（する） their 支配者s with a 直す／買収する，八百長をするd 量 of corn at prices lower than could have been 得るd in the open market. And they would probably have been ready to 安全な・保証する the good will of a 知事 who fancied himself a connoisseur in art with handsome 現在のs from their museums and picture galleries. But the exactions of Verres 越えるd all bounds both of custom and of endurance. The story of how he dealt with the wheat-growers of the 州 is too tedious and 複雑にするd to be told in this place. Let it 十分である to say that he 濃厚にするd himself and his greedy 軍隊／機動隊 of 信奉者s at the cost of 絶対の 廃虚 both to the cultivators of the 国／地域 and to the Roman 資本主義者s who farmed this part of the public 歳入. As to the way in which he laid his 手渡すs on the 所有／入手s of 寺s and of 私的な 国民s, his doings were emphatically summed up by his 検察官，検事 when he （機の）カム, as we shall afterwards see, to be put upon his 裁判，公判. "I 断言する that in the whole of Sicily, 豊富な and old-設立するd 州 as it is, in all those towns, in all those 豊富な homes, there was not a 選び出す／独身 piece of silver plate, a 選び出す／独身 article of Corinthian or Delian ware, a 選び出す／独身 jewel or pearl, a 選び出す／独身 article of gold or ivory, a 選び出す／独身 picture, whether on パネル盤 or on canvas, which he did not 追跡（する） up and 診察する, and, if it pleased his fancy, abstract. This is a 広大な／多数の／重要な thing to say, you think. 井戸／弁護士席, 示す how I say it. It is not for the sake of rhetorical exaggeration that I make this 広範囲にわたる 主張, that I 宣言する that this fellow did not leave a 選び出す／独身 article of the 肉親，親類d in the whole 州. I speak not in the language of the professional accuser but in plain Latin. Nay, I will put it more 明確に still: in no 選び出す／独身 私的な house, in no town; in no place, profane or even sacred; in the 手渡すs of no Sicilian, of no 国民 of Rome, did he leave a 選び出す／独身 article, public or 私的な 所有物／資産／財産, of things profane or things 宗教的な, which （機の）カム under his 注目する，もくろむs or touched his fancy."

Some of the more remarkable of these 行為／法令／行動するs of spoliation it may be 価値（がある） while to relate. A 確かな Heius, who was at once the wealthiest and most chisel of Myro; and two bronze 人物／姿／数字s, "Basket-持参人払いのs," as they were called, because 代表するd as carrying sacred 大型船s in baskets on their 長，率いるs. These were the work of Polyclitus. The Cupid had been brought to Rome to ornament the 会議 on some 広大な／多数の／重要な occasion, and had been carefully 回復するd to its place. The chapel and its contents was the 広大な／多数の／重要な sight of the town. No one passed through without 検査／視察するing it. It was 自然に, therefore, one of the first things that Verres saw, Messana 存在 on his 大勝する to the 資本／首都 of his 州. He did not 現実に take the statues, he bought them; but the price that he paid was so ridiculously low that 購入（する） was only another 指名する for 強盗. Something 近づく sixty 続けざまに猛撃するs was given for the four. If we 解任する the prices that would be paid now-a-days for a couple of statues by Michael Angelo and two of the masterpieces of Raphael and Correggio, we may imagine what a monstrous fiction this sale must have been, all the more monstrous because the owner was a 豊富な man, who had no 誘惑 to sell, and who was known to value his 所有／入手s not only as 作品 of art but as 追加するing dignity to his hereditary worship.

A 豊富な inhabitant of Tyndaris 招待するd the 知事 to dinner. He was a Roman 国民 and imagined that he might 投機・賭ける on a 陳列する，発揮する which a 地方の might have considered to be dangerous. の中で the plate on the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する was a silver dish adorned with some very 罰金 medallions. It struck the fancy of the guest, who 敏速に had it 除去するd, and who considered himself to be a marvel of moderation when he sent it 支援する with the medallions abstracted.

His 長官 happened one day to receive a letter which bore a noteworthy impression on the composition of chalk which the Greeks used for 調印（する）ing. It attracted the attention of Verres, who 問い合わせd from what place it had come. 審理，公聴会 that it had been sent from Agrigentum, he communicated to his スパイ／執行官s in that town his 願望（する） that the 調印（する）-（犯罪の）一味 should be at once 安全な・保証するd for him. And this was done. The unlucky possessor, another Roman 国民, by the way, had his （犯罪の）一味 現実に drawn from his finger.

A still more audacious 訴訟／進行 was to 略奪する, not this time a mere Sicilian 地方の or a simple Roman 国民, but one of the 支流 kings, the 相続人 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な house of Antiochus, which not many years before had matched itself with the 力／強力にする of Rome. Two of the young princes had visited Rome, ーするつもりであるing to 起訴する their （人命などを）奪う，主張するs to the 王位 of Egypt, which, they 競うd, had come to them through their mother. The times were not favourable to the 控訴, and they returned to their country, one of them, Antiochus, probably the 年上の, choosing to take Sicily on his way. He 自然に visited Syracuse, where Verres was residing, and Verres at once 認めるd a golden 適切な時期. The first thing was to send the 訪問者 a handsome 供給（する） of ワイン, olive-oil, and wheat. The next was to 招待する him to dinner. The dining-room and （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する were richly furnished, the silver plate 存在 特に splendid. Antiochus was 高度に delighted with the entertainment, and lost no time in returning the compliment. The dinner to which he 招待するd the 知事 was 始める，決める out with a splendour to which Verres had nothing to compare. There was silver plate in 豊富, and there were also cups of gold, these last adorned with magnificent gems.

目だつ の中で the ornaments of the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する was a drinking 大型船, all in one piece, probably of amethyst, and with a 扱う of gold. Verres 表明するd himself delighted with what he saw. He 扱うd every 大型船 and was loud in its 賞賛するs. The simple-minded King, on the other 手渡す, heard the compliment with pride. Next day （機の）カム a message. Would the King lend some of the more beautiful cups to his excellency? He wished to show them to his own artists. A special request was made for the amethyst cup. All was sent without a 疑惑 of danger.

But the King had still in his 所有／入手 something that 特に excited the Roman's cupidity. This was a candelabrum of gold richly adorned with jewels. It had been ーするつもりであるd for an 申し込む／申し出ing to the tutelary deity of Rome, Jupiter of the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂. But the 寺, which had been burnt to the ground in the civil wars, had not yet been rebuilt, and the princes, anxious that their gift should not be seen before it was 公然と 現在のd, 解決するd to carry it 支援する with them to Syria. Verres, however, had got, no one knew how, some inkling of the 事柄, and he begged Antiochus to let him have a sight of it. The young prince, who, so far from 存在 怪しげな, was hardly 十分に 用心深い, had it carefully wrapped up, and sent it to the 知事's palace. When he had minutely 検査／視察するd it, the messengers 用意が出来ている to carry it 支援する. Verres, however, had not seen enough of it. It 明確に deserved more than one examination. Would they leave it with him for a time? They left it, 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うing nothing.

Antiochus, on his part, had no 逮捕s. When some days had passed and the candelabrum was not returned, he sent to ask for it. The 知事 begged the messenger to come again the next day. It seemed a strange request; still the man （機の）カム again and was again 不成功の. The King himself then waited on the 知事 and begged him to return it. Verres hinted, or rather said plainly, that he should very much like it as a 現在の. "This is impossible," replied the prince, "the honour 予定 to Jupiter and public opinion forbid it. All the world knows that the 申し込む／申し出ing is to be made, and I cannot go 支援する from my word." Verres perceived that soft words would be useless, and took at once another line. The King, he said, must leave Sicily before nightfall. The public safety 需要・要求するd it. He had heard of a piratical 探検隊／遠征隊 which was on its way from Syria to the 州, and that his 出発 was necessary. Antiochus had no choice but to obey; but before he went he 公然と 抗議するd in the market- place of Syracuse against the wrong that had been done. His other 価値のあるs, the gold and the jewels, he did not so much 悔いる; but it was monstrous that he should be robbed of the gift that he 運命にあるd for the altar of the tutelary god of Rome.

The Sicilian cities were not better able to 保護する their 所有／入手s than were 私的な individuals. Segesta was a town that had 早期に 範囲d itself on the 味方する of the Romans, with whom its people had a 伝説の 関係. (The story was that ﾆneas on his way to Italy had left there some of his 信奉者s, who were unwilling any longer to 耐える the hardships of the 旅行.) In earlier days it had been destroyed by the Carthaginians, who had carried off all its most 価値のある 所有／入手s, the most precious 存在 a statue of Diana, a work of 広大な／多数の／重要な beauty and 投資するd with a peculiar sacredness. When Carthage fell, Scipio its 征服者／勝利者 回復するd the spoils which had been carried off from the cities of Sicily. の中で other things Agrigentum had 回復するd its famous bull of 厚かましさ／高級将校連, in which the tyrant Phalaris had burnt, it was said, his 犠牲者s. Segesta was no いっそう少なく fortunate than its 隣人s, and got 支援する its Diana. It was 始める，決める on a pedestal on which was inscribed the 指名する of Scipio, and became one of the most 著名な sights of the island. It was of a colossal size, but the sculptor had contrived to 保存する the 外見 of maidenly grace and modesty. Verres saw and coveted it. He 需要・要求するd it of the 当局 of the town and was met with a 拒絶. It was 平易な for the 知事 to make them 苦しむ for their obstinacy. All their imposts were 二塁打d and more than 二塁打d. 激しい requisitions for men and money and corn were made upon them. A still more hateful 重荷（を負わせる）, that of …に出席するing the 法廷，裁判所 and 進歩s of the 知事 was 課すd on their 主要な／長／主犯 国民s. This was a contest which they could not hope to 行う with success. Segesta 解決するd that the statue should be given up. It was accordingly carried away from the town, all the women of the town, married and unmarried, に引き続いて it on its 旅行, にわか雨ing perfumes and flowers upon it, and 燃やすing incense before it, till it had passed beyond the 国境s of their 領土.

If Segesta had its Diana, Tyndaris had its 水銀柱，温度計; and this also Verres was 解決するd to 追加する to his collection. He 問題／発行するd his orders to Sopater, 長，指導者 治安判事 of the place, that the statue was to be taken to Messana. (Messana 存在 conveniently 近づく to Italy was the place in which he 蓄える／店d his plunder.) Sopater 辞退するing was 脅すd with the heaviest 刑罰，罰則s if it was not done without 延期する, and 裁判官d it best to bring the 事柄 before the 地元の 上院. The proposition was received with shouts of 不賛成. Verres paid a second visit to the town and at once 問い合わせd what had been done about the statue. He was told that it was impossible. The 上院 had 法令d the 刑罰，罰則 of death against any one that touched it. Apart from that, it would be an 行為／法令／行動する of the grossest impiety. "Impiety!" he burst out upon the unlucky 治安判事s; "刑罰，罰則 of death! 上院! what 上院? As for you, Sopater, you shall not escape. Give me up the statue or you shall be flogged to death." Sopater again referred the 事柄 to his townsmen and implored them with 涙／ほころびs to give way. The 会合 separated in 広大な／多数の／重要な tumult without giving him any answer. 召喚するd again to the 知事's presence, he repeated that nothing could be done. But Verres had still 資源s in 蓄える／店. He ordered the lictors to （土地などの）細長い一片 the man, the 長，指導者 治安判事, be it remembered, of an important town, and to 始める，決める him, naked as he was, astride on one of the equestrian statues that adorned the market-place. It was winter; the 天候 was 激しく 冷淡な, with 強い雨. The 苦痛 原因（となる）d by the naked 四肢s 存在 thus brought into の近くに 接触する with the bronze of the statue was 激しい. So frightful was his 苦しむing that his fellow-townsmen could not 耐える to see it. They turned with loud cries upon the 上院 and compelled them to 投票（する） that the coveted statue should be given up to the 知事. So Verres got his 水銀柱，温度計.

We have a curious picture of the man as he made his 進歩s from town to town in his search for treasures of art. "As soon as it was spring—and he knew that it was spring not from the rising of any 星座 or the blowing of any 勝利，勝つd, but 簡単に because he saw the roses—then indeed he bestirred himself. So 耐えるing, so untiring was he that no one ever saw him upon horseback. No—he was carried in a litter with eight 持参人払いのs. His cushion was of the finest linen of Malta, and it was stuffed with roses. There was one 花冠 of roses upon his 長，率いる, and another 一連の会議、交渉／完成する his neck, made of the finest thread, of the smallest mesh, and this, too, was 十分な of roses. He was carried in this litter straight to his 議会; and there he gave his audiences."

When spring had passed into summer even such exertions were too much for him. He could not even 耐える to remain in his 公式の／役人 住居, the old palace of the kings of Syracuse. A number of テントs were pitched for him at the 入り口 of the harbour to catch the 冷静な／正味の 微風s from the sea. There he spent his days and nights, surrounded by 軍隊／機動隊s of the vilest companions, and let the 州 take care of itself.

Such a 知事 was not likely to keep his 州 解放する／自由な from the 著作権侵害者s who, 問題／発行するing from their fastnesses on the Cilician coast and どこかよそで, kept the seaboard cities of the Mediterranean in constant terror. One success, and one only, he seems to have 伸び（る）d over them. His (n)艦隊／(a)素早い was lucky enough to come upon a 著作権侵害者 ship, which was so over-laden with spoil that it could neither escape nor defend itself. News was at once carried to Verres, who roused himself from his feasting to 問題／発行する strict orders that no one was to meddle with the prize. It was 牽引するd into Syracuse, and he 急いでd to 診察する his booty. The general feeling was one of delight that a 乗組員 of merciless villains had been 逮捕（する）d and were about to 支払う／賃金 the 刑罰，罰則 of their 罪，犯罪s. Verres had far more practical 見解（をとる）s. 司法（官） might 取引，協定 as she pleased with the old and useless; the young and able-団体／死体d, and all who happened to be handicraftsmen, were too 価値のある to be given up. His 長官s, his retinue, his son had their 株 of the prize; six, who happened to be singers, were sent as a 現在の to a friend at Rome. As to the 著作権侵害者 captain himself, no one knew what had become of him. It was a favourite amusement in Sicily to watch the sufferings of a 著作権侵害者, if the 政府 had had the luck but to catch one, while he was 存在 slowly 拷問d to death. The people of Syracuse, to whom the 著作権侵害者 captain was only too 井戸／弁護士席 known, watched 熱望して for the day when he was to be brought out to 苦しむ. They kept an account of those who were brought out to 死刑執行, and reckoned them against the number of the 乗組員, which it had been 平易な to conjecture from the size of the ship. Verres had to 訂正する the 欠陥／不足 as best he could. He had the audacity to fill the places of the 囚人s whom he had sold or given away with Roman 国民s, whom on さまざまな 誤った pretences he had thrown into 刑務所，拘置所. The 著作権侵害者 captain himself was 苦しむd to escape on the 支払い（額）, it was believed, of a very large sum of money.

But Verres had not yet done with the 著作権侵害者s. It was necessary that some show, at least, of 対処するing with them should be made. There was a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, and the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い must put to sea. A 国民 of Syracuse, who had no sort of 資格 for the 仕事, but whom Verres was anxious to get out of the way, was 任命するd to the 命令（する）. The 知事 paid it the unwonted attention of coming out of his テント to see it pass. His very dress, as he stood upon the shore, was a スキャンダル to all beholders. His sandals, his purple cloak, his tunic, or undergarment, reaching to his ankles, were thought wholly unsuitable to the dignity of a Roman 治安判事. The (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, as might be 推定する／予想するd, was scandalously ill equipped. Its men for the most part 存在するd, as the phrase is, only "on paper." There was the proper complement of 指名するs, but of 指名するs only. The pr誥or drew from the 財務省 the 支払う／賃金 for these imaginary 兵士s and 海洋s, and コースを変えるd it into his own pocket. And the ships were as ill 準備／条項d as they were ill 乗組員を乗せた. After they had been something いっそう少なく than five days at sea they put into the harbour of Pachynus. The 乗組員s were driven to 満足させる their hunger on the roots of the dwarf palm, which grew, and indeed still grows, in 豊富 on that 位置／汚点／見つけ出す. Cleomenes 一方／合間 was に引き続いて the example of his patron. He had his テント pitched on the shore, and sat in it drinking from morning to night. While he was thus 雇うd tidings were brought that the 著作権侵害者 (n)艦隊／(a)素早い was approaching. He was ill 用意が出来ている for an 約束／交戦. His hope had been to 完全にする the manning of his ships from the 守備隊 of the fort. But Verres had dealt with the fort as he had dealt with the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い. The 兵士s were as imaginary as the sailors. Still a man of courage would have fought. His own ship was 公正に／かなり 井戸／弁護士席 乗組員を乗せた, and was of a 命令（する）ing size, やめる able to overpower the light 大型船s of the 著作権侵害者s; and such a 乗組員 as there was was eager to fight. But Cleomenes was as 臆病な／卑劣な as he was incompetent. He ordered the mast of his ship to be hoisted, the sails to be 始める，決める, and the cable 削減（する）, and made off with all 速度(を上げる）. The 残り／休憩（する） of his (n)艦隊／(a)素早い could do nothing but follow his example. The 著作権侵害者s gave chase, and 逮捕（する）d two of the ships as they fled. Cleomenes reached the port of Helorus, 立ち往生させるd his ship, and left it to its 運命／宿命. His 同僚s did the same. The 著作権侵害者 長，指導者 設立する them thus 砂漠d and burnt them. He had then the audacity to sail into the inner harbour of Syracuse, a place into which, we are told, only one 敵意を持った (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, the ill- 運命／宿命d Athenian 探検隊／遠征隊, three centuries and a half before, had ever 侵入するd. The 激怒（する） of the inhabitants at this spectacle 越えるd all bounds, and Verres felt that a 犠牲者 must be sacrificed. He was, of course, himself the 長，指導者 犯人. Next in 犯罪 to him was Cleomenes. But Cleomenes was spared for the same scandalous 推論する／理由 which had 原因（となる）d his 任命 to the 命令（する）. The other captains, who might indeed have shown more courage, but who were comparatively blameless, were ordered to 死刑執行. It seemed all the more necessary to 除去する them because they could have given inconvenient 証言 as to the inefficient 条件 of the ships.

The cruelty of Verres was indeed as 目だつ as his avarice. Of this, as of his other 副／悪徳行為s, it would not 控訴 the 目的 of this 調書をとる／予約する to speak in 詳細（に述べる）. One 目だつ example will 十分である. A 確かな Gavius had given offence, how we know not, and had been 限定するd in the disused 石／投石する quarries which served for the public 刑務所，拘置所 of Syracuse. From these he contrived to escape, and made his way to Messana. Unluckily for himself, he did not know that Messana was the one place in Sicily where it would not be 安全な to speak against the 知事. Just as he was about to 乗る，着手する for Italy he was heard to complain of the 治療 which he had received, and was 逮捕（する）d and brought before the 長，指導者 治安判事 of the town. Verres happened to come to the town the same day, and heard what had happened. He ordered the man to be stripped and flogged in the market-place. Gavius pleaded that he was a Roman 国民 and 申し込む／申し出d proof of his （人命などを）奪う，主張する. Verres 辞退するd to listen, and enraged by the repetition of the 嘆願, 現実に ordered the man to be crucified. "And 始める，決める up," he said to his lictors, "始める，決める up the cross by the 海峡s. He is a Roman 国民, he says, and he will at least be able to have a 見解（をとる） of his native country." We know from the history of St. Paul what a 本物の 特権 and 保護 this 市民権 was. And Cicero 正確に／まさに 表明するs the feeling on the 支配する in his famous words. "It is a 罪，犯罪 to put a Roman 国民 in アイロンをかけるs; it is 肯定的な wickedness to （打撃，刑罰などを）与える （土地などの）細長い一片s upon him; it is の近くに upon 親殺し to put him to death; as to crucifying him there is no word for it." And on this 栄冠を与えるing 行為／法令／行動する of audacity Verres had the recklessness to 投機・賭ける.

After 持つ／拘留するing office for three years Verres （機の）カム 支援する to Rome. The people of Messana, his only friends in the islands, had built a merchantman for him, and he 負担d it with his spoils. He （機の）カム 支援する with a light heart. He knew indeed that the Sicilians would 弾こうする him. His wrong-doings had been too 甚だしい／１２ダース, too insolent, for him to escape altogether. But he was 確信して that he had the means in his 手渡すs for 安全な・保証するing an 無罪放免. The men that were to 裁判官 him were men of his own order. The 上院議員s still 保持するd the 特権 which Sulla had given them. They, and they alone, furnished the 陪審／陪審員団s before whom such 原因（となる）s were tried. Of these 上院議員s not a few had a fellow-feeling for a 地方の 知事 （刑事）被告 of ゆすり，強要 and wrong. Some had plundered 州s in the past; others hoped to do so in the 未来. Many insignificant men who could not hope to 得る such 昇進／宣伝 were 悪名高くも open to 賄賂s. And some who would have 軽蔑（する）d to receive money, or were too 豊富な to be 影響（力）d by it, were not insensible to the charms of other gifts—to a 罰金 statue or a splendid picture judiciously bestowed. A few even more scrupulous, who would not 受託する such 現在のs for their own halls or gardens, were glad to have such splendid ornaments for the games which they 展示（する）d to the people. Verres （機の）カム 支援する amply 供給するd with these means of 安全な・保証するing his safety. He 率直に avowed—for indeed he was as frank as he was unscrupulous—that he had trebled his ゆすり，強要s in order that, after leaving a 十分なこと for himself, he might have wherewith to 勝利，勝つ the favour of his 裁判官s. It soon became evident to him that he would need these and all other help, if he was to escape. The Sicilians engaged Cicero to 嘆願d their 原因（となる）. He had been qu誑tor in a 分割 of the 州 for a year six years before, and had won golden opinions by his moderation and 正直さ. And Cicero was a 力／強力にする in the 法廷，裁判所s of the 法律, all the greater because he had never yet 起訴するd, but had kept himself to what was held the more honourable 仕事 of defending persons （刑事）被告. Verres 安全な・保証するd Hortensius. He too was a 広大な／多数の／重要な orator; Cicero had chosen him as the model which he would imitate, and speaks of him as having been a splendid and energetic （衆議院の）議長, 十分な of life both in diction and 活動／戦闘. At that time, perhaps, his 評判 stood higher than that of Cicero himself. It was something to have 保持するd so powerful an 支持する; it would be still more if it could be contrived that the 検察官，検事 should be a いっそう少なく formidable person. And there was a chance of contriving this. A 確かな C訥ilius was induced to come 今後, and （人命などを）奪う，主張する for himself, against Cicero, the 義務 of 起訴するing the late 知事 of Sicily. He too had been a qu誑tor in the 州, and he had quarrelled, or he pretended that he had quarrelled, with Verres. The first thing there had to be argued before the 法廷，裁判所, which, like our own, consisted of a 裁判長 and a 陪審／陪審員団, was the question, who was to 起訴する, Cicero or C訥ilius, or the two together. Cicero made a 広大な／多数の／重要な speech, in which he 設立するd his own （人命などを）奪う，主張する. He was the choice of the 地方のs; the honesty of his 競争相手 was doubtful, while it was やめる 確かな that he was incompetent. The 法廷，裁判所 decided in his favour, and he was 許すd one hundred and ten days to collect 証拠. Verres had another 装置 in 蓄える／店. This time a member of the 上院 （機の）カム 今後 and （人命などを）奪う，主張するd to 起訴する Verres for misdoings in the 州 of Achaia in Greece. He 手配中の，お尋ね者 one hundred and eight days only for collecting 証拠. If this （人命などを）奪う，主張する should be 許すd, the second 起訴 would be taken first; of course it was not ーするつもりであるd to be serious, and would end in an 無罪放免. 一方／合間 all the 利用できる time would have been spent, and the Sicilian 事件／事情／状勢 would have to be 延期するd till the next year. It was on 延期 indeed that Verres 残り／休憩（する）d his hopes. In July Hortensius was elected 領事 for the に引き続いて year, and if the 裁判，公判 could only be put of till he had entered upon office, nothing was to be 恐れるd. Verres was 率直に congratulated in the streets of Rome on his good fortune. "I have good news for you," cried a friend; "the 選挙 has taken place and you are acquitted." Another friend had been chosen pr誥or, and would be the new 裁判長. 領事 and pr誥or between them would have the 任命 of the new 賠審員s, and would take care that they should be such as the （刑事）被告 願望（する）d. At the same time the new 知事 of Sicily would be also a friend, and he would throw judicious 障害s in the way of the 出席 of 証言，証人／目撃するs. The sham 起訴 （機の）カム to nothing. The 検察官，検事 never left Italy. Cicero, on the other 手渡す, 雇うd the greatest diligence. …を伴ってd by his cousin Lucius he visited all the 長，指導者 cities of Sicily, and collected from them an enormous 集まり of 証拠. In this work he only spent fifty out of the hundred and ten days allotted to him, and was ready to begin long before he was 推定する／予想するd.

Verres had still one hope left; and this, strangely enough, sprang out of the very number and enormity of his 罪，犯罪s. The 集まり of 証拠 was so 広大な／多数の／重要な that the 裁判，公判 might be 推定する／予想するd to last for a long time. If it could only be 長引いた into the next year, when his friends would be in office, he might still hope to escape. And indeed there was but little time left. The 裁判，公判 began on the fifth of August. In the middle of the month Pompey was to 展示（する） some games. Then would come the games called "The Games of Rome," and after this others again, filling up much of the three months of September, October, and November. Cicero 心配するd this difficulty. He made a short speech (it could not have lasted more than two hours in 配達するing), in which he 明言する／公表するd the 事例／患者 in 輪郭（を描く）. He made a strong 控訴，上告 to the 陪審／陪審員団. They were themselves on their 裁判，公判. The 注目する，もくろむs of all the world were on them. If they did not do 司法（官） on so 悪名高い a 犯罪の they would never be 信用d any more. It would be seen that the 上院議員s were not fit to 治める the 法律. The 法律 itself was on its 裁判，公判. The 地方のs 率直に 宣言するd that if Verres was acquitted, the 法律 under which their 知事s were liable to be （刑事）被告 had better be 廃止するd. If no 恐れる of a 起訴 were hanging over them, they would be content with as much plunder as would 満足させる their own wants. They would not need to だまし取る as much more wherewith to 賄賂 their 裁判官s. Then he called his 証言，証人／目撃するs. A marvellous array they were. "From the foot of 開始する Taurus, from the shores of the 黒人／ボイコット Sea, from many cities of the Grecian 本土／大陸, from many islands of the ﾆgean, from every city and market-town of Sicily, deputations thronged to Rome. In the porticoes, and on the steps of the 寺s, in the area of the 会議, in the colonnade that surrounded it, on the housetops and on the overlooking declivities, were 駅／配置するd dense and eager （人が）群がるs of 貧窮化した 相続人s and their 後見人s, 破産者／倒産した 税金-農業者s and corn- merchants, fathers bewailing their children carried off to the pr誥or's harem, children 嘆く／悼むing for their parents dead in the pr誥or's dungeons, Greek nobles whose 降下／家系 was traced to Cecrops or Eurysthenes, or to the 広大な／多数の／重要な Ionian and Minyan houses, and Phœnicians, whose ancestors had been priests of the Tyrian Melcarth, or （人命などを）奪う，主張するd kindred with the Zidonian Jah." Nine days were spent in 審理，公聴会 this 集まり of 証拠. Hortensius was utterly overpowered by it. He had no 適切な時期 for 陳列する，発揮するing his eloquence, or making a pathetic 控訴，上告 for a noble 抑圧するd by the 憎悪 of the 僕主主義. After a few feeble 試みる／企てるs at cross-examination, he 事実上 abandoned the 事例／患者. The 被告 himself perceived that his position was hopeless. Before the nine days, with their terrible 告発, had come to an end he fled from Rome.

The 陪審／陪審員団 returned an 全員一致の 判決 of 有罪の, and the 囚人 was 非難するd to banishment and to 支払う／賃金 a 罰金. The place of banishment (which he was 明らかに 許すd to select outside 確かな 限界s) was Marseilles. The 量 of the 罰金 we do not know. It certainly was not enough to impoverish him.

Much of the money, and many of the 作品 of art which he had stolen were left to him. These latter, by a singularly just 天罰, 証明するd his 廃虚 in the end. After the death of Cicero, Antony permitted the 追放するs to return. Verres （機の）カム with them, bringing 支援する his treasures of art, and was put to death because they excited the cupidity of the masters of Rome.

A GREAT ROMAN CAUSE

THERE were さまざまな 法廷，裁判所s at Rome for persons （刑事）被告 of さまざまな 罪，犯罪s. One 裁判官, for instance, used to try 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s of 毒（薬）ing; another, 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s of 殺人; and, just as is the 事例／患者 の中で us, each 裁判官 had a 陪審／陪審員団, who gave their 判決 on the 証拠 which they had heard. But this 判決 was not, as with us, the 判決 of the whole 陪審／陪審員団, given only if all can be induced to agree, but of the 大多数. Each juryman wrote his opinion on a little tablet of 支持を得ようと努めるd, putting A. (absolvo, "I acquit") if he thought the （刑事）被告 innocent, K. (condemno, "I 非難する") if he thought him 有罪の, and N.L. (非，不，無 liquet, "It is not （疑いを）晴らす") if the 事例／患者 seemed 怪しげな, though there was not enough 証拠 to 罪人／有罪を宣告する.

In the year 66 B.C. a very strange 裁判，公判 took place in the 法廷，裁判所 of 毒（薬） 事例／患者s. A 確かな Cluentius was （刑事）被告 of having 毒（薬）d his step-father, Oppianicus, and さまざまな other persons. Cicero, who was pr誥or that year (the pr誥or was the 治安判事 next in 階級 to the 領事), defended Cluentius, and told his （弁護士の）依頼人's whole story.

Cluentius and his step-father were both natives of Larinum, a town in Apulia, where there was a famous 寺 of 火星. A 論争 about the 所有物／資産／財産 of this 寺 原因（となる）d an open quarrel between the two men, who had indeed been enemies for some years. Oppianicus took up the 事例／患者 of some slaves, who were called Servants of 火星, 宣言するing that they were not slaves at all, but Roman 国民s. This he did, it would seem, because he 願望（する）d to annoy his fellow- townsmen, with whom he was very 人気がない. The people of Larinum, who were very much 利益／興味d in all that 関心d the splendour of their 寺 services, resisted the （人命などを）奪う，主張する, and asked Cluentius to 嘆願d their 事例／患者. Cluentius 同意d. While the 原因（となる） was going on, it occurred to Oppianicus to get rid of his 対抗者 by 毒（薬）. He 雇うd an スパイ／執行官, and the スパイ／執行官 put the 事柄 into the 手渡すs of his freedman, a 確かな Scamander. Scamander tried to 遂行する his 反対する by 賄賂ing the slave of the 内科医 who was …に出席するing Cluentius. The 内科医 was a 貧困の Greek, and his slave had probably hard and scanty fare; but he was an honest man, and as clever as he was honest. He pretended to 受託する the 申し込む／申し出, and arranged for a 会合. This done, he told the whole 事柄 to his master the 内科医, and the 内科医 told it again to his 患者. Cluentius arranged that 確かな friends should be 現在の in concealment at the interview between the slave and his tempter. The villain （機の）カム, and was 掴むd with the 毒（薬） and a packet of money, 調印（する）d with his master's 調印（する）, upon him.

Cluentius, who had put up with many 誘発s from his mother's husband, now felt that his life was in danger, and 決定するd to defend himself. He 起訴するd Scamander for an 試みる／企てる to 毒（薬）. The man was 設立する 有罪の. Scamander's patron (as they used to call a freedman's old master) was next brought to 裁判，公判, and with the same result. Last of all, Oppianicus, the 長，指導者 犯罪の, was attacked. Scamander's 裁判，公判 had 警告するd him of his danger, and he had 労働d to bring about the man's 無罪放免. One 投票（する）, and one only, he had contrived to 安全な・保証する. And to the giver of this 投票（する）, a 貧困の and unprincipled member of the 上院, he now had 頼みの綱. He went, of course, with a large sum in his 手渡す—something about five thousand six hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs of our money. With this the 上院議員—Staienus by 指名する—was to 賄賂 sixteen out of the thirty-two jurymen. They were to have three hundred and fifty 続けざまに猛撃するs apiece for their 投票（する）s, and Staienus was to have as much for his own 投票（する） (which would give a 大多数), and something over for his trouble. Staienus conceived the happy idea of appropriating the whole, and he managed it in this way. He accosted a fellow-賠審員, whom he knew to be as unprincipled as himself. "Bulbus," he said, "you will help me in taking care that we shan't serve our country for nothing." "You may count on me," said the man. Staienus went on, "The 被告 has 約束d three hundred and fifty 続けざまに猛撃するs to every 賠審員 who will 投票（する） 'Not 有罪の.' You know who will take the money. 安全な・保証する them, and come again to me." Nine days after Bulbus （機の）カム with beaming 直面する to Staienus. "I have got the sixteen in the 事柄 you know of; and now, where is the money?" "He has played me 誤った," replied the other; "the money is not 来たるべき. As for myself, I shall certainly 投票（する） '有罪の.' "

The 裁判，公判 （機の）カム to an end, and the 判決 was to be given. The 被告 （人命などを）奪う，主張するd that it should be given by word of mouth, 存在 anxious to know who had earned their money. Staienus and Bulbus were the first to 投票（する）. To the surprise of all, they 投票（する）d "有罪の." Rumours too of foul play had spread about. The two circumstances 原因（となる）d some of the more respectable 賠審員s to hesitate. In the end five 投票（する）d for 無罪放免, ten said "Not Proven," and seventeen "有罪の." Oppianicus 苦しむd nothing worse than banishment, a banishment which did not 妨げる him from living in Italy, and even in the neighbourhood of Rome. The Romans, though they shed 血 like water in their civil 争い, were singularly lenient in their 罰s. Not long afterwards he died.

His 未亡人 saw in his death an 適切な時期 of gratifying the unnatural 憎悪 which she had long felt for her son Cluentius. She would 告発する／非難する him of 毒（薬）ing his step-father. Her first 試みる／企てる failed 完全に. She 支配するd three slaves to 拷問, one of them her own, another belonging to the younger Oppianicus, a third the 所有物／資産／財産 of the 内科医 who had …に出席するd the 死んだ in his last illness. But the cruelties and 拷問s だまし取るd no 自白 from the men. At last the friends whom she had 召喚するd to be 現在の at the 調査 compelled her to desist. Three years afterwards she 新たにするd the 試みる／企てる. She had taken one of the three 拷問d slaves into high favour, and had 設立するd him as a 内科医 at Larinum. The man committed an audacious 強盗 in his mistress' house, breaking open a chest and abstracting from it a 量 of silver coin and five 続けざまに猛撃するs 負わせる of gold. At the same time he 殺人d two of his fellow-slaves, and threw their 団体／死体s into the fish-pond. 疑惑 fell upon the 行方不明の slaves. But when the chest （機の）カム to be closely 診察するd, the 開始 was 設立する to be of a very curious 肉親，親類d. A friend remembered that he had lately seen の中で the miscellaneous articles at an auction a circular saw which would have made just such an 開始. It was 設立する that this saw had been bought by the 内科医. He was now 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with the 罪，犯罪. Thereupon a young lad who had been his 共犯者 （機の）カム 今後 and told the story. The 団体／死体s were 設立する in the fish-pond. The 有罪の slave was 拷問d. He 自白するd the 行為, and he also 自白するd, his mistress 宣言するd, that he had given 毒（薬） to Oppianicus at the instance of Cluentius. No 適切な時期 was given for その上の 調査. His 自白 made, the man was すぐに 遂行する／発効させるd. Under strong compulsion from his step-mother, the younger Oppianicus now took up the 事例／患者, and 起訴するd Cluentius for 殺人. The 証拠 was very weak, little or nothing beyond the very doubtful 自白 spoken of above; but then there was a very violent prejudice against the （刑事）被告. There had been a 疑惑—perhaps more than a 疑惑—of foul play in the 裁判，公判 which had ended in the 激しい非難 of Oppianicus. The 被告, men said, might have 試みる／企てるd to 賄賂 the 陪審／陪審員団, but the 原告／提訴人 had certainly done so. It would be a 罰金 thing if he were to be punished even by finding him 有罪の of a 罪，犯罪 which he had not committed.

In defending his （弁護士の）依頼人, Cicero relied as much upon the terrible 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 罪，犯罪s which had been 証明するd against the dead Oppianicus as upon anything else. Terrible indeed it was, as a few 見本／標本s from the 目録 will 証明する.

の中で the wealthier inhabitants of Larinum was a 確かな Din訛, a childless 未亡人. She had lost her eldest son in the Social War (the war carried on between Rome and her Italian 同盟（する）s), and had seen two others die of 病気. Her only daughter, who had been married to Oppianicus, was also dead. Now （機の）カム the 予期しない news that her eldest son was still alive. He had been sold into slavery, and was still working の中で a ギャング（団） of labourers on a farm in Gaul. The poor woman called her kinsfolk together and implored them to 請け負う the 仕事 of 回復するing him. At the same time she made a will, leaving the 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of her 所有物／資産／財産 to her daughter's son, the younger Oppianicus, but 供給するing for the 行方不明の man a 遺産／遺物 of between three and four thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. The 年上の Oppianicus was not 性質の／したい気がして to see so large a sum go out of the family. Din訛 fell ill, and he brought her his own 内科医. The 患者 辞退するd the man's services; they had been 致命的な, she said, to all her kinsfolk. Oppianicus then contrived to introduce to her a travelling quack from Ancona. He had 賄賂d the man with about seventeen 続けざまに猛撃するs of our money to 治める a deadly 麻薬. The 料金 was large, and the fellow was 推定する／予想するd to take some 苦痛s with the 商売／仕事; but he was in a hurry; he had many markets to visit; and he gave a 選び出す／独身 dose which there was no need to repeat.

一方／合間 Din訛's kinsfolk had sent two スパイ／執行官s to make 調査s for the 行方不明の son. But Oppianicus had been beforehand with them. He had 賄賂d the man who had brought the first news, had learnt where he was to be 設立する, and had 原因（となる）d him to be assassinated. The スパイ／執行官s wrote to their 雇用者s at Larinum, 説 that the 反対する of their search could not be 設立する, Oppianicus having undoubtedly tampered with the person from whom （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） was to be 得るd. This letter excited 広大な／多数の／重要な indignation at Larinum; and one of the family 公然と 宣言するd in the market-place that he should 持つ／拘留する Oppianicus (who happened to be 現在の) responsible if any 害（を与える） should be 設立する to have happened to the 行方不明の man. A few days afterwards the スパイ／執行官s themselves returned. They had 設立する the man, but he was dead. Oppianicus dared not 直面する the burst of 激怒（する） which this news excited, and fled from Larinum. But he was not at the end of his 資源s. The Civil War between Sulla and the party of Marius (for Marius himself was now dead) was 激怒（する）ing, and Oppianicus fled to the （軍の）野営地，陣営 of Metellus Pius, one of Sulla's 中尉／大尉／警部補s. There he 代表するd himself as one who had 苦しむd for the party. Metellus had himself fought in the Social War, and fought against the 味方する to which the 殺人d 囚人 belonged. It was therefore 平易な to 説得する him that the man had deserved his 運命／宿命, and that his friends were unworthy persons and dangerous to the 連邦／共和国. Oppianicus returned to Larinum with an 武装した 軍隊, 退位させる／宣誓証言するd the 治安判事s whom the towns-people had chosen, produced Sulla's 委任統治（領） for the 任命 of himself and three of his creatures in their stead, 同様に as for the 死刑執行 of four persons 特に obnoxious to him. These four were, the man who had 公然と 脅すd him, two of his kinsfolk, and one of the 器具s of his own villanies, whom he now 設立する it convenient to get out of the way.

The story of the 罪，犯罪s of Oppianicus, of which only a small part has been given, having been finished, Cicero 関係のある the true circumstances of his death. After his banishment he had wandered about for a while shunned by all his 知識s. Then he had taken up his ４半期/4分の1s in a farmhouse in the Falernian country. From these he was driven away by a quarrel with the 農業者, and 除去するd to a small 宿泊するing which he had 雇うd outside the 塀で囲むs of Rome. Not long afterwards he fell from his horse, and received a 厳しい 傷害 in his 味方する. His health was already weak, fever （機の）カム on, he was carried into the city and died after a few days' illness.

Besides the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of 毒（薬）ing Oppianicus there were others that had to be 簡潔に dealt with. One only of these needs to be について言及するd. Cluentius, it was said, had put 毒（薬） into a cup of honey ワイン, with the 意向 of giving it to the younger Oppianicus. The occasion, it was 許すd, was the young man's wedding-breakfast, to which, as was the custom at Larinum, a large company had been 招待するd. The 検察官，検事 断言するd that one of the bridegroom's friends had 迎撃するd the cup on its way, drunk off its contents, and 即時に 満了する／死ぬd. The answer to this was 完全にする. The young man had not 即時に 満了する／死ぬd. On the contrary, he had died after an illness of several days, and this illness had had a different 原因（となる）. He was already out of health when he （機の）カム to the breakfast, and he had made himself worse by eating and drinking too 自由に, "as," says the orator, "young men will do." He then called a 証言，証人／目撃する to whom no one could 反対する, the father of the 死んだ. "The least 疑惑 of the 犯罪 of Cluentius would have brought him as a 証言，証人／目撃する against him. Instead of doing this he gives him his support. Read," said Cicero to the clerk, "read his 証拠. And you, sir," turning to the father, "stand up a while, if you please, and 服従させる／提出する to the 苦痛 of 審理，公聴会 what I am 強いるd to relate. I will say no more about the 事例／患者. Your 行為／行う has been admirable; you would not 許す your own 悲しみ to 伴う／関わる an innocent man in the deplorable calamity of a 誤った 告訴，告発."

Then （機の）カム the story of the cruel and shameful 陰謀（を企てる） which the mother had contrived against her son. Nothing would content this wicked woman but that she must herself 旅行 to Rome to give all the help that she could to the 起訴. "And what a 旅行 this was!" cried Cicero. "I live 近づく some of the towns 近づく which she passed, and I have heard from many 証言，証人／目撃するs what happened. 広大な （人が）群がるs （機の）カム to see her. Men, aye, and women too, groaned aloud as she passed by. Groaned at what? Why, that from the distant town of Larinum, from the very shore of the Upper Sea, a woman was coming with a 広大な／多数の／重要な retinue and 激しい money-捕らえる、獲得するs, coming with the 選び出す／独身 反対する of bringing about the 廃虚 of a son who was 存在 tried for his life. In all those （人が）群がるs there was not a man who did not think that every 位置／汚点／見つけ出す on which she 始める，決める her foot needed to be purified, that the very earth, which is the mother of us all, was defiled by the presence of a mother so abominably wicked. There was not a 選び出す／独身 town in which she was 許すd to stay; there was not an inn of all the many upon that road where the host did not shun the contagion of her presence. And indeed she preferred to 信用 herself to 孤独 and to 不明瞭 rather than to any city or hostelry. And now," said Cicero, turning to the woman, who was probably sitting in 法廷，裁判所, "does she think that we do not all know her 計画／陰謀s, her intrigues, her 目的s from day to day? Truly we know 正確に／まさに to whom she has gone, to whom she has 約束d money, whose 正直さ she has endeavoured to corrupt with her 賄賂s. Nay, more: we have heard all about the things which she supposes to be a secret, her nightly sacrifice, her wicked 祈りs, her abominable 公約するs."

He then turned to the son, whom he would have the 陪審／陪審員団 believe was as admirable as the mother was vile. He had certainly brought together a wonderful array of 証言，証人／目撃するs to character. From Larinum every grown-up man that had the strength to make the 旅行 had come to Rome to support their fellow-townsman. The town was left to the care of women and children. With these 証言，証人／目撃するs had come, bringing a 決意／決議 of the 地元の 上院 十分な of the 賞賛するs of the （刑事）被告, a deputation of the 上院議員s. Cicero turned to the deputation and begged them to stand up while the 決意／決議 was 存在 read. They stood up and burst into 涙／ほころびs, which indeed are much more ありふれた の中で the people of the south than の中で us, and of which no one sees any 推論する／理由 to be ashamed. "You see these 涙／ほころびs, gentlemen," cried the orator to the 陪審／陪審員団. "You may be sure, from seeing them, that every member of the 上院 was in 涙／ほころびs also when they passed this 決意／決議." Nor was it only Larinum, but all the 長，指導者 Samnite towns that had sent their most 尊敬（する）・点d 国民s to give their 証拠 for Cluentius. "Few," said Cicero, "I think, are loved by me as much as he is loved by all these friends."

Cluentius was acquitted. Cicero is said to have 誇るd afterwards that he had blinded the 注目する，もくろむs of the 陪審／陪審員団. Probably his （弁護士の）依頼人 had 賄賂d the 陪審／陪審員団 in the 裁判，公判 of his step-father. That was certainly the ありふれた belief, which indeed went so far as to 直す／買収する，八百長をする the 正確な sum which he paid. "How many miles is your farm from Rome?" was asked of one of the 証言，証人／目撃するs at a 裁判，公判 connected with the 事例／患者. "いっそう少なく than fifty-three," he replied. "正確に／まさに the sum," was the general cry from the 観客s. The point of the joke is in the fact that the same word stood in Latin for the thousand paces which made a mile and the thousand coins by which sums of money were 一般的に reckoned. Oppianicus had paid forty thousand for an 無罪放免, and Cluentius outbid him with fifty thousand ("いっそう少なく than fifty-three") to 安全な・保証する a 判決 of 有罪の. But whatever we may think of the 犯罪 or innocence of Cluentius, there can be no 疑問 that the 原因（となる） in which Cicero defended him was one of the most 利益／興味ing ever tried in Rome.

COUNTRY LIFE

A ROMAN of even 穏健な wealth—for Cicero was far from 存在 one of the richest men of his time—一般的に 所有するd more country-houses than belong even to the wealthiest of English nobles. One such house at least Cicero 相続するd from his father. It was about three miles from Arpinum, a little town in that hill country of the Sabines which was the proverbial seat of a temperate and frugal race, and which Cicero 述べるs in Homeric phrase as

"Rough but a kindly nurse of men."

In his grandfather's time it had been a plain farmhouse, of the 肉親，親類d that had 満足させるd the simpler manners of former days—the days when 領事s and 独裁者s were content, their time of office ended, to plough their own fields and 得る their own 収穫s. Cicero was born within its 塀で囲むs, for the 原始の fashion of family life still 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd, and the married son continued to live in his father's house. After the old man's death, when the old- fashioned frugality gave way to a more sumptuous manner of life, the house was 大いに 大きくするd, one of the 新規加入s 存在 a library, a room of which the grandfather, who thought that his 同時代のs were like Syrian slaves, "the more Greek they knew the greater knaves they were," had never felt the want; but in which his son, 特に in his later days, spent most of his time. The garden and grounds were 特に delightful, the most charming 位置／汚点／見つけ出す of all 存在 an island formed by the little stream Fibrenus. A description put into the mouth of Quintus, the younger son of the house, thus 描写するs it: "I have never seen a more pleasant 位置／汚点／見つけ出す. Fibrenus here divides his stream into two of equal size, and so washes either 味方する. Flowing 速く by he joins his waters again, having compassed just as much ground as makes a convenient place for our literary discussions. This done he hurries on, just as if the 供給するing of such a 位置／汚点／見つけ出す had been his only office and 機能（する）／行事, to 落ちる into the Liris. Then, like one 可決する・採択するd into a noble family, he loses his own obscurer 指名する. The Liris indeed he makes much colder. A colder stream than this indeed I never touched, though I have seen many. I can 不十分な 耐える to 下落する my foot in it. You remember how Plato makes Socrates 下落する his foot in Ilissus." Atticus too is loud in his 賞賛するs. "This, you know, is my first time of coming here, and I feel that I cannot admire it enough. As to the splendid 郊外住宅s which one often sees, with their marble pavements and gilded 天井s, I despise them. And their water- courses, to which they give the 罰金 指名するs of Nile or Euripus, who would not laugh at them when he sees your streams? When we want 残り／休憩（する） and delight for the mind it is to nature that we must come. Once I used to wonder—for I never thought that there was anything but 激しく揺するs and hills in the place—that you took such 楽しみ in the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す. But now I marvel that when you are away from Rome you care to be anywhere but here." "井戸／弁護士席," replied Cicero, "when I get away from town for several days at a time, I do prefer this place; but this I can seldom do. And indeed I love it, not only because it is so pleasant, so healthy a 訴える手段／行楽地, but also because it is my native land, 地雷 and my father's too, and because I live here の中で the 協会s of those that have gone before me."

Other homes he 購入（する）d at さまざまな times of his life, as his means permitted. The 状況／情勢 of one of them, at Formica 近づく Cape Caista, was 特に agreeable to him, for he loved the sea; it amused him as it had amused, he tells us, the noble friends, Scipio and L詬ius, before him, to 選ぶ up pebbles on the shore. But this part of the coast was a 流行の／上流の 訴える手段／行楽地. Chance 訪問者s were ありふれた; and there were many 隣人s, some of whom were far too 自由主義の of their visits. He 令状s to Atticus on one occasion from his Formian 郊外住宅: "As to composition, to which you are always has given up the idea of going to Rome because he wants to talk philosophy with me. And then, on the other 味方する, there is Sebosus, Catulus' friend, as you will remember. Now what am I to do? I would certainly be off to Arpinum if I did not 推定する／予想する to see you here." In the next letter he repeats the （民事の）告訴s: "Just as I am sitting 負かす／撃墜する to 令状 in comes our friend Sebosus. I had not time to give an inward groan, when Arrius says, 'Good morning.' And this is going away from Rome! I will certainly be off to

'My native hills, the cradle of my race.'"

Still, doubtless, there was a sweetness, the sweetness of 存在 famous and sought after, even in these annoyances. He never 中止するd to 支払う／賃金 時折の above the sea as would make a 著名な hill in England. Here had lived in an earlier 世代 Crassus, the orator after whose model the young Cicero had formed his own eloquence; and Catulus, who 株d with Marius the glory of saving Rome from the barbarians; and C誑ar, an 年上の kinsman of the 独裁者. Cicero's own house had belonged to Sulla, and its 塀で囲むs were adorned with frescoes of that 広大な／多数の／重要な 兵士's victories. For 隣人s he had the 豊富な Lucullus, and the still more 豊富な Crassus, one of the three who 支配するd Rome when it could no longer 支配する itself, and, for a time at least, Quintus, his brother. "This," he 令状s to his friend Atticus, "is the one 位置／汚点／見つけ出す in which I can get some 残り／休憩（する） from all my toils and troubles."

Though Cicero often speaks of this house of his, he nowhere 述べるs its general 手はず／準備. We shall probably be not far wrong if we borrow our idea of this from the letter in which the younger Pliny tells a friend about one of his own country seats.

"The 中庭 in 前線 is plain without 存在 mean. From this you pass into a small but cheerful space enclosed by colonnades in the 形態／調整 of the letter D. Between these there is a passage into an inner covered 法廷，裁判所, and out of this again into a handsome hall, which has on every 味方する 倍のing doors or windows 平等に large. On the left 手渡す of this hall lies a large 製図／抽選-room, and beyond that a second of a smaller size, which has one window to the rising and another to the setting sun. 隣接するing this is another room of a semicircular 形態／調整, the windows of which are so arranged as to get the sun all through the day: in the 塀で囲むs are bookcases 含む／封じ込めるing a collection of authors who cannot be read too often. Out of this is a bedroom which can be warmed with hot 空気／公表する. The 残り／休憩（する） of this 味方する of the house is appropriated to the use of the slaves and freedmen; yet most of the rooms are good enough to put my guests into. In the opposite wing is a most elegant bedroom, another which can be used both as bedroom and sitting-room, and a third which has an 賭け金-room of its own, and is so high as to be 冷静な／正味の in summer, and with 塀で囲むs so 厚い that it is warm in winter. Then comes the bath with its 冷静な／正味のing room, its hot room, and its dressing 議会. And not far from this again the tennis 法廷，裁判所, which gets the warmth of the afternoon sun, and a tower which 命令（する）s an 広範囲にわたる 見解（をとる） of the country 一連の会議、交渉／完成する. Then there is a granary and a 蓄える／店-room."

This was probably a larger 郊外住宅 than Cicero's, though it was itself smaller than another which Pliny 述べるs. We must make an allowance for the 増加する in wealth and 高級な which a century and a half had brought. Still we may get some idea from it of Cicero's country-house, one point of resemblance certainly 存在 that there was but one 床に打ち倒す.

What Cicero says about his "Tusculanum" 主として 言及するs to its furnishing and decoration, and is to be 設立する for the most part in his letters to Atticus. Atticus lived for many years in Athens and had therefore 適切な時期s of buying 作品 of art and 調書をとる／予約するs which did not 落ちる in the way of the busy lawyer and 政治家 of Rome. But the room which in Cicero's 注目する，もくろむs was 特に important was one which we may call the lecture-room, and he is delighted when his friend was able to procure some appropriate ornaments for it. "Your Hermathena," he 令状s (the Hermathena was a 合成物 statue, or rather a 二塁打 破産した／（警察が）手入れする upon a pedestal, with the 長，率いるs of Hermes and Athene, the Roman 水銀柱，温度計 and Minerva) "pleases me 大いに. It stands so prettily that the whole lecture-room looks like a votive chapel of the deity. I am 大いに 強いるd to you." He returns to the 支配する in another letter. Atticus had probably 購入（する）d for him another 破産した／（警察が）手入れする of the same 肉親，親類d. "What you 令状 about the Hermathena pleases me 大いに. It is a most appropriate ornament for my own little 'seat of learning.' Hermes is suitable everywhere, and Minerva is the special emblem of a lecture-room. I should be glad if you would, as you 示唆する, find as many more ornaments of the same 肉親，親類d for the place. As for the statues that you sent me before, I have not seen them. They are at my house at Formica, whither I am just now thinking of going. I shall 除去する them all to my place at Tusculum. If ever I shall find myself with more than enough for this I shall begin to ornament the other. Pray keep your 調書をとる／予約するs. Don't give up the hope that I may be able to make them 地雷. If I can only do this I shall be richer than Crassus." And, again, "If you can find any lecture-room ornaments do not neglect to 安全な・保証する them. My Tusculum house is so delightful to me that it is only when I get there that I seem to be 満足させるd with myself." In another letter we hear something about the prices. He has paid about one hundred and eighty 続けざまに猛撃するs for some statues from Megara which his friend had 購入（する）d for him. At the same time he thanks him by 予期 for some 破産した／（警察が）手入れするs of Hermes, in which the pedestals were of marble from Pentelicus, and the 長，率いるs of bronze. They had not come to 手渡す when he next 令状s: "I am looking for them," he says, "most anxiously;" and he again 勧めるs diligence in looking for such things. "You may 信用 the length of my purse. This is my special fancy." すぐに after Atticus has 設立する another 肉親，親類d of statue, 二塁打 破産した／（警察が）手入れするs of Hermes and Hercules, the god of strength; and Cicero is 緊急の to have them for his lecture-room. All the same he does not forget the 調書をとる／予約するs, for which he is keeping his 半端物s and ends of income, his "little vintages," as he calls them—かもしれない the money received from a small vineyard 大（公）使館員d to his 楽しみ- grounds. Of 調書をとる／予約するs, however, he had an ample 供給（する） の近くに at home, of which he could make as much use as he pleased, the splendid library which Lucullus had collected. "When I was at my house in Tusculum," he 令状s in one of his treatises, "happening to want to make use of some 調書をとる／予約するs in the library of the young Lucullus, I went to his 郊外住宅, to take them out myself, as my custom was. Coming there I 設立する Cato (Cato was the lad's uncle and 後見人), of whom, however, then I knew nothing, sitting in the library 絶対 surrounded with 調書をとる／予約するs of the Stoic writers on philosophy."

When Cicero was banished, the house at Tusculum 株d the 運命／宿命 of the 残り／休憩（する） of his 所有物／資産／財産. The building was destroyed. The furniture, and with it the 調書をとる／予約するs and 作品 of art so diligently collected, were stolen or sold. Cicero thought, and was probably 権利 in thinking, that the 上院 dealt very meanly with him when they 投票（する）d him something between four and five thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs as 補償（金） for his loss in this 尊敬（する）・点. For his house 回復するd, but we hear no more of collecting. He had lost heart for it, as men will when such a 災害 has happened to them. He was growing older too, and the times were growing more and more troublous. かもしれない money was not so plentiful with him as it had been in earlier days. But we have one noble monument of the man connected with the second of his two Tusculum houses. He makes it the scene of the "Discussions of Tusculum," one of the last of the treatises in the 令状ing of which he 設立する なぐさみ for 私的な and public 悲しみs. He 述べるs himself as 訴える手段／行楽地ing in the afternoon to his "学院," and there discussing how the wise man may rise superior to the 恐れる of death, to 苦痛 and to 悲しみ, how he may 支配する his passions, and find contentment in virtue alone. "If it seems," he says, summing up the first of these discussions, "if it seems the （疑いを）晴らす bidding of God that we should やめる this life [he seems to be speaking of 自殺, which appeared to a Roman to be, under 確かな circumstances, a laudable 行為／法令／行動する], let us obey 喜んで and thankfully. Let us consider that we are 存在 loosed from 刑務所，拘置所, and 解放（する）d from chains, that we may either find our way 支援する to a home that is at once everlasting and manifestly our own, or at least be やめる for ever of all sensation and trouble. If no such bidding come to us, let us at least 心にいだく such a temper that we may look on that day so dreadful to others as 十分な of blessing to us; and let us look on nothing that is ordered for us either by the everlasting gods or by nature, our ありふれた mother, as an evil. It is not by some 無作為の chance that we have been created. There is beyond all 疑問 some mighty 力／強力にする which watches over the race of man, which does not produce a creature whose doom it is, after having exhausted all other woes, to 落ちる at last into the unending woe of death. Rather let us believe that we have in death a 港／避難所 and 避難 用意が出来ている for us. I would that we might sail thither with wide-spread sails; if not, if contrary 勝利，勝つd shall blow us 支援する, still we must needs reach, though it may be somewhat late, the 港／避難所 where we would be. And as for the 運命／宿命 which is the 運命／宿命 of all, how can it be the unhappiness of one?"

A GREAT CONSPIRACY

SERGIUS CATILINE belonged to an 古代の family which had fallen into poverty. In the evil days of Sulla, when the nobles 回復するd the 力／強力にする which they had lost, and plundered and 殺人d their adversaries, he had shown himself as cruel and as wicked as any of his fellows. Like many others he had 満足させるd grudges of his own under pretence of serving his party, and had 現実に killed his brother-in-法律 with his own 手渡す. These evil 行為s and his 私的な character, which was of the very worst, did not 妨げる him from rising to high offices in the 明言する／公表する. He was made first 訶ile, then pr誥or, then 知事 of Africa, a 州 covering the 地域 which now 耐えるs the 指名するs of Tripoli and Tunis. At the end of his year of 政府 he returned to Rome, ーするつもりであるing to become a 候補者 for the consulship. In this he met with a 広大な／多数の／重要な 失望. He was 起訴するd for misgovernment in his 州, and as the 法律 did not 許す any one who had such a 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 hanging over him to stand for any public office, he was compelled to retire. But he soon 設立する, or fancied that he had 設立する, an 適切な時期 of 復讐ing himself. The two new 領事s were 設立する 有罪の of 贈収賄, and were compelled to 辞職する. One of them, enraged at his 不名誉, made ありふれた 原因（となる） with Catiline. A 陰謀（を企てる）, in which not a few powerful 国民s were afterwards 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd with more or いっそう少なく 推論する／理由 of having joined, was formed. It was arranged that the 領事s should be assassinated on the first day of the new year; the day, that is, on which they were to enter on their office. But a rumour of some 差し迫った danger got about; on the 任命するd day the new 領事s appeared with a 十分な 護衛する, and the conspirators agreed to 延期する the 死刑執行 of their 計画／陰謀 till an 早期に day in February. This time the secret was better kept, but the impatience of Catiline 妨げるd the 陰謀（を企てる） from 存在 carried out. It had been arranged that he should take his place in 前線 of the 上院-house, and give to the 雇うd 禁止（する）d of 暗殺者s the signal to begin. This signal he gave before the whole number was 組み立てる／集結するd. The few that were 現在の had not the courage to 行為／法令／行動する, and the 適切な時期 was lost.

The 裁判，公判 for misgovernment ended in an 無罪放免, 購入（する）d, it was said, by large 賄賂s given to the jurymen and even to the 検察官，検事, a 確かな Clodius, of whom we shall hear again, and shall find to have been not one whit better than Catiline himself. A second 裁判，公判, this time for misdeeds committed in the days of Sulla, ended in the same way. Catiline now 解決するd on に引き続いて another course of 活動／戦闘. He would （問題を）取り上げる the character of a friend of the people. He had the advantage of 存在 a noble, for men thought that he was honest when they saw him thus turn against his own order, and, as it seemed, against his own 利益／興味s. And indeed there was much that he could say, and say with perfect truth, against the nobles. They were corrupt and profligate beyond all 耐えるing. They sat on 陪審／陪審員団s and gave 誤った 判決s for money. They went out to 治める／統治する 州s, showed themselves horribly cruel and greedy, and then （機の）カム home to be acquitted by men who had done or hoped to do the very same things themselves. People listened to Catiline when he spoke against such doings, without remembering that he was just as bad himself. He had too just the 評判 for strength and courage that was likely to make him popular. He had never been a 兵士, but he was known to be very 勇敢に立ち向かう, and he had a remarkable 力／強力にする of 耐えるing 冷淡な and hunger and hardships of every 肉親，親類d. On the strength of the favour which he thus 伸び（る）d, he stood again for the consulship. In 予期 of 存在 elected, he gathered a number of men about him, 不成功の and discontented like himself, and 広げるd his 計画（する）s. All 負債s were to be wiped out, and 豊富な 国民s were to be put to death and their 所有物／資産／財産 to be divided. It was hoped that the 領事s at home, and two at least of the armies in the 州s, would support the movement. The first 失敗 was that Catiline was not elected 領事, Cicero 存在 chosen 全員一致で with Antonius, who had a small 大多数 over Catiline, for his 同僚. Enraged at his want of success, the latter now proceeded to greater lengths than ever. He 現実に raised 軍隊／機動隊s in さまざまな parts of Italy, but 特に in Etruria, which one Manlius, an old officer in Sulla's army, 命令（する）d. He then again became a 候補者 for the consulship, 解決するing first to get rid of Cicero, who, he 設立する, met and 妨害するd him at every turn. Happily for Rome these designs were discovered through the 証拠不十分 of one of his associates. This man told the secret to a lady, with whom he was in love, and the lady, 狼狽d at the boldness and wickedness of the 計画（する）, communicated all she knew to Cicero.

Not knowing that he was thus betrayed, Catiline 始める，決める about ridding himself of his 広大な／多数の／重要な antagonist. Nor did the 仕事 seem difficult. The hours both of 商売／仕事 and of 楽しみ in Rome were what we should think inconveniently 早期に. Thus a Roman noble or 政治家 would receive in the first hours of the morning the calls of 儀式 or friendship which it is our custom to 支払う／賃金 in the afternoon. It would いつかs happen that 早期に 訪問者s would find the 広大な／多数の／重要な man not yet risen. In these 事例／患者s he would often receive them in bed. This was probably the habit of Cicero, a courteous, kindly man, always anxious to be popular, and therefore 平易な of 接近. On this habit the conspirators counted. Two of their number, one of them a knight, the other a 上院議員, 現在のd themselves at his door すぐに after sunrise on the seventh of November. They reckoned on finding him, not in the 広大な／多数の／重要な hall of his mansion, surrounded by friends and dependants, but in his bed-議会. But the 領事 had received 警告 of their coming, and they were 辞退するd admittance. The next day he called a 会合 of the 上院 in the 寺 of Jupiter the Stayer, which was supposed to be the safest place where they could 組み立てる／集結する.

To this 会合 Catiline, a member in 権利 of having filled high offices of 明言する／公表する, himself 投機・賭けるd to come. A tall, stalwart man, manifestly of 広大な／多数の／重要な 力／強力にする of 団体／死体 and mind, but with a 直面する pale and wasted by 超過, and his 注目する，もくろむs haggard and bloodshot, he sat alone in the 中央 of a （人が）群がるd house. No man had 迎える／歓迎するd him when he entered, and when he took his place on the （法廷の）裁判s allotted to 上院議員s who had filled the office of 領事, all shrank from him. Then Cicero rose in his place. He turned 直接／まっすぐに and 演説（する）／住所d his adversary. "How long, Catiline," he cried, "will you 乱用 our patience?" How had he dared to come to that 会合? Was it not enough for him to know how all the city was on its guard against him; how his fellow-上院議員s shrank from him as men 縮む from a pestilence? If he was still alive, he 借りがあるd it to the forbearance of those against whom he plotted; and this forbearance would last so long, and so long only, as to 許す every one to be 納得させるd of his 犯罪. For the 現在の he was 苦しむd to live, but to live guarded and watched and incapable of mischief. Then the （衆議院の）議長 関係のある every 詳細（に述べる） of the 共謀. He knew not only everything that the 共犯者s had ーするつもりであるd to do, but the very days that had been 直す／買収する，八百長をするd for doing it. 圧倒するd by this knowledge of his 計画（する）s, Catiline scarcely 試みる／企てるd a defence. He said in a humble 発言する／表明する, "Do not think, Fathers, that I, a noble of Rome, I who have done myself, whose ancestors have done, much good to this city, wish to see it in 廃虚s, while this 領事, a mere lodger in the place, would save it." He would have said more, but the whole 議会 burst into cries of "反逆者! 反逆者!" and 溺死するd his 発言する／表明する. "My enemies," he cried, "are 運動ing me to 破壊. But look! if you 始める，決める my house on 解雇する／砲火／射撃, I will put it out with a general 廃虚." And he 急ぐd out of the 上院. Nothing, he saw, could be done in Rome; every point was guarded against him. Late that same night he left the city, committing the 管理／経営 of 事件／事情／状勢s to Cethegus and Lentulus, and 約束ing to return before long with an army at his 支援する. 停止（させる）ing awhile on his road, he wrote letters to some of the 長，指導者 上院議員s, in which he 宣言するd that for the sake of the public peace he should give up the struggle with his enemies and 静かに retire to Marseilles. What he really did was to make his way to the （軍の）野営地，陣営 of Manlius, where he assumed the usual 明言する／公表する of a 正規の／正選手 軍の 命令（する）. The 上院, on 審理，公聴会 of these doings, 宣言するd him to be an 無法者. The 領事s were to raise an army; Antonius was to march against the enemy, and Cicero to 保護する the city.

一方／合間 the conspirators left behind in Rome had been busy. One of the tribes of Gaul had sent 副s to the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 to 得る 是正する for 傷害s of which they complained. The men had 影響d little or nothing. The 上院 neglected them. The help of 公式の／役人s could only be 購入（する）d by 激しい 賄賂s. They were now ひどく in 負債 both on their own account and on account of their 明言する／公表する, and Lentulus conceived the idea of taking advantage of their needs. One of his freedmen, who had been a 仲買人 in Gaul, could speak the language, and knew several of the 副s, opened 交渉s with them by his patron's 願望（する）. They told him the tale of their wrongs. They could see, they said, no way out of their difficulties. "Behave like men," he answered, "and I will show you a way." He then 明らかにする／漏らすd to them the 存在 of the 共謀, explained its 反対するs, and 大きくするd upon the hopes of success. While he and his friends were busy at Rome, they were to return to Gaul and rouse their fellow-tribesmen to 反乱.

There was something tempting in the 申し込む／申し出, and the 副s 疑問d long whether they should not 受託する it. In the end prudence 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd. To join the 共謀 and to 反逆者／反逆する would be to run a terrible 危険 for very doubtful advantages. On the other 手渡す they might make sure of a 迅速な reward by telling all they knew to the 当局. This was the course on which they 解決するd, and they went without loss of time to a Roman noble who was the hereditary "patron" of their tribe. The patron in his turn communicated the 知能 to Cicero. Cicero's 指示／教授／教育s were that the 副s should pretend to agree to the 提案s which had been made to them, and should ask for a written 協定 which they might show to their countrymen at home. An 協定 was drawn up, 調印するd by Lentulus and two of his fellow-conspirators, and 手渡すd over to the Gauls, who now made 準備s to return to their country. Cicero himself tells us in the speech which he 配達するd next day in the 会議 the story of what followed.

"I 召喚するd to my presence two of the pr誥ors on whose courage I knew I could rely, put the whole 事柄 before them, and 広げるd my own 計画（する）s. As it grew dusk they made their way unobserved to the Mulvian 橋（渡しをする）, and 地位，任命するd themselves with their attendants (they had some trusty 信奉者s of their own, and I had sent a number of 選ぶd swordsmen from my own 団体／死体-guard) in two 分割s in houses on either 味方する of the 橋（渡しをする）. About two o'clock in the morning the Gauls and their train, which was very 非常に／多数の, began to cross the 橋（渡しをする）. Our men 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d them; swords were drawn on both 味方するs; but before any 血 was shed the pr誥ors appeared on the scene, and all was 静かな. The Gauls 手渡すd over to them the letters which they had upon them with their 調印（する）s 無傷の. These and the 副s themselves were brought to my house. The day was now beginning to 夜明け. すぐに I sent for the four men whom I knew to be the 主要な／長／主犯 conspirators. They （機の）カム 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うing nothing, Lentulus, who had been up late the night before 令状ing the letters, 存在 the last to 現在の himself. Some distinguished persons who had 組み立てる／集結するd at my house wished me to open the letters before laying them before the 上院. If their contents were not what I 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd I should be 非難するd for having given a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of trouble to no 目的. I 辞退するd in so important a 事柄 to 行為／法令／行動する on my own 責任／義務. No one, I was sure, would 告発する／非難する me of 存在 too careful when the safety of Rome was at 火刑／賭ける. I called a 会合 of the 上院, and took care that the 出席 should be very large. 一方／合間, at the suggestion of the Gauls, I sent a pr誥or to the house of Cethegus to 掴む all the 武器s that he could find. He brought away a 広大な／多数の／重要な number of daggers and swords.

"The 上院 存在 now 組み立てる／集結するd, I brought Vulturcius, one of the conspirators, into the House, 約束d him a public 容赦, and bade him tell all he knew without 恐れる. As soon as the man could speak, for he was terribly 脅すd, he said, 'I was taking a letter and a message from Lentulus to Catiline. Catiline was 教えるd to bring his 軍隊s up to the 塀で囲むs of the city. They 一方／合間 would 始める，決める it on 解雇する／砲火／射撃 in さまざまな ４半期/4分の1s, as had been arranged, and begin a general 大虐殺. He was to 迎撃する the 逃亡者／はかないものs, and thus 影響 a junction with his friends within the 塀で囲むs.' I next brought the Gauls into the House. Their story was as follows. 'Lentulus and two of his companions gave us letters to our nation. We were 教えるd to send our cavalry into Italy with all 速度(を上げる）. They would find a 軍隊 of infantry. Lentulus told us how he had learnt from Sibylline 調書をとる／予約するs that he was that "third Cornelius" who was the 運命／宿命d 支配者 of Rome. The two that had gone before him were Cicero and Sulla. The year too was the one which was 運命にあるd to see the 廃虚 of the city, for it was the tenth after the 無罪放免 of the Vestal Virgins, the twentieth after the 燃やすing of the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂. After this Cethegus and the others had a 論争 about the time for setting the city on 解雇する／砲火／射撃. Lentulus and others wished to have it done on the feast of Saturn (December 17th). Cethegus thought that this was putting it off too long. 'I then had the letter brought in. First I showed Cethegus his 調印（する）. He 定評のある it. I 削減（する） the string. I read the letter. It was written in his own handwriting and was to this 影響; he 保証するd the 上院 and people of the Gauls that he would do what he had 約束d to their 副s, and begged them on the other 手渡す to 成し遂げる what their 副s had undertaken. Cethegus, who had accounted for the 武器s 設立する in his house by 宣言するing that he had always been a connoisseur in such things, was 圧倒するd by 審理，公聴会 his letter read, and said nothing.

"Manlius next 定評のある his 調印（する） and handwriting. A letter from him much to the same 影響 was read. He 自白するd his 犯罪. I then showed Lentulus his letter, and asked him, 'Do you 認める the 調印（する）?' 'I do,' he answered. 'Yes,' said I, 'it is a 井戸／弁護士席-known 装置, the likeness of a 広大な／多数の／重要な 愛国者, your grandfather. The mere sight of it せねばならない have kept you from such a 罪，犯罪 as this.' His letter was then read. I then asked him whether he had any explanation to give. 'I have nothing to say,' was his first answer. After a while he rose and put some questions to the Gauls. They answered him without any hesitation, and asked him in reply whether he had not spoken to them about the Sibylline 調書をとる／予約するs. What followed was the strangest proof of the 力／強力にする of 良心. He might have 否定するd everything, but he did what no one 推定する／予想するd, he 自白するd; all his abilities, all his 力／強力にする of speech 砂漠d him. Vulturcius then begged that the letter which he was carrying from Lentulus to Catiline should be brought in and opened. Lentulus was 大いに agitated; still he 定評のある the 調印（する） and the handwriting to be his. The letter, which was unsigned, was in these words: You will know who I am by the messenger whom I send to you. 耐える yourself as a man. Think of the position in which you now are, and consider what you must now do. Collect all the help you can, even though it be of the meanest 肉親，親類d. In a word, the 事例／患者 was made out against them all not only by the 調印（する）s, the letters, the handwritings, but by the 直面するs of the men, their downcast look, their silence. Their 混乱, their stealthy looks at each other were enough, if there had been no other proof, to 罪人／有罪を宣告する them."

Lentulus was compelled to 辞職する his office of pr誥or. He and the other conspirators were 手渡すd over to 確かな of the 長，指導者 国民s, who were bound to keep them in 安全な 保護／拘留 and to produce them when they were called for.

The lower orders of the 資本／首都, to whom Catiline and his companions had made 自由主義の 約束s, and who regarded his 計画（する）s, or what were supposed to be his 計画（する）s, with かなりの favour, were 大いに moved by Cicero's account of what had been discovered. No one could 推定する／予想する to 利益（をあげる） by conflagration and 大虐殺; and they were 性質の／したい気がして to take 味方するs with the party of order. Still there were elements of danger, as there always are in 広大な／多数の／重要な cities. It was known that a 決定するd 成果／努力 would be made by the （弁護士の）依頼人s of Lentulus, whose family was one of the noblest and wealthiest in Rome, to 救助（する） him from 保護／拘留. At the same time several of the most powerful nobles were 堅固に 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd of favouring the revolutionists. Crassus, in particular, the wealthiest man in Rome, was 率直に 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with complicity. A 確かな Tarquinius was brought before the 上院, having been, it was said, 逮捕（する）d when 現実に on his way to Catiline. 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d to tell all he knew, he gave the same account as had been given by other 証言，証人／目撃するs of the 準備s for 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and 大虐殺, and 追加するd that he was the 持参人払いの of a special message from Crassus to Catiline, to the 影響 that he was not to be alarmed by the 逮捕（する） of Lentulus and the others; only he must march upon the city without 延期する, and so 救助（する） the 囚人s and 回復する the courage of those who were still 捕まらないで. The 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 seemed incredible to most of those who heard it. Crassus had too much at 火刑／賭ける to 危険 himself in such perilous 投機・賭けるs. Those who believed it were afraid to 圧力（をかける） it against so powerful a 国民; and there were many who were under too 広大な／多数の／重要な 義務s to the （刑事）被告 to 許す it, whatever its truth or falsehood, to be 主張するd upon. The 上院 解決するd that the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 was 誤った, and that its author should be kept in 保護／拘留 till he 公表する／暴露するd at whose suggestion he had come 今後. Crassus himself believed that the 領事 had himself contrived the whole 商売／仕事, with the 反対する of making it impossible for him to take the part of the （刑事）被告. "He complained to me," says Sallust the historian, "of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 侮辱 which had thus been put upon him by Cicero."

Under these circumstances Cicero 決定するd to 行為／法令／行動する with vigour. On the fifth of December he called a 会合 of the 上院, and put it to the House what should be done with the 囚人s in 保護／拘留. The 領事 elect gave his opinion that they should be put to death. C誑ar, when his turn （機の）カム to speak, rose and 演説（する）／住所d the 上院. He did not 捜し出す to defend the （刑事）被告. They deserved any 罰. Because that was so, let them be dealt with によれば 法律. And the 法律 was that no Roman 国民 could 苦しむ death except by a general 法令 of the people. If any other course should be taken, men would afterwards remember not their 罪，犯罪s but the severity with which they had been 扱う／治療するd. Cato followed, giving his 発言する／表明する for the 罰 of death; and Cicero took the same 味方する. The 上院, without dividing, 投票（する）d that the 囚人s were 反逆者s, and must 支払う／賃金 the usual 刑罰，罰則.

The 領事 still 恐れるd that a 救助（する） might be 試みる／企てるd. He directed the 公式の／役人s to make all necessary 準備s, and himself 行為／行うd Lentulus to 刑務所，拘置所, the other 犯罪のs 存在 put into the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the pr誥ors. The 刑務所，拘置所 itself was 堅固に guarded. In this building, which was 据えるd under the eastern 味方する of the Capitoline Hill, was a 炭坑，オーケストラ席 twelve feet 深い, said to have been 建設するd by King Tullius. It had 石／投石する 塀で囲むs and a 丸天井d 石／投石する roof; it was やめる dark, and the stench and filth of the place were hideous. Lentulus was hurried into this noisome den, where the executioners strangled him. His 共犯者s 苦しむd the same 運命／宿命. The 領事 was 護衛するd to his house by an enthusiastic （人が）群がる. When he was asked how it had fared with the 非難するd, he answered with the 重要な words "THEY HAVE LIVED."

The 長，指導者 conspirator died in a いっそう少なく ignoble fashion. He had contrived to collect about twelve thousand men; but only a fourth part of these were 定期的に 武装した; the 残り／休憩（する） carried 追跡（する）ing spears, pikes, sharpened 火刑／賭けるs, any 武器 that （機の）カム to 手渡す. At first he 避けるd an 約束／交戦, hoping to hear news of something 遂行するd for his 原因（となる） by the friends whom he had left behind him in Rome. When the news of what had happened on the fifth of December reached him, he saw that his position was desperate. Many who had joined the 階級s took the first 適切な時期 of 砂漠ing; with those that remained faithful he made a hurried march to the north-west, hoping to make his way across the Apennines into Hither Gaul. But he 設立する a 軍隊 ready to 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 his way, while Antonius, with the army from Rome, was 圧力（をかける）ing him from the south. Nothing remained for him but to give 戦う／戦い. 早期に in the year 62 B.C. the armies met. The 反逆者／反逆する leader showed himself that day at his best. No 兵士 could have been braver, no general more skilful. But the 軍隊s arrayed against him were overpowering. When he saw that all was lost, he 急ぐd into the thickest of the fight, and fell pierced with 負傷させるs. He was 設立する afterwards far in 前進する of his men, still breathing and with the same haughty 表現 on his 直面する which had distinguished him in life. And such was the contagious 軍隊 of his example that not a 選び出す／独身 解放する／自由な man of all his 信奉者s was taken alive either in the 戦う／戦い or in the 追跡 that followed it. Such was the end of a GREAT CONSPIRACY.

CﾆSAR

Julius Caesar.

AT eight-and-twenty, C誑ar, who not thirty years later was to die master of Rome, was 主として known as a fop and a spendthrift. "In all his 計画／陰謀s and all his 政策," said Cicero, "I discern the temper of a tyrant; but then when I see how carefully his hair is arranged, how delicately with a 選び出す／独身 finger he scratches his 長，率いる, I cannot conceive him likely to entertain so monstrous a design as 倒すing the liberties of Rome." As for his 負債s they were enormous. He had contrived to spend his own fortune and the fortune of his wife; and he was more than three hundred thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs in 負債. This was before he had held any public office; and office, when he （機の）カム to 持つ／拘留する it, certainly did not 改善する his position. He was 任命するd one of the 後見人s of the Appian Way (the 広大な／多数の／重要な road that led south-区 from Rome, and was the 大勝する for travellers to Greece and the East). He spent a 広大な／多数の／重要な sum of money in 修理s. His next office of 訶ile was still more expensive. Expensive it always was, for the 訶ile, besides keeping the 寺s and other public buildings in 修理 (the special 商売／仕事 示す by his 指名する), had the 管理／経営 of the public games. An allowance was made to him for his expenses from the 財務省, but he was 推定する／予想するd, just as the Lord 市長 of London is 推定する／予想するd, to spend a good 取引，協定 of his own money. C誑ar far outdid all his 前任者s. At one of the shows which he 展示（する）d, three hundred and twenty pairs of gladiators fought in the 円形競技場; and a gladiator, with his armour and 武器s, and the long training which he had to を受ける before he could fight in public, was a very expensive slave. The six hundred and forty would cost, first and last, not いっそう少なく than a hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs apiece, and many of them, perhaps a third of the whole number, would be killed in the course of the day. Nor was he content with the expenses which were more or いっそう少なく necessary. He 展示（する）d a 広大な／多数の／重要な show of wild beasts in memory of his father, who had died nearly twenty years before. The whole furniture of the theatre, 負かす／撃墜する to the very 行う／開催する／段階, was made on this occasion of solid silver.

For all this seeming folly, there were those who discerned thoughts and designs of no ありふれた 肉親，親類d. Extravagant 支出 was of course an usual way of winning popular favours. A Roman noble bought office after office till he reached one that する権利を与えるd him to be sent to 治める／統治する a 州. In the plunder of the 州 he 推定する／予想するd to find what would 返す him all that he had spent and leave a handsome sum remaining. C誑ar looked to this end, but he looked also to something more. He would be the 支持する／優勝者 of the people, and the people would make him the greatest man at Rome. This had been the part played by Marius before him; and he 決定するd to play it again. The 指名する of Marius had been in ill repute since the victory of his 広大な／多数の／重要な 競争相手, Sulla, and C誑ar 決定するd to 回復する it to honour. He 原因（となる）d statues of this 広大な／多数の／重要な man to be 内密に made, on which were inscribed the 指名するs of the victories by which he had 配達するd Rome from the barbarians. On the morning of the show these were seen, splendid with gilding, upon the 高さ of the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂. The first feeling was a general astonishment at the young 治安判事's audacity. Then the populace broke out into 表現s of enthusiastic delight; many even wept for joy to see again the likeness of their old favourite; all 宣言するd that C誑ar was his worthy 後継者. The nobles were filled with 怒り／怒る and 恐れる. Catulus, who was their leader, （刑事）被告 C誑ar in the 上院. "This man," he said, "is no longer digging 地雷s against his country, he is bringing 乱打するing-押し通すs against it." The 上院, however, was afraid or unwilling to 行為／法令／行動する. As for the people, it soon gave the young man a remarkable proof of its favour. What may be called the High 聖職者 became 空いている. It was an honour 一般的に given to some 老年の man who had won victories abroad and borne high honours at home. Such competitors there were on this occasion, Catulus 存在 one of them. But C誑ar, though far below the age at which such offices were 一般的に held, 決定するd to enter the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s. He 辞退するd the 激しい 賄賂 by which Catulus sought to induce him to 身を引く from the contest, 説 that he would raise a greater sum to bring it to a successful end. Indeed, he 火刑／賭けるd all on the struggle. When on the day of 選挙 he was leaving his house, his mother followed him to the door with 涙／ほころびs in her 注目する，もくろむs. He turned and kissed her. "Mother," he said, "to-day you will see your son either High Priest or an 追放する."

The fact was that C誑ar had always shown 調印するs of courage and ambition, and had always been 確信して of his 未来 greatness. Now that his position in the country was 保証するd men began to remember these stories of his 青年. In the days when Sulla was master of Rome, C誑ar had been one of the very few who had 投機・賭けるd to resist the 広大な／多数の／重要な man's will. Marius, the leader of the party, was his uncle, and he had himself married the daughter of Cunia, another of the popular leaders. This wife Sulla ordered him to 離婚, but he きっぱりと 辞退するd. For some time his life was in danger; but Sulla was induced to spare it, 発言／述べるing, however, to friends who interceded for him, on the ground that he was still but a boy, "You have not a 穀物 of sense, if you do not see that in this boy there is the 構成要素 for many Mariuses." The young C誑ar 設立する it safer to leave Italy for a time. While travelling in the neighbourhood of Asia Minor he fell into the 手渡すs of the 著作権侵害者s, who were at that time the terror of all the Eastern Mediterranean. His first 訴訟／進行 was to ask them how much they 手配中の，お尋ね者 for his 身代金. "Twenty talents" (about five thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs) was their answer. "What folly!" he said, "you don't know whom you have got 持つ／拘留する of. You shall have fifty." Messengers were sent to fetch the money, and C誑ar, who was left with a friend and a couple of slaves, made the best of the 状況／情勢. If he 手配中の，お尋ね者 to go to sleep he would send a message 命令（する）ing his captors to be silent. He joined their sports, read poems and speeches to them, and roundly 乱用d them as ignorant barbarians if they failed to applaud. But his most telling joke was 脅すing to hang them. The men laughed at the 解放する／自由な-spoken lad, but were not long in finding that he was in most serious earnest. In about five weeks' time the money arrived and C誑ar was 解放（する）d. He すぐに went to Miletus, equipped a 騎兵大隊, and returning to the scene of his 捕らわれた, 設立する and 逮捕（する）d the greater part of the 禁止（する）d. Leaving his 囚人s in 安全な 保護／拘留 at Pergamus, he made his way to the 知事 of the 州, who had in his 手渡すs the 力／強力にする of life and death. But the 知事, after the manner of his 肉親，親類d, had 見解（をとる）s of his own. The 著作権侵害者s were rich and could afford to 支払う／賃金 handsomely for their lives. He would consider the 事例／患者, he said. This was not at all to C誑ar's mind. He 急いでd 支援する to Pergamus, and, taking the 法律 into his own 手渡すs, crucified all the 囚人s.

This was the 冷静な／正味の and resolute man in whom the people saw their best friend and the nobles their worst enemy. These last seemed to see a chance of 廃虚ing him when the 共謀 of Catiline was discovered and 鎮圧するd. He was （刑事）被告, 特に by Cato, of having been an 共犯者; and when he left the 上院 after the 審議 in which he had argued against putting the 逮捕（する）d conspirators to death, he was 襲う by the gentlemen who formed Cicero's 団体／死体- guard, and was even in danger of his life. But the formal 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 was never 圧力（をかける）d; indeed it was manifestly 誤った, for C誑ar was too sure of the favour of the people to have need of conspiring to 勝利，勝つ it. The next year he was made pr誥or, and after his 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of office was ended, 知事 of その上の Spain. The old trouble of 負債 still 圧力（をかける）d upon him, and he could not leave Rome till he had 満足させるd the most 圧力（をかける）ing of his creditors. This he did by help of Crassus, the richest man in Rome, who stood 安全 for nearly two hundred thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. To this time belong two anecdotes which, whether true or no, are curiously characteristic of his character. He was passing, on the way to his 州, a town that had a 特に mean and poverty-stricken look. One of his companions 発言／述べるd, "I dare say there are struggles for office even here, and jealousies and parties." "Yes," said C誑ar; "and indeed, for myself, I would sooner be the first man here than the second in Rome." Arrived at his 旅行's end, he took the 適切な時期 of a leisure hour to read the life of Alexander. He sat awhile lost in thought, then burst into 涙／ほころびs. His friends 問い合わせd the 原因（となる）. "The 原因（となる）?" he replied. "Is it not 原因（となる） enough that at my age Alexander had 征服する／打ち勝つd half the world, while I have done nothing?" Something, however, he contrived to do in Spain. He 延長するd the dominion of Rome as far as the 大西洋, settled the 事件／事情／状勢s of the 地方のs to their satisfaction, and contrived at the same time to make money enough to 支払う／賃金 his 負債s. Returning to Rome when his year of 命令（する） was ended, he 設立する himself in a difficulty. He wished to have the honour of a 勝利 (a 勝利 was a 行列 in which a 勝利を得た general 棒 in a chariot to the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂, に先行するd and followed by the spoils and 囚人s taken in his （選挙などの）運動をするs), and he also wished to become a 候補者 for the consulship. But a general who 願望（する）d a 勝利 had to wait outside the gates of the city till it was 投票（する）d to him, while a 候補者 for the consulship must lose no time in beginning to canvass the people. C誑ar, having to make his choice between the two, preferred 力／強力にする to show. He stood for the consulship, and was triumphantly elected.

Once 領事 he made that famous 連合 which is 一般的に called the First Triumvirate. Pompey was the most famous 兵士 of the day, and Crassus, as has been said before, the richest man. These two had been enemies, and C誑ar reconciled them; and then the three together agreed to divide 力／強力にする and the prizes of 力／強力にする between them. C誑ar would have willingly made Cicero a fourth, but he 辞退するd, not, perhaps, without some hesitation. He did more; he 投機・賭けるd to say some things which were not more agreeable because they were true of the new 明言する／公表する of things. This the three masters of Rome were not willing to 耐える, and they 決定するd that this troublesome orator should be put out of the way. They had a ready means of doing it. A 確かな Clodius, of whom we shall hear more hereafter, felt a very bitter 憎悪 against Cicero, and by way of putting himself in a position to 負傷させる him, and to 達成する other 反対するs of his own, sought to be made tribune. But there was a 広大な／多数の／重要な 障害 in the way. The tribunes were tribunes of the plebs, that is, of the ありふれたs, whose 利益／興味s they were supposed 特に to 保護する; while Clodius was a noble—indeed, a noble of nobles—belonging as he did to that 広大な／多数の／重要な Claudian House which was one of the oldest and proudest of Roman families. The only thing to be done was to be 可決する・採択するd by some plebeian. But here, again, there were difficulties. The 法律 供給するd that an 採択 should be real, that the adopter should be childless and old enough to be the father of his 可決する・採択するd son. The 同意 of the priests was also necessary. This 同意 was never asked, and indeed never could have been given, for the father was a married man, had children of his own, and was not いっそう少なく than fifteen years younger than his new son. Indeed the 法案 for making the 採択 合法的な had been before the people for more than a year without making any 進歩. The Three now took it up to punish Cicero for his presumption in …に反対するing them; and under its new promoters it was passed in a 選び出す／独身 day, 存在 提案するd at noon and made 法律 by three o'clock in the afternoon. What mischief Clodius was thus enabled to work against Cicero we shall hear in the next 一時期／支部 but one.

His consulship ended, C誑ar received a 相当な prize for his services, the 政府 of the 州 of Gaul for five years. Before he left Italy to （問題を）取り上げる his 命令（する）, he had the satisfaction of seeing Cicero driven into banishment. That done, he crossed the アルプス山脈. The next nine years (for his 政府 was 長引かせるd for another period when the first （機の）カム to an end) he was engaged in almost incessant war, though still finding time to manage the politics of Rome. The （選挙などの）運動をするs which ended in making Gaul from the アルプス山脈 to the British Channel, and from the 大西洋 to the Rhine, a Roman 所有／入手, it is not within my 目的 to 述べる. にもかかわらず, it may be 利益／興味ing to say a few words about his 取引 with our own island. In his first 探検隊／遠征隊, in the summer of 55 B.C. , he did little more than 影響 a 上陸 on the coast, and this not without かなりの loss. In the next, made 早期に in the に引き続いて year, he 雇うd a 軍隊 of more than forty thousand men, 伝えるd in a flotilla of eight hundred ships. This time the Britons did not 投機・賭ける to …に反対する his 上陸; and when they met him in the field, as he marched inward, they were invariably 敗北・負かすd. They then changed their 策略 and retired before him, laying waste the country as they went. He crossed the Thames some little way to the 西方の of where London now stands, received the submission of one native tribe, and finally 結論するd a peace with the native leader Cassivelaunus, who gave 人質s and 約束d 尊敬の印. The general result of ten years' fighting was to 追加する a 広大な／多数の／重要な 州 to the empire at the cost of a horrible 量 of 流血／虐殺, of the lives, as some say, of two millions of men, women, and children (for C誑ar, though not 前向きに／確かに cruel, was 絶対 careless of 苦しむing), and to leave the 征服者／勝利者 master of the Roman world. The 連合 indeed was broken up, for Crassus had 死なせる／死ぬd in the East, carrying on a foolish and unprovoked war with the Parthians, and Pompey had come to 恐れる and hate his remaining 競争相手. But C誑ar was now strong enough to do without friends, and to 鎮圧する enemies. The 上院 vainly 命令（する）d him to 分散させる his army by a 確かな day, on 苦痛 of 存在 considered an enemy of the country. He continued to 前進する till he （機の）カム to the 境界s of Italy, a little river, whose 指名する, the Rubicon, was then made famous for ever, which separated Cisalpine Gaul from Umbria. To cross this was 事実上 to 宣言する war, and even the resolute C誑ar hesitated awhile. He thought his course over by himself; he even 協議するd his friends. He professed himself 苦痛d at the thought of the war of which his 行為／法令／行動する would be the beginning, and of how posterity would 裁判官 his 行為／行う. Then with the famous words, "The die is cast," he 急落（する），激減（する）d into the stream. Pompey fled from Rome and from Italy. C誑ar did not waste an hour in 追求するing his success. First making Italy wholly his own, he marched into Spain, which was Pompey's 要塞／本拠地, and 安全な・保証するd it. Thence he returned to Rome, and from Rome again made his way into Macedonia, where Pompey had collected his 軍隊s. The 決定的な 戦う／戦い was fought at Pharsalia in Thessaly; for though the 残余s of Pompey's party held out, the 問題／発行する of the war was never doubtful after that day.

A British Chieftain.

Returning to Rome (for of his 訴訟／進行s in Egypt and どこかよそで there is no need to speak), he used his victory with as much mercy as he had shown energy in winning it. To Cicero he showed not only nothing of malice, but the greatest 儀礼 and 親切. He had written to him from Egypt, telling him that he was to keep all his dignities and honours; and he had gone out of his way to arrange an interview with him, and he even condescended to enter into a friendly 論争. Cicero had written a little treatise about his friend Cato; and as Cato had been the 一貫した adversary of C誑ar, and had killed himself rather than 落ちる into the 手渡すs of the master of Rome, it 要求するd no little good nature in C誑ar to take it in good part. He contented himself with 令状ing an answer, to which he gave the 肩書を与える of Anti-Cato, and in which while he showed how useless and unpractical the 政策 of Cato had been, he paid the highest compliments to the genius and 正直さ of the man. He even conferred upon Cicero the distinguished honour of a visit; which the host thus 述べるs in a letter to Atticus. "What a formidable guest I have had! Still, I am not sorry; for all went off very 井戸／弁護士席. On December 8th he （機の）カム to Philippus' house in the evening. (Philippus was his brother-in-法律.) The 郊外住宅 was so crammed with 軍隊／機動隊s that there was scarcely a 議会 where the 広大な／多数の／重要な man himself could dine. I suppose there were two thousand men. I was really anxious what might happen next day. But Barba Cassius （機の）カム to my help, and gave me a guard. The （軍の）野営地，陣営 was pitched in the park; the house was 厳密に guarded. On the 19th he was closeted with Philippus till one o'clock in the afternoon. No one was 認める. He was going over accounts with Balbus, I fancy. After this he took a stroll on the shore. Then （機の）カム the bath. He heard the epigram to Mamurra, (a most scurrilous epigram by Catullus) and betrayed no annoyance. He dressed for dinner and sat 負かす／撃墜する. As he was under a course of 薬／医学, he ate and drank without 逮捕 and in the pleasantest humour. The entertainment was sumptuous and (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する; and not only this, but 井戸／弁護士席 cooked and seasoned with good talk. The 広大な／多数の／重要な man's attendants also were most abundantly entertained in three other rooms. The inferior freedmen and the slaves had nothing to complain of; the superior 肉親，親類d had an even elegant 歓迎会. Not to say more, I showed myself a genial host. Still he was not the 肉親，親類d of guest to whom we would say, 'My very dear sir, you will come again, I hope, when you are this way next time.' There was nothing of importance in our conversation, but much literary talk. What do you want to know? He was gratified and seemed pleased to be with me. He told me that he 本物の belief that if he could be put out of the way, Rome might yet again be a 解放する／自由な country. The people too, who had been perfectly ready to 服従させる／提出する to the reality of 力／強力にする, grew 怪しげな of some of its outward 調印するs. The 指名する of King had been hateful at Rome since the last 持参人払いの of it, Tarquin the Proud, had been driven out nearly seven centuries before. There were now injudicious friends, or, it may be, judicious enemies, who were anxious that C誑ar should assume it. The prophecy was 引用するd from the 調書をとる／予約するs of the Sibyl, that Rome might 征服する／打ち勝つ the Parthians if she put herself under the 命令（する） of a king; さもなければ she must fail. On the strength of this C誑ar was saluted by the 肩書を与える of King as he was returning one day from Alba to the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂. The populace made their indignation manifest, and he replied, "I am no king, only C誑ar;" but it was 観察するd that he passed on with a 暗い／優うつな 空気／公表する. He bore himself haughtily in the 上院, not rising to 認める the compliments paid to him. At the festival of the Lupercalia, as he sat looking on at the sports in a gilded 議長，司会を務める and 覆う？ in a triumphal 式服, Antony 申し込む／申し出d him a 栄冠を与える 花冠d with bay leaves. Some 賞賛 followed; it was not general however, but manifestly got up for the occasion. C誑ar put the 栄冠を与える away, and the shout that followed could not be misunderstood. It was 申し込む／申し出d again, and a few 拍手喝采する as before, while a second 拒絶 drew 前へ／外へ the same hearty 是認. His statues were 設立する with 栄冠を与えるs upon them. These two tribunes 除去するd, and at the same time ordered the 監禁，拘置 of the men who had just saluted him as king. The people were delighted, but C誑ar had them degraded from their office. The general 不満 thus 原因（となる）d induced the conspirators to proceed. 警告s, some of which we may suppose to have come from those who were in the secret, were not wanting. By these he was wrought upon so much that he had 解決するd not to 動かす from his house on the day which he understood was to be 致命的な to him; but Decimus Brutus, who was in the 陰謀（を企てる）, dissuaded him from his 目的. The scene that followed may be told once again in the words in which Plutarch 述べるs it: "Artemidorus, of Cnidus, a teacher of Greek, who had thus come to be intimate with some of the associates of Brutus, had become 熟知させるd to a 広大な／多数の／重要な extent with what was in 進歩, and had drawn up a 声明 of the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） which he had to give. Seeing that C誑ar gave the papers 現在のd to him to the slaves with him, he （機の）カム up の近くに and said, 'C誑ar, read this alone and that quickly: it 含む／封じ込めるs 事柄s that nearly 関心 yourself.' C誑ar took it, and would have read it, but was 妨げるd by the （人が）群がる of persons that thronged to salute him. Keeping it in his 手渡す, he passed into the House. In the place to which the 上院 had been 召喚するd stood a statue of Pompey. Cassius is said to have looked at it and silently invoked the dead man's help, and this though he was inclined to the 懐疑的な tenets of Epicurus. 一方／合間 Antony, who was 堅固に 大（公）使館員d to C誑ar and a man of 広大な／多数の／重要な strength, was purposely kept in conversation outside the 上院-house by Decimus Brutus. As C誑ar entered, the 上院 rose to 迎える／歓迎する him. Some of the associates of Brutus stood behind his 議長，司会を務める; others approached him in 前線, seemingly joining their entreaties to those which Cimber Tullius was 演説（する）／住所ing to him on に代わって of his brother. He sat 負かす／撃墜する, and 拒絶するd the 嘆願（書） with a gesture of 不賛成 at their 緊急. Tullius then 掴むd his toga with both 手渡すs and dragged it from his neck. This was the signal for attack. Casca struck him first on the neck. The 負傷させる was not 致命的な, nor even serious, so agitated was the striker at 取引，協定ing the first blow in so terrible a 行為. C誑ar turned upon him, 掴むd the dagger, and held it 急速な／放蕩な, crying at the same time in Latin, 'Casca, thou villain, what art thou about?' while Casca cried in Greek to his brother, 'Brother, help!' Those 上院議員s who were not privy to the 陰謀（を企てる） were 打ち勝つ with horror. They could neither cry nor help: they dared not even speak. The conspirators were standing 一連の会議、交渉／完成する C誑ar each with a drawn sword in his 手渡す; whithersoever he turned his 注目する，もくろむs he saw a 武器 ready to strike, and he struggled like a wild beast の中で the hunters. They had agreed that every one should take a part in the 殺人, and Brutus, friend as he was, could not 持つ／拘留する 支援する. The 残り／休憩（する）, some say, he struggled with, throwing himself hither and thither, and crying aloud; but as soon as he saw Brutus with a drawn sword in his 手渡す, he wrapped his 長，率いる in his toga and 中止するd to resist, 落ちるing, whether by chance or by compulsion from the 暗殺者s, at the pedestal of Pompey's statue. He is said to have received three-and-twenty 負傷させるs. Many of his 加害者s struck each other as they 目的（とする）d repeated blows at his 団体／死体." His funeral was a remarkable proof of his 人気. The 炭坑，オーケストラ席 in which the 団体／死体 was to be burnt was 築くd in the Field of 火星. In the 会議 was 築くd a gilded model of the 寺 of Mother Venus. (C誑ar （人命などを）奪う，主張するd 降下／家系 through ﾆneas from this goddess.) Within this 神社 was a couch of ivory, with coverlets of gold and purple, and at its 長，率いる a トロフィー with the 式服 which he had worn when he was assassinated. High officers of 明言する／公表する, past and 現在の, carried the couch into the 会議. Some had the idea of 燃やすing it in the chapel of Jupiter in the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂, some in Pompey's Hall (where he was killed). Of a sudden two men, wearing swords at their 味方する, and each carrying two javelins, （機の）カム 今後 and 始める，決める light to it with waxen たいまつs which they held in their 手渡すs. The （人が）群がる of by-standers あわてて piled up a heap of 乾燥した，日照りの brushwood, throwing on it the hustings, the （法廷の）裁判s, and anything that had been brought as a 現在の. The flute players and actors threw off the triumphal 式服s in which they were 覆う？, rent them, and threw them upon the 炎上s, and the 退役軍人s 追加するd the decorations with which they had come to …に出席する the funeral, while mothers threw in the ornaments of their children.

The doors of the building in which the 殺人 was （罪などを）犯すd were 封鎖するd up so that it never could be entered again. The day (the 15th of March) was 宣言するd to be accursed. No public 商売／仕事 was ever to be done upon it.

These 訴訟／進行s probably 代表するd the popular feeling about the 行為, for C誑ar, in 新規加入 to the genius which every one must have 認めるd, had just the 質s which make men popular. He had no scruples, but then he had no meannesses. He incurred enormous 負債s with but a faint chance of 支払う／賃金ing them—no chance, we may say, except by the 強盗 of others. He laid his 手渡すs upon what he 手配中の，お尋ね者, taking for instance three thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs 負わせる of gold from the 財務省 of the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 and leaving gilded 厚かましさ／高級将校連 in its stead; and he plundered the unhappy Gauls without 悔恨. But then he was as 解放する／自由な in giving as he was unscrupulous in taking. He had the personal courage, too, which is one of the most attractive of all 質s. Again and again in 戦う／戦い he turned 敗北・負かす into victory. He would lay 持つ／拘留する of the 逃亡者／はかないものs as they ran, 掴む them by the throat, and get them by main 軍隊 直面する to 直面する with the 敵. Crossing the Hellespont after the 戦う／戦い of Pharsalia in a small boat, he met two of the enemy's ships. Without hesitation he discovered himself, called upon them to 降伏する, and was obeyed. At Alexandria he was surprised by a sudden sally of the 包囲するd, and had to leap into the harbour. He swam two hundred paces to the nearest ship, 解除するing a manuscript in his left 手渡す to keep it out of the water, and 持つ／拘留するing his 軍の cloak in his teeth, for he would not have the enemy 誇る of 安全な・保証するing any spoil from his person.

He 許すd nothing to stand in his way. If it ふさわしい his 政策 to 大虐殺 a whole tribe, men, women, and children, he gave the order without hesitation, just as he 記録，記録的な／記録するd it afterwards in his history without a trace of 悔恨 or 悔いる. If a 競争相手 stood in his way he had him 除去するd, and was やめる indifferent as to how the 除去 was 影響d. But his 反対する 伸び（る）d, or wherever there was no 反対する in question, he could be the kindest and gentlest of men. A friend with whom he was travelling was 掴むd with sudden illness. C誑ar gave up at once to him the only 議会 in the little inn, and himself spent the night in the open 空気／公表する. His enemies he 容赦d with singular 施設, and would even make the first 前進するs. Political 競争相手s, once （判決などを）下すd 害のない, were 認める to his friendship, and even 促進するd to honour; writers who had 攻撃する，非難するd him with the coarsest 乱用 he 招待するd to his （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する.

Of the outward man this picture has reached us. "He is said to have been remarkably tall, with a light complexion and 井戸／弁護士席-形態／調整d 四肢s. His 直面する was a little too 十分な; his 注目する，もくろむs 黒人／ボイコット and brilliant. His health was excellent, but に向かって the latter end of his life he was 支配する to fainting fits and to frightful dreams at night. On two occasions also, when some public 商売／仕事 was 存在 transacted, he had epileptic fits. He was very careful of his personal 外見, had his hair and 耐えるd scrupulously 削減（する） and shaven. He was 過度に annoyed at the disfigurement of baldness, which he 設立する was made the 支配する of many lampoons. It had become his habit, therefore, to bring up his scanty locks over his 長，率いる; and of all the honours 法令d to him by the 上院 and people, 非，不，無 was more welcome to him than that which gave him the 権利 of continually wearing a garland of bay."

He was wonderfully skilful in the use of 武器, an excellent swimmer, and extraordinarily hardy. On the march he would いつかs ride, but more 一般的に walk, keeping his 長，率いる 暴露するd both in rain and 日光. He travelled with marvellous 探検隊／遠征隊, 横断するing a hundred miles in a day for several days together; if he （機の）カム to a river he would swim it, or いつかs cross it on bladders. Thus he would often 心配する his own messengers. For all this he had a keen 評価 of 楽しみ, and was 高くつく／犠牲の大きい and even luxurious in his personal habits. He is said, for instance, to have carried with him a tesselated pavement to be laid 負かす／撃墜する in his テント throughout his （選挙などの）運動をする in Gaul.

POMPEY

Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus.

AT an age when C誑ar was still idling away his time, Pompey had 達成するd honours such as the 退役軍人 generals of Rome were accustomed to regard as the highest to which they could aspire. He had only just left, if indeed he had left, school, when his father took him to serve under him in the war against the Italian 同盟（する）s of Rome. He was not more than nineteen when he distinguished himself by behaving in circumstances of 広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty and danger with 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の prudence and courage. The 年上の Pompey, Strabo "the squint-注目する，もくろむd," as his 同時代のs called him, after their strange fashion of giving 愛称s from personal defects, and as he was content to call himself, was an able general, but hated for his cruelty and avarice. The leaders of the opposite 派閥 saw an 適切な時期 of getting rid of a dangerous enemy and of bringing over to their own 味方する the 軍隊s which he 命令（する）d. Their 計画（する） was to assassinate the son as he slept, to 燃やす the father in his テント, and at the same time to 動かす up a 反乱（を起こす） の中で the 軍隊／機動隊s. The secret, however, was not kept. A letter 述べるing the 陰謀（を企てる） was brought to the young Pompey as he sat at dinner with the ringleader. The lad showed no 調印する of 騒動, but drank more 自由に than usual, and 誓約（する）d his 誤った friend with especial heartiness. He then rose, and after putting an extra guard on his father's テント, composed himself to sleep, but not in his bed. The 暗殺者s stabbed the coverlet with repeated blows, and then ran to rouse the 兵士s to 反乱. The （軍の）野営地，陣営 was すぐに in an uproar, and the 年上の Pompey, though he had been 保存するd by his son's 警戒s, dared not 試みる／企てる to 鎮圧する it. The younger man was equal to the occasion. Throwing himself on his 直面する in 前線 of the gate of the （軍の）野営地，陣営, he 宣言するd that if his comrades were 決定するd to 砂漠 to the enemy, they must pass over his dead 団体／死体. His entreaties 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd, and a 仲直り was 影響d between the general and his 軍隊／機動隊s.

Not many weeks after this 出来事/事件 the father died, struck, it was said, by 雷, and Pompey became his own master. It was not long before he 設立する an 適切な時期 of 伸び（る）ing still higher distinction. The civil war still continued to 激怒（する）, and few did better service to the party of the aristocrats than Pompey. Others were content to 捜し出す their personal safety in Sulla's （軍の）野営地，陣営; Pompey was 解決するd himself to do something for the 原因（となる）. He made his way to Picenum, where his family 広い地所s were 据えるd and where his own 影響（力） was 広大な／多数の／重要な, and raised three legions (nearly twenty thousand men), with all their commissariat and 輸送（する） 完全にする, and hurried to the 援助 of Sulla. Three of the 敵意を持った generals sought to 迎撃する him. He fell with his whole 軍隊 on one of them, and 鎮圧するd him, carrying off, besides his victory, the personal distinction of having 殺害された in 選び出す／独身 戦闘 the 支持する／優勝者 of the …に反対するing 軍隊. The towns by which he passed 熱望して あられ／賞賛するd him as their deliverer. A second 指揮官 who 投機・賭けるd to 遭遇（する） him 設立する himself 砂漠d by his army and was barely able to escape; a third was 全く 大勝するd. Sulla received his young 同志／支持者, who was not more than twenty-three years of age, with distinguished honours, even rising from his seat and 暴露するing at his approach.

During the next two years his 評判 continued to 増加する. He won victories in Gaul, in Sicily, and in Africa. As he was returning to Rome after the last of these （選挙などの）運動をするs, the 広大な／多数の／重要な 独裁者 himself 長，率いるd the （人が）群がる that went 前へ／外へ to 会合，会う him, and saluted him as Pompey the 広大な／多数の／重要な, a 肩書を与える which he continued to use as his family 指名する. But there was a その上の honour which the young general was anxious to 得る, but Sulla was unwilling to 認める, the 最高の glory of a 勝利. "No one," he said, "who was not or had not been 領事, or at least pr誥or, could 勝利. The first of the Scipios, who had won Spain from the Carthaginians, had not asked for this honour because he 手配中の，お尋ね者 this 資格. Was it to be given to a beardless 青年, too young even to sit in the 上院?" But the beardless 青年 主張するd. He even had the audacity to hint that the 未来 belonged not to Sulla but to himself. "More men," he said, "worship the rising than the setting sun." Sulla did not happen to catch the words, but he saw the emotion they 誘発するd in the 議会, and asked that they should be repeated to him. His astonishment permitted him to say nothing more than "Let him 勝利! Let him 勝利." And 勝利 he did, to the disgust of his older 競争相手s, whom he ーするつもりであるd, but that the streets were not 幅の広い enough to 許す of the 陳列する，発揮する, still その上の to affront by harnessing elephants instead of horses to his chariot.

Two years afterwards he met an antagonist more formidable than any he had yet 遭遇（する）d. Sertorius, the 支持する／優勝者 at once of the party of the people and of the native tribes of Spain, was 持つ／拘留するing out against the 政府 of Rome. The 退役軍人 leader professed a 広大な／多数の／重要な contempt for his young adversary, "I should whip the boy," he said, "if I were not afraid of the old woman" (meaning Pompey's 同僚). But he took good care not to underrate him in practice, and put 前へ／外へ all his 技術 in 取引，協定ing with him. Pompey's first （選挙などの）運動をする against him was 悲惨な; the successes of the second were chequered by some serious 敗北・負かすs. For five years the struggle continued, and seemed little likely to come to an end, when Sertorius was assassinated by his second in 命令（する）, Perpenna. Perpenna was unable to （権力などを）行使する the 力／強力にする which he had thus acquired, and was 敗北・負かすd and taken 囚人 by Pompey. He endeavoured to save his life by producing the correspondence of Sertorius. This 巻き込むd some of the most distinguished men in Rome, who had held secret communications with the 反逆者／反逆する leader, and had even 招待するd him over into Italy. With admirable 知恵 Pompey, while he ordered the instant 死刑執行 of the 反逆者, burnt the letters unread.

Returning to Italy he was followed by his usual good fortune. That country had been 苦しむing cruelly from a 反乱 of the slaves, which the Roman generals had been strangely slow in 抑えるing. Roused to activity by the tidings of Pompey's approach, Crassus, who was in 最高の 命令（する）, attacked and 敗北・負かすd the 謀反の army. A かなりの 団体／死体, however, contrived to escape, and it was this with which Pompey happened to 落ちる in, and which he 完全に destroyed. "Crassus 敗北・負かすd the enemy," he was thus enabled to 誇る, "but I pulled up the war by the roots." No honours were too 広大な／多数の／重要な for a man at once so skilful and so fortunate (for the Romans had always a 広大な／多数の／重要な belief in a general's good fortune). On the 31st of December, B.C. 71, 存在 still a simple gentleman—that is, having held no civil office in the 明言する／公表する—he 勝利d for the second time, and on the に引き続いて day, 存在 then some years below the 合法的な age, and having held 非，不，無 of the offices by which it was usual to 開始する to the highest dignity in the 連邦／共和国, he entered on his first consulship, Crassus 存在 his 同僚.

Still he had not yet reached the 高さ of his glory. During the years that followed his consulship, the 著作権侵害者s who infested the Mediterranean had become intolerable. 問題／発行するing, not as was the 事例／患者 in after times, from the harbours of Northern Africa, but from fastnesses in the southern coast of Asia Minor, they plundered the more civilized 地域s of the West, and made it 高度に dangerous to 横断する the seas either for 楽しみ or for 伸び（る）. It was impossible to 輸送（する） the armies of Rome to the 州s except in the winter, when the 著作権侵害者s had retired to their 要塞／本拠地s. Even Italy itself was not 安全な. The harbour of Caieta, with its shipping, was burnt under the very 注目する，もくろむ of the pr誥or. From Misenum the 著作権侵害者s carried off the children of the 海軍大将 who had the year before led an 探検隊／遠征隊 against them. They even 投機・賭けるd not only to 封鎖 Ostia, the harbour of Rome, and almost within sight of the city, but to 逮捕（する） the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い that was 駅／配置するd there. They were 特に 侮辱ing to Roman 国民s. If a 囚人 （人命などを）奪う，主張するd to be such—and the （人命などを）奪う，主張する 一般に 確実にするd 保護—they would pretend the greatest penitence and alarm, 落ちるing on their 膝s before him, and entreating his 容赦. Then they would put shoes on his feet, and 式服 him in a 国民's garb. Such a mistake, they would say, must not happen again. The end of their jest was to make him "walk the plank," and with the sarcastic 許可 to 出発／死 無事の, they let 負かす／撃墜する a ladder into the sea, and compelled him to descend, under 刑罰，罰則 of 存在 still more summarily thrown overboard. Men's 注目する，もくろむs began to be turned on Pompey, as the leader who had been 繁栄する in all his undertakings. In 67 B.C. a 法律 was 提案するd 任命するing a 指揮官 (who, however, was not 指名するd), who should have 絶対の 力／強力にする for three years over the sea as far as the 中心存在s of Hercules (the 海峡s of Gibraltar), and the coast for fifty miles inland, and who should be furnished with two hundred ships, as many 兵士s and sailors as he 手配中の，お尋ね者, and more than a million 続けざまに猛撃するs in money. The nobles were furious in their 対立, and 用意が出来ている to 妨げる by 軍隊 the passing of this 法律. The proposer 辛うじて escaped with his life, and Pompey himself was 脅すd. "If you will be another Romulus, like Romulus you shall die " (one form of the legend of Rome's first king 代表するd him as having been torn to pieces by the 上院議員s). But all 抵抗 was unavailing. The new 命令（する） was created, and of course bestowed upon Pompey. The price of corn, which had risen to a 飢饉 高さ in Rome, fell すぐに the 任命 was made. The result, indeed, amply 正当化するd the choice. The new general made short work of the 仕事 that had been 始める，決める him. Not 満足させるd with the 軍隊 put under his 命令（する）, he collected five hundred ships and one hundred and twenty thousand men. With these he swept the 著作権侵害者s from the seas and 嵐／襲撃するd their 要塞／本拠地s, and all in いっそう少なく than three months. Twenty thousand 囚人s fell into his 手渡すs. With unusual humanity he spared their lives, and thinking that man was the creature of circumstances, 決定するd to change their manner of life. They were to be 除去するd from the sea, should 中止する to be sailors, and become 農業者s. It is possible that the old man of Corycus, whose 技術 in gardening Virgil celebrates in one of his Georgics, was one of the 著作権侵害者s whom the judicious mercy of Pompey changed into a useful 国民.

A still greater success remained to be won. For more than twenty years war, occasionally 迎撃するd by periods of doubtful peace, had been carried on between Rome and Mithridates, king of Pontus. This prince, though 減ずるd more than once to the greatest extremities, had contrived with 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 技術 and courage to retrieve his fortunes, and now in 67 B.C. was in 所有／入手 of the greater part of his 初めの dominion. Lucullus, a general of the greatest ability, was in 命令（する） of the 軍隊s of Rome, but he had lost the 信用／信任 of his 軍隊／機動隊s, and 事件／事情／状勢s were at a 行き詰まり. Pompey's friends 提案するd that the 最高の 命令（する） should be transferred to him, and the 法律, which Cicero supported in what is perhaps the most perfect of his political speeches, was passed. Pompey at once proceeded to the East. For four years Mithridates held out, but with little hope of ultimate success or even of escape. In 64, after vainly 試みる／企てるing to 毒（薬） himself, such was the 力／強力にする of the antidotes by which he had 防備を堅める／強化するd himself against 国内の treachery (for so the story runs), he 死なせる／死ぬd, by the sword of one of his mercenaries. For two years more Pompey was busied in settling the 事件／事情／状勢s of the East. At last, in 61, he returned to Rome to enjoy a third 勝利, and that the most splendid which the city had ever 証言，証人／目撃するd. It lasted for two days, but still the time was too short for the 陳列する，発揮する of the spoils of victory. The 指名するs of no いっそう少なく than fifteen 征服する／打ち勝つd nations were carried in 行列. A thousand forts, nine hundred cities, had been taken, and the 長，指導者 of them were 現在のd by means of pictures to the 注目する，もくろむs of the people. The 歳入 of the 明言する／公表する had been almost 二塁打d by these conquests. Ninety thousand talents in gold and silver coin were paid into the 財務省, nor was this at the expense of the 兵士s, whose prize money was so large that the smallest 株 量d to fifty 続けざまに猛撃するs. Never before was such a sight seen in the world, and if Pompey had died when it was finished, he would have been 布告するd the most fortunate of mankind.

Certainly he was never so 広大な／多数の／重要な again as he was that day. When with C誑ar and Crassus he divided all the 力／強力にする of the 明言する／公表する, he was only the second, and by far the second, of the three. His 影響（力）, his prestige, his 人気 拒絶する／低下するd year by year. The good fortune which had followed him without 中止するing from his earliest years now seemed to 砂漠 him. Even the shows, the most magnificent ever seen in the city, with which he entertained the people at the dedication of his theatre (built at his own expense for the public 利益) were not wholly a success. Here is a letter of Cicero about them to his friend Marius; 利益／興味ing as giving both a description of the scene and as an account of the writer's own feelings about it. "If it was some bodily 苦痛 or 証拠不十分 of health that kept you from coming to the games, I must せいにする your absence to fortune rather than to a judicious choice. But if you thought the things which most men admire contemptible, and so, though health permitted, would not come, then I am doubly glad; glad both that you were 解放する／自由な from illness and that you were so vigorous in mind as to despise the sights which others so unreasonably admire. . . . 一般に the shows were most splendid, but not to your taste, if I may 裁判官 of yours by my own. First, the 退役軍人 actors who for their own honour had retired from the 行う／開催する／段階, returned to it to do honour to Pompey. Your favourite, my dear friend ﾆsopus, acquitted himself so 貧しく as to make us all feel that he had best retire. When he （機の）カム to the 誓い—

'And if of 目的 始める，決める I break my 約束,'

his 発言する／表明する failed him. What need to tell you more? You know all about the other shows; they had not even the charm which 穏健な shows 一般的に have. The ostentation with which they were furnished 前へ／外へ took away all their gaiety. What charm is there in having six hundred mules in the Clytemnestra, or three thousand supernumeraries in the Trojan Horse, or cavalry and infantry in foreign 器具／備品 in some 戦う／戦い-piece. The populace admired all this; but it would have given you no 肉親，親類d of 楽しみ. After this （機の）カム a sort of wild-beast fights, 継続している for five days. They were splendid: no man 否定するs it. But what man of culture can feel any 楽しみ when some poor fellow is torn in pieces by some powerful animal, or when some noble animal is run through with a 追跡（する）ing spear. If these things are 価値（がある） seeing, you have seen them before. And I, who was 現実に 現在の, saw nothing new. The last day was given up to the elephants. 広大な／多数の／重要な was the astonishment of the （人が）群がる at the sight; but of 楽しみ there was nothing. Nay, there was some feeling of compassion, some sense that this animal has a 確かな kinship with man." The 年上の Pliny tells us that two hundred lions were killed on this occasion, and that the pity felt for the elephants rose to the 高さ of 絶対の 激怒（する）. So lamentable was the spectacle of their despair, so pitifully did they implore the mercy of the audience, "that the whole multitude rose in 涙／ほころびs and called 負かす／撃墜する upon Pompey the 悪口を言う／悪態s which soon descended on him."

And then Pompey's young wife, Julia, C誑ar's daughter, died. She had been a 社債 of union between the two men, and the hope of peace was sensibly 少なくなるd by her loss. Perhaps the first 決裂 would have come anyhow; when it did come it 設立する Pompey やめる unprepared for the 衝突. He seemed indeed to be a match for his 競争相手, but his strength 崩壊（する）d almost at a touch. "I have but to stamp with my foot," he said on one occasion, "and 兵士s will spring up;" yet when C誑ar 宣言するd war by crossing the Rubicon, he fled without a struggle. In little more than a year and a half all was over. The 戦う／戦い of Pharsalia was fought on the 9th of August, and on September the 29th the man who had 勝利d over three continents lay a naked, headless 死体 on the shore of Egypt.

EXILE

THE 鎮圧 of the "広大な／多数の／重要な 共謀" was certainly the most glorious 業績／成就 of Cicero's life. Honours such as had never before been bestowed on a 国民 of Rome were heaped upon him. Men of the highest 階級 spoke of him both in the 上院 and before the people as the "Father of his fatherland." A public thanksgiving, such as was ordered when 広大な／多数の／重要な victories had been won, was 申し込む／申し出d in his 指名する. Italy was even more enthusiastic than the 資本／首都. The 長，指導者 towns 投票（する）d him such honours as they could bestow; Capua in particular 築くd to him a gilded statue, and gave him the 肩書を与える of Patron of the city.

Still there were 調印するs of trouble in the 未来. It was the 義務 of the 領事 on quitting office to 断言する that he had 発射する／解雇するd his 義務 with fidelity, and it was usual for him at the same time to make a speech in which he narrated the events of his consulship. Cicero was 準備するing to speak when one of the new tribunes 介入するd. "A man," he cried, "who has put 国民s to death without 審理，公聴会 them in their defence is not worthy to speak. He must do nothing more than take the 誓い." Cicero was ready with his answer. Raising his 発言する／表明する he said, "I 断言する that I, and I alone, have saved this 連邦／共和国 and this city." The 議会 shouted their 是認; and when the 儀式 was 結論するd the whole multitude 護衛するd the ex-領事 to his house. The time was not come for his enemies to attack him; but that he had enemies was manifest.

With one dangerous man he had the misfortune to come into 衝突／不一致 in the year that followed his consulship. This was the Clodius, of whom we have heard something in the 先行する 一時期／支部. The two men had hitherto been on 公正に／かなり good 条件. Clodius, as we have seen, belonged to one of the noblest families in Rome, was a man of some ability and wit, and could make himself agreeable when he was pleased to do so. But events for which Cicero was not in the least to 非難する brought about a life-long 敵意 between them. に向かって the の近くに of the year Clodius had been 有罪の of an 行為／法令／行動する of scandalous impiety, intruding himself, disguised as a woman, into some peculiarly sacred 儀式s which the matrons of Rome were accustomed to 成し遂げる in honour of the "Good Goddess." He had powerful friends, and an 試みる／企てる was made to 審査する him, which Cicero, who was genuinely indignant at the fellow's wickedness, seems to have resisted. In the end he was put upon his 裁判，公判, though it was before a 陪審／陪審員団 which had been 特に packed for the occasion. His defence was an アリバイ, an 試みる／企てる, that is, to 証明する that he was どこかよそで on the night when he was 申し立てられた／疑わしい to have 不品行／姦通d himself at Rome. He brought 今後 証言，証人／目撃するs who swore that they had seen him at the very time at Interamna, a town in Umbria, and a place which was distant at least two days' 旅行 from Rome. To rebut this 証拠 Cicero was brought 今後 by the 起訴. As he stepped 今後 the 同志／支持者s of the （刑事）被告 始める，決める up a howl of 不賛成. But the 陪審／陪審員団 paid him the high compliment of rising from their seats, and the uproar 中止するd. He 退位させる／宣誓証言するd that Clodius had been at his house on the morning of the day in question.

Clodius was acquitted. If 証拠 had anything to do with the result, it was the 行為／行う of C誑ar that saved him. It was in his house that the 申し立てられた／疑わしい 侵入占拠 had taken place, and he had 満足させるd himself by a 私的な examination of its inmates that the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 was true. But now he professed to know nothing at all about the 事柄. Probably the really potent 影響（力） in the 事例／患者 was the money which Crassus liberally 分配するd の中で the 賠審員s. The fact of the money was indeed 悪名高い. Some of the 陪審／陪審員団 had pretended that they were in 恐れる of their lives, and had asked for a guard. "A guard!" said Catulus, to one of them, "what did you want a guard for? that the money should not be taken from you?"

But Clodius, though he had escaped, never forgave the man whose 証拠 had been given against him. Cicero too felt that there was war to the knife between them. On the first 会合 of the 上院 after the 結論 of the 裁判，公判 he made a pointed attack upon his old 知識. "Lentulus," he said, "was twice acquitted, and Catiline twice, and now this third malefactor has been let loose on the 連邦／共和国 by his 裁判官s. But, Clodius, do not misunderstand what has happened. It is for the 刑務所，拘置所, not for the city that your 裁判官s have kept you; not to keep you in the country, but to 奪う you of the 特権 of 追放する was what they ーするつもりであるd. Be of good 元気づける, then, Fathers. No new evil has come upon us, but we have 設立する out the evil that 存在するs. One villain has been put upon his 裁判，公判, and the result has taught us that there are more villains than one."

How Clodius contrived to 安全な・保証する for himself the office of tribune, the vantage ground from which he hoped to work his 復讐, has been already told in the sketch of C誑ar. C誑ar indeed was really 責任がある all that was done. It was he who made it possible for Clodius to 行為／法令／行動する; and he 許すd him to 行為／法令／行動する when he could have stopped him by the 解除するing of his finger. He was 決定するd to 証明する to Cicero that he was master. But he never showed himself after the first 干渉，妨害 in the 事柄 of the 採択. He 簡単に 許すd Clodius to work his will without hindrance.

Clodius proceeded with かなりの 技術. He 提案するd さまざまな 法律s, which were so popular that Cicero, though knowing that they would be turned against himself, did not 投機・賭ける to …に反対する them. Then （機の）カム a 提案 直接／まっすぐに levelled at him. "Any man who shall have put to death a Roman 国民 uncondemned and without 裁判，公判 is forbidden 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and water." (This was the form of a 宣告，判決 of 追放する. No one was 許すd under 刑罰，罰則 of death to furnish the 非難するd with 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and water within a 確かな distance of Rome.) Cicero at once assumed the squalid dress with which it was the custom for （刑事）被告 persons to endeavour to 誘発する the compassion of their fellow-国民s. Twenty thousand of the upper classes supported him by their presence. The 上院 itself, on the 動議 of one of the tribunes, went into this strange 肉親，親類d of 嘆く／悼むing on his account.

The 領事s of the year were Gabinius and Piso. The first was 悪名高くも 敵意を持った, of the second Cicero hoped to make a friend, the more so as he was a kinsman of his daughter's husband. He gives a lively picture of an interview with him. "It was nearly eleven o'clock in the morning when we went to him. He （機の）カム out of a dirty hovel to 会合，会う us, with his slippers on, and his 長，率いる muffled up. His breath smelt most odiously of ワイン; but he excused himself on the 得点する／非難する／２０ of his health, which compelled him, he said, to use 薬／医学s in which ワイン was 雇うd." His answer to the 嘆願（書） of his 訪問者s (for Cicero was …を伴ってd by his son-in-法律) was at least commendably frank. "My 同僚 Gabinius is in 絶対の poverty, and does not know where to turn. Without a 州 he must be 廃虚d. A 州 he hopes to get by the help of Clodius, but it must be by my 事実上の／代理 with him. I must humour his wishes, just as you, Cicero, humoured your 同僚 when you were 領事. But indeed there is no 推論する／理由 why you should 捜し出す the 領事's 保護. Every one must look out for himself."

In default of the 領事s there was still some hope that Pompey might be induced to 干渉する, and Cicero sought an interview with him. Plutarch says that he slipped out by a 支援する door to 避ける seeing him; but Cicero's own account is that the interview was 認めるd. "When I threw myself at his feet" (he means, I suppose, humiliated himself by asking such a favour) "he could not 解除する me from the ground. He could do nothing, he said, against the will of C誑ar."

Cicero had now to choose between two courses. He might stay and do his best, with the help of his friends, to resist the passing of the 法律. But this would have ended, it was 井戸／弁護士席 known, in something like an open 戦う／戦い in the streets of Rome. Clodius and his 同志／支持者s were ready to carry their 提案 by 軍隊 of 武器, and would 産する／生じる to nothing but superior strength. It was possible, even probable, that in such a 衝突 Cicero would be 勝利を得た. But he shrank from the 裁判，公判, not from cowardice, for he had courage enough when occasion 需要・要求するd, not even from 不本意 to 危険 the lives of his friends, though this 重さを計るd somewhat with him, but 主として because he hated to 自白する that freedom was becoming impossible in Rome, and that the strong 手渡す of a master was 手配中の，お尋ね者 to give any 肉親，親類d of 安全 to life and 所有物／資産／財産. The other course was to 心配する the 宣告，判決 and to go into voluntary 追放する. This was the course which his most powerful friends 圧力（をかける）d upon him, and this was the course which he chose. He left Rome, ーするつもりであるing to go to Sicily, where he knew that he should find the heartiest of welcomes.

すぐに on his 出発 Clodius 正式に 提案するd his banishment. "Let it be 制定するd," so ran the proposition, "that, seeing that Marcus Tullius Cicero has put Roman 国民s to death without 裁判，公判, (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進むing thereto the 当局 of the 上院, that he be forbidden 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and water; that no one harbour or receive him on 苦痛 of death; and that whosoever shall move, shall 投票（する）, or take any steps for the 解任するing of him, be dealt with as a public enemy." The 法案 was passed, the distance within which it was to operate 存在 直す／買収する，八百長をするd at four hundred miles. The houses of the banished man were 破壊するd to the ground, the 場所／位置 of the mansion on the Palatine 存在 献身的な to Liberty. His 所有物／資産／財産 was partly plundered, partly sold by auction.

Cicero 一方／合間 had hurried to the south of Italy. He 設立する 避難所 for a while at the farm of a friend 近づく Vibo in Bruttii (now the Abruzzi), but 設立する it necessary to leave this place because it was within the 定める／命ずるd 限界s. Sicily was forbidden to him by its 知事, who, though a personal friend, was unwilling to displease the party in 力／強力にする. Athens, which for many 推論する／理由s he would have liked to choose for his place of 追放する, was 危険な. He had bitter enemies there, men who had been mixed up in Catiline's 共謀. The place, too, was within the distance, and though this was not very 厳密に 主張するd upon—as a 事柄 of fact, he did spend the greater part of his banishment inside the 定める／命ずるd 限界—it might at any moment be made a means of annoyance. Atticus 招待するd him to （問題を）取り上げる his 住居 at his seat at Buthrotum in Epirus (now Albania). But the 提案 did not commend itself to his taste. It was out of the way, and would be very dreary without the presence of its master, who was still at Rome, and 明らかに ーするつもりであるd to remain there. After staying for about a fortnight at a friend's house 近づく Dyrrachium,—the town itself, where he was once very popular, for 恐れる of bringing some trouble upon it, he 辞退するd to enter—he crossed over to Greece, and 最終的に settled himself at Thessalonica.

Long afterwards he tells us of a singular dream which seems to have given him some little 慰安 at this time. "I had lain awake for the greater part of the night, but fell into a 激しい slumber に向かって morning. I was at the point of starting, but my host would not 許す me to be woke. At seven o'clock, however, I rose, and then told my friend this dream. I seemed to myself to be wandering disconsolately in some lonely place when the 広大な／多数の／重要な Marius met me. His lictors were with him, their fasces 花冠d with bays. 'Why are you so sad?' he asked me. 'I have been wrongly banished from my country,' I answered. He then took my 手渡す, and turning to the nearest lictor, bade him lead me to his own 記念の Hall. 'There,' he said, 'you will be 安全な.' His friend 宣言するd that this dream portended a 迅速な and honourable return. Curiously enough it was in the Hall of Marius that the 法令 廃止するing the 宣告，判決 of banishment was 現実に 提案するd and passed.

For the most part he was miserably unhappy and depressed. In letter after letter he 注ぐd out to Atticus his 恐れるs, his （民事の）告訴s, and his wants. Why had he listened to the bad advice of his friends? He had wished to stay at Rome and fight out the quarrel. Why had Hortensius advised him to retire from the struggle? It must have been jealousy, jealousy of one whom he knew to be a more successful 支持する than himself. Why had Atticus 妨げるd his 目的s when he thought of putting an end to all his trouble by 殺人，大当り himself? Why were all his friends, why was Atticus himself, so lukewarm in his 原因（となる）? In one letter he artfully reproaches himself for his neglect of his friends in times past as the 原因（となる） of their 現在の 無関心／冷淡. But the reproach is of course really levelled at them.

"If ever," he 令状s in one letter, "fortune shall 回復する me to my country and to you, I will certainly take care that of all my friends 非，不，無 shall be more rejoiced than you. All my 義務 to you, a 義務 which I must own in time past was sadly wanting, shall be so faithfully 発射する／解雇するd that you will feel that I have been 回復するd to you やめる as much as I shall have been 回復するd to my brother and to my children. For whatever I have wronged you, and indeed because I have wronged you, 容赦 me; for I have wronged myself far worse. I do not 令状 this as not knowing that you feel the very greatest trouble on my account; but if you were and had been under the 義務 to love me, as much as you 現実に do love me and have loved me, you never would have 許すd me to 欠如（する） the wise advice which you have so abundantly at your 命令（する）." This is perhaps a little obscure, as it is certainly somewhat subtle; but Cicero means that Atticus had not 利益／興味d himself in his 事件／事情／状勢s as much as he would have felt bound to do, if he (Cicero) had been いっそう少なく remiss in the 義務s of friendship.

To another 特派員, his wife Terentia, he 注ぐd out his heart yet more 自由に. "Don't think," he 令状s in one of his letters to her, "that I 令状 longer letters to others than to you, except indeed I have received some long communication which I feel I must answer. Indeed I have nothing to 令状; and in these days I find it the most difficult of 義務s. 令状ing to you and to my dearest Tullia I never can do without floods of 涙／ほころびs. I see you are utterly 哀れな, and I 手配中の，お尋ね者 you to be 完全に happy. I might have made you so. I could have made you had I been いっそう少なく timid . . . . My heart's delight, my deepest 悔いる is to think that you, to whom all used to look for help, should now be 伴う／関わるd in such 悲しみ, such 苦しめる! and that I should be to 非難する, I who saved others only to 廃虚 myself and 地雷! . . . . As for 支出, let others, who can if they will, 請け負う it. And if you love me, don't 苦しめる your health, which is already, I know, feeble. All night, all day I think of you. I see that you are 請け負うing all imaginable 労働s on my に代わって; I only 恐れる that you will not be able to 耐える them. I am aware that all depends upon you. If we are to 後継する in what you wish and are now trying to compass, take care of your health." In another he 令状s: "Unhappy that I am! to think that one so virtuous, so loyal, so honest, so 肉親，親類d, should be so afflicted, and all on my account. And my dearest Tullia, too, that she should be so unhappy about a father in whom she once 設立する so much happiness. And what shall I say about my dear little Cicero? That he should feel the bitterest 悲しみ and trouble as soon as he began to feel anything! If all this was really, as you 令状, the work of 運命／宿命, I could 耐える it a little more easily; but it was all brought about by my fault, thinking that I was loved by men who really were jealous of me, and keeping aloof from others who were really on my 味方する."

A Vestal Virgin.

This is, perhaps, a good 適切な時期 of 説 something about the lady herself. Who she was we do not certainly know. There was a family of the 指名する in Rome, the most 著名な of whom perhaps was the Terentius Varro whose married about 78 B.C., a fair dowry, about three thousand five hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs. We have seen how affectionately Cicero 令状s to her during his 追放する. She is his darling, his only hope; the mere thought of her makes his 注目する，もくろむs 洪水 with 涙／ほころびs. And she seems to have deserved all his 賞賛する and affection, 発揮するing herself to the 最大の to help him, and ready to impoverish herself to find him the means that he needed. Four letters of this period have been 保存するd. There are twenty others belonging to the years 50-47 B.C. The earlier of these are 十分に affectionate. When he is about to return to Rome from his 州 (Cilicia), she is still the most amiable, the dearest of women. Then we begin to see 調印するs of coolness, yet nothing that would strike us did we not know what was afterwards to happen. He excuses the rarity of his letters. There is no one by whom to send them. If there were, he was willing to 令状. The greetings became formal, the superlatives "dearest," "fondest," "best," are dropped. "You are glad," he 令状s after the 戦う／戦い of Pharsalia had dashed his hopes, "that I have got 支援する 安全な to Italy; I hope that you may continue to be glad." "Don't think of coming," he goes on, "it is a long 旅行 and not very 安全な; and I don't see what good you would do if you should come." In another letter he gives directions about getting ready his house at Tusculum for the 歓迎会 of guests. The letter is 時代遅れの on the first of October, and he and his friends would come probably to stay several days, on the seventh. If there was not a tub in the bath-room, one must be 供給するd. The 迎える／歓迎するing is of the briefest and most formal. 一方／合間 we know from what he 令状s to Atticus that he was 大いに 不満な with the lady's 行為／行う. Money 事柄s were at the 底（に届く） of their quarrel. She was careless, he thinks, and extravagant. Though he was a rich man, yet he was often in need of ready money, and Terentia could not be relied upon to help him. His vexation takes form in a letter to Atticus. "As to Terentia—there are other things without number of which I don't speak—what can be worse than this? You wrote to her to send me 法案s for one hundred and eight 続けざまに猛撃するs; for there was so much money left in 手渡す. She sent me just ninety 続けざまに猛撃するs, and 追加するd a 公式文書，認める that this was all. If she was 有能な of abstracting such a trifle from so small a sum, don't you see what she would have done in 事柄s of real importance?" The quarrel ended in a 離婚, a thing far more ありふれた than, happily, it is の中で ourselves, but still a painful and discreditable end to an union which had lasted for more than five-and-twenty years. Terentia long 生き残るd her husband, dying in extreme old age (as much, it was said, as a hundred and three years), far on in the 統治する of Augustus; and after a かなりの experience of matrimony, if it be true that she married three or even, によれば some accounts, four other husbands.

Terentia's daughter, Tullia, had a short and unhappy life. She was born, it would seem, about 79 B.C., and married when fifteen or sixteen to a young Roman noble, Piso Frugi by 指名する. "The best, the most loyal of men," Cicero calls him. He died in 57 B.C., and Rome lost, if his father-in-法律's 賞賛するs of him may be 信用d, an orator of the very highest 約束. "I never knew any one who より勝るd my son-in-法律, Piso, in zeal, in 産業, and, I may 公正に／かなり say, in ability." The next year she married a 確かな Crassipes, a very shadowy person indeed. We know nothing of what manner of man he was, or what became of him. But in 50 B.C. Tullia was 解放する／自由な to marry again. Her third 投機・賭ける was of her own or her mother's contriving. Her father was at his 政府 in Cilicia, and he hears of the 事件／事情／状勢 with surprise. "Believe me," he 令状s to Atticus, "nothing could have been いっそう少なく 推定する／予想するd by me. Tiberius Nero had made 提案s to me, and I had sent friends to discuss the 事柄 with the ladies. But when they got to Rome the betrothal had taken place. This, I hope, will be a better match. I fancy the ladies were very much pleased with the young gentleman's complaisance and 儀礼, but do not look for the thorns." The "thorns," however, were there. A friend who kept Cicero 熟知させるd with the news of Rome, told him as much, though he 包むs up his meaning in the usual polite phrases. "I congratulate you," he 令状s, "on your 同盟 with one who is, I really believe, a worthy fellow. I do indeed think this of him. If there have been some things in which he has not done 司法（官） to himself, these are now past and gone; any traces that may be left will soon, I am sure, disappear, thanks to your good 影響（力） and to his 尊敬（する）・点 for Tullia. He is not 不快な／攻撃 in his errors, and does not seem slow to 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる better things." Tullia, however, was not more successful than other wives in 改革（する）ing her husband. Her marriage seems to have been unhappy almost from the beginning. It was brought to an end by a 離婚 after about three years. すぐに afterwards Tullia, who could have been little more than thirty, died, to the inconsolable grief of her father. "My grief," he 令状s to Atticus, "passes all なぐさみ. Yet I have done what certainly no one ever did before, written a treatise for my own なぐさみ. (I will send you the 調書をとる／予約する if the copyists have finished it.) And indeed there is nothing like it. I 令状 day after day, and all day long; not that I can get any good from it, but it 占領するs me a little, not much indeed; the 暴力／激しさ of my grief is too much for me. Still I am soothed, and do my best to compose, not my feelings, indeed, but, if I can, my 直面する." And again: "Next to your company nothing is more agreeable to me than 孤独. Then all my converse is with 調書をとる／予約するs; yet this is interrupted by 涙／ほころびs; these I resist 同様に as I can; but at 現在の I fail." At one time he thought of finding 慰安 in unusual honours to the dead. He would build a 神社 of which Tullia should be the deity. "I am 決定するd," he 令状s, "on building the 神社. From this 目的 I cannot be turned . . . . Unless the building be finished this summer, I shall 持つ／拘留する myself 有罪の." He 直す／買収する，八百長をするs upon a design. He begs Atticus, in one of his letters, to buy some columns of marble of Chios for the building. He discusses the question of the 場所／位置. Some gardens 近づく Rome strike him as a convenient place. It must be conveniently 近づく if it is to attract worshippers. "I would sooner sell or mortgage, or live on little, than be disappointed." Then he thought that he would build it on the grounds of his 郊外住宅. In the end he did not build it at all. Perhaps the best 記念の of Tullia is the beautiful letter in which one of Cicero's friends 捜し出すs to console him for his loss. "She had lived," he says, "as long as life was 価値（がある） living, as long as the 共和国 stood." One passage, though it has often been 引用するd before, I must give. "I wish to tell you of something which brought me no small なぐさみ, hoping that it may also somewhat 減らす your 悲しみ. On my way 支援する from Asia, as I was sailing from ﾆgina to Megara, I began to 熟視する／熟考する the places that lay around me. Behind me was ﾆgina, before me Megara; on my 権利 手渡す the Pir誦s, on my left 手渡す Corinth; towns all of them that were once at the very 高さ of 繁栄, but now 嘘（をつく） 廃虚d and desolate before our 注目する，もくろむs. I began thus to 反映する: 'Strange! do we, poor creatures of a day, 耐える it ill if one of us 死なせる／死ぬ of 病気, or are 殺害された with the sword, we whose life is bound to be short, while the dead 団体／死体s of so many 嘘（をつく） here enclosed within so small a compass?' "

But I am 心配するing. When Cicero was in 追放する the 共和国 had yet some years to live; and there were hopes that it might 生き残る altogether. The 追放する's prospects, too, began to brighten. C誑ar had reached for the 現在の the 高さ of his ambition, and was busy with his 州 of Gaul. Pompey had quarrelled with Clodius, whom he 設立する to be utterly unmanageable. And Cicero's friend, one Milo, of whom I shall have to say more hereafter, 存在 the most active of them all, never 中止するd to agitate for his 解任する. It would be tedious to 解任する all the vicissitudes of the struggle. As 早期に as May the 上院 passed a 決意／決議 廃止するing the 法令 of banishment, the news of it having 原因（となる）d an 爆発 of joy in the city. Accius' 演劇 of "Telamon" was 存在 行為／法令／行動するd at the time, and the audience 拍手喝采する each 上院議員 as he entered the 上院, and rose from their places to 迎える／歓迎する the 領事 as he （機の）カム in. But the enthusiasm rose to its 高さ when the actor who was playing the part of Telamon (whose banishment from his country formed part of the 活動／戦闘 of the 演劇) declaimed with 重要な 強調 the に引き続いて lines—

What! he—the man who still with 確固たる heart
Strove for his country, who in perilous days
Spared neither life nor fortune, and bestowed
Most help when most she needed; who より勝るd
In wit all other men. Father of Gods,
His house—yea, his!—I saw devoured by 解雇する／砲火／射撃;
And ye, ungrateful, foolish, without thought
Of all wherein he served you, could 耐える
To see him banished; yea, and to this hour
苦しむ that he 長引かせる an 追放する's day.

Still 障害 after 障害 was interposed, and it was not till the fourth of August that the 法令 passed through all its 行う／開催する／段階s and became finally 法律. Cicero, who had been waiting at the point of Greece nearest to Italy, to take the earliest 適切な時期 of returning, had been 知らせるd by his friends that he might now 安全に 乗る，着手する. He sailed accordingly on the very day when the 法令 was passed, and reached Brundisium on the morrow. It happened to be the day on which the 創立／基礎 of the 植民地 was celebrated, and also the birthday of Tullia, who had come so far to 会合，会う her father. The coincidence was 観察するd by the townspeople with delight. On the eighth the welcome news （機の）カム from Rome, and Cicero 始める，決める out for the 資本／首都. "All along my road the cities of Italy kept the day of my arrival as a holiday; the ways were （人が）群がるd with the deputations which were sent from all parts to congratulate me. When I approached the city, my coming was honoured by such a concourse of men, such a heartiness of congratulation as are past believing. The way from the gates, the ascent of the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂, the return to my home made such a spectacle that in the very 高さ of my joy I could not but be sorry that a people so 感謝する had yet been so unhappy, so cruelly 抑圧するd." "That day," he says emphatically, "that day was as good as immortality to me."

A BRAWL AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

CLODIUS, who had taken the lead in 運動ing Cicero into 追放する, was of course furious at his return, and continued to show him an unceasing 敵意. His first care was to 妨げる the 復古／返還 of his 所有物／資産／財産. He had contrived to 伴う／関わる part at least of this in a かなりの difficulty. Cicero's house on the Palatine Hill had been pulled 負かす／撃墜する and the area 献身的な—so at least Clodius 申し立てられた／疑わしい—to the Goddess of Liberty. If this was true, it was sacred for ever; it could not be 回復するd. The question was, Was it true? This question was referred to the Pontiffs as 裁判官s of such 事柄s. Cicero argued the 事例／患者 before them, and they pronounced in his favour. It was now for the 上院 to 行為／法令／行動する. A 動議 was made that the 場所／位置 should be 回復するd. Clodius …に反対するd it, talking for three hours, till the 怒り／怒る of his audience compelled him to bring his speech to an end. One of the tribunes in his 利益／興味 put his 拒否権 on the 動議, but was 脅すd into 身を引くing it. But Clodius was not at the end of his 資源s. A 始める，決める of 武装した ruffians under his 命令（する） drove out the workmen who were 再構築するing the house. A few days afterwards he made an attack on Cicero himself. He was 負傷させるd in the struggle which followed, and might, says Cicero, have been killed, "but," he 追加するs, "I am tired of 外科."

Pompey was another 反対する of his 憎悪, for he knew perfectly 井戸／弁護士席 that without his 同意 his 広大な／多数の／重要な enemy would not have been 回復するd. Cicero gives a lively picture of a scene in the 上院, in which this 憎悪 was vigorously 表明するd. "Pompey spoke, or rather wished to speak; for, as soon as he rose, Clodius' 雇うd ruffians shouted at him. All through his speech it was the same; he was interrupted not only by shouts but by 乱用 and 悪口を言う／悪態s. When he （機の）カム to an end—and it must be 許すd that he showed courage; nothing 脅すd him: he said his say and いつかs even 得るd silence—then Clodius rose. He was met with such an uproar from our 味方する (for we had 決定するd to give him 支援する as good as he had given) that he could not collect his thoughts, 支配（する）／統制する his speech, or 命令（する） his countenance. This went on from three o'clock, when Pompey had only just finished his speech, till five. 一方／合間 every 肉親，親類d of 乱用, even to ribald 詩（を作る）s, were shouted out against Clodius and his sister. Pale with fury he turned to his 信奉者s, and in the 中央 of the uproar asked them, 'Who is it that is 殺人，大当り the people with hunger?' 'Pompey,' they answered. 'Who wants to go to Alexandria?' 'Pompey,' they answered again. 'And whom do you want to go?' 'Crassus,' they said. About six o'clock the party of Clodius began, at some given signal, it seemed, to spit at our 味方する. Our 激怒（する） now burst out. They tried to 運動 us from our place, and we made a 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金. The 同志／支持者s of Clodius fled. He was thrust 負かす／撃墜する from the hustings. I then made my escape, lest anything worse should happen."

A third enemy, and one whom Clodius was 運命にあるd to find more dangerous that either Cicero or Pompey, was Annius Milo. Milo was on the mother's 味方する of an old Latin family. The 指名する by which he was 一般的に known was probably a 愛称 given him, it may be in joking allusion to the Milo of Crotona, the famous レスラー, who carried an ox on his shoulders and eat it in a 選び出す／独身 day. For Milo was a 広大な／多数の／重要な fighting man, a 井戸／弁護士席-born gladiator, one who was for cutting all political knots with the sword. He was ambitious, and aspired to the consulship; but the dignity was scarcely within his reach. His family was not of the highest; he was 深く，強烈に in 負債; he had neither eloquence nor ability. His best chance, therefore, was to attach himself to some powerful friend whose 感謝 he might earn. Just such a friend he seemed to find in Cicero. He saw the 広大な／多数の／重要な orator's fortunes were very low, but they would probably rise again, and he would be 感謝する to those who helped him in his adversity. Hence Milo's exertions to bring him 支援する from banishment, and hence the quarrel with Clodius. The two men had their 禁止（する）d of 雇うd, or rather 購入（する）d, ruffians about the city, and （機の）カム into たびたび（訪れる） 衝突／不一致. Each 起訴するd the other for murderous 強襲，強姦. Each 公然と 宣言するd that he should take the earliest chance of putting his enemy to death. What was probably a chance 衝突／不一致 brought 事柄s to a 危機.

On the twentieth of January Milo left Rome to 支払う／賃金 a visit to Lanuvium, a Latin town on the Appian road, and about fifteen miles south of Rome. It was a small town, much decayed from the old days when its 反乱 against Rome was thought to be a thing 価値（がある） 記録，記録的な／記録するing; but it 含む／封じ込めるd one of the most famous 寺s of Italy, the dwelling of Juno the Preserver, whose image, in its goat-肌 式服, its quaint, turned-up shoes, with spear in one 手渡す and small 保護物，者 in the other, had a peculiar sacredness. Milo was a native of the place, and its 独裁者; and it was his 義務 on this occasion to 指名する the 長，指導者 priest of the 寺. He had been at a 会合 of the 上院 in the morning, and had remained till the の近くに of the sitting. Returning home he had changed his dress and shoes, waited a while, as men have to wait, says Cicero, while his wife was getting ready, and then started. He travelled in a carriage with his wife and a friend. Several maid-servants and a 軍隊／機動隊 of singing boys belonging to his wife followed. Much was made of this 広大な／多数の／重要な retinue of women and boys, as 証明するing that Milo had no 意向 when he started of coming to blows with his 広大な／多数の／重要な enemy. But he had also with him a number of 武装した slaves and several gladiators, の中で whom were two famous masters of their art. He had travelled about ten miles when he met Clodius, who had been 配達するing an 演説（する）／住所 to the town 会議 of Aricia, another Latin town, nearer to the 資本／首都 than Lanuvium, and was now returning to Rome. He was on horseback, contrary to his usual custom, which was to use a carriage, and he had with him thirty slaves 武装した with swords. No person of distinction thought of travelling without such attendants.

The two men passed each other, but Milo's gladiators fell out with the slaves of Clodius. Clodius 棒 支援する and accosted the 攻撃者s in a 脅すing manner. One of the gladiators replied by 負傷させるing him in the shoulder with his sword. A number of Milo's slaves 急いでd 支援する to 補助装置 their comrades. The party of Clodius was overpowered, and Clodius himself, exhausted by his 負傷させる, took 避難 in a 道端 tavern, which probably 示すd the first 行う／開催する／段階 out of Rome. Milo, thinking that now he had gone so far he might go a little その上の and rid himself of his enemy for ever, ordered his slaves to drag Clodius from his 避難 and finish him. This was 敏速に done. Cicero indeed 宣言するd that the slaves did it without orders, and in the belief that their master had been killed. But Rome believed the other story. The 死体 of the dead man lay for some time upon the road uncared for, for all his attendants had either fallen in the struggle or had crept into hiding-places. Then a Roman gentleman on his way to the city ordered it to be put into his litter and taken to Rome, where it arrived just before nightfall. It was laid out in 明言する／公表する in the hall of his mansion, and his 未亡人 stood by showing the 負傷させるs to the sympathizing （人が）群がる which thronged to see his remains. Next day the excitement 増加するd. Two of the tribunes 示唆するd that the 団体／死体 should be carried into the market-place, and placed on the hustings from which the （衆議院の）議長 一般的に 演説（する）／住所d the people. Then it was 解決するd, at the suggestion of another Clodius, a notary, and a （弁護士の）依頼人 of the family, to do it a signal honour. "Thou shalt not bury or 燃やす a man within the city" was one of the oldest of Roman 法律s. Clodius, the favourite of the people, should be an exception. His 団体／死体 was carried into the Hall of Hostilius, the usual 会合-place of the 上院. The （法廷の）裁判s, the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs, the 壇・綱領・公約 from which the orators spoke, the 木造の tablets on which the clerks wrote their 公式文書，認めるs, were collected to make a funeral pile on which the 死体 was to be 消費するd. The hall caught 解雇する／砲火／射撃, and was burnt to the ground; another large building 隣接するing it, the Hall of Porcius, 辛うじて escaped the same 運命／宿命. The 暴徒 attacked several houses, that of Milo の中で them, and was with difficulty 撃退するd.

It had been 推定する／予想するd that Milo would 任意に go into 追放する; but the 燃やすing of the 上院-house 原因（となる）d a strong reaction of feeling of which he took advantage. He returned to Rome, and proceeded to canvass for the consulship, making a 現在の in money (which may be reckoned at five-and-twenty shillings) to every 投票者. The city was in a continual uproar; though the time for the new 領事s to enter on their office was long past, they had not even been elected, nor was there any prospect, such was the 暴力／激しさ of the 競争相手 候補者s, of their 存在 so. At last the 上院 had 頼みの綱 to the only man who seemed able to を取り引きする the 状況／情勢, and 任命するd Pompey 単独の 領事. Pompey 提案するd to 学校／設ける for the 裁判，公判 of Milo's 事例／患者 a special 法廷，裁判所 with a special form of 手続き. The 限界s of the time which it was to 占領する were 厳密に laid 負かす／撃墜する. Three days were to be given to the examination of 証言，証人／目撃するs, one to the speeches of counsel, the 起訴 存在 許すd two hours only, the defence three. After a vain 抵抗 on the part of Milo's friends, the 提案 was carried, Pompey 脅すing to use 軍隊 if necessary. Popular feeling now 始める，決める very 堅固に against the （刑事）被告. Pompey 布告するd that he went in 恐れる of his life from his 暴力／激しさ; 辞退するd to appear in the 上院 lest he should be assassinated, and even left his house to live in his gardens, which could be more effectually guarded by 兵士s. In the 上院 Milo was （刑事）被告 of having 武器 under his 着せる／賦与するing, a 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 which he had to disprove by 解除するing up his under 衣料品. Next a freedman （機の）カム 今後, and 宣言するd that he and four others had 現実に seen the 殺人 of Clodius, and that having について言及するd the fact, they had been 掴むd and shut up for two months in Milo's counting-house. Finally a 郡保安官's officer, if we may so call him, 退位させる／宣誓証言するd that another important 証言，証人／目撃する, one of Milo's slaves, had been 強制的に taken out of his 手渡すs by the 同志／支持者s of the （刑事）被告.

On the eighth of April the 裁判，公判 was begun. The first 証言，証人／目撃する called was a friend who had been with Clodius on the day of his death. His 証拠 made the 事例／患者 look very dark against Milo, and the counsel who was to cross-診察する him on に代わって of the （刑事）被告 was received with such angry cries that he had to take 避難 on the （法廷の）裁判 with the 裁判長. Milo was 強いるd to ask for the same 保護.

Pompey 解決するd that better order should be kept for the 未来, and 占領するd all the approaches to the 法廷，裁判所 with 軍隊／機動隊s. The 残り／休憩（する） of the 証言，証人／目撃するs were heard and cross-診察するd without interruption. April 11th was the last day of the 裁判，公判. Three speeches were 配達するd for the 起訴; for the defence one only, and that by Cicero. It had been 示唆するd that he should take the bold line of arguing that Clodius was a 反逆者, and that the 国民 who slew him had deserved 井戸／弁護士席 of his country. But he 裁判官d it better to follow another course, and to show that Clodius had been the 攻撃者, having deliberately laid an 待ち伏せ／迎撃する for Milo, of whose meditated 旅行 to Lanuvium he was of course aware. Unfortunately for his （弁護士の）依頼人 the 事例／患者 broke 負かす／撃墜する. Milo had evidently left Rome and the 衝突 had happened much earlier than was said, because the 団体／死体 of the 殺人d man had reached the 資本／首都 not later than five o'clock in the afternoon. This disproved the 主張 that Clodius had loitered on his way 支援する to Rome till the growing 不明瞭 gave him an 適切な時期 of attacking his adversaries. Then it （機の）カム out that Milo had had in his retinue, besides the women and boys, a number of fighting men. Finally, there was the damning fact, 設立するd, it would seem, by competent 証言，証人／目撃するs, that Clodius had been dragged from his hiding-place and put to death. Cicero too lost his presence of mind. The sight of the city, in which all the shops were shut in 期待 of a 暴動, the presence of the 兵士s in 法廷，裁判所, and the clamour of a 暴徒 furiously 敵意を持った to the （刑事）被告 and his 支持する, confounded him, and he spoke feebly and hesitatingly. The admirable oration which has come 負かす／撃墜する to us, and professes to have been 配達するd on this occasion, was really written afterwards. The 陪審／陪審員団, which was 許すd by ありふれた 同意 to have been one of the best ever 組み立てる／集結するd, gave a 判決 of 有罪の. Milo went into banishment at Marseilles—a 罰 which he seems to have borne very easily, if it is true that when Cicero excused himself for the want of courage which had marred the 影響 of his defence, he answered, "It was all for the best; if you had spoken better I should never have tasted these admirable Marseilles mullets."

自然に he tired of the mullets before long. When C誑ar had made himself master of Rome, he hoped to be 解任するd from banishment. But C誑ar did not want him, and preferred to have him where he was. Enraged at this 治療, he （機の）カム over to Italy and 試みる／企てるd to raise an insurrection in favour of Pompey. The 軍隊／機動隊s whom he endeavoured to corrupt 辞退するd to follow him. He 退却／保養地d with his few 信奉者s into the extreme south of the 半島, and was there killed.

CATO, BRUTUS, AND PORCIA

Porcia, and Marcus Porcius Cato.

"FROM his earliest years," so runs the character that has come 負かす／撃墜する to us of Cato, "he was resolute to obstinacy. Flattery met with a rough 撃退する, and 脅しs with 抵抗. He never laughed, and his smile was of the slightest. Not easily 刺激するd, his 怒り／怒る, once roused, was implacable. He learnt but slowly, but never forgot a thing once acquired; he was obedient to his teachers, but 手配中の，お尋ね者 to know the 推論する／理由 of everything." The stories of his boyhood 耐える out this character. Here is one of them. His 教える took him to Sulla's house. It was in the evil days of the Proscription, and there were 調印するs of the 血まみれの work that was going on. "Why does no one kill this man?" he asked his teacher. "Because, my son, they 恐れる him more than they hate him," was the answer. "Why then," was the rejoinder, "have you not given me a sword that I may 始める，決める my country 解放する／自由な?" The 教える, as it may be supposed, carried him off in haste.

Like most young Romans he began life as a 兵士, and won golden opinions not only by his courage, which indeed was ありふれた enough in a nation that 征服する／打ち勝つd the world, but by his temperance and diligent 業績／成果 of 義務. His time of service ended, he 始める，決める out on his travels, 受託するing an 招待 from the 支流 king of Galatia, who happened to be an old friend of the family, to visit him. We get an 利益／興味ing little picture of a Roman of the upper class on a 小旅行する. "At 夜明け he would send on a パン職人 and a cook to the place which he ーするつもりであるd to visit. These would enter the town in a most unpretending fashion, and if their master did not happen to have a friend or 知識 in the place, would betake themselves to an inn, and there 準備する for their master's accommodation without troubling any one. It was only when there was no inn that they went to the 治安判事s and asked for entertainment; and they were always content with what was 割り当てるd. Often they met with but scanty welcome and attention, not 施行するing their 需要・要求するs with the customary 脅しs, so that Cato on his arrival 設立する nothing 用意が出来ている. Nor did their master create a more favourable impression, sitting as he did 静かに on his luggage, and seeming to 受託する the 状況／情勢. いつかs, however, he would send for the town 当局 and say, "You had best give up these mean ways, my inhospitable friends; you won't find that all your 訪問者s are Catos." Once at least he 設立する himself, as he thought, magnificently received. Approaching Antioch, he 設立する the road lined on either 味方する with 軍隊／機動隊s of 観客s. The men stood in one company, the boys in another. Everybody was in holiday dress. Some—these were the 治安判事s and priests—wore white 式服s and garlands of flowers. Cato, supposing that all these 準備s were ーするつもりであるd for himself, was annoyed that his servants had not 妨げるd them. But he was soon undeceived. An old man ran out from the （人が）群がる, and without so much as 迎える／歓迎するing the new comer, cried, "Where did you leave Demetrius? When will he come? "Demetrius was Pompey's freedman, and had some of his master's greatness 反映するd on him. Cato could only turn away muttering, "Wretched place!"

Returning to Rome he went through the usual course of honours, always 発射する／解雇するing his 義務s with the 最大の zeal and 正直さ, and probably, as long as he filled a subordinate place, with 広大な／多数の／重要な success. It was when statesmanship was 手配中の，お尋ね者 that he began to fail.

In the 事件／事情／状勢 of the 共謀 of Catiline Cato stood 堅固に by Cicero, supporting the proposition to put the conspirators to death in a powerful speech, the only speech of all that he made that was 保存するd. This 保護 was 予定 to the forethought of Cicero, who put the fastest writers whom he could find to relieve each other in taking 負かす／撃墜する the oration. This, it is 利益／興味ing to be told, was the beginning of shorthand.

Cato, like Cicero, loved and believed in the 共和国; but he was much more uncompromising, more honest perhaps we may say, but certainly いっそう少なく 控えめの in putting his 原則s into 活動／戦闘. He 始める，決める himself to …に反対する the accumulation of 力／強力にする in the 手渡すs of Pompey and C誑ar; but he 欠如（する）d both dignity and prudence, and he 遂行するd nothing. When, for instance, C誑ar, returning from Spain, 嘆願（書）d the 上院 for 許可 to become a 候補者 for consulship without entering the city—to enter the city would have been to abandon his hopes for a 勝利—Cato condescended to use the arts of obstruction in …に反対するing him. He spoke till sunset against the proposition, and it failed by sheer lapse of time. Yet the 対立 was fruitless. C誑ar of course abandoned the empty honour, and 安全な・保証するd the reality, all the more certainly because people felt that he had been hardly used. And so he continued to 行為／法令／行動する, always 捜し出すing to do 権利, but always choosing the very worst way of doing it; anxious to serve his country, but always contriving to 負傷させる it. Even in that which, we may say, best became him in his life, in the leaving of it (if we 受託する for the moment the Roman 見解（をとる） of the morality of 自殺), he was not doing his best for Rome. Had he been willing to live (for C誑ar was ready to spare him, as he was always ready to spare enemies who could not 害（を与える） him) there was yet good for him to do; in his 迅速な impatience of what he disapproved, he preferred to 奪う his country of its most honest 国民.

We must not omit a picture so characteristic of Roman life as the story of his last hours. The last army of the 共和国 had been destroyed at Thapsus, and C誑ar was undisputed master of the world. Cato vainly endeavoured to 動かす up the people of Utica, a town 近づく Carthage, in which he had taken up his ４半期/4分の1s; when they 辞退するd, he 解決するd to put an end to his life. A kinsman of C誑ar, who was 準備するing to intercede with the 征服者／勝利者 for the lives of the vanquished leaders, begged Cato's help in 改訂するing his speech. "For you," he said, "I should think it no shame to clasp his 手渡すs and 落ちる at his 膝s." "Were I willing to take my life at his 手渡すs," replied Cato, "I should go alone to ask it. But I 辞退する to live by the favour of a tyrant. Still, as there are three hundred others for whom you are to intercede, let us see what can be done with the speech." This 商売／仕事 finished, he took an affectionate leave of his friend, commending to his good offices his son and his friends. On his son he laid a strict （裁判所の）禁止（強制）命令 not to meddle with public life. Such a part as was worthy of the 指名する of Cato no man could take again; to take any other would be shameful. Then followed the bath, and after the bath, dinner, to which he had 招待するd a number of friends, the 治安判事s of the town. He sat at the meal, instead of reclining. This had been his custom ever since the 運命／宿命d day of Pharsalia. After dinner, over the ワイン, there was much learned talk, and this not other than cheerful in トン. But when the conversation happened to turn on one of the favourite maxims of the Stoics, "Only the good man is 解放する／自由な; the bad are slaves," Cato 表明するd himself with an energy and even a fierceness that made the company 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑う some terrible 解決する. The melancholy silence that 続いて起こるd 警告するd the （衆議院の）議長 that he had betrayed himself, and he 急いでd to 除去する the 疑惑 by talking on other topics. After dinner he took his customary walk, gave the necessary orders to the officers on guard, and then sought his 議会. Here he took up the Ph訶o the famous 対話 in which Socrates, on the day when he is to drink the 毒（薬）, discusses the immortality of the soul. He had almost finished the 調書をとる／予約する, when, chancing to turn his 注目する，もくろむs 上向きs, he perceived that his sword had been 除去するd. His son had 除去するd it while he sat at dinner. He called a slave and asked, "Who has taken my sword?" As the man said nothing, he 再開するd his 調書をとる／予約する; but in the course of a few minutes, finding that search was not 存在 made, he asked for the sword again. Another interval followed; and still it was not 来たるべき. His 怒り／怒る was now roused. He 熱心に reproached the slaves, and even struck one of them with his 握りこぶし, which he 負傷させるd by the blow. "My son and my slaves," he said, "are betraying me to the enemy." He would listen to no entreaties. "Am I a madman," he said, "that I am stripped of my 武器? Are you going to 貯蔵所d my 手渡すs and give me up to C誑ar? As for the sword I can do without it; I need but 持つ／拘留する my breath or dash my 長，率いる against the 塀で囲む. It is idle to think that you can keep a man of my years alive against his will." It was felt to be impossible to 固執する in the 直面する of this 決意, and a young slave-boy brought 支援する the sword. Cato felt the 武器, and finding that the blade was straight and the 辛勝する／優位 perfect, said, "Now I am my own master." He then read the Ph訶o again from beginning to end, and afterwards fell into so 深遠な a sleep that persons standing outside the 議会 heard his breathing. About midnight he sent for his 内科医 and one of his freedmen. The freedman was （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d to enquire whether his friends had 始める，決める sail. The 内科医 he asked to 貯蔵所d up his 負傷させるd 手渡す, a request which his attendants, heard with delight, as it seemed to 示す a 解決する to live. He again sent to enquire about his friends and 表明するd his 悔いる at the rough 天候 which they seemed likely to have. The birds were now beginning to twitter at the approach of 夜明け, and he fell into a short sleep. The freedman now returned with news that the harbour was 静かな. When he 設立する himself again alone, he stabbed himself with the sword, but the blow, dealt as it was by the 負傷させるd 手渡す, was not 致命的な. He fell fainting on the couch, knocking 負かす／撃墜する a counting board which stood 近づく, and groaning. His son with others 急ぐd into the 議会, and the 内科医, finding that the 負傷させる was not mortal, proceeded to 貯蔵所d it up. Cato, 回復するing his consciousness, thrust the attendants aside, and 涙／ほころびing open the 負傷させる, 満了する／死ぬd.

Marcus Junius Brutus.

If the end of Cato's life was its noblest part, it is still more true that the fame of Brutus 残り／休憩（する）s on one memorable 行為. He was known, indeed, as a young man of 約束, with whose education special 苦痛s had been taken, and who had a 本物の love for letters and learning. He was 解放する／自由な, it would seem, from some of the 副／悪徳行為s of his age, but he had serious faults. Indeed the one 処理／取引 of his earlier life with which we happen to be 井戸／弁護士席 熟知させるd is very little to his credit. And this, again, is so characteristic of one 味方する of Roman life that it should be told in some 詳細（に述べる）.

Brutus had married the daughter of a 確かな Appius Claudius, a kinsman of the 悪名高い Clodius, and had …を伴ってd his father-in-法律 to his 州, Cilicia. He took the 適切な時期 of 増加するing his means by lending money to the 地方のs. Lending money, it must be remembered, was not thought a discreditable 占領／職業 even for the very noblest. To lend money upon 利益／興味 was, indeed, the only way of making an 投資, besides the buying of land, that was 利用できる to the Roman 資本主義者. But Brutus was more than a money- 貸す人, he was an usurer; that is, he sought to 抽出する an extravagantly high 率 of 利益／興味 from his debtors. And this greed brought him into 衝突／不一致 with Cicero.

A 確かな Scaptius had been スパイ／執行官 for Brutus in lending money to the town of Salamis in Cyprus. Under the 政府 of Claudius, Scaptius had had everything his own way. He had been 任命するd to a 命令（する） in the town, had some cavalry at his 処分, and だまし取るd from the inhabitants what 条件 he pleased, shutting up, it is told us, the 上院 in their 会議-room till five of them 死なせる／死ぬd of hunger. Cicero heard of this monstrous 行為 as he was on his way to his 州; he peremptorily 辞退するd the request of Scaptius for a 再開 of his 命令（する）, 説 that he had 解決するd not to 認める such 地位，任命するs to any person engaged in 貿易（する）ing or money-lending. Still, for Brutus' sake—and it was not for some time that it （機の）カム out that Brutus was the 主要な／長／主犯—he would take care that the money should be paid. This the town was ready to do; but then （機の）カム in the question of 利益／興味. An edict had been published that this should never 越える twelve パーセント, or one パーセント 月毎の, that 存在 the customary way of 支払い（額）. But Scaptius pleaded his 社債, which 供給するd for four パーセント 月毎の, and pleaded also a special edict that 規則s 抑制するing 利益／興味 were not to 適用する to Salamis. The town 抗議するd that they could not 支払う／賃金 if such 条件 were exacted—条件 which would 二塁打 the 主要な／長／主犯. They could not, they said, have met even the smaller （人命などを）奪う，主張する, if it had not been for the liberality of the 知事, who had 拒絶する／低下するd the customary 現在のs. Brutus was much 悩ますd. "Even when he asks me a favour," 令状s Cicero to Atticus, "there is always something arrogant and churlish: still he moves laughter more than 怒り／怒る."

When the civil war broke out between C誑ar and Pompey, it was 推定する／予想するd that Brutus would attach himself to the former. Pompey, who had put his father to death, he had no 推論する／理由 to love. But if he was unscrupulous in some things, in politics he had 原則s which he would not abandon, the strongest of these, perhaps, 存在 that the 味方する of which Cato 認可するd was the 味方する of the 権利. Pompey received his new adherent with astonishment and delight, rising from his 議長，司会を務める to 迎える／歓迎する him. He spent most of his time in （軍の）野営地，陣営 in 熟考する／考慮する, 存在 engrossed on the very eve of the 戦う／戦い in making an epitome of Polybius, the Greek historian of the Second Punic War. He passed through the 悲惨な day of Pharsalia 損なわれない, C誑ar having given special orders that his life was to be spared. After the 戦う／戦い, the 征服者／勝利者 not only 容赦d him but 扱う／治療するd him with the greatest 親切, a 親切 for which, for a time at least, he seems not to have been ungrateful. But there were 影響（力）s at work which he could not resist. There was his friendship with Cassius, who had a 熱烈な 憎悪 against usurpers, the remembrance of how Cato had died sooner then 服従させる／提出する himself to C誑ar, and, not least, the 協会 of his 指名する, which he was not permitted to forget. The statue of the old 愛国者 who had driven out the Tarquins was covered with such inscriptions as, "Brutus, would thou wert alive!" and Brutus' own 議長，司会を務める of office—he was pr誥or at the time—was 設立する covered with papers on which were scribbled, "Brutus, thou sleepest," or, "A true Brutus art thou," and the like. How he slew C誑ar I have told already; how he killed himself in despair after the second 戦う／戦い of Philippi may be read どこかよそで.

Porcia, the daughter of Cato, was left a 未亡人 in 48 B.C., and married three years afterwards her cousin Brutus, who 離婚d his first wife Claudia ーするために marry her. She 相続するd both the literary tastes and the opinions of her father, and she thought herself aggrieved when her husband seemed unwilling to confide his 計画（する）s to her. Plutarch thus tells her story, his 当局 seeming to be a little biography which one of her sons by her first husband afterwards wrote of his stepfather. "She 負傷させるd herself in the thigh with a knife such as barbers use for cutting the nails. The 負傷させる was 深い, the loss of 血 広大な／多数の／重要な, and the 苦痛 and fever that followed 激烈な／緊急の. Her husband was in the greatest 苦しめる, when his wife thus 演説（する）／住所d him: 'Brutus, it was a daughter of Cato who became your wife, not 単に to 株 your bed and board, but to be the partner of your adversity and your 繁栄. You give me no 原因（となる） to complain, but what proof can I give you of my affection if I may not 耐える with you your secret troubles. Women, I know, are weak creatures, ill fitted to keep secrets. Yet a good training and honest company may do much, and this, as Cato's daughter and wife to Brutus, I have had.' She then showed him the 負傷させる, and told him that she had （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd it upon herself to 証明する her courage and constancy." For all this 決意／決議 she had something of a woman's 証拠不十分. When her husband had left the house on the day 直す／買収する，八百長をするd for the 暗殺, she could not 隠す her agitation. She 熱望して enquired of all who entered how Brutus fared, and at last fainted in the hall of her house. In the 中央 of the 商売／仕事 of the 上院-house Brutus heard that his wife was dying.

Porcia was not with her husband during the （選挙などの）運動をするs that ended at Philippi, but remained in Rome. She is said to have killed herself by swallowing the live coals from a brazier, when her friends kept from her all the means of self- 破壊. This story is scarcely 信頼できる; かもしれない it means that she 窒息させるd herself with the ガス／煙s of charcoal. That she should commit 自殺 ふさわしい all the traditions of her life.

A GOVERNOR IN HIS PROVINCE

IT was usual for a Roman 政治家, after filling the office of pr誥or or 領事, to 請け負う for a year or more the 政府 of one of the 州s. These 任命s were indeed the prizes of the profession of politics. The new 知事 had a magnificent outfit from the 財務省. We hear of as much as one hundred and fifty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs having been 許すd for this 目的. Out of this something might easily be economized. Indeed we hear of one 知事 who left the whole of his allowance put out at 利益／興味 in Rome. And in the 州 itself splendid 伸び（る）s might be, and indeed 一般的に were, got. Even Cicero, who, if we may 信用 his own account of his 訴訟／進行s, was exceptionally just, and not only just, but even generous in his 取引 with the 地方のs, made, as we have seen, the very handsome 利益（をあげる） of twenty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs out of a year of office. Verres, who, on the other 手渡す, was exceptionally rapacious, made three hundred and fifty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs in three years, besides collecting 作品 of art of incalculable value. But the honours and 利益（をあげる）s to which most of his 同時代のs looked 今後 with 切望 did not attract Cicero. He did not care to be absent from the centre of political life, and felt himself to be at once superior to and unfitted for the pettier 事件／事情／状勢s of a 地方の 政府.

He had 首尾よく 避けるd the 任命 after his pr誥orship and again after his consulship. But the time （機の）カム when it was 軍隊d upon him. Pompey in his third consulship had procured the passing of a 法律 by which it was 供給するd that all 上院議員s who had filled the office of pr誥or or 領事 should cast lots for the 空いている 州s. Cicero had to take his chance with the 残り／休憩（する）, and the 投票（する） gave him Cilicia. This was in B.C. 51, and Cicero was in his fifty- sixth year.

Cilicia was a 州 of かなりの extent, 含むing, as it did, the south- eastern 部分 of Asia Minor, together with the island of Cyprus. The position of its 知事 was made more anxious by the neighbourhood of Rome's most formidable 隣人s, the Parthians, who but two years before had 削減（する） to pieces the army of Crassus. Two legions, numbering twelve thousand 軍隊／機動隊s besides auxiliaries, were 駅／配置するd in the 州, having 大（公）使館員d to them between two and three thousand cavalry.

Cicero started to （問題を）取り上げる his 任命 on May 1st, …を伴ってd by his and this though in very feeble health (he died before Cicero's return). "He asked me for my 指示／教授／教育s. Everything else I left with him in general 条件, but I begged him 特に not to 許す, as far as in him lay, the 政府 of my 州 to be continued to me into another year." On the 17th of the month he reached Tarentum, where he spent three days with Pompey. He 設立する him "ready to defend the 明言する／公表する from the dangers that we dread." The 影をつくる／尾行するs of the civil war, which was to 勃発する in the year after Cicero's return, were already 集会. At Brundisium, the port of embarkation for the East, he was 拘留するd partly by indisposition, partly by having to wait for one of his 公式の／役人s for nearly a fortnight. He reached Actium, in north-western Greece, on the 15th of June. He would have liked to proceed thence by land, 存在, as he tells us, a bad sailor, and having in 見解（をとる） the 一連の会議、交渉／完成するing of the formidable promontory Leucate; but there was a difficulty about his retinue, without which he could not 持続する the 明言する／公表する which became a 知事 en 大勝する for his 州. Eleven more days brought him to Athens. "So far," he 令状s from this place, " no 支出 of public or 私的な money has been made on me or any of my retinue. I have 納得させるd all my people that they must do their best for my character. So far all has gone admirably. The thing has been noticed, and is 大いに 賞賛するd by the Greeks." "Athens," he 令状s again, "delighted me much; the city with all its beauty, the 広大な／多数の／重要な affection felt for you" (he is 令状ing, it will be remembered, to Atticus, an old 居住（者）), "and the good feeling に向かって myself, much more, too, its philosophical 熟考する／考慮するs." He was able before he left to do the people a service, 救助（する）ing from the 手渡すs of the 建設業者 the house of Epicurus, which the 会議 of Areopagus, with as little feeling for antiquity as a modern town 会議, had doomed. Then he went on his way, 不平（をいう）ing at the hardships of a sea voyage in July, at the 暴力／激しさ of the 勝利，勝つd, at the smallness of the 地元の 大型船s. He reached Ephesus on July 22nd, without 存在 sea-sick, as he is careful to tell us, and 設立する a 広大な number of persons who had come to 支払う／賃金 their 尊敬（する）・点s to him. All this was pleasant enough, but he was peculiarly anxious to get 支援する to Rome. Rome indeed to the ordinary Roman was—a few singular lovers of the country, as Virgil and Horace, excepted—as Paris is to the Parisian. "Make it 絶対 確かな ," he 令状s to Atticus, "that I am to be in office for a year only; that there is not to be even an intercalated month." From Ephesus he 旅行s, complaining of the hot and dusty roads, to Tralles, and from Tralles, one of the cities of his 州, to Laodicea, which he reached July 31st, 正確に／まさに three months after starting. The distance, 直接／まっすぐに 手段d, may be reckoned at something いっそう少なく than a thousand miles.

He seems to have 設立する the 州 in a deplorable 条件. "I stayed," he 令状s, "three days at Laodicea, three again at Apamca, and as many at Synnas, and heard nothing except （民事の）告訴s that they could not 支払う／賃金 the 投票-税金 課すd upon them, that every one's 所有物／資産／財産 was sold; heard, I say, nothing but （民事の）告訴s and groans, and monstrous 行為s which seemed to 控訴 not a man but some horrid wild beast. Still it is some alleviation to these unhappy towns that they are put to no expense for me or for any of my 信奉者s. I will not receive the fodder which is my 合法的な 予定, nor even the 支持を得ようと努めるd. いつかs I have 受託するd four beds and a roof over my 長，率いる; often not even this, preferring to 宿泊する in a テント. The consequence of all this is an incredible concourse of people from town and country anxious to see me. Good heavens! my very approach seems to make them 生き返らせる, so 完全に do the 司法（官）, moderation, and 温和／情状酌量 of your friend より勝る all 期待." It must be 許すd that Cicero was not unaccustomed to sound his own 賞賛するs.

Usury was one of the 長，指導者 原因（となる）s of this 普及した 苦しめる; and usury, as we have seen, was practised even by Romans of good repute. We have seen an "honourable man," such as Brutus, exacting an 利益／興味 of nearly fifty パーセント. Pompey was receiving, at what 率 of 利益／興味 we do not know, the enormous sum of nearly one hundred thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs per 年 from the 支流 king of Cappadocia, and this was いっそう少なく than he was する権利を与えるd to. Other debtors of this impecunious king could get nothing; everything went into Pompey's purse, and the whole country was drained of coin to the very uttermost. In the end, however, Cicero did manage to get twenty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs for Brutus, who was also one of the king's creditors. We cannot but wonder, if such things went on under a 知事 who was really doing his best to be 穏健な and just, what was the 条件 of the 地方のs under ordinary 支配者s.

While Cicero was busy with the 条件 of his 州, his attention was distracted by what we may call a Parthian "脅す." The whole army of this people was said to have crossed the Euphrates under the 命令（する） of Pacorus, the king's son. The 知事 of Syria had not yet arrived. The second in 命令（する） had shut himself up with all his 軍隊／機動隊s in Antioch. Cicero marched into Cappadocia, which 国境d the least defensible 味方する of Cilicia, and took up a position at the foot of 開始する Taurus. Next （機の）カム news that Antioch was 包囲するd. On 審理，公聴会 this he broke up his （軍の）野営地，陣営, crossed the Taurus 範囲 by 軍隊d marches, and 占領するd the passes into Syria. The Parthians raised the 包囲 of Antioch, and 苦しむd かなり at the 手渡すs of Cassius during their 退却／保養地.

Though Cicero never crossed swords with the Parthians, he 設立する or contrived an 適切な時期 of distinguishing himself as a 兵士. The 独立した・無所属 mountaineers of the 国境 were attacked and 敗北・負かすd; Cicero was saluted as "Imperator" on the field of 戦う／戦い by his 兵士s, and had the satisfaction of 占領するing for some days the position which Alexander the 広大な／多数の／重要な had taken up before the 戦う／戦い of Issus. "And he," says Cicero, who always relates his 軍の 業績／成就s with something like a smile on his 直面する, "was a somewhat better general than either you or I." He next turned his 武器 against the 解放する／自由な Cilicians, 投資するing in 正規の／正選手 form with ざん壕s, earthworks, catapults, and all the 正規の／正選手 機械／機構 of a 包囲, their 要塞／本拠地 Pindenissum. At the end of forty-seven days the place 降伏するd. Cicero gave the plunder of the place to his host, reserving the horses only for public 目的s. A かなりの sum was realized by the sale of slaves. "Who in the world are these Pindenissi? who are they?" you will say. "I never heard the 指名する." 井戸／弁護士席, what can I do? I can't make Cilicia another ﾆtolia, or another Macedonia." The （選挙などの）運動をする was 結論するd about the middle of December, and the 知事, 手渡すing over the army to his brother, made his way to Laodicea. From this place he 令状s to Atticus in language that seems to us self-glorious and boastful, but still has a （犯罪の）一味 of honesty about it. "I left Tarsus for Asia (the Roman 州 so called) on June 5th, followed by such 賞賛 as I cannot 表明する from the cities of Cilicia, and 特に from the people of Tarsus. When I had crossed the Taurus there was a marvellous 切望 to see me in Asia as far as my 地区s 延長するd. During the six months of my 政府 they had not received a 選び出す／独身 requisition from me, had not had a 選び出す／独身 person ４半期/4分の1d upon them. Year after year before my time this part of the year had been turned to 利益（をあげる） in this way. The 豊富な cities used to 支払う／賃金 large sums of money not to have to find winter ４半期/4分の1s for the 兵士s. Cyprus paid more than ｣48,000 on this account; and from this island—I say it without exaggeration and in sober truth—not a 選び出す／独身 coin was 徴収するd while I was in 力／強力にする. In return for these 利益s, 利益s at which they are 簡単に astonished, I will not 許す any but 言葉の honours to be 投票（する）d to me. Statues, 寺s, chariots of bronze, I forbid. In nothing do I make myself a trouble to the cities, though it is possible I do so to you, while I thus 布告する my own 賞賛するs. 耐える with me, if you love me. This is the 支配する which you would have had me follow. My 旅行 through Asia had such results that even the 飢饉—and than 飢饉 there is no more deplorable calamity—which then 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in the country (there had been no 収穫) was an event for me to 願望（する）; for wherever I 旅行d, without 軍隊, without the help of 法律, without reproaches, but by my simple 影響（力） and expostulations, I 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd upon the Greeks and Roman 国民s, who had secreted the corn, to engage to 伝える a large 量 to the さまざまな tribes." He 令状s again: "I see that you are pleased with my moderation and self- 抑制. You would be much more pleased if you were here. At the 開会／開廷／会期s which I held at Laodicea for all my 地区s, excepting Cilicia, from February 15th to May 1st, I 影響d a really marvellous work. Many cities were 完全に 解放する／自由なd from their 負債s, many 大いに relieved, and all of them enjoying their own 法律s and 法廷，裁判所s, and so 得るing self-政府 received new life. There were two ways in which I gave them the 適切な時期 of either throwing off or 大いに lightening the 重荷（を負わせる） of 負債. First: they have been put to no expense under my 支配する—I do not 誇張する; I 前向きに／確かに say that they have not to spend a farthing. Then again: the cities had been atrociously robbed by their own Greek 治安判事s. I myself questioned the men who had borne office during the last ten years. They 自白するd and, without 存在 公然と 不名誉d, made restitution. In other 尊敬（する）・点s my 政府, without 存在 wanting in 演説（する）／住所, is 示すd by 温和／情状酌量 and 儀礼. There is 非，不，無 of the difficulty, so usual in the 州s, of approaching me; no introduction by a chamberlain. Before 夜明け I am on foot in my house, as I used to be in old days when I was a 候補者 for office. This is a 広大な／多数の／重要な 事柄 here and a popular, and to myself, from my old practice in it, has not yet been troublesome."

He had other いっそう少なく serious cares. One C詬ius, who was good enough to keep him 知らせるd of what was happening at Rome, and whom we find filling his letters with an amusing mixture of politics, スキャンダル, and gossip, makes a modest request for some panthers, which the 知事 of so wild a country would doubtless have no difficulty in procuring for him. He was a 候補者 for the office of 訶ile, and 手配中の，お尋ね者 the beasts for the show which he would have to 展示（する）. Cicero must not forget to look after them as soon as he hears of the 選挙. "In nearly all my letters I have written to you about the panthers. It will be discreditable to you, that Patiscus should have sent to Curio ten panthers, and you not many times more. These ten Curio gave me, and ten others from Africa. If you will only remember to send for hunters from Cibyra, and also send letters to Pamphylia (for there, I understand, more are taken than どこかよそで), you will 後継する. I do beseech you look after this 事柄. You have only to give the orders. I have 供給するd people to keep and 輸送（する） the animals when once taken." The 知事 would not hear of 課すing the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of 逮捕（する）ing the panthers on the hunters of the 州. Still he would do his best to 強いる his friend. "The 事柄 of the panthers is 存在 diligently …に出席するd to by the persons who are accustomed to 追跡（する） them; but there is a strange scarcity of them, and the few that there are complain grievously, 説 that they are the only creatures in my 州 that are 迫害するd."

From Laodicea Cicero returned to Tarsus, the 資本／首都 of his 州, 負傷させる up the 事件／事情／状勢s of his 政府, 任命するd an 事実上の／代理 知事, and started homewards 早期に in August. On his way he paid a visit to Rhodes, wishing to show to his son and 甥 (they had …を伴ってd him to his 政府) the famous school of eloquence in which he had himself 熟考する／考慮するd. Here he heard with much 悔いる of the death of Hortensius. He had seen the 広大な／多数の／重要な orator's son at Laodicea, where he was amusing himself in the disreputable company of some gladiators, and had asked him to dinner, for his father's sake, he says. His stay at Rhodes was probably of some duration, for he did not reach Ephesus till the first of October. A tedious passage of might to the very dearest of his friends. There is nothing stranger in all that we know of "Roman Life" than the presence in it of such men as Tiro. Nor is there anything, we might even 投機・賭ける to say, やめる like it どこかよそで in the whole history of the world. Now and then, in the days when slavery still 存在するd in the Southern 明言する／公表するs of America, mulatto and quadroon slaves might have been 設立する who in point of 外見 and 業績／成就s were scarcely different from their owners. But there was always a taint, or what was reckoned as a taint, of negro 血 in the men and women so 据えるd. In Rome it must have been ありふれた to see men, かもしれない better born (for Greek might even be counted better than Roman 降下／家系), and probably better educated than their masters, who had 絶対 no 権利s as human 存在s, and could be 拷問d or killed just as cruelty or caprice might 示唆する. To Tiro, man of culture and 激烈な／緊急の intellect as he was, there must have been an unspeakable bitterness in the thought of servitude, even under a master so kindly and affectionate as Cicero. One shudders to think what the feelings of such a man must have been when he was the chattel of a Verres, a Clodius, or a Catiline. It is pleasant to turn away from the thought, which is the very darkest perhaps in the repulsive 支配する of Roman slavery, to 観察する the sympathy and tenderness which Cicero shows to the sick man from whom he has been reluctantly compelled to part. The letters to Tiro fill one of the sixteen 調書をとる／予約するs of "Letters to Friends." They are twenty-seven in number, or rather twenty-six, as the sixteenth of the series 含む／封じ込めるs the congratulations and thanks which Quintus Cicero 演説（する）／住所s to his brother on receiving the news that Tiro has received his freedom. "As to Tiro," he 令状s, "I 抗議する, as I wish to see you, my dear Marcus, and my own son, and yours, and my dear Tullia, that you have done a thing that pleased me exceedingly in making a man who certainly was far above his mean 条件 a friend rather than a servant. Believe me, when I read your letters and his, I 公正に／かなり leapt for joy; I both thank and congratulate you. If the fidelity of my Statius gives me so much 楽しみ, how 価値のある in Tiro must be this same good 質 with the 付加 and even superior advantages of culture, wit, and politeness? I have many very good 推論する／理由s for loving you; and now there is this that you have told me, as indeed you were bound to tell me, this excellent piece of news. I saw all your heart in your letter."

Cicero's letters to the 無効の are at first very たびたび（訪れる）. One is 時代遅れの on the third, another on the fifth, and a third on the seventh of November; and on the eighth of the month there are no より小数の than three, the first of them 明らかに in answer to a letter from Tiro. "I am variously 影響する／感情d by your letter—much troubled by the first page, a little 慰安d by the second. The result is that I now say, without hesitation, till you are やめる strong, do not 信用 yourself to travel either by land or sea. I shall see you as soon as I wish if I see you やめる 回復するd." He goes on to criticise the doctor's prescriptions. Soup was not the 権利 thing to give to a dyspeptic 患者. Tiro is not to spare any expense. Another 料金 to the doctor might make him more attentive. In another letter he 悔いるs that the 無効の had felt himself compelled to 受託する an 招待 to a concert, and tells him that he had left a horse and mule for him at Brundisium. Then, after a 簡潔な／要約する notice of public 事件／事情／状勢s, he returns to the question of the voyage. "I must again ask you not to be 無分別な in your travelling. Sailors, I 観察する, make too much haste to 増加する their 利益（をあげる）s. Be 用心深い, my dear Tiro. You have a wide and dangerous sea to 横断する. If you can, come with Mescinius. He is wont to be careful in his voyages. If not with him, come with a person of distinction, who will have 影響（力） with the captain." In another letter he tells Tiro that he must 生き返らせる his love of letters and learning. The 内科医 thought that his mind was ill at 緩和する; for this the best 治療（薬） was 占領／職業. In another he 令状s: "I have received your letter with its 不安定な handwriting; no wonder, indeed, seeing how serious has been your illness. I send you ﾆgypta (probably a superior slave) to wait upon you, and a cook with him." Cicero could not have shown more affectionate care of a sick son.

Tiro is said to have written a life of his master. And we certainly 借りがある to his care the 保護 of his correspondence. His weak health did not 妨げる him from living to the age of a hundred and three.

Cicero 追求するd his homeward 旅行 by slow 行う／開催する／段階s, and it was not till November 25th that he reached Italy. His mind was distracted between two 苦悩s—the danger of civil war, which he perceived to be daily growing more 切迫した, and an anxious 願望（する） to have his 軍の successes over the Cilician mountaineers rewarded by the distinction of a 勝利. The honour of a public thanksgiving had already been 投票（する）d to him; Cato, who …に反対するd it on 原則, having given him offence by so doing. A 勝利 was いっそう少なく 平易な to 得る, and indeed it seems to show a 確かな 証拠不十分 in Cicero that he should have sought to 得る it for 偉業／利用するs of so very 穏健な a 肉親，親類d. However, he landed at Brundisium as a formal claimant for the honour. His lictors had their fasces (bundles of 棒s enclosing an axe) 花冠d with bay leaves, as was the custom with the 勝利を得た general who hoped to 得る this distinction. Pompey, with whom he had a long interview, encouraged him to hope for it, and 約束d his support. It was not till January 4th that he reached the 資本／首都. The look of 事件／事情／状勢s was growing darker and darker, but he still clung to the hopes of a 勝利, and would not 解任する his lictors with their ornaments, though he was heartily 疲れた／うんざりしたd of their company. Things went so far that a proposition was 現実に made in the 上院 that the 勝利 should be 認めるd; but the 事柄 was 延期するd at the suggestion of one of the 領事s, anxious, Cicero thinks, to make his own services more 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がるd when the time should come. Before the end of January he seems to have given up his hopes. In a few more days he was 公正に／かなり 乗る，着手するd on the tide of civil war.

ATTICUS

THE 指名する of Atticus has been について言及するd more than once in the 先行する 一時期／支部s as a 特派員 of Cicero. We have indeed more than five hundred letters 演説（する）／住所d to him, 延長するing over a period of almost five-and-twenty years. There are たびたび（訪れる） intervals of silence—not a 選び出す／独身 letter, for instance, belongs to the year of the consulship, the 推論する／理由 存在 that both the 特派員s were in Rome. いつかs, 特に in the later years, they follow each other very closely. The last was written about a year before Cicero's death.

Atticus was one of those rare characters who contrive to live at peace with all men. The times were troublous beyond all 手段; he had wealth and position; he kept up の近くに friendship with men who were in the very thickest of the fight; he was ever ready with his sympathy and help for those who were vanquished; and yet he contrived to 誘発する no 敵意s; and after a life-long peace, interrupted only by one or two 一時的な alarms, died in a good old age.

Atticus was of what we should call a gentleman's family, and belonged by 相続物件 to the democratic party. But he 早期に 解決するd to stand aloof from politics, and took an effectual means of carrying out his 目的 by taking up his 住居 at Athens. With characteristic prudence he transferred the greater part of his 所有物／資産／財産 to 投資s in Greece. At Athens he became exceedingly popular. He lent money at 平易な 率s to the municipality, and made 自由主義の 配当s of corn, giving as much as a bushel and a half to every 貧困の 国民. He spoke Greek and Latin with equal 緩和する and eloquence; and had, we are told, an unsurpassed gift for reciting poetry. Sulla, who, for all his savagery, had a cultivated taste, was charmed with the young man, and would have taken him in his train. "I beseech you," replied Atticus, "don't take me to fight against those in whose company, but that I left Italy, I might be fighting against you." After a 住居 of twenty-three years he returned to Rome, in the very year of Cicero's consulship. At Rome he stood as much aloof from the 騒動 of civil 争い as he had stood at Athens. Office of every 肉親，親類d he 刻々と 辞退するd; he was under no 義務s to any man, and therefore was not thought ungrateful by any. The partizans of C誑ar and of Pompey were content to receive help from his purse, and to see him resolutely 中立の. He 辞退するd to join in a 事業／計画（する） of 現在のing what we should call a testimonial to the 殺害者s of C誑ar on に代わって of the order of the knights; but he did not hesitate to relieve the necessities of the most 目だつ of them with a 現在の of between three and four thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. When Antony was 無法者d he 保護するd his family; and Antony in return 安全な・保証するd his life and 所有物／資産／財産 まっただ中に the horrors of the second Proscription.

His 伝記作家, Cornelius Nepos, has much to say of his moderation and temperate habits of life. He had no sumptuous country-house in the 郊外s or at the sea-coast, but two farm-houses. He 所有するd, however, what seems to have been a very 罰金 house (perhaps we should call it "城," for Cicero speaks of it as a place 有能な of defence) in Epirus. It 含む／封じ込めるd の中で other things a gallery of statues. A love of letters was one of his 長，指導者 特徴. His guests were not entertained with the 業績／成果s of 雇うd singers, but with readings from authors of repute. He had collected, indeed, a very large library. All his slaves, 負かす／撃墜する to the very meanest, were 井戸／弁護士席 educated, and he 雇うd them to make copies.

Atticus married somewhat late in life. His only daughter was the first wife of Agrippa, the 大臣 of Augustus, and his granddaughter was married to Tiberius. Both of these ladies were 離婚d to make room for a consort of higher 階級, who, curiously enough, was in both 事例／患者s Julia, the 悪名高い daughter of Augustus. Both, we may 井戸／弁護士席 believe, were regretted by their husbands.

Atticus died at the age of seventy-seven. He was afflicted with a 病気 which he believed to be incurable, and 縮めるd his days by voluntary 餓死.

It was this 特派員, then, that Cicero confided for about a ４半期/4分の1 of a century his cares and his wants. The two had been schoolfellows, and had probably 新たにするd their 知識 when Cicero visited Greece in search of health. Afterwards there （機の）カム to be a family 関係 between them, Atticus' sister, Pomponia, marrying Cicero's younger brother, Quintus, not much, we gather from the letters, to the happiness of either of them. Cicero could not have had a better confidant. He was 十分な of sympathy, and ready with his help; and he was at the same time sagacious and 慎重な in no ありふれた degree, an excellent man of 商売／仕事, and, thanks to the admirable coolness which enabled him to stand outside the 騒動 of politics, an 平等に excellent 助言者 in politics.

One たびたび（訪れる） 支配する of Cicero's letters to his friend is money. I may perhaps 表明する the relation between the two by 説 that Atticus was Cicero's 銀行業者, though the phrase must not be taken too literally. He did not habitually receive and 支払う／賃金 money on Cicero's account, but he did so on occasions; and he was 絶えず in the habit of making 前進するs, though probably without 利益／興味, when 一時的な 当惑s, not infrequent, as we may gather from the letters, called for them. Atticus was himself a 豊富な man. Like his 同時代のs 一般に, he made an income by money-lending, and かもしれない, for the point is not やめる （疑いを）晴らす, by letting out gladiators for 雇う. His 伝記作家 happens to give us the 正確な 人物／姿／数字 of his 所有物／資産／財産. His words do not indeed expressly 明言する／公表する whether the sum that he について言及するs means 資本／首都 or income. I am inclined to think that it is the latter. If this be so, he had in 早期に life an income of something いっそう少なく than eighteen thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs, and afterwards nearly ninety thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs.

Dying Gladiator.

I may take this occasion to say something about Cicero's 所有物／資産／財産, a 事柄 which is, in its way, a rather perplexing question. In the 事例／患者 of a famous 支持する の中で ourselves there would be no difficulty in understanding that he should have acquired a 広大な／多数の／重要な fortune. But the Roman 法律 厳密に forbade an 支持する to receive any 支払い（額） from his （弁護士の）依頼人s. The practice of old times, when the 広大な／多数の／重要な noble pleaded for the life or 所有物／資産／財産 of his humbler 被告s, and was repaid by their attachment and support, still 存在するd in theory. It 存在するs indeed to this day, and accounts for the fact that a barrister の中で ourselves has no 合法的な means of 回復するing his 料金s. But a practice of 支払う／賃金ing counsel had begun to grow up. Some of Cicero's 同時代のs certainly received a large remuneration for their services. Cicero himself always （人命などを）奪う，主張するs to have kept his 手渡すs clean in this 尊敬（する）・点, and as his enemies never brought any 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of this 肉親，親類d against him, his 声明 may very 井戸／弁護士席 be 受託するd. We have, then, to look for other sources of income. His patrimony was かなりの. It 含むd, as we have seen, an 広い地所 at Arpinum and a house in Rome. And then he had 非常に／多数の 遺産／遺物s. This is a source of income which is almost strange to our modern ways of 事実上の／代理 and thinking. It seldom happens の中で us that a man of 所有物／資産／財産 leaves anything outside the circle of his family. いつかs an intimate friend will receive a 遺産／遺物. But instances of money bequeathed to a 政治家 in 承認 of his services, or a literary man in 承認 of his eminence, are exceedingly rare. In Rome they were very ありふれた. Cicero 宣言するs, giving it as a proof of the way in which he had been 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がるd by his fellow-国民s, that he had received two hundred thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs in 遺産／遺物s. This was in the last year of his life. This does something to help us out of our difficulty. Only we must remember that it could hardly have been till somewhat late in his career that these 承認s of his services to the 明言する／公表する and to his friends began to 落ちる in. He made about twenty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs out of his year's 政府 of his 州, but it is probable that this money was lost. Then, again, he was elected into the College of Augurs (this was in his fifty-fourth year). These 宗教的な colleges were very rich. Their 祝宴s were proverbial for their splendour. Whether the individual members derived any 利益 from their 歳入s we do not know. We often find him complaining of 負債; but he always speaks of it as a 一時的な inconvenience rather than as a 永久の 重荷（を負わせる）. It does not 抑圧する him; he can always find spirits enough to laugh at it. When he buys his 広大な／多数の／重要な town mansion on the Palatine Hill (it had belonged to the 豊富な Crassus), for thirty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs, he says, "I now 借りがある so much that I should be glad to conspire if anybody would 受託する me as an 共犯者." But this is not the way in which a man who did not see his way out of his difficulties would speak.

国内の 事件／事情／状勢s furnish a たびたび（訪れる） topic. He gives accounts of the health of his wife; he 発表するs the birth of his children. In after years he sends the news when his daughter is betrothed and when she is married, and tells of the doings and prospects of his son. He has also a good 取引，協定 to say about his brother's 世帯, which, as I have said before, was not very happy. Here is a scene of their 国内の life. "When I reached Arpinum, my brother （機の）カム to me. First we had much talk about you; afterwards we （機の）カム to the 支配する which you and I had discussed at Tusculum. I never saw anything so gentle, so 肉親，親類d as my brother was in speaking of your sister. If there had been any ground for their 不一致, there was nothing to notice. So much for that day. On the morrow we left for Arpinum. Quintus had to remain in the 退却／保養地; I was going to stay at Aquinum. Still we lunched at the 退却／保養地 (you know the place). When we arrived Quintus said in the politest way, 'Pomponia, ask the ladies in; I will call the gentlemen.' Nothing could—so at least I thought—have been more pleasantly said, not only as far as words go, but in トン and look. However, she answered before us all, 'I am myself but a stranger here.' This, I fancy, was because Statius had gone on in 前進する to see after the lunch. 'See,' said Quintus, 'this is what I have to put up with every day.' Perhaps you will say, 'What was there in this?' It was really serious, so serious as to 乱す me much, so unreasonably, so 怒って did she speak and look. I did not show it, but I was 大いに 悩ますd. We all sat 負かす／撃墜する to （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, all, that is, but her. However, Quintus sent her something from the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する. She 辞退するd it. Not to make a long story of it, no one could have been more gentle than my brother, and no one more exasperating than your sister—in my judgment at least, and I pass by many other things which 感情を害する／違反するd me more than they did Quintus. I went on to Aquinum." (The lady's behaviour was all the more blameworthy because her husband was on his way to a remote 州.) "Quintus remained at the 退却／保養地. The next day he joined me at Arpinum. Your sister, he told me, would have nothing to do with him, and up to the moment of her 出発 was just in the same mood in which I had seen her."

Another 見本／標本 of letters touching on a more agreeable topic may 利益／興味 my readers. It is a hearty 招待.

"To my delight, Cincius" (he was Atticus' スパイ／執行官) "（機の）カム to me between daylight on January 30th, with the news that you were in Italy. He was sending, he said, messengers to you. I did not like them to go without a letter from me, not that I had anything to 令状 to you, 特に when you were so の近くに, but that I wished you to understand with what delight I 心配する your coming. . . . The day you arrive come to my house with all your party. You will find that Tyrannio" (a Greek man of letters) "has arranged my 調書をとる／予約するs marvellously 井戸／弁護士席. What remains of them is much more 満足な than I thought. I should be glad if you would send me two of our library clerks, for Tullius to 雇う as binders and helpers in general; give some orders too to take some parchment for indices. All this, however, if it 控訴s your convenience. Anyhow, come yourself and bring Pilia with you. This is but 権利, Tullia too wishes it."

ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS

Marcus Antonius and Octavius Caesar Augustus.

THERE were some things in which 示す Antony 似ているd C誑ar. At the time it seemed probable that he would play the same part, and even climb to the same 高さ of 力／強力にする. He failed in the end because he 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 力／強力にする of managing others, and, still more, of controlling himself. He （機の）カム of a good 在庫／株. His grandfather had been one of the greatest orators of his day, his father was a kindly generous man, his mother, a kinswoman of C誑ar, a matron of the best Roman type. But he seemed little likely to do credit to his 所持品. His riotous life became 目だつ even in a city where extravagance and 副／悪徳行為 were only too ありふれた, and his 負債s, though not so enormous as C誑ar's, were greater, says Plutarch, than became his 青年, for they 量d to about fifty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. He was taken away from these dissipations by 軍の service in the East, and he 速く acquired かなりの 評判 as a 兵士. Here is the picture that Plutarch draws of him.

There was something noble and dignified in his 外見. His handsome 耐えるd, his 幅の広い forehead, his aquiline nose, gave him a manly look that 似ているd the familiar statues and pictures of Hercules. There was indeed a legend that the Antonii were descended from a son of Hercules; and this he was anxious to support by his 外見 and dress. Whenever he appeared in public he had his tunic girt up to the hip, carried a 広大な／多数の／重要な sword at his 味方する, and wore a rough cloak of Cilician hair. The habits too that seemed vulgar to others—his boastfulness, his coarse humour, his drinking 一区切り／（ボクシングなどの）試合s, the way he had of eating in public, taking his meals as he stood from the 兵士s' （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs—had an astonishing 影響 in making him popular with the 兵士s. His bounty too, the help which he gave with a 自由主義の 手渡す to comrades and friends, made his way to 力／強力にする 平易な. On one occasion he directed that a 現在の of three thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs should be given to a friend. His steward, aghast at the magnitude of the sum, thought to bring it home to his master's mind by putting the actual coin on a （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する. "What is this?" said Antony, as he happened to pass by. "The money you bade me 支払う／賃金 over," was the man's reply. "Why, I had thought it would be ten times as much as this. This is but a trifle. 追加する to it as much more."

When the civil war broke out, Antony joined the party of C誑ar, who, knowing his 人気 with the 軍隊／機動隊s, made him his second in 命令（する）. He did good service at Pharsalia, and while his 長，指導者 went on to Egypt, returned to Rome as his 代表者／国会議員. There were afterwards differences between the two; C誑ar was 感情を害する／違反するd at the open スキャンダル of Antony's manners, and 設立する him a troublesome adherent; Antony conceived himself to be insufficiently rewarded for his services, 特に when he was called upon to 支払う／賃金 for Pompey's 押収するd 所有物／資産／財産, which he had bought. Their の近くに 同盟, however, had been 新たにするd before C誑ar's death. That event made him the first man in Rome. The 長，指導者 器具 of his 力／強力にする was a strange one; the 上院, seeing that the people of Rome loved and admired the dead man, passed a 決意／決議 that all the wishes which C誑ar had left in 令状ing should have the 軍隊 of 法律—and Antony had the 保護／拘留 of his papers. People laughed, and called the 文書s "Letters from the Styx." There was the gravest 疑惑 that many of them were (1)偽造する／(2)徐々に進むd. But for a time they were a very powerful 機械／機構 for 影響ing his 目的.

Then （機の）カム a check. C誑ar's 甥 and 相続人, Octavius, arrived at Rome. Born in the year of Cicero's consulship, he was little more than nineteen; but in prudence, statecraft, and knowledge of the world he was fully grown. In his twelfth year he had 配達するd the funeral oration over his grandmother Julia. After winning some distinction as a 兵士 in Spain, he had returned at his uncle's bidding to Apollonia, a town of the eastern coast of the Adriatic, where he 熟考する／考慮するd letters and philosophy under Greek teachers. Here he had received the 肩書を与える of "Master of the Horse," an honour which gave him the 階級 next to the 独裁者 himself. He （機の）カム to Rome with the 目的, as he 宣言するd, of （人命などを）奪う，主張するing his 相続物件 and avenging his uncle's death. But he knew how to がまんする his time. He kept on 条件 with Antony, who had usurped his position and appropriated his 相続物件, and he was friendly, if not with the actual 殺害者s of C誑ar, yet certainly with Cicero, who made no secret of having 認可するd their 行為.

For Cicero also had now returned to public life. For some time past, both before C誑ar's death and after it, he had 充てるd himself to literature. Now there seemed to him a chance that something might yet be done for the 共和国, and he returned to Rome, which he reached on the last day of August. The next day there was a 会合 of the 上院, at which Antony was to 提案する 確かな honours to C誑ar. Cicero, 疲れた／うんざりしたd, or 影響する／感情ing to be 疲れた／うんざりしたd, by his 旅行, was absent, and was ひどく attacked by Antony, who 脅すd to send workmen to drag him out of his house. The next day Cicero was in his place, Antony 存在 absent, and made a dignified defence of his 行為／行う, and criticised with some severity the 訴訟／進行s of his 加害者. Still so far there was no irreconcilable 違反 between the two men. "Change your course," says the orator, "I beseech you: think of those who have gone before, and so steer the course of the 連邦／共和国 that your countrymen may rejoice that you were born. Without this no man can be happy or famous." He still believed, or professed to believe, that Antony was 有能な of patriotism. If he had any hopes of peace, these were soon to be 鎮圧するd. After a fortnight or more spent in 準備, 補助装置d, we are told, by a professional teacher of eloquence, Antony （機の）カム 負かす／撃墜する to the 上院 and 配達するd a savage 悪口雑言 against Cicero. The 反対する of his attack was again absent. He had wished to …に出席する the 会合, but his friends 妨げるd him, 恐れるing, not without 推論する／理由, actual 暴力／激しさ from the 武装した attendants whom Antony was accustomed to bring into the 上院-house.

The attack was answered in the famous oration which is called the second Philippic. If I could transcribe this speech (which, for other 推論する／理由s besides its length, I cannot do) it would give us a strange picture of "Roman Life." It is almost incredible that a man so shameless and so vile should have been the greatest 力／強力にする in a 明言する／公表する still 名目上 解放する／自由な. I shall give one 抽出する from it. Cicero has been speaking of Antony's 購入（する） of Pompey's 押収するd 所有物／資産／財産. "He was wild with joy, like a character in a farce; a beggar one day, a millionaire the next. But, as some writer says, 'Ill gotten, ill kept.' It is beyond belief, it is an 絶対の 奇蹟, how he squandered this 広大な 所有物／資産／財産—in a few months do I say?—no, in a few days. There was a 広大な／多数の／重要な cellar of ワイン, a very 広大な／多数の／重要な 量 of excellent plate, 高くつく／犠牲の大きい stuffs, plenty of elegant and even splendid furniture, just as one might 推定する／予想する in a man who was 豊富な without 存在 luxurious. And of all this within a few days there was left nothing. Was there ever a Charybdis so devouring? A Charybdis, do I say? no—if there ever was such a thing, it was but a 選び出す／独身 animal. Good heavens! I can scarcely believe that the whole ocean could have swallowed up so quickly 所有／入手s so 非常に／多数の, so scattered, and lying at places so distant. Nothing was locked up, nothing 調印（する）d, nothing 目録d. Whole storerooms were made a 現在の of to the vilest creatures. Actors and actresses of burlesque were busy each with plunder of their own. The mansion was 十分な of dice players and drunkards. There was drinking from morning to night, and that in many places. His losses at dice (for even he is not always lucky) kept 開始するing up. In the 議会s of slaves you might see on the beds the purple coverlets which had belonged to the 広大な／多数の／重要な Pompey. No wonder that all this wealth was spent so quickly. 無謀な men so abandoned might 井戸／弁護士席 have speedily devoured, not only the patrimony of a 選び出す／独身 国民, however ample—and ample it was—but whole cities and kingdoms."

The speech was never 配達するd but 循環させるd in 令状ing. に向かって the end of 44, Antony, who 設立する the army 砂漠ing him for the young Octavius, left Rome, and 急いでd into northern Italy, to attack Decimus Brutus. Brutus was not strong enough to 投機・賭ける on a 戦う／戦い with him, and shut himself up in Mutina. Cicero continued to take the 主要な part in 事件／事情／状勢s at Rome, 配達するing the third and fourth Philippics in December, 44, and the ten others during the five months off the に引き続いて year. The fourteenth was spoken in the 上院, when the fortunes of the 落ちるing 共和国 seem to have 生き返らせるd. A 広大な／多数の／重要な 戦う／戦い had been fought at Mutina, in which Antony had been 完全に 敗北・負かすd; and Cicero 提案するd thanks to the 指揮官s and 軍隊／機動隊s, and honours to those who had fallen.

The joy with which these tidings had been received was but very 簡潔な／要約する. Of the three generals 指名するd in the 投票（する） of thanks the two who had been loyal to the 共和国 were dead; the third, the young Octavius, had 設立する the 適切な時期 for which he had been waiting of betraying it. The 兵士s were ready to do his bidding, and he 解決するd to 掴む by their help the 相続物件 of 力／強力にする which his uncle had left him. Antony had fled across the アルプス山脈, and had been received by Lepidus, who was in 命令（する） of a large army in that 州. Lepidus 解決するd to play the part which Crassus had played sixteen years before. He brought about a 仲直り between Octavius and Antony, as Crassus had reconciled Pompey and C誑ar, and was himself 認める as a third into their 同盟. Thus was formed the Second Triumvirate.

The three 長，指導者s who had agreed to divide the Roman world between them met on a little island 近づく Bononia (the modern Bologna) and discussed their 計画（する）s. Three days were given to their 協議s, the 長，指導者 支配する 存在 the 目録 of enemies, public and 私的な, who were to be destroyed. Each had a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of his own; and on Antony's the first 指名する was Cicero. Lepidus assented, as he was ready to assent to all the 需要・要求するs of his more resolute 同僚s; but the young Octavius is said to have long resisted, and to have given way only on the last day. A 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of between two and three thousand 指名するs of 上院議員s and knights was drawn up. Seventeen were 選び出す／独身d out for instant 死刑執行, and の中で these seventeen was Cicero. He was staying at his home in Tusculum with his brother Quintus when the news reached him. His first impulse was to make for the sea-coast. If he could reach Macedonia, where Brutus had a powerful army, he would, for a time at least, be 安全な. The two brothers started. But Quintus had little or nothing with him, and was 強いるd to go home to fetch some money. Cicero, who was himself but ill 供給するd, 追求するd his 旅行 alone. Reaching the coast, he 乗る，着手するd. When it （機の）カム to the point of leaving Italy his 決意／決議 failed him. He had always felt the greatest aversion for （軍の）野営地，陣営 life. He had had an 嫌悪すべき experience of it when Pompey was struggling with C誑ar for the mastery. He would sooner die, he thought, than make 裁判，公判 of it again. He landed, and travelled twelve miles に向かって Rome. Some afterwards said that he still 心にいだくd hopes of 存在 保護するd by Antony; others that it was his 目的 to make his way into the house of Octavius and kill himself on his hearth, 悪口を言う／悪態ing him with his last breath, but that he was deterred by the 恐れる of 存在 掴むd and 拷問d. Anyhow, he turned 支援する, and 許すd his slaves to take him to Capua. The 計画（する） of taking 避難 with Brutus was probably 勧めるd upon him by his companions, who felt that this gave the only chance of their own escape. Again he 乗る，着手するd, and again he landed. Plutarch tells a strange story of a flock of ravens that settled on the yardarms of his ship while he was on board, and on the windows of the 郊外住宅 in which he passed the night. One bird, he says, flew upon his couch and つつく／ペックd at the cloak in which he had wrapped himself. His slaves reproached themselves at 許すing a master, whom the very animals were thus 捜し出すing to help, to 死なせる／死ぬ before their 注目する，もくろむs. Almost by main 軍隊 they put him into his litter and carried him に向かって the coast. Antony's 兵士s now reached the 郊外住宅, the officer in 命令（する） 存在 an old （弁護士の）依頼人 whom Cicero had 首尾よく defended on a 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of 殺人. They 設立する the doors shut and burst them open. The inmates 否定するd all knowledge of their master's movements, till a young Greek, one of his brother's freedmen, whom Cicero had taken a 楽しみ in teaching, showed the officer the litter which was 存在 carried through the shrubbery of the 郊外住宅 to the sea. Taking with him some of his men, he 急いでd to follow. Cicero, 審理，公聴会 their steps, bade the 持参人払いのs 始める，決める the litter on the ground. He looked out, and 一打／打撃ing his chin with his left 手渡す, as his habit was, looked 確固に at the 殺害者s. His 直面する was pale and worn with care. The officer struck him on the neck with his sword, some of the rough 兵士s turning away while the 行為 was done. The 長，率いる and 手渡すs were 削減（する） off by order of Antony, and nailed up in the 会議.

Many years afterwards the Emperor Augustus (the Octavius of this 一時期／支部), coming 突然に upon one of his grandsons, saw the lad 捜し出す to hide in his 式服 a 容積／容量 which he had been reading. He took it, and 設立する it to be one of the treatises of Cicero. He returned it with words which I would here repeat: "He was a good man and a lover of his country."

THE END

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