The 事業／計画（する） Gutenberg eBook of Charles Darwin, by 認める Allen.

In this little 容積／容量 I have endeavoured to 現在の the life and work of Charles Darwin 見解（をとる）d as a moment in a 広大な／多数の／重要な革命, in 予定 relation both to those who went before and to those who come after him. Recognising, as has been 井戸／弁護士席 said, that the wave makes the crest, not the crest the wave, I have tried to let my hero 落ちる自然に into his proper place in a 広大な onward movement of the human intellect, of which he was himself at once a splendid 製品 and a moving 原因（となる） of the first importance. I have 試みる／企てるd to show him both as receiving the たいまつ from Lamarck and Malthus, and as passing it on with 新たにするd brilliancy to the wide school of evolutionary thinkers whom his work was instrumental in 誘発するing to fresh and vigorous activity along a thousand separate and 変化させるd lines of thought and 活動／戦闘.

As Mr. Francis Darwin was already engaged upon a life of his father, I should have shrunk from putting[Pg iv] 前へ／外へ my own little 調書をとる／予約する if I had not 後継するd in 安全な・保証するing beforehand his 肉親，親類d 許可／制裁. That 許可／制裁, however, was at once so 率直に and cordially given, that all my hesitation upon such a 得点する／非難する／２０ was すぐに laid aside; and as I have やむを得ず had to 取引，協定 rather with Darwin's position as a thinker and 労働者 than with the biographical 詳細（に述べる）s of his 私的な life, I 信用 the lesser 調書をとる／予約する may not 衝突／不一致 with the greater, but to some extent may 補足（する） and even illustrate it.

扱う／治療するing my 支配するおもに as a 熟考する／考慮する in the interaction of organism and 環境, it has been necessary for me frequently to introduce the 指名するs of living men of science 味方する by 味方する with some of those who have more or いっそう少なく recently passed away from の中で us. For uniformity's sake, 同様に as for brevity's, I have been compelled, in every instance alike, to omit the customary 従来の扱うs. I 信用 those who thus find themselves ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れるd of their usual 肩書を与えるs of 尊敬（する）・点 will kindly remember that the practice is in fact 可決する・採択するd honoris caus?; they are 支払う／賃金ing 未熟に the usual 刑罰，罰則 of 知識人 greatness.

My 義務s to Professor Huxley, to Professor Fiske, to Mr. Herbert Spencer, to Professor Sachs, to Hermann M?ller, to Dr. Krause, to Charles Darwin himself, and to many other historians and critics of evolutionism, will be 十分に obvious to all 教えるd[Pg v] readers, and are for the most part fully 定評のある already in the text. It would be absurd to overload so small and popularly written a 調書をとる／予約する with 言及／関連s and 当局. I hope, therefore, that any other writers to whom I may inadvertently have neglected to 自白する my 負債s will kindly 残り／休憩（する）満足させるd with this general acknowledgment. There are, however, three persons in particular from whom I have so 大部分は borrowed facts or ideas that I 借りがある them more special and 限定された thanks. From Mr. Woodall's admirable paper on Charles Darwin, 与える／捧げるd to the '処理／取引s of the Shropshire Archæological Society,' I have taken much 利益／興味ing （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） about my hero's 即座の家系 and 早期に days. From Mr. Samuel Butler, the author of '進化 Old and New,' I have derived many 妊娠している suggestions with regard to the true position and meaning of Buffon, Erasmus Darwin, and the 早期に essentially teleological evolutionists—suggestions which I am all the more anxious to 認める since I 異なる fundamentally from Mr. Butler in his 見積（る） of the 価値（がある） of Charles Darwin's 独特の発見 of natural 選択. Finally, to Mr. Bates, the 'Naturalist on the アマゾンs,' I am indebted for several 価値のある items of （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） as to the general workings of the pre-Darwinian evolutionary spirit.

In a 調書をとる／予約する取引，協定ing so 大部分は with a 同時代の[Pg vi] movement, the history of which has never yet been consecutively written 負かす／撃墜する in 十分な, or 支配するd as a whole to searching 批評, there must probably be many errors of 詳細（に述べる）, which can hardly be 避けるd under such circumstances. I have endeavoured to minimise them as far as possible. For those which may have escaped my own scrutiny I must 信用 both for 是正 and for indulgence to the 親切 of my readers.[Pg vii]

CHARLES DARWIN.

CHAPTER I.

THE WORLD INTO WHICH DARWIN WAS BORN.

Charles Darwin was a 広大な／多数の／重要な man, and he 遂行するd a 広大な／多数の／重要な work. The Newton of biology, he 設立する the science of life a 大混乱／混沌とした maze; he left it an 整然とした system, with a 限定された計画（する） and a recognisable meaning. 広大な／多数の／重要な men are not 事故s; 広大な／多数の／重要な作品 are not 遂行するd in a 選び出す／独身 day. Both are the 製品 of 適する原因（となる）s. The 広大な／多数の／重要な man springs from an 家系 competent to produce him; he is the final flower and ultimate 結果 of converging hereditary 軍隊s, that 最高潮に達する at last in the 十分な生産／産物 of his splendid and exceptional personality. The 広大な／多数の／重要な work which it is his 使節団 to 成し遂げる in the world is never wholly of his own inception. It also is the last 影響 of antecedent 条件s, the slow result of 傾向s and ideas long working unseen or but little noticed beneath the surface of opinion, yet all 徐々に conspiring together に向かって the 最終的な革命 at whose 長，率いる, in the fulness of time, the as yet unborn genius is 運命にあるd to place himself. This is 特に[Pg 2] the 事例／患者 with those 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の waves of mental 激変, one of which gave us the Italian renaissance, and another of which is 現実に in 進歩 around us at the 現在の day. They have their sources 深い負かす／撃墜する in the past of human thought and human feeling, and they are themselves but the final manifestation of innumerable energies which have long been silently agitating the souls of nations in their profoundest depths.

Thus, every 広大な／多数の／重要な man may be regarded as 所有するing two 際立った lines of 家系, physical and spiritual, each of which 分かれて需要・要求するs elucidation. He 借りがあるs much in one way to his father and his mother, his grandfathers and his grandmothers, and his remoter progenitors, from some or all of whom he derives, in 変化させるing degrees and combinations, the personal 質s whose special interaction 構成するs his greatness and his idiosyncrasy; he 借りがあるs much in another way to his 知識人 and moral ancestors, the thinkers and 労働者s who have に先行するd him in his own department of thought or 活動／戦闘, and have made possible in the course of ages the final 開発 of his special 革命 or his particular system. 見解（をとる）d as an individual, he is what he is, with all his 力／強力にするs and faculties and potentialities, in virtue of the brain, the でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる, the temperament, the energy he 相続するs 直接／まっすぐに from his actual ancestors, paternal and maternal; 見解（をとる）d as a factor or element in a 広大な／多数の／重要な movement, he is what he is because the movement had 後継するd in reaching such and such a point in its 進歩 already without him, and waited only for such and such a grand and 命令（する）ing personality in order to carry it yet a step その上の on its course of 開発.[Pg 3]

No man who ever lived would more cordially have recognised these two 代案／選択肢面s of the 広大な／多数の／重要な労働者's predetermining 原因（となる）s than Charles Darwin. He knew 井戸／弁護士席 that the individual is the direct cumulative 製品 of his physical 前任者s, and that he 作品 and is worked upon in innumerable ways by the particular 環境 into whose 中央 he is born. Let us see, then, in his own 事例／患者 what were these two main 始める，決めるs of 条件ing circumstances which finally led up to the 共同の生産／産物 of Charles Darwin, the man and the philosopher, the thinking brain and the moving energy. In other words, what was the 明言する／公表する of the science of life at the time when he first began to 観察する and to 推測する; and what was the 家系 which made him be born a person 有能な of helping it 今後 at a 選び出す／独身 bound over its 広大な／多数の／重要な制限するing dogmatic 障壁 of the fixity of 種類?

Let us begin, in the first place, by （疑いを）晴らすing the path beforehand of a popular misconception, so 極端に general and almost 全世界の／万国共通の that, unless it be got rid of at the very 手始め of our sketch, much of the real 範囲 and 趣旨 of Darwin's life and work must, of necessity, remain 完全に misunderstood by the 広大な集まり of English readers. In the public mind Darwin is, perhaps, most 一般的に regarded as the discoverer and 創立者 of the 進化 hypothesis. Two ideas are usually associated with his 指名する and memory. It is believed that he was the first propounder of the theory which supposes all 工場／植物 and animal forms to be the result, not of special 創造, but of slow modification in pre-existent organisms. It is その上の and more 特に believed that he was the first[Pg 4] propounder of the theory which supposes the 降下／家系 of man to be traceable from a remote and more or いっそう少なく monkey-like ancestor. Now, as a 事柄 of fact, Darwin was not the prime originator of either of these two 広大な／多数の／重要な枢機けい／主要な ideas. Though he held both as part of his organised theory of things, he was not by any means the first or the earliest thinker to 持つ／拘留する them or to propound them 公然と. Though he 伸び（る）d for them both a far wider and more general 受託 than they had ever before popularly received, he laid no sort of （人命などを）奪う，主張する himself to originality or proprietorship in either theory. The grand idea which he did really 起こる／始まる was not the idea of '降下／家系 with modification,' but the idea of 'natural 選択,' by which 機関, as he was the first to 証明する, 限定された肉親，親類d of 工場／植物s and animals have been slowly 発展させるd from simpler forms, with 限定された adaptations to the special circumstances by which they are surrounded. In a word, it was the peculiar glory of Charles Darwin, not to have 示唆するd that all the variety of animal and vegetable life might have been produced by slow modifications in one or more 初めの types, but to have shown the nature of the 機械／機構 by which such a result could be 現実に達成するd in the practical working out of natural 原因（となる）s. He did not invent the 開発 theory, but he made it believable and comprehensible. He was not, as most people 誤って imagine, the Moses of evolutionism, the prime mover in the 生物学の革命; he was the Joshua who led the world of thinkers and 労働者s into 十分な fruition of that 約束d land which earlier 捜査官／調査官s had but dimly descried from the Pisgah-最高の，を越す of conjectural 憶測.[Pg 5]

How far Darwin's special idea of natural 選択補足（する）d and （判決などを）下すd 信頼できる the earlier idea of 降下／家系 with modification we shall see more fully when we come to 扱う／治療する of the inception and growth of his 広大な／多数の／重要な時代-making work, 'The Origin of 種類;' for the 現在の, it must 十分である to point out that in the world into which he was born, the theory of 進化 already 存在するd in a more or いっそう少なく shadowy and 未開発の形態／調整. And since it was his 仕事 in life to raise this theory from the 階級 of a mere plausible and happy guess to the 階級 of a 高度に (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する and almost universally 受託するd 生物学の system, we may pause awhile to consider on the threshold what was the actual 明言する／公表する of 自然科学 at the moment when the 広大な／多数の／重要な directing and organising 知能 of Charles Darwin first appeared.

From time immemorial, in modern Christendom at least, it had been the general opinion of learned and simple alike that every 種類 of 工場／植物 or animal 借りがあるd its 現在の form and its 初めの存在 to a 際立った行為／法令／行動する of special 創造. This na?f belief, unsupported as it was by any sort of 内部の証拠, was supposed to 残り／休憩（する）直接／まっすぐに upon the 表明する当局 of a few obscure 声明s in the 調書をとる／予約する of Genesis. The Creator, it was held, had in the beginning formed each 肉親，親類d after a particular pattern, had endowed it with special 組織／臓器s 工夫するd with 最高の知恵 for subserving special 機能（する）／行事s, and had bestowed upon it the mystical 力／強力にする of 再生するing its like in its own image to all 世代s. No variation of importance ever occurred within the types thus 構成するd; all 工場／植物s and animals always 保持するd their special forms unaltered in any[Pg 6] way from 時代 to 時代. This is the doctrine of the fixity and immutability of 種類, almost 全世界の／万国共通の in the civilised world up to the end of the last century.

Improbable as such a 天然のまま idea now seems to any person even moderately 熟知させるd with the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の variety and variability of living forms, it にもかかわらず含む／封じ込めるd nothing at all likely to 否定する the ordinary experience of the everyday 観察者／傍聴者 in the last century. The handful of 工場／植物s and animals with which he was 本人自身で熟知させるd consisted for the most part of a few large, 高度に前進するd, and 井戸／弁護士席-示すd forms, not in the least liable to be mistaken for one another even by the most 迅速な and casual 観客. A horse can すぐに be 差別するd by the naked 注目する，もくろむ from a donkey, and a cow from a sheep, without 危険 of error; nobody is likely to 混乱させる wheat with barley, or to hesitate between classing any given fruit that is laid before him as a pear or an apple, a plum or a nectarine. Variability seldom comes under the notice of the ordinary passing 観客 as it does under that of the 調査するing and curious 科学の観察者／傍聴者; and when it comes at all, as in the 事例／患者 of dogs and pigeons, roses and hyacinths, it is no 疑問始める，決める負かす／撃墜する carelessly on a superficial 見解（をとる） as a mere result of human 選択 or of 審議する／熟考する mongrel interbreeding. To the 注目する，もくろむ of the 普通の／平均（する） man, all the living 反対するs ordinarily perceived in 外部の nature 落ちる at once under 確かな直す／買収する，八百長をするd and recognisable 肉親，親類d, as dogs and horses, elms and ashes, whose 限界s he is never at all inclined to confound in any way one with the other.

Linn?us, the 広大な／多数の／重要な father of modern 科学の[Pg 7] biology, had 率直に and perhaps unthinkingly 受託するd this 現在の and almost 全世界の／万国共通の dogma of the fixity and immutability of 種類. Indeed, by defining a 肉親，親類d as a group of 工場／植物s or animals so closely 似ているing one another as to give rise to the belief that they might all be descended from a 選び出す／独身 ancestor or pair of ancestors, he 暗黙に gave the new 許可／制裁 of his 重大な当局 to the 創造 hypothesis, and to the 流布している doctrine of the unchangeability of 有機の forms. To Linn?us, the 種類 into which he mapped out all the 工場／植物s and animals then known, appeared as the 子孫s each of a 独房監禁 progenitor or of a 原始の couple, called into 存在 at the beginning of all things by the direct fiat of a designing Creator. He saw the world of 有機の life as composed of so many 井戸／弁護士席-境界を定めるd types, each separate, 際立った, and immutable, each 有能な of producing its like 広告 infinitum, and each unable to 変化させる from its central 基準 in any of its individuals, except perhaps within very 狭くする and unimportant 限界s.

But に向かって the の近くに of the eighteenth century, 味方する by 味方する with the general awakening of the human intellect and the arrival of a new 時代 of 解放する／自由な social 調査, which 最高潮に達するd in a fresh order of things, there was developed a more 批判的な and 懐疑的な態度 in the world of science, which soon produced a 著名な change of 前線の中で thinking naturalists as to the origin and meaning of 明確な／細部 distinctions.

Buffon was the first 広大な／多数の／重要な生物学の innovator who 投機・賭けるd, in very doubtful and 試験的な language, to 示唆する the 可能性 of the rise of 種類 from one[Pg 8] another by slow modification of ancestral forms. Essentially a popular 評論家, 令状ing in the 火山の priest-抑えるd フラン of the ancien r?gime, during the inconsistent days of Louis XV. and Louis XVI., when it was uncertain whether novel and heterodox opinions would bring 負かす／撃墜する upon their author fame and 評判 or the Sorbonne and the Bastille, Buffon was careful to put his conjectural 結論s in a studiously guarded and often even ironical form. But time after time, in his 広大な／多数の／重要な discursive work, the 'Histoire Naturelle' (published in 連続する容積／容量s between 1749 and 1788), he recurs もう一度 to the 妊娠している suggestion that 工場／植物s and animals may not be bound by 直す／買収する，八百長をするd and immovable 限界s of 種類, but may 自由に変化させる in every direction from a ありふれた centre, so that one 肉親，親類d may 徐々に and slowly be 発展させるd by natural 原因（となる）s from the type of another. He points out that, underlying all 外部の多様制s of character and 形態／調整, 根底となる likenesses of type occur in many animals, which irresistibly 示唆する the novel notion of ありふれた降下／家系 from a 選び出す／独身 ancestor. Thus regarded, he says, not only the ass and the horse (to take a particular passage) but even man himself, the monkeys, the quadrupeds, and all vertebrate animals, might be 見解（をとる）d as 単に forming 相違する支店s of one and the same 広大な／多数の／重要な family tree. Every such family, he believed, whether animal or vegetable, might have sprung 初めは from a 選び出す／独身在庫／株, which after many 世代s had here developed into a higher form, and there degenerated into a lower and いっそう少なく perfect type of organisation. 認めるing this—認めるing that nature could by slow variation produce one 種類 in the[Pg 9] course of direct 降下／家系 from another unlike it (for example, the ass from the horse), then, Buffon 観察するd, there was no その上の限界 to be 始める，決める to her 力／強力にするs in this 尊敬（する）・点, and we might reasonably 結論する that from a 選び出す／独身 primordial 存在 she has 徐々に been able in the course of time to develop the whole continuous gamut of 存在するing animal and vegetable life. To be sure, Buffon always saves himself from 非難 by an obvious afterthought—'But no; it is 確かな from 発覚 that every 種類 was 直接／まっすぐに created by a separate fiat.' This half-hearted and somewhat subrisive 否定, however, must be taken 単に as a 譲歩 to the Sorbonne and to the 流行の／上流の exegesis of his own day; and, even so, the Sorbonne was too much in the end for the philosophic thinker. He had once in his life at least to make his submission and 需要・要求する容赦 from the 感情を害する／違反するd orthodoxy of the Paris faculty.

The wave of thought and feeling, thus apologetically and 試験的に stirred on the unruffled pond of eighteenth century opinion by the startling plop of Buffon's little smooth-削減（する） pebble, soon 広げるd out on every 味方する in concentric circles, and 影響する／感情d with its wash the entire world of 生物学の science in every country. Before the の近くに of the eighteenth century 憶測 as to the origin of 種類 was rife in all ４半期/4分の1s of Europe. In フラン itself, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, constitutionally 用心深い and 決めかねて, but wide of 見解（をとる） and 解放する／自由な from prejudice, （機の）カム slowly to the 結論, in 1795, that all 種類 are really derived by modification from one or more 原始の types. In Germany, in the very same year, Goethe,[Pg 10] with the keen 見通し of the poet and the 静める注目する，もくろむ of the philosopher uniquely 連合させるd, discerned 独立して as by a 雷 flash the 同一の idea of the origin of 肉親，親類d by modification of pre-existent organisms. 'We may 主張する without hesitation,' says that 広大な／多数の／重要な nebulous thinker and 観察者／傍聴者, 'that all the more perfect 有機の natures, such as fishes, amphibians, birds and 哺乳動物s, with man at their 長，率いる, were formed at first on one 初めの type, which still daily changes and 修正するs its form by propagation.' In England, twelve months earlier, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin's grandfather (of whom more anon), published his 'Zoonomia,' a treatise on the 法律s of animal life, in which he not only 可決する・採択するd Buffon's theory of the origin of 種類 by 進化, but also laid 負かす／撃墜する as the 長，指導者原因（となる） of such 開発 the 活動／戦闘s and needs of the animals themselves. によれば Dr. Erasmus Darwin, animals （機の）カム to 変化させる from one another 主として because they were always altering their habits and 任意に融通するing themselves to new 活動／戦闘s and positions in life. His work produced comparatively little 影響 upon the world 捕まらないで in his own time, but it had 巨大な影響（力） upon the next 広大な／多数の／重要な prophet of 進化, Lamarck, and through Lamarck on Lyell, Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and the modern school of evolutionists 一般に. We shall consider his 見解（をとる）s in greater 詳細（に述べる） when we pass from the spiritual to the physical antecedents of Charles Darwin.

It was in 1801 that Lamarck first gave to the world his 時代-making 憶測s and suggestions on the origin of 種類; and from that date to the day of his[Pg 11] death, in 1831, the unwearied old philosopher continued to 充てる his whole time and energy, in blindness and poverty, to the elucidation of this 利益／興味ing and important 支配する. A bold, 激烈な／緊急の, and vigorous thinker, trained in the 広大な／多数の／重要な school of Diderot and D'Alembert, with something of the vivid Celtic poetic imagination, and a fearless habit of forming his own 結論s irrespective of ありふれた or preconceived ideas, Lamarck went to the very root of the 事柄 in the most 決定するd fashion, and 率直に布告するd in the 直面する of frowning officialism under the Napoleonic reaction his 深遠な有罪の判決 that all 種類, 含むing man, were descended by modification from one or more primordial forms. In Charles Darwin's own words, 'He first did the 著名な service of 誘発するing attention to the probability of all change, in the 有機の同様に as in the inorganic world, 存在 the result of 法律 and not of miraculous interposition. Lamarck seems to have been 主として led to his 結論 on the 漸進的な change of 種類 by the difficulty of distinguishing 種類 and varieties, by the almost perfect gradation of forms in 確かな groups, and by the analogy of 国内の生産／産物s. With 尊敬（する）・点 to the means of modification, he せいにするd something to the direct 活動／戦闘 of the physical 条件s of life, something to the crossing of already 存在するing forms, and much to use and disuse, that is, to the 影響s of habit. To this latter 機関 he seems to せいにする all the beautiful adaptations in nature—such as the long neck of the giraffe for browsing on the 支店s of trees,' He believed, in short, that animals had 大部分は developed themselves, by 機能の成果／努力 followed by 増加するd 力／強力にするs and abilities.[Pg 12]

Lamarck's 広大な／多数の／重要な work, the 'Philosophie Zoologique,' though …に反対するd by the 厳格な，質素な and formal genius of the immortal Cuvier—a reactionary 生物学の保守的な and obscurantist, equal to the enormous 仕事 of mapping out piecemeal with infinite 技術 and 力／強力にする the separate 州s of his chosen science, but incapable of taking in all the bearings of the whole field at a 選び出す／独身 vivid and 包括的な sweep—Lamarck's 広大な／多数の／重要な work produced a 深い and 継続している impression upon the entire その後の course of evolutionary thought in 科学の Europe. True, 借りがあるing to the retrograde 傾向s of the First Empire, it 原因（となる）d but little 即座の動かす at the 正確な moment of its first 出版（物）; but the seed it （種を）蒔くd sank 深い, and, lying fallow long in men's minds, bore fruit at last in the next 世代 with the marvellous fecundity of the germs of genius. Indeed, from the very beginning of the 現在の century, a ferment of 調査 on the 支配する of 創造 and 進化 was everywhere obvious の中で思索的な thinkers. The 深遠な利益／興味 which Goethe took in the 論争 on this very 支配する in the French Acad?mie des Sciences between Cuvier and Geoffroy St. Hilaire, まっただ中に the 雷鳴ing guns of a 脅すd European convulsion, was but a 独房監禁 symptom of the general 動かす which に先行するd the gestation and birth of the Darwinian hypothesis. It is impossible to （問題を）取り上げる any 科学の memoirs or treatises of the first half of our own century without seeing at a ちらりと見ること how every mind of high 初めの科学の importance was permeated and 乱すd by the 根底となる questions 誘発するd, but not fully answered, by Buffon, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin. In Lyell's letters and in Agassiz's lectures, in[Pg 13] the 'Botanic 定期刊行物' and the 'Philosophical 処理／取引s,' in treatises on Madeira beetles and the Australian flora, we find everywhere the thoughts of men profoundly 影響（力）d in a thousand directions by this 全世界の／万国共通の evolutionary solvent and leaven.

And while the world of thought was thus seething and moving restlessly before the wave of ideas 始める，決める in 動議 by these さまざまな独立した・無所属 philosophers, another group of 原因（となる）s in another field was （判決などを）下すing smooth the path beforehand for the 未来支持する／優勝者 of the 修正するd evolutionism. 地質学 on the one 手渡す and astronomy on the other were making men's minds 徐々に familiar with the conception of slow natural 開発, as …に反対するd to 即座の and miraculous 創造.

The rise of 地質学 had been 早い and brilliant. In the last century it had been almost universally believed that 化石 organisms were the 遺物s of 潜水するd and destroyed worlds, strange 残余s of 連続する terrible mundane 大災害s. Cuvier himself, who had （判決などを）下すd 巨大な services to 地質学の science by his almost unerring 再建s of extinct animals, remained a 同志／支持者 of the old theory of constant cataclysms and fresh 創造s throughout his whole life; but Lamarck, here as どこかよそで the prophet of the modern uniformitarian 概念 of nature, had already 発表するd his grand idea that the ordinary 過程 of natural 法律s 十分であるd to account for all the phenomena of the earth's crust. In England, William Smith, the ingenious land surveyor, riding up and 負かす／撃墜する on his daily 仕事 over the 直面する of the country, became 納得させるd by his 観察s in[Pg 14] the first years of the 現在の century that a 直す／買収する，八百長をするd order of sequence could everywhere be traced の中で the さまざまな superincumbent 地質学の strata. Modern 科学の地質学 takes its rise from the moment of this luminous and luminiferous 発見. With astonishing rapidity the sequence of strata was everywhere 公式文書，認めるd, and the succession of characteristic 化石s mapped out, with the result of showing, however imperfectly at first, that the history of 有機の life upon the globe had followed a slow and 正規の／正選手 course of constant 開発. すぐに whole schools of eager 労働者s 雇うd themselves in 調査／捜査するing in separate 詳細（に述べる） the phenomena of these 連続する行う／開催する／段階s of 広げるing life. Murchison, fresh from the Peninsular （選挙などの）運動をする, began to 熟考する／考慮する the 夜明け of 有機の history in the gloom of the Silurian and Cambrian 時代s. A group of いっそう少なく articulate but not いっそう少なく active 労働者s like Buckland and Mantell 成し遂げるd 類似の services for the carboniferous, the wealden, and the tertiary deposits. Sedgwick endeavoured to co-ordinate the whole 範囲 of then known facts into a 選び出す／独身 wide and 包括的な調査する. De La Beche, Phillips, and Agassiz 追加するd their 株 to the 広大な／多数の／重要な work of 再建. Last of all, の中で those who were 同時代の and all but coeval with Charles Darwin himself, Lyell boldly fought out the 戦う／戦い of 'uniformitarianism,' 証明するing, with all the 蓄積するd 負わせる of his encyclop?dic and world-wide knowledge, that every known feature of 地質学の開発 could be traced to the 機関 of 原因（となる）s now in 活動／戦闘, and illustrated by means of slow 世俗的な changes still 現実に taking place on earth before our very 注目する，もくろむs.[Pg 15]

The 影響（力） of these novel conceptions upon the growth and spread of evolutionary ideas was far-reaching and twofold. In the first place, the 発見 of a 限定された succession of nearly 関係のある有機の forms, に引き続いて one another with evident closeness through the さまざまな ages, 必然的に示唆するd to every 問い合わせing 観察者／傍聴者 the 可能性 of their direct 降下／家系 one from the other. In the second place, the 発見 that 地質学の形式s were not really separated each from its 前任者 by violent 革命s, but were the result of 漸進的な and ordinary changes, discredited the old idea of たびたび（訪れる） fresh 創造s after each 大災害, and familiarised the minds of men of science with the 代案／選択肢 notion of slow and natural evolutionary 過程s. The past was seen to be in 影響 the parent of the 現在の; the 現在の was recognised as the child of the past.

現在の天文学の theories also pointed 必然的に in the same direction. Kant, whose supereminent fame as a philosopher has almost 影を投げかけるd his just （人命などを）奪う，主張するs as a 深遠な thinker in physical science, had already in the third ４半期/4分の1 of the eighteenth century arrived at his sublime nebular hypothesis, in which he 示唆するd the possible 開発 of 星／主役にするs, suns, 惑星s, and 衛星s by the slow 収縮過程 of very diffuse and incandescent 煙霧-clouds. This magnificent cosmical conception was 掴むd and adapted by the genius of Laplace in his celestial system, and made familiar through his 広大な／多数の／重要な work to thinking minds throughout the whole of Europe. In England it was その上の修正するd and remodelled by Sir William Herschel, whose period of active 調査同時に起こる／一致するd in part with Charles[Pg 16] Darwin's 早期に boyhood. The bearings of the nebular hypothesis upon the rise of Darwinian evolutionism are by no means remote: the entire modern 科学の movement forms, in fact, a 選び出す／独身広大な／多数の／重要な有機の whole, of which the special doctrine of 生物学の開発 is but a small separate integral part. All the theories and doctrines which go to make it up 陳列する，発揮する the one ありふれた trait that they 拒絶する the idea of direct creative interposition from without, and せいにする the entire 存在するing order of nature to the 正規の／正選手広げるing of one undeviating continuous 法律.

Yet another factor in the 知識人動かす and bustle of the time must needs be について言及するd even in so short and cursory a sketch as this of the 原因（となる）s which led to the Darwinian 危機. In 1798, Thomas Malthus, a clergyman of the Church of England, published the first 版 of his famous and much-審議d 'Essay on the 原則 of 全住民.' Malthus was the first person who ever called public attention to the 傾向 of 全住民 to 増加する up to the 最大の限界 of subsistence, 同様に as to the necessary 影響（力） of 餓死 in checking its その上の開発 beyond that point. Though his essay dealt only with the question of reproduction in human societies, it was （疑いを）晴らす that it 所有するd innumerable analogies in every domain of animal and vegetable life. The 調書をとる／予約する ran through many 連続する版s with 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の rapidity for a work of its class, it was ひどく attacked and bravely defended, it 原因（となる）d an 巨大な量 of discussion and 審議, and besides its marvellous direct 影響（力） as a germinal 力／強力にする upon the whole その後の course of politico-economical and sociological thought, it produced also a[Pg 17] remarkable indirect 影響（力） on the 味方する現在の of 生物学の and 思索的な opinion. In particular, as we shall more fully see hereafter, it had an 即座の影響 in 示唆するing to the mind of the 広大な／多数の／重要な naturalist who forms our 現在の支配する the embryo idea of 'natural 選択.'

Such then was the 知識人 and social world into which, 早期に in the 現在の century, Charles Darwin 設立する himself born. Everywhere around him in his childhood and 青年 these 広大な／多数の／重要な but formless evolutionary ideas were brewing and fermenting. The 科学の society of his 年上のs and of the 同時代のs の中で whom he grew up was permeated with the leaven of Laplace and of Lamarck, of Hutton and of Herschel. 調査 was 特に everywhere rife as to the origin and nature of 明確な／細部 distinctions の中で工場／植物s and animals. Those who believed in the doctrine of Buffon and of the 'Zoonomia' and those who disbelieved in it, alike, were profoundly 利益／興味d and agitated in soul by the far-reaching 関わりあい／含蓄s of that 根底となる problem. On every 味方する evolutionism, in its 天然のまま form, was already in the 空気／公表する. Long before Charles Darwin himself published his conclusive 'Origin of 種類,' every thinking mind in the world of science, 年上の and younger, was 深く，強烈に engaged upon the self-same problem. Lyell and Horner in 補欠／交替の／交替する fits were 疑問ing and 審議ing. Herbert Spencer had already 率直に受託するd the new idea with the 深遠な有罪の判決 of a priori 推論する／理由ing. Agassiz was hesitating and raising difficulties. Treviranus was ardently 布告するing his unflinching adhesion. Oken was spinning in metaphysical Germany his fanciful parodies of the Lamarckian[Pg 18] hypothesis. の中で the depths of Brazilian forests Bates was reading the story of 進化 on the gauze-like wings of 熱帯のバタフライs. Under the scanty shade of Malayan palm-trees Wallace was 独立して（一定の）期間ing out in rude 輪郭（を描く） the very theory of 生き残り of the fittest, which Charles Darwin himself was 同時に perfecting and polishing の中で the memoirs and 小冊子s of his English 熟考する／考慮する. Wollaston in Madeira was pointing out the strange adaptations of the curious 地元の snails and beetles. 出身の Buch in the Canaries was coming to the 結論 that varieties may be slowly changed into 永久の種類. Lecoq and 出身の Baer were 徐々に arriving, one by the botanical 大勝する, the other by the embryological, at the same opinion. Before Charles Darwin was twenty, Dean Herbert had 宣言するd from the 深遠な depth of his horticultural knowledge that 肉親，親類d were only mere 直す／買収する，八百長をするd sports; and Patrick Matthew, in the 虫垂 to a work on '海軍の木材／素質,' had casually developed, without perceiving its importance, the actual 独特の Darwinian doctrine of natural 選択. Robert 議会s published in 1844 his '痕跡s of 創造,' in which Lamarck's theory was impressed and popularised under a somewhat spoilt and mistaken form: it was not till 1859 that the first 版 of the 'Origin of 種類' burst like a thunderbolt upon the astonished world of unprepared and unscientific thinkers.

This general 態度 of 利益／興味 and 調査 is of 深い importance to the proper comprehension of Charles Darwin's life and work, and that for two 際立った推論する／理由s. In the first place, the 全世界の／万国共通の動かす and 深い調査するing into evolutionary questions which everywhere 存在するd[Pg 19] の中で科学の men in his 早期に days was 自然に communicated to a lad born of a 科学の family, and 相続するing 直接／まっすぐに in 血 and bone the 生物学の tastes and 傾向s of Erasmus Darwin. In the second place, the 存在 of such a 深い and wide-spread curiosity as to ultimate origins, and the ありふれた prevalence of 深遠な uniformitarian and evolutionary 見解（をとる）s の中で philosophers and thinkers, made the 受託 of Charles Darwin's particular theory, when it at last arrived, a comparatively 平易な and 確かな事柄, because by it the course of 有機の開発 was assimilated, on 信頼できる grounds, to the course of all other 開発 in general, as then already 広範囲にわたって recognised. The first consideration helps us to account in part for the man himself; the second consideration helps us even more to account for the 広大な／多数の／重要な work which he was enabled in the end so 首尾よく to 遂行する.[Pg 20]

CHAPTER II.

CHARLES DARWIN AND HIS ANTECEDENTS.

From the 環境 let us turn to the individual; from the world in which the man moved to the man who moved in it, and was in time 運命にあるd to move it.

Who was he, and whence did he derive his exceptional energy and 知識人 panoply?

Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather, the first of the line in whom the 独特の Darwinian 緊張する of intellect overtly 陳列する，発揮するd itself, was the son of one Robert Darwin, a gentleman of Nottinghamshire, 'a person of curiosity,' with 'a taste for literature and science;' so that for four 世代s at least, in the paternal line, the peculiar talents of the Darwin family had been 高度に cultivated in either direction. Robert Darwin was an 早期に member of the Spalding Club, a friend of Stukeley the antiquary, and an embryo geologist, after the fantastic, half-superstitious fashion of his own time. Of his four sons, both Robert, the eldest, and Erasmus, the youngest, were authors and botanists. Erasmus himself was a Cambridge man, and his natural bent of mind and energy led him irresistibly on to the 熟考する／考慮する of 薬／医学. Taking his 医療の degree at his own university, and afterwards 準備するing for practice by …に出席するing[Pg 21] Hunter's lectures in London, besides going through the 正規の／正選手医療の course at Edinburgh, the young doctor finally settled 負かす／撃墜する as a 内科医 at Nottingham, whence すぐに afterward he 除去するd to Lichfield, then the centre of a famous literary coterie. So large a part of Charles Darwin's remarkable idiosyncrasy was derived by 遺伝 from his paternal grandfather, that it may be 価値（がある） while to dwell a little here in passing on the character and career of this brilliant precursor of the 広大な／多数の／重要な evolutionist. Both in the physical and in the spiritual sense, Erasmus Darwin was one の中で the truest and most 本物の ancestors of his grandson Charles.

A powerful, 強健な, 運動競技の man, in florid health and of temperate habits, yet with the 十分な-血d 傾向 of the eighteenth century vividly 陳列する，発揮するd in his ample 直面する and 幅の広い features, Erasmus Darwin 泡d over with irrepressible vivacity, the outward and 明白な調印する of that 洪水ing energy which forms everywhere one of the most 示すd 決定するing 条件s of high genius. Strong in 団体／死体 and strong in mind, a teetotaler before teetotalism, an abolitionist before the anti-slavery movement, he had a 広大な／多数の／重要な contempt for 証拠不十分s and prejudices of every sort, and he rose far superior to the age in which he lived in breadth of 見解（をとる） and freedom from preconceptions. The eighteenth century considered him, in its 用心深い, 削減（する）-and-乾燥した，日照りのd fashion, a man of singular talent but of remarkably eccentric and 危険な opinions. Unfortunately for his 継続している fame, Dr. Darwin was much given to 令状ing poetry; and this poetry, though as ingenious as everything else he did, had a 確かな誤った gallop of[Pg 22] 詩（を作る） about it which has doomed it to become since Canning's parody a sort of 警告 beacon against the worst faults of the 地位，任命する-Augustan decadence in the ten-syllabled metre. Nobody now reads the 'Botanic Garden' except either to laugh at its exquisite extravagances, or to wonder at the queer tinsel glitter of its 時折の clever rhetorical rhapsodies.

But in his 代案／選択肢 character of philosophic biologist, 拒絶するd by the age which swallowed his poetry all applausive, Erasmus Darwin is 井戸／弁護士席 worthy of the highest and deepest 尊敬（する）・点, as a prime 創立者 and 早期に prophet of the evolutionary system. His 'Zoonomia,' 'which, though ingenious, is built upon the most absurd hypothesis'—as men still said only thirty years ago—含む／封じ込めるs in the germ the whole theory of 有機の開発 as understood up to the very moment of the 出版（物） of the 'Origin of 種類.' In it Dr. Darwin calls attention to 'the 広大な／多数の／重要な changes introduced into さまざまな animals by 人工的な or 偶発の cultivation,' a 支配する afterwards fully elucidated by his greater grandson in his work on 'The Variation of Animals and 工場／植物s under Domestication.' He 特に公式文書，認めるs 'the 巨大な changes of 形態／調整 and colour' produced by man in rabbits and pigeons, the very 種類 on which Charles Darwin subsequently made some of his most remarkable and 利益／興味ing 観察s. More than any previous writer, Erasmus Darwin, with 'prophetic sagacity,' 主張するd 堅固に on the 必須のまとまり of parent and offspring—a truth which lies at the very base of all modern philosophical biology. '借りがあるing to the imperfection of language,' wrote the Lichfield doctor nearly a hundred years ago,[Pg 23] 'the offspring is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d a new animal, but is in truth a 支店 or elongation of the parent, since a part of the embryon-animal is or was a part of the parent, and therefore may 保持する some of the habits of the parent system.' He laid peculiar 強調する／ストレス upon the hereditary nature of some acquired 所有物／資産／財産s, such as the muscles of ダンサーs or jugglers, and the 病気s incidental to special 占領／職業s. Nay, he even 心配するd his 広大な／多数の／重要な子孫 in pointing out that varieties are often produced at first as mere 'sports' or 偶発の variations, as in the 事例／患者 of six-fingered men, five-clawed fowls, or extra-toed cats, and are afterwards 手渡すd 負かす／撃墜する by 遺伝 to 後継するing 世代s. Charles Darwin would have 追加するd that if these new 逸脱する peculiarities happened to 証明する advantageous to the 種類 they would be 自然に favoured in the struggle for 存在, while if they 証明するd disadvantageous, or even 中立の, they would die out at once or be bred out in the course of a few crosses. That last truth of natural 選択 was the only 枢機けい／主要な one in the evolutionary system on which Erasmus Darwin did not 現実に forestall his more famous and greater namesake. For its 十分な perception, the 発見 of Malthus had to be collated with the 憶測s of Buffon.

'When we 回転する in our minds,' says the eighteenth century prophet of 進化, 'the 広大な／多数の／重要な similarity of structure which 得るs in all the warm-血d animals, 同様に quadrupeds, birds, and 水陸両性の animals, as in mankind; from the mouse and bat to the elephant and 鯨; one is led to 結論する that they have alike been produced from a 類似の living filament. In some this filament in its 前進する to 成熟 has acquired[Pg 24] 手渡すs and fingers with a 罰金 sense of touch, as in mankind. In others it has acquired claws or talons, as in tigers and eagles. In others, toes with an 介入するing web or membrane, as in 調印（する）s and geese. In others it has acquired cloven hoofs, as in cows and swine; and whole hoofs in others, as in the horse: while in the bird 肉親，親類d this 初めの living filament has put 前へ／外へ wings instead of 武器 or 脚s, and feathers instead of hair.' This is a very 天然のまま form of evolutionism indeed, but it is 主要な up by 漸進的な行う／開催する／段階s to the finished and all-味方するd philosophy of physical life, which at last definitely 明確に表すs itself through the mouth of Charles Darwin. We shall see hereafter wherein Erasmus Darwin's conception of 開発主として failed—in せいにするing 進化 for the most part to the exertions and endeavours of the animal itself, rather than to 必然的な生き残り of the fittest の中で innumerable spontaneous variations—but we must at least 結論する our glimpse of his 妊娠している and suggestive work by 引用するing its 広大な／多数の／重要な根底となる aper?u:—'As the earth and ocean were probably peopled with vegetable 生産／産物s long before the 存在 of animals, and many families of these animals long before other families of them, shall we conjecture that one and the same 肉親，親類d of living filament is and has been the 原因（となる） of all 有機の life?'

A few lines from the '寺 of Nature,' one of Erasmus Darwin's poetic rhapsodies, 含む／封じ込めるing his fully 円熟したd 見解（をとる）s on the origin of living creatures, may be 価値（がある） reproduction in その上の elucidation of his philosophical position:[Pg 25]—

'有機の life beneath the shoreless waves
Was born, and nursed in ocean's pearly 洞穴s;
First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass.
Move on the mud, or pierce the watery 集まり;
These, as 連続する世代s bloom,
New 力／強力にするs acquire, and larger 四肢s assume;
Whence countless groups of vegetation spring,
And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.'

Have we not here the very beginnings of Charles Darwin? Do we not see, in these 深遠な and 根底となる suggestions, not 単に hints as to the 進化 of 進化, but also as to the 進化 of the evolutionist?

On the other 手渡す, though Erasmus Darwin defined a fool to his friend Edgeworth as 'a man who never tried an 実験 in his life,' he was wanting himself in the rigorous and 患者 inductive habit which so strikingly distinguished his grandson Charles. That trait, as we shall presently see, the 生物学の長，指導者 of the nineteenth century derived in all probability from another root of his genealogical tree. Erasmus Darwin gave us brilliant suggestions rather than cumulative proof: he apologised in his 'Zoonomia' for 'many conjectures not supported by 正確な調査 or conclusive 実験s,' Such an 陳謝 would have been 簡単に impossible to the painstaking spirit of his grandson Charles.

Erasmus Darwin was twice married. His first wife was Mary, daughter of Mr. Charles Howard, of Lichfield, and it was her son, Robert Waring Darwin, who became the father of our hero, Charles. It is 流行の／上流の to say, in this and sundry other like 事例／患者s, that the mental energy skips a 世代. People have said so[Pg 26] in the 事例／患者 of that 中間の Mendelssohn who was son of Moses Mendelssohn, the philosopher, and father of Felix Bartholdy Mendelssohn, the 作曲家—that mere link in a marvellous chain who was wont to 観察する of himself in the 拒絶する／低下する of life, that in his 青年 he was called the son of the 広大な／多数の／重要な Mendelssohn, and in his old age the father of the 広大な／多数の／重要な Mendelssohn. As a 事柄 of fact, one may 公正に／かなり疑問 whether such a 事例／患者 of actual skipping is ever possible in the nature of things. In the particular instance of Robert Waring Darwin at least we may be pretty sure that the 独特の Darwinian 緊張する of genius lay 単に latent rather than 活動停止中の: that it did not 陳列する，発揮する itself to the world 捕まらないで, but that it 固執するd silently as powerful as ever within the remote 休会s of the thinking organism. Not every man brings out before men all that is within him. Robert Waring Darwin was a 内科医 at Shrewsbury; and he 達成するd at least 十分な科学の eminence in his own time to become a Fellow of the 王室の Society, in days when that honour was certainly not readily conferred upon country doctors of modest 評判. Charles Darwin says of him plainly, 'He was incomparably the most 激烈な／緊急の観察者／傍聴者 whom I ever knew.' It may 井戸／弁護士席 have been that Robert Darwin lived and died, as his famous son lived for fifty years of his 広大な／多数の／重要な life, in comparative silence and learned 退職; for we must never forget that if Charles Darwin had only 完全にするd the first half century of his laborious 存在, he would have been remembered 単に as the author of an entertaining work on the voyage of the 'Beagle,' a plausible theory of 珊瑚 islands, and a[Pg 27] learned monograph on the 化石 barnacles. During all those years, in fact, he had really done little else than collect 構成要素 for the work of his lifetime. If we 裁判官 men by outward 業績／成果 only, we may often be 大いに mistaken in our 見積（る）s: potentiality is wider than actuality; what a man does is never a 確かな or extreme criterion of what he can do.

The Darwins, indeed, were all a mighty folk, of 変化させるd 力／強力にするs and 変化させるd attainments. Erasmus's brother, Robert, was the author of a work on botany, which long enjoyed a respectable repute. Of his sons, one, Sir Francis Darwin, was 公式文書，認めるd as a keen 観察者／傍聴者 of animals; a second, Charles, who died at twenty-one, was already the author of a very 価値のある医療の essay; while the third, Robert, was the Shrewsbury F.R.S., the father of our 広大な／多数の／重要な evolutionary thinker. And の中で Charles Darwin's own cousins, one is Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood, the philologist; a second was the late Sir Henry Holland; and a third is Mr. Francis Galton, the author of that essentially Darwinian 調書をとる／予約する, 'Hereditary Genius.'

Robert Waring Darwin took to himself a wife from another very 広大な／多数の／重要な and 著名な family. He married Susannah Wedgwood, daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter; and from these two silent 代表者／国会議員s of powerful 在庫／株s, Charles Robert Darwin, the father of modern evolutionary biology, was born at Shrewsbury, on February the 12th, 1809. That Wedgwood 関係, again, is no mere casual or unimportant 出来事/事件 in the previous life-history of the Darwinian originality; it throws a separate （疑いを）晴らす light of its own[Pg 28] upon the peculiar and admirably 構内／化合物d idiosyncrasy of Charles Darwin.

A man, indeed, 借りがあるs on the 普通の／平均（する）やめる as much to his mother's as to his father's family. It is a mere unscientific old-world prejudice which makes us for the most part count 家系 in the direct 上がるing male line alone, to the 完全にする neglect of the 平等に important maternal pedigree. Prom the 生物学の point of 見解（をとる）, at least, every individual is a 高度にコンビナート／複合体構内／化合物 of hereditary elements, a resultant of 非常に／多数の converging 軍隊s, a 会合 place of two 広大な／多数の／重要な streams of 相続物件, each of which is itself 類似して made up by the like confluence of innumerable 際立った事前の支流s. Between these two it is almost impossible for us 正確に to 分配する any given individuality. How much Charles Darwin 借りがあるd to the Darwins, and how much he 借りがあるd in turn to the Wedgwoods, no man is yet psychologist enough or physiologist enough to say. But that he 借りがあるd a 広大な／多数の／重要な取引，協定 to either strong and vigorous 緊張する we may even now やめる安全に take for 認めるd.

The Wedgwood family were '投げる人s' by handicraft, superior artisans long settled at Burslem, in the Staffordshire potteries. Josiah, the youngest of thirteen children, lamed by illness in 早期に life, was turned by this happy 事故 from his 原始の仕事 as a '投げる人' to the more artistic and 初めの work of producing ornamental coloured earthenware. Skilful and indefatigable, of indomitable energy and with 広大な／多数の／重要な力／強力にするs of 軍隊ing his way in life against all 障害s, young Wedgwood rose 速く by his own unaided exertions to be a master potter, and a 製造業者 of[Pg 29] the famous unglazed 黒人／ボイコット porcelain. Those were the darkest days of 産業の art and decorative handicraft in modern England. Josiah Wedgwood, by his 示すd originality and 軍隊 of character, 後継するd in turning the 現在の of 国家の taste, and creating の中で us a new and distinctly higher type of artistic workmanship. His activity, however, was not 限定するd to his art alone, but 設立する itself a hundred other different 出口s in the most 変化させるd directions. When his potteries needed enlargement to 会合，会う the 増加するd 需要・要求する, he 設立するd for the 手渡すs 雇うd upon his 作品 the model 産業の village of Etruria. When Brindley began cutting 人工的な水路s across the 幅の広い直面する of central England, it was in the 広大な／多数の／重要な potter that he 設立する his 長，指導者同盟（する） in 促進するing the construction of the Grand Trunk Canal. Wedgwood, indeed, was a 建設業者 of schools and a 製造者 of roads; a 化学者／薬剤師 and an artist; a friend of ワット and an 雇用者 of Flaxman. In short, like Erasmus Darwin, he 所有するd that prime 必須の in the character of genius, an 巨大な underlying 在庫／株 of energy. And with it there went its best concomitant, the 'infinite capacity for taking 苦痛s.' Is it not probable that in their 共同の子孫, the brilliant but discursive and 危険な genius of Erasmus Darwin was balanced and 規制するd by soberer 質s 相続するd 直接／まっすぐに from the 深遠な産業 of the painstaking potter? When later on we find Charles Darwin spending hours in 公式文書，認めるing the 連続する movements of the tendrils in a 工場／植物, or watching for long years the habits and manners of earthworms in flower-マリファナs, may we not reasonably conjecture that he derived no little 株 of his 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の[Pg 30] patience, carefulness, and minuteness of handicraft from his mother's father, Josiah Wedgwood?

Such, then, were the two main 構成要素 elements, paternal and maternal, from which the striking personality of Charles Darwin was no 疑問 for the most part 最終的に built up.[Pg 31]

CHAPTER III.

EARLY DAYS.

As the Chester 表明する steams out of Shrewsbury 駅／配置する, you see on your left, overhanging the 法外な bank of Severn, a large, square, 相当な-looking house, known as the 開始する, the birthplace of the author of the 'Origin of 種類.' There, in the comfortable home he had built for himself, Dr. Robert Darwin, the father, lived and worked for fifty years of unobtrusive usefulness. He had 熟考する／考慮するd 薬／医学 at Edinburgh and Leyden, and had even travelled a little in Germany, before he settled 負かす／撃墜する in the 静かな old Salopian town, where for half a century his portly 人物／姿／数字 and yellow chaise were familiar 反対するs of the country-味方する for miles around. の中で a literary society which 含むd Coleridge's friends, the Tayleurs, and where Hazlitt listened with delight to the 広大な／多数の／重要な poet's 'music of the spheres,' in High Street Unitarian Chapel, the 開始する kept up with becoming dignity the family traditions of the Darwins and the Wedgwoods as a 地元の centre of sweetness and light.

On February the 12th, 1809, Charles Darwin first saw the light of day in this his father's house at Shrewsbury. Time and place were both propitious. Born in[Pg 32] a cultivated 科学の family, surrounded from his birth by elevating 影響（力）s, and 安全な・保証するd beforehand from the cramping necessity of 収入 his own 暮らし by his own exertions, the boy was 運命にあるd to grow up to 十分な成熟 in the twenty-one years of slow 開発 that すぐにに先行するd the passing of the first 改革（する）行為／法令／行動する. The 雷鳴 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な European 激変 had grown silent at Waterloo when he was barely six years old, and his boyhood was passed まっただ中に country sights and sounds during that long period of 再建 and assimilation which followed the 猛烈な／残忍な火山の爆発 of the French 革命. Happy in the 適切な時期 of his birth, he （機の）カム upon the world eight years after the first 出版（物） of Lamarck's remarkable 憶測s, and for the first twenty-two years of his life he was 現実に the far younger 同時代の of the 広大な／多数の／重要な French evolutionary philosopher. Eleven years before his arrival upon the scene Malthus had 始める，決める前へ／外へ his '原則 of 全住民.' Charles Darwin thus entered upon a 行う／開催する／段階井戸／弁護士席用意が出来ている for him, and he entered it with an idiosyncrasy 正確に／まさに adapted for making the best of the 状況／情勢. The 国／地域 had been 完全に turned and dressed beforehand: Charles Darwin's seed had only to 落ちる upon it ーするために spring up and 耐える fruit a hundredfold, in every field of science or 憶測.

For it was not biology alone that he was foredoomed to revolutionise, but the whole 範囲 of human thought, and perhaps even 最終的に of human 活動／戦闘.

Is it mere 国家の prejudice which makes one 追加する with 祝賀の楽しみ that Darwin was born in England, rather than in フラン, in Germany, or in[Pg 33] America? Perhaps so; perhaps not. For the English intellect does indeed seem more 有能な than most of 部隊ing high 思索的な ability with high practical 技術 and experience: and of that union of rare 質s Darwin himself was a most 目だつ example. It is probable that England has produced more of the 広大な／多数の／重要な organising and systematising intellects than any other modern country.

の中で those thinkers in his own line who stood more nearly abreast of Darwin in the 事柄 of age, Lyell was some eleven years his 上級の, and 与える／捧げるd not a little (though やめる unconsciously) by his work and 結論s to the 形式 of Darwin's own peculiar 科学の opinions. The 退役軍人 Owen, who still 生き残るs him, was nearly five years older than Darwin, and also helped to a 広大な／多数の／重要な extent in giving form and exactness to his 広大な／多数の／重要な同時代の's anatomical ideas. Humboldt, who に先行するd our English naturalist in the 事柄 of time by no いっそう少なく than forty years, might yet almost 階級 as coeval in some 尊敬（する）・点s, 借りがあるing to his long and active life, his late 成熟, and the very 最近の date of his greatest and most thought-説得力のある work, the 'Cosmos' (begun when Humboldt was seventy-five, and finished when he 欠如（する）d but ten years of his century), in itself a sort of 準備 for 予定受託 of the Darwinian theories. In fact, as many as fifty years of their 共同の lives 同時に起こる／一致するd 完全に one with the other's. Agassiz antedated Darwin by two years. On the other 手渡す, の中で the men who most helped on the 承認 of Darwin's theories, Hooker and Lewes were his juniors by eight years, Herbert Spencer by eleven, Wallace by thirteen, and Huxley[Pg 34] by sixteen. His cousin, Francis Galton, another grandson of Erasmus Darwin, and 共同の inheritor of the 独特の family 生物学の ply, was born at the same date as Alfred Russell Wallace, thirteen years after Charles Darwin. In such a goodly 星雲 of 労働者s was the Darwinian light 運命にあるd to 向こうずね through the middle of the century, as one 星／主役にする excelleth another in glory.

Charles Darwin was the second son: but nature 辞退するs doggedly to 認める the custom of primogeniture. His 年上の brother, Erasmus, a man of mute and inarticulate ability, with a sardonic humour 外国人 to his race, だまし取るd unwonted 賞賛する from the 批判的な pen of Thomas Carlyle, who 'for intellect rather preferred him to his brother Charles.' But whatever 誘発する of the Darwinian genius was really innate in Erasmus the いっそう少なく died with him unacknowledged.

The boy was educated (so they call it) at Shrewsbury Grammar School, under sturdy Sam Butler, afterwards Bishop of Lichfield; and there he 選ぶd up so much Latin and Greek as was then considered 絶対必須の to the 予定生産／産物 of an English gentleman. Happily for the world, having no taste for the classics, he escaped the ordeal with little 傷害 to his individuality. His mother had died while he was still a child, but his father, that '激烈な／緊急の観察者／傍聴者,' no 疑問 taught him to know and love nature. At sixteen he went to Edinburgh University, then （判決などを）下すd famous by a little knot of distinguished professors, and there he remained for two years. Already at school he had made himself 著名な by his love of collecting—the first nascent symptom of the naturalist bent. He collected everything, 爆撃するs, eggs,[Pg 35] minerals, coins, nay, since postage stamps were then not yet invented, even franks. But at Edinburgh he gave the earliest 際立った証拠 of his 限定された科学の tastes by 与える／捧げるing to the 地元の academic society a paper on the floating eggs of the ありふれた sea-mat, in which he had even then 後継するd in discovering for the first time 組織／臓器s of locomotion. Thence he proceeded to Christ's College, Cambridge. The Darwins were luckily a Cambridge family: luckily, let us say, for had it been さもなければ—had young Darwin been distorted from his native bent by Plato and Aristotle, and 急落（する），激減（する）d 深い into the mysteries of Barbara and Celarent, as would infallibly have happened to him at the sister university—who can tell how long we might have had to wait in vain for the 'Origin of 種類' and the '降下／家系 of Man'? But Cambridge, which rejoiced already in the glory of Newton, was now to match it by the glory of Darwin. In its academical course, the mathematical wedge had always kept open a 薄暗い passage for physical science; and at the exact moment when Darwin was an undergraduate at Christ's—from 1827 to 1831—the university had the advantage of several good 科学の teachers, and amongst them one, Professor Henslow, a 井戸／弁護士席-known botanist, who took a special 利益／興味 in young Darwin's 知識人開発. There, too, he met with Sedgwick, Airy, Ramsay, and 非常に／多数の other men of science, whose intercourse with him must no 疑問 have 与える／捧げるd 大部分は to mould and form the 未来 cast of his peculiar philosophical idiosyncrasy.

It was to Henslow's 影響（力） that Darwin in later years せいにするd in 広大な／多数の／重要な part his powerful taste for[Pg 36] natural history. But in truth the ascription of such high 賞賛する to his 早期に teacher smacks too much of the Darwinian modesty to be 受託するd at once without demur by the candid critic. The naturalist, like the poet, is born, not made. How much more, then, must this needs be the 事例／患者 with the grandson of Erasmus Darwin and of Josiah Wedgwood? As a 事柄 of fact, already at Edinburgh the lad had loved to spend his days の中で the sea-beasts and wrack of the インチs in the Firth of 前へ／外へ; and it was through the instrumentality of his 'brother entomologists' that he first became 熟知させるd with Henslow himself when he 除去するd to Cambridge. The good professor could not make him into a naturalist: 相続するd 傾向s and native energies had done that for him already from his very cradle.

'Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam;' and it was 井戸／弁護士席 that Darwin took up at Cambridge with the 熟考する／考慮する of 地質学 as his first love. For 地質学 was then the living and moving science, as astronomy had been in the sixteenth century, and as biology is at the 現在の day—the growing-point, so to speak, of European 開発, whence all 広大な／多数の／重要な things might 自然に be 推定する／予想するd. Moreover, it was and is the central science of the 固める／コンクリート class, having relations with astronomy on the one 手渡す, and with biology on the other; 関心d alike with cosmical chances or changes on this 味方する, and with the minutest facts of 有機の nature on that; the 会合-place and 国境-land of all the separate 支店s of 熟考する／考慮する that finally 耐える upon the コンビナート／複合体 problems of our human life. No other 支配する of 調査 was so 井戸／弁護士席 calculated to rouse Darwin's 利益／興味 in the ultimate questions of 進化 or 創造,[Pg 37] of sudden cataclysm or 漸進的な growth, of miraculous 介入 or slow 開発. Here, if anywhere, his enigmas were all 明確に propounded to him by the inarticulate stony sphinxes; he had only to riddle them out for himself as he went along in after years with the 援助（する） of the 連続する味方する-lights thrown upon the world by the unconnected lanterns of Lamarck and of Malthus.

Fortunately for us, then, Darwin did not waste his time at Cambridge over the vain and frivolous 追跡s of the classical tripos. He preferred to work at his own 支配するs in his own way, and to leave the short-lived honours of the schools to those who cared for them and for nothing higher. He （機の）カム out with the ο? πολλο? in 1831, and thenceforth proceeded to 熟考する／考慮する life in the wider university for which his natural inclinations more 適切に fitted him. The world was all before him where to choose, and he chose that better part which shall not be taken away from him as long as the very memory of science 生き残るs.[Pg 38]

CHAPTER IV.

DARWIN'S WANDER-YEARS.

Scarcely had Darwin taken his pass degree at Cambridge when the 広大な／多数の／重要な event of his life occurred which, more than anything else perhaps, gave the final direction to his categorical genius in the line it was thenceforth so 首尾よく to follow. In the autumn of 1831, when Darwin was just twenty-two, it was decided by 政府 to send a ten-gun brig, the 'Beagle,' under 命令（する） of Captain Fitzroy, to 完全にする the unfinished 調査する of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, to 地図／計画する out the shores of Chili and Peru, to visit several of the 太平洋の群島s, and to carry a chain of chronometrical 測定s 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the whole world. This was an essentially 科学の探検隊／遠征隊, and Captain Fitzroy, afterwards so famous as the 気象の海軍大将, was a 科学の officer of the highest type. He was anxious to be …を伴ってd on his 巡航する by a competent naturalist who would 請け負う the collection and 保護 of the animals and 工場／植物s discovered on the voyage, for which 目的 he generously 申し込む／申し出d to give up a 株 of his own cabin accommodation. Professor Henslow 掴むd upon the 適切な時期 to recommend for the 地位，任命する his 約束ing pupil, young Darwin, 'grandson of the poet.' Darwin 喜んで volunteered his services without[Pg 39] salary, and partly paid his own expenses on 条件 of 存在 permitted to 保持する in his own 所有／入手 the animals and 工場／植物s he collected on the 旅行. The 'Beagle' 始める，決める sail from Devonport on December the 27th, 1831; she returned to Falmouth on October the 2nd, 1836.

That long five years' 巡航する around the world, the 定期刊行物 of which Darwin has left us in the 'Voyage of the "Beagle,"' 証明するd a marvellous 時代 in the 広大な／多数の／重要な naturalist's 静かな career. It left its がまんするing 示す深く，強烈に imprinted on all his その後の life and thinking. Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin were 閣僚 biologists, who had never beheld with their own 注目する，もくろむs the 広大な／多数の／重要な一連の会議、交渉／完成する world and all that therein is; Charles Darwin had the inestimable 特権 of seeing for himself, at first 手渡す, a large part of the entire globe and of the creatures that 住む it. Even to have caught one passing glimpse of the teeming life of the tropics is in itself an education; to the naturalist it is more, it is a 発覚. Our 餓死するd little northern fauna and flora, the mere leavings of the 広大な ice sheets that spread across our zone in the glacial 時代, show us a world depopulated of all its largest, strangest, and fiercest creatures; a world dwarfed in all its 構成要素 elements, and immensely 異なるing in ten thousand ways from that rich, luxuriant, over-在庫／株d hot-house in which the first 広大な／多数の／重要な problems of 進化 were 事実上 worked out by 生き残り of the fittest. But the tropics 保存する for us still in all their ジャングルs something of the 絡まるd, thickly-peopled 面 which our 惑星 must have 現在のd for countless ages in all latitudes before the advent of prim?val man. We now know that[Pg 40] throughout the greater part of 地質学の time, essentially 熱帯の条件s 存在するd 無傷の over the whole surface of the entire earth, from the 南極の continent to the shores of Greenland; so that some 即座の知識 at least with the equatorial world is of 巨大な value to the philosophical naturalist for the sake of the analogies it 必然的に示唆するs; and it is a 重要な fact that almost all those 広大な／多数の／重要な and 実りの多い／有益な thinkers who in our own time have done good work in the wider combination of 生物学の facts have themselves passed a かなりの number of years in 調査／捜査するing the 条件s of 熱帯の nature. Europe and England are at the ends of the earth; the tropics are 生物学の長，率いる-４半期/4分の1s. The equatorial zone is therefore the true school for the historian of life in its more 全世界の／万国共通の and 継続している面s.

Nor was that all. The particular countries visited by the 'Beagle' during the course of her long and 変化させるd 巡航する happened to be 正確に／まさに such as were 自然に best adapted for bringing out the latent potentialities of Darwin's mind, and 示唆するing to his active and receptive brain those 深い problems of life and its 環境 which he afterwards wrought out with such subtle 技術 and such consummate patience in the 'Origin of 種類' and the '降下／家系 of Man.' The Cape de Verdes, and the other 大西洋 islands, with their scanty 全住民 of 工場／植物s and animals, composed for the most part of waifs and 逸脱するs drifted to their barren 激しく揺するs by ocean 現在のs, or blown out helplessly to sea by 激しい勝利，勝つd; Brazil, with its marvellous contrasting wealth of 熱帯の luxuriance and self-strangling fertility, a new 州 of interminable[Pg 41] delights to the soul of the enthusiastic young collector; the South American pampas, with their colossal remains of extinct animals, 抱擁する地質学の precursors of the stunted modern sloths and armadillos that still 住む the self-same plains; Tierra del Fuego, with its almost 北極の気候, and its glimpses into the secrets of the most degraded savage types; the 広大な範囲 of the Andes and the Cordilleras, with their 火山の energy and their closely （人が）群がるd 水平の belts of climatic life; the South Sea Islands, those 楽園s of the 太平洋の, Hesperian fables true, alike for the lover of the picturesque and the 生物学の student; Australia, that 生き残るing fragment of an extinct world, with an 古風な fauna whose archaic character still closely 解任するs the European life of ten million years 支援する in the 第２位時代: all these and many others 平等に novel and 平等に instructive passed in long 補欠／交替の／交替するing panorama before Darwin's 注目する，もくろむs, and left their images 深く，強烈に photographed for ever after on the 継続している tablets of his retentive memory. That was the real 広大な／多数の／重要な university in which he 熟考する／考慮するd nature and read for his degree. Our evolutionist was now 存在 educated.

Throughout the whole of the 定期刊行物 of this long 巡航する, which Darwin afterwards published in an 大きくするd form, it is impossible not to be struck at every turn with the way in which his inquisitive mind again and again recurs to the prime elements of those 広大な／多数の／重要な problems に向かって whose 解答 he afterwards so 首尾よく pointed out the path. The Darwinian ideas are all already there in the germ; the embryo form of the 'Origin of 種類' plays in and[Pg 42] out on every page with the quaintest elusiveness. We are always just on the very point of catching it; and every now and again we do 現実に all but catch it in essence and spirit, though ever still its bodily 形態／調整断固としてやる避けるs us. Questions of geographical 配当, of 地質学の連続, of the 影響（力） of 気候, of the modifiability of instinct, of the 影響s of surrounding 条件s, 吸収する the young 観察者／傍聴者's vivid 利益／興味 at every step, wherever he lands. He is all unconsciously collecting 公式文書，認めるs and 構成要素s in profuse 豊富 for his 広大な／多数の／重要な work; he is thinking in rough 輪郭（を描く） the new thoughts which are hereafter to revolutionise the thought of humanity.

Five years are a 広大な／多数の／重要な slice out of a man's life: those five years of ceaseless wandering by sea and land were spent by Charles Darwin in 蓄積するing endless 観察s and hints for the 解決／入植地 of the 深遠な根底となる problems in which he was even then so 深く，強烈に利益／興味d. The 'Beagle' sailed from England to the Cape de Verdes, and already, even before she had touched her first land, the young naturalist had 観察するd with 利益／興味 that the impalpably 罰金 dust which fell on deck 含む／封じ込めるd no いっそう少なく than sixty-seven 際立った有機の forms, two of them belonging to 種類 peculiar to South America. In some of the dust he 設立する粒子s of 石／投石する so very big that they 手段d 'above the thousandth of an インチ square;' and after this fact, says the keen student, 'one need not be surprised at the diffusion of the far はしけ and smaller sporules of cryptogamic 工場／植物s.' Would Erasmus Darwin have noticed these minute points and their 関わりあい／含蓄s one wonders? Probably not. May we not see in the 観察[Pg 43] partly the hereditary 傾向s of Josiah Wedgwood に向かって minute 調査 and 正確 of 詳細（に述べる）, partly the 影響（力） of the 科学の time-wave, and the careful training under Professor Henslow? Erasmus Darwin comes before us rather as the brilliant and ingenious amateur, his grandson Charles as the 教えるd and fully equipped final 製品 of the 科学の schools.

At St. Paul's 激しく揺するs, once more, a 集まり of new 火山の頂点（に達する）s rising 突然の from the 中央 of the 大西洋, the naturalist of the 'Beagle' 公式文書，認めるs with 利益／興味 that feather and dirt-feeding and parasitic insects or spiders are the first inhabitants to （問題を）取り上げる their ４半期/4分の1s on recently formed 大洋の islands. This problem of the peopling of new lands, indeed, so closely connected with the 進化 of new 種類, やむを得ず obtruded itself upon his attention again and again during his five years' 巡航する; and in some 事例／患者s, 特に that of the Galapagos Islands, the curious insular faunas and floras which he 観察するd upon this trip, composed as they were of mere casual straylings from 隣接する shores, produced upon his mind a very 深い and 継続している impression, whose traces one may without difficulty discern on every second page of the 'Origin of 種類.'

On the last day of February, 1832, the 'Beagle' （機の）カム to 錨，総合司会者 in the harbour of Bahia, and young Darwin caught sight for the first time of the 相互に strangling luxuriance of 熱帯の vegetation. Nowhere on earth are the finest 条件s of 熱帯の life more fully realised than in the 絡まるd depths of the 広大な／多数の／重要な不明瞭なd Brazilian forests, which everywhere gird 一連の会議、交渉／完成する[Pg 44] like a natural palisade with their impenetrable belt the 狭くする and laborious clearings of over-mastered man. The rich alluvial silt of mighty river systems, the immemorial manuring of the virgin 国／地域, the 猛烈な／残忍な energy of an almost equatorial sun, and the 全世界の／万国共通の presence of abundant water, 連合させる to make life in that marvellous 地域異常に豊富な, 変化させるd, and （人が）群がるd, so that the struggle for 存在 is there perhaps more 直接／まっすぐに明白な to the seeing 注目する，もくろむ than in any other known 部分 of God's universe. 'Delight itself,' says Darwin in his 定期刊行物, with that naive 簡単 which everywhere forms the 長，指導者 charm of his direct and 影響を受けない literary style—'delight itself is a weak 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 to 表明する the feelings of a naturalist who for the first time has wandered by himself in a Brazilian forest. The elegance of the grasses, the novelty of the parasitical 工場／植物s, the beauty of the flowers, the glossy green of the foliage, but above all the general luxuriance of the vegetation, filled me with 賞賛.' In truth, の中で those 抱擁する buttressed trunks, overhung by the 無傷の canopy of foliage on the 広大な spreading and interlacing 支店s, festooned with lianas and drooping lichens, or beautified by the pendent 外国人 growth of perfumed orchids, Darwin's mind must indeed have 設立する congenial food for apt reflection, and infinite 適切な時期s for inference and induction. Prom the mere picturesque point of 見解（をとる）, indeed, the naturalist enjoys such sights as this a thousand times more truly and profoundly than the mere casual unskilled 観察者／傍聴者: for it is a shallow, self-flattering mistake of vulgar and 狭くする minds to suppose that fuller knowledge and clearer insight can destroy or impair the beauty of[Pg 45] beautiful 反対するs—as who should imagine that a 広大な／多数の／重要な painter 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がるs the sunset いっそう少なく than a silly boy or a sentimental schoolgirl. As a 事柄 of fact, the naturalist knows and admires a thousand exquisite points of 詳細（に述べる） in every flower and every insect which only he himself and the true artist can 平等に delight in. And a keen 知識人 and æsthetic joy in the glorious fecundity and loveliness of nature was everywhere 現在の to Darwin's mind. But, beyond and above even that, there was also the architectonic delight of the 広大な／多数の／重要な organiser in the presence of a noble organised 製品: the peculiar 楽しみ felt only by the man in whose broader soul all minor 詳細（に述べる）s 落ちる at once into their proper place, as 構成要素 elements in one 広大な／多数の／重要な一貫した and harmonious whole—a 同情的な楽しみ akin to that with which an architect 見解（をとる）s the 内部の of Ely and of Lincoln, or a musician listens to the linked harmonies of the 'Messiah' and the '創造.' The 計画／陰謀 of nature was now 広げるing itself visibly and 明確に before Charles Darwin's very 注目する，もくろむs.

After eighteen memorable days spent with unceasing delight at Bahia, the 'Beagle' sailed again for Rio, where Darwin stopped for three months, to 改善する his 知識 with the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の wealth of the South American fauna and flora. Collecting insects was here his 長，指導者占領／職業, and it is 利益／興味ing to 公式文書，認める even at this 早期に period how his attention was attracted by some of those strange alluring 装置s on the part of the males for charming their partners which afterwards formed the 主要な／長／主犯 basis for his admirable theory of 性の選択, so fully developed in the '降下／家系 of Man.' 'Several times,' he says, 'when a pair [of[Pg 46] バタフライs], probably male and 女性（の）, were chasing each other in an 不規律な course, they passed within a few yards of me; and I distinctly heard a clicking noise, 類似の to that produced by a toothed wheel passing under a spring catch.' In like manner he 観察するd here the instincts of 熱帯の ants, the habits of phosphorescent insects, and the horrid practice of that wasp-like creature, the sphex, which stuffs the clay 独房s of its larv? 十分な of half-dead spiders and writhing caterpillars, so stung with devilish avoidance of 決定的な parts as to be left やめる paralysed yet still alive, as 未来 food for the developing grubs. 事例／患者s like these helped 自然に to shake the young biologist's 原始の約束 in the cheap and 天然のまま現在の theories of 全世界の／万国共通の beneficence, and to introduce that wholesome 懐疑的な reaction against received dogma which is the necessary ground-work and 予定準備 for all 広大な／多数の／重要な進歩／革新的な philosophical thinking.

In July they 始める，決める sail again for Monte ビデオ, where the important question of 気候 and vegetation began to 利益／興味 young Darwin's mind. Uruguay is almost 完全に treeless; and this curious 現象, in a comparatively moist sub-熱帯の plain-land, struck him as a remarkable anomaly, and 始める，決める him 推測するing on its probable 原因（となる）. Australia, he remembered, was far more arid, and yet its 内部の was everywhere covered by whole forests of quaint indigenous gum-trees. Could it be that there were no trees adapted to the 気候? As yet, the true 原因（となる）s of geographical 配当 had not 明確に夜明けd upon Darwin's mind; but that a young man of twenty-three should 本気で busy himself about such problems of ultimate causation at all is[Pg 47] in itself a 十分に pointed and remarkable 現象. It was here, too, that he first saw that curious animal, the Tucutuco, a true rodent with the habits of a mole, which is almost always 設立する in a blind 条件. With 言及／関連 to this singular creature, there occurs in his 定期刊行物 one of those 利益／興味ing anticipatory passages which show the rough workings of the 独特の evolutionary Darwinian 概念 in its earlier 行う／開催する／段階s. 'Considering the 厳密に subterranean habits of the Tucutuco,' he 令状s, 'the blindness, though so ありふれた, cannot be a very serious evil; yet it appears strange that any animal should 所有する an 組織／臓器 frequently 支配する to be 負傷させるd. Lamarck would have been delighted with this fact, had he known it, when 推測するing (probably with more truth than usual with him) on the 徐々に acquired blindness of the Aspalax, a gnawer living under the ground, and of the Proteus, a reptile living in dark caverns filled with water; in both of which animals the 注目する，もくろむ is in an almost rudimentary 明言する／公表する, and is covered by a tendinous membrane and 肌. In the ありふれた mole the 注目する，もくろむ is extraordinarily small but perfect, though many anatomists 疑問 whether it is connected with the true 視覚の神経; its 見通し must certainly be imperfect, though probably useful to the animal when it leaves its burrow. In the Tucutuco, which I believe never comes to the surface of the ground, the 注目する，もくろむ is rather larger, but often （判決などを）下すd blind and useless, though without 明らかに原因（となる）ing any inconvenience to the animal: no 疑問 Lamarck would have said that the Tucutuco is now passing into the 明言する／公表する of the Aspalax and Proteus.' The passage is instructive both as showing[Pg 48] that Darwin was already familiar with Lamarck's writings, and as pointing out the natural course of his own 未来開発.

For the two years from her arrival at Monte ビデオ, the 'Beagle' was 雇うd in 調査するing the eastern coast of South America; and Darwin enjoyed unusual 適切な時期s for 熟考する／考慮するing the 地質学, the zoology, and the botany of the surrounding 地区s during all that period. It was a suggestive field indeed for the young naturalist. The curious 関係 of the gigantic 化石 armour-plated animals to the 存在するing armadillo, of the 抱擁する megatherium to the modern sloths, and of the colossal ant-eaters to their degenerate 子孫s at the 現在の day, formed one of the direct 刺激するing 原因（となる）s to the special 熟考する／考慮する which produced at last the 'Origin of 種類.' In the Introduction to that immortal work Darwin wrote, some twenty-seven years later, 'When on board H.M.S. "Beagle" as naturalist, I was much struck with 確かな facts in the 配当 of the 有機の存在s 住むing South America, and in the 地質学の relations of the 現在の to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts, as will be seen in the latter 一時期／支部s of this 容積／容量, seemed to throw some light on the origin of 種類—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers.' And in the 団体／死体 of the work itself he 言及するs over and over again to numberless 観察s made by himself during this period of 早い psychological 開発—観察s on the absence of 最近の地質学の形式s along the lately upheaved South American coast; on the strange 絶滅 of the horse in La Plata; on the affinities of the extinct and[Pg 49] 最近の種類; on the 影響 of minute individual peculiarities in 保存するing life under special circumstances; and on the 影響（力） of insects and 血-sucking bats in 決定するing the 存在 of the larger naturalised 哺乳動物s in parts of Brazil and the Argentine 共和国. It was the 時代 of wide collection of facts, to be afterwards 雇うd in brilliant generalisations: the 構成要素s for the 'Origin of 種類' were 存在 slowly 蓄積するd in the numberless pigeon-穴を開けるs of the Darwinian memory.

の中で the facts thus industriously gathered by Darwin in the two years spent on the South American coast were several curious instincts of the cuckoo-like molothrus, of the フクロウ of the Pampas, and of the American ostrich. A few 宣告，判決s scattered here and there through this part of the 'Naturalist's 定期刊行物' may 井戸／弁護士席 be 抽出するd in the 現在の place as showing, better than any mere secondhand description could do, the slow germinating 過程 of the 'Origin of 種類.' In speaking of the toxodon, that strange extinct South American 哺乳動物, the young author 発言／述べるs acutely that, though in size it equalled the elephant and the megatherium, the structure of its teeth shows it to be closely 連合した to the ruminants, while several other 詳細（に述べる）s link it to the pachyderms, and its aquatic peculiarities of ear and nostril approximate it rather to the manatee and the dugong. 'How wonderfully,' he says, 'are the different orders, at the 現在の time so 井戸／弁護士席 separated, blended together in different points of the structure of the toxodon.' We now know that unspecialised ancestral forms always 陳列する，発揮する this の近くに union of peculiarities afterwards 分かれて[Pg 50] developed in 際立った種類 of their later 子孫s.

Still more 妊娠している with evolutionism in the bud is the prophetic 発言／述べる about a 確かな singular group of South American birds, 'This small family is one of those which, from its 変化させるd relations to other families, although at 現在の申し込む／申し出ing only difficulties to the systematic naturalist, 最終的に may 補助装置 in 明らかにする／漏らすing the grand 計画／陰謀, ありふれた to the 現在の and past ages, on which organised 存在s have been created.' Of the agouti, once more, that true friend of the 砂漠, Darwin 公式文書，認めるs that it does not now 範囲 as far south as Port St. Julian, though 支持を得ようと努めるd in 1670 設立する it abundant there; and he asks suggestively, 'What 原因（となる） can have altered, in a wide, uninhabited, and rarely visited country, the 範囲 of an animal like this?' Again, when speaking of the analogies between the extinct camel-like macrauchenia and the modern guanaco, 同様に as of those between the 化石 and living 種類 of South American rodents, he says, with even more prophetic insight, 'This wonderful 関係 in the same continent between the dead and the living will, I do not 疑問, hereafter throw more light on the 外見 of 有機の存在s on our earth, and their 見えなくなる from it, than any other class of facts.' He was himself 運命にあるd in another thirty years to 証明する the truth of his own vaticination.

A yet more remarkable passage in the '定期刊行物 of the "Beagle,"' though entered under the account of events 観察するd in the year 1834, must almost certainly have been written somewhat later, and subsequently to Darwin's first reading of Malthus's momentous work,[Pg 51] 'The 原則 of 全住民,' which (as we know from his own pen) formed a 枢機けい／主要な point in the 広大な／多数の／重要な biologist's mental 開発. It runs as follows in the published 定期刊行物:[1]—'We do not 刻々と耐える in mind how profoundly ignorant we are of the 条件s of 存在 of every animal; nor do we always remember that some check is 絶えず妨げるing the too 早い増加する of every organised 存在 left in a 明言する／公表する of nature. The 供給（する） of food, on an 普通の／平均（する）, remains constant; yet the 傾向 in every animal to 増加する by propagation is geometrical, and its surprising 影響s have nowhere been more astonishingly shown than in the 事例／患者 of the European animals run wild during the last few centuries in America. Every animal in a 明言する／公表する of nature 定期的に産む／飼育するs; yet in a 種類 long 設立するd any 広大な／多数の／重要な増加する in numbers is 明白に impossible, and must be checked by some means.' Aut Malthus aut Diabolus. And surely here, if anywhere at all, we tremble on the very 瀬戸際 of natural 選択.

It would be impossible to follow young Darwin in 詳細（に述べる） through his 旅行 to Buenos Ayres, and up the Parana to Santa F?, which 占領するd the autumn of 1833. In the 後継するing year he visited Patagonia and the Falkland Islands, having 以前 made his first 知識 with savage life の中で the naked Fuegians of the extreme southern point of the continent. Some of these 利益／興味ing natives, taken to England by[Pg 52] Captain Fitzroy on a former visit, had …を伴ってd the 'Beagle' through all her wanderings, and from them Darwin 得るd that の近くに insight into the workings of savage human nature which he afterwards utilised with such 目だつ ability in the '降下／家系 of Man.' Through Magellan's 海峡s the party made their way up the coasts of Chili, and Darwin had there an 適切な時期 of 調査／捜査するing the 地質学 and biology of the Cordillera. The year 1835 was 主として spent in that temperate country and in 熱帯の Peru; and as the autumn went on, the 'Beagle' made her way across a belt of the 太平洋の to the Galapagos 群島.

Small and unimportant as are those little equatorial islands from the geographical and 商業の point of 見解（をとる）, they will yet remain for ever classic ground to the biologists of the 未来 from their の近くに関係 with the master-problems of the 'Origin of 種類.' Here more, perhaps, than anywhere else the naturalist of the 'Beagle' 設立する himself 直面する to 直面する in real earnest with the ultimate questions of 創造 or 進化. A group of tiny 火山の islets, never joined to any land, nor even 部隊d to one another, yet each 所有するing its own special zoological features—the Galapagos roused to an 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の degree the irresistible 尋問s of Darwin's mind. They 含む／封じ込める no frogs, and no 哺乳動物 save a mouse, brought to them, no 疑問, by some passing ship. The only insects are beetles, which 所有する peculiar 施設s for 存在輸送（する）d in the egg or grub across salt water upon floating スピードを出す／記録につけるs. There are two 肉親，親類d of snake, one tortoise, and four lizards; but, in striking contrast to this extreme poverty of terrestrial forms, there are at least fifty-five 際立った[Pg 53] 種類 of native birds. A few snails 完全にする the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）. Now most of these animals, though closely 似ているing the fauna of Ecuador, the nearest 本土／大陸, are 特に際立った; they have 変化させるd (as we now know) from their 大陸の types 借りがあるing to natural 選択 under the new circumstances in which they have been placed. But Darwin had not yet 発展させるd that potent 重要な to the 広大な／多数の／重要な riddle of 有機の存在. He saw the problem, but not its 解答. 'Most of the 有機の生産／産物s,' he says plainly, 'are aboriginal 創造s, 設立する nowhere else; there is even a difference between the inhabitants of the different islands: yet all show a 示すd 関係 with those of America, though separated from that continent by an open space of ocean, between 500 and 600 miles in width.... Considering the small size of these islands, we feel the more astonished at the number of their aboriginal 存在s, and at their 限定するd 範囲. Seeing every 高さ栄冠を与えるd with its 噴火口，クレーター, and the 境界s of most of the 溶岩-streams still 際立った, we are led to believe that within a period geologically 最近の the 無傷の sea was here spread out. Hence, both in space and time we seem to be brought somewhat nearer to that 広大な／多数の／重要な fact—that mystery of mysteries—the first 外見 of new 存在s on this earth.' の中で the most singular of these zoological facts may be について言及するd the 存在 in the Galapagos 群島 of a genus of gigantic and ugly lizard, the amblyrhyncus, unknown どこかよそで, but here assuming the forms of two 種類, the one 海洋 and the other terrestrial. In minuter points, the differences of fauna and flora between the さまざまな islands are 簡単に astounding, so as to 強要する the idea that[Pg 54] each form must やむを得ず have been developed not 単に for the group, but for the special island which it 現実に住むs. No wonder that Darwin should say in 結論, 'One is astonished at the 量 of creative 軍隊, if such an 表現 may be used, 陳列する，発揮するd on these small, barren, and rocky islands; and still more so at its diverse, yet analogous, 活動／戦闘 on points so 近づく each other.' Here again, in real earnest, the young 観察者／傍聴者 trembles visibly on the very 瀬戸際 of natural 選択. In the 'Origin of 種類' he makes 十分な use, more than once, of the remarkable facts he 観察するd with so much 利益／興味 in these tiny 孤立するd 大洋の specks of the American 星雲.

From the Galapagos the 'Beagle' steered a straight course for Tahiti, and Darwin then beheld with his own 注目する，もくろむs the exquisite beauty of the Polynesian Islands. Thence they sailed for New Zealand, the most truly insular large 集まり of land in the whole world, 供給（する）d accordingly with a fauna and flora of most surprising meagreness and poverty of 種類. In the 支持を得ようと努めるd, our 観察者／傍聴者公式文書，認めるd very few birds, and he 発言／述べるs with astonishment that so big an island—as large as 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain—should not 所有する a 選び出す／独身 living indigenous 哺乳動物, save a 独房監禁ネズミ of doubtful origin. Australia and Tasmania, with their 古風な and 立ち往生させるd marsupial inhabitants, almost 完全にするd the 一連の会議、交渉／完成する trip. Keeling Island next afforded a basis for the 未来 famous 観察s upon 珊瑚暗礁s; and thence by Mauritius, St. Helena, Ascension, Bahia, Pernambuco, and the beautiful Azores, the 'Beagle' made her way home by slow 行う／開催する／段階s to England, which she reached in safety on October the 2nd, 1836. What an ideal education[Pg 55] for the 未来 reconstructor of 生物学の science! He had now all his problems 削減（する） and 乾燥した，日照りのd, ready to his 手渡す, and he had nothing important left to do—except to sit 負かす／撃墜する静かに in his 熟考する／考慮する, and proceed to solve them. 観察 and collection had given him one half the 支配する-事柄 of the 'Origin of 種類;' reflection and Malthus were to give him the other half. Never had 広大な／多数の／重要な mind a nobler chance; never, again, had noble chance a 広大な／多数の／重要な mind better adapted by nature and 遺伝 to make the most of it. The man was not wanting to the 適切な時期, nor was the 適切な時期 wanting to the man. Organism and 環境 fell together into perfect harmony; and so, by a lucky combination of circumstances, the secret of the ages was finally wrung from not unwilling nature by the far-seeing and industrious volunteer naturalist of the 'Beagle' 探検隊／遠征隊.

It would be giving a very 誤った idea of the 利益／興味s which stirred Charles Darwin's mind during his long five years' voyage, however, if we were to dwell 排他的に upon the 生物学の味方する of his 非常に／多数の観察s on that memorable 巡航する. Ethnology, 地質学, 大洋の phenomena, the 高さ of the snow-line, the 気候 of the 南極の islands, the 形式 of icebergs, the 輸送（する） of 玉石s, the habits and manners engendered by slavery, all almost 平等に誘発するd in their own way the young naturalist's vivid 利益／興味. Nowhere do we get the faintest trace of 狭くする specialism; nowhere are we cramped within the 制限するd horizon of the mere vulgar beetle-hunter and バタフライ-catcher. The biologist of the 'Beagle' had taken the whole world of science for his special[Pg 56] 州. Darwin's mind with all its vastness was not, indeed, profoundly analytical. The 仕事 of working out the psychological and metaphysical 面s of 進化 fell rather to the 広大な／多数の／重要な organising and systematising intellect of Herbert Spencer. But within the realm of 構成要素 fact, and of the widest possible inferences based upon such fact, Darwin's keen and 包括的な spirit 範囲d 自由に over the whole illimitable field of nature. 'No one,' says Buckle with unwonted felicity, 'can have a 会社／堅いしっかり掴む of any science if, by 限定するing himself to it, he shuts out the light of analogy. He may, no 疑問, work at the 詳細（に述べる）s of his 支配する; he may be useful in 追加するing to its facts; he will never be able to 大きくする its philosophy. For the philosophy of every department depends on its 関係 with other departments, and must therefore be sought at their points of 接触する. It must be looked for in the place where they touch and coalesce: it lies, not in the centre of each science, but on the 限定するs and 利ざや.' This 深遠な truth Darwin fully and instinctively realised. It was the all-embracing catholicity of his manifold 利益／興味s that raised him into the greatest pure biologist of all time, and that enabled him to co-ordinate with such splendid results the raw data of so many 際立った and separate sciences. And even as 早期に as the days of the 巡航する in the 'Beagle,' that innate catholicity had already 主張するd itself in 十分な vigour. Now it is a party of Gauchos throwing the bola that engages for the moment his eager attention; and now again it is a group of shivering Fuegians, standing naked with their long hair streaming in the 勝利，勝つd on a 雪の降る，雪の多い promontory of their barren coast.[Pg 57] Here he 診察するs the tubular 雷-穴を開けるs melted in the solid 激しく揺する of Maldonado by the electric energy; and there he 観察するs the moving 玉石-streams that course like 激流s 負かす／撃墜する the rugged corries of the Falkland Islands. At one time he 作品 upon the unstudied 地質学 of the South American Pampas; at another, he 検査／視察するs the now classical lagoon and 狭くする fringing 暗礁 of the Keeling 群島. Everywhere he sees whatever of most noteworthy in animate or inanimate nature is there to be seen; and everywhere he draws from it innumerable lessons, to be 適用するd hereafter to the special field of 熟考する／考慮する upon which his 激しい and active energies were finally concentrated. It is not too much to say, indeed, that it was the voyage of the 'Beagle' which gave us in the last 訴える手段／行楽地 the 'Origin of 種類' and its 広大な／多数の／重要な fellow the '降下／家系 of Man.'

[1] The 十分な narrative was first given to the world in 1839, some three years after Darwin's return to England, so that much of it evidently 代表するs the results of his maturer thinking and reading on the facts collected during his 旅行一連の会議、交渉／完成する the world.[Pg 58]

CHAPTER V.

THE PERIOD OF INCUBATION.

When Charles Darwin landed in England on his return from the voyage of the 'Beagle' he was nearly twenty-eight. When he published the first 版 of the 'Origin of 種類' he was over fifty. The 中間の years, though much 占領するd by many minor 作品 of 深い specialist 科学の importance, were still おもに充てるd to collecting 構成要素 for the one 栄冠を与えるing 成果／努力 of his life, the 長，指導者 monument of his 広大な／多数の／重要な co-ordinating and 命令（する）ing intellect—the 解決／入植地 of the question of 有機の進化.

'There is one thing,' says Professor Fiske, 'which a man of 初めの科学の or philosophical genius in a rightly ordered world should never be called upon to do. He should never be called upon to earn a living; for that is a wretched waste of energy, in which the highest 知識人力／強力にする is sure to 苦しむ serious detriment, and runs the 危険 of 存在 frittered away into hopeless 廃虚.' From this unhappy necessity Charles Darwin, like his 前任者 Lyell, was luckily 解放する／自由な. He settled 負かす／撃墜する早期に in a home of his own, and worked away at his own 占領／職業s, with no sordid need for 収入 the day's bread, but with[Pg 59] perfect leisure to carry out the 広大な／多数の／重要な運命 for which the chances of the universe had 選び出す／独身d him out. His その後の history is the history of his wonderful and unique 出資／貢献s to 自然科学.

The first thing to be done, of course, was the 協定 and 分類 of the natural history spoils gathered during the 巡航する, and the 準備 of his own 定期刊行物 of the voyage for 出版（物）. The strict 科学の results of the trip were 述べるd in the 'Zoology of the Voyage of the "Beagle,"' the different parts of which were undertaken by rising men of science of the highest distinction, under Charles Darwin's own editorship. Sir Richard Owen took in 手渡す the 化石哺乳動物s; Waterhouse arranged their living 同盟（する）s; Gould discussed the birds, Jenyns the fish, and Bell the amphibians and reptiles. In this 広大な co-operative 出版（物） Darwin thus 得るd the 援助 of many の中で the most competent specialists in the England of his day, and learned to understand his own collections by the light thrown upon them from the focussed lamps of the most minute technical learning. As for the 定期刊行物, it was 初めは published with the 一般会計 of the 巡航する by Captain Fitzroy in 1839, but was afterwards 始める，決める前へ／外へ in a separate form under the 肩書を与える of 'A Naturalist's Voyage 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the World.'

But while Darwin was thus engaged in arranging and 分類するing the animals and 工場／植物s he had brought home with him, the germs of those 問い合わせing ideas about the origin of 種類 which we have already 観察するd in his account of the voyage were 生き返らせる into fresh life within him. As he ruminated at his leisure over[Pg 60] the results of his accumulations, he was beginning to work upon the 広大な／多数の／重要な problem with the 限定された and conscious 決意／決議 of solving it. 'On my return home, it occurred to me,' he says, 'in 1837, that something might perhaps be made out on this question by 根気よく蓄積するing and 反映するing on all sorts of facts which could かもしれない have any 耐えるing on it. After five years' work, I 許すd myself to 推測する on the 支配する, and drew up some short 公式文書，認めるs; these I 大きくするd in 1844 into a sketch of the 結論s that then seemed to me probable; from that period to the 現在の day [1859] I have 刻々と追求するd the same 反対する. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal 詳細（に述べる）s, as I give them to show that I have not been 迅速な in coming to a 決定／判定勝ち（する）.'

So Darwin wrote at fifty. The words are 重大な and 井戸／弁護士席 worthy of consideration. They give us in a nutshell the true secret of Darwin's success in 説得力のある the attention and assent of his 同時代のs to his 完全にするd theory. For 憶測s and hypotheses like those of Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin, however brilliant and luminous they may be, the hard, 乾燥した，日照りの, 科学の mind cares as a 支配するいっそう少なく than nothing. Men of genius and insight like Goethe and Oken may, indeed, 掴む greedily upon the 妊娠している suggestion; their intellects are already attuned by nature to its 予定歓迎会 and assimilation; but the mere バタフライ-catchers and 工場／植物-hunters of the world, with whom after all 残り／休憩（する）s 最終的に the practical 受託 or 拒絶 of such a theory, can only be 納得させるd by long and 患者 accumulations of facts, by infinite instances and endless examples, by exhaustive 調査するs[Pg 61] of the whole field of nature in a thousand petty 詳細（に述べる）s piecemeal. They have to be driven by repeated （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing into the 権利 path. Everywhere they fancy they see the （法などの）抜け穴 of an 反対, which must be carefully の近くにd beforehand against them with anticipatory argument, as we の近くに hedges by the wayside against the obtrusive donkey with a 用心深い bunch of 厄介な brambles. Even if Charles Darwin had 攻撃する，衝突する upon the 根底となる idea of natural 選択, and had published it, as Wallace did, in the form of a mere splendid aper?u, he would never have revolutionised the world of biology. When the 広大な／多数の／重要な発見 was 現実に promulgated, it was 平易な enough to 勝利，勝つ the assent of philosophical thinkers like Herbert Spencer; 平易な enough, even, to 伸び（る） the ready adhesion of 非，不，無-生物学の but kindred minds, like Leslie Stephen's and John Morley's; those might all, perhaps, have been readily 納得させるd by far いっそう少なく激しい and 鎮圧するing 大砲 than that so triumphantly marshalled together in the 'Origin of 種類.' But ーするために命令（する） the slow and grudging adhesion of the 階級 and とじ込み／提出する of 科学の労働者s, the 'hodmen of science,' as Professor Huxley calls them, it was needful to bring together an 課すing array of closely serried facts, to 安全な・保証する every 地位，任命する in the 後部 before taking a 選び出す／独身 step onward, and to bring to 耐える upon every antagonist the exact form of argument with which he was already 完全に familiar. It was by carefully 追求するing these 安全な and 用心深い philosophical 策略 that Charles Darwin 伸び（る）d his 広大な／多数の／重要な victory. Where others were 妊娠している, he was cogent. He met the Dryasdusts of science on their own ground, and he put them 公正に／かなり to flight with their own 武器s.[Pg 62] More than that, he brought them all over in the long run as 見捨てる人／脱走兵s into his own （軍の）野営地，陣営, and 変えるd them from doubtful and 怪しげな敵s into warm adherents of the evolutionary 旗，新聞一面トップの大見出し／大々的に報道する.

Moreover, fortunately for the world, Darwin's own mind was essentially one of the inductive type. If a 広大な／多数の／重要な deductive thinker and 相場師 like Herbert Spencer had 攻撃する，衝突する upon the self-same idea of 生き残り of the fittest, he might have communicated it to a small に引き続いて of receptive disciples, who would have understood it and 受託するd it, on a priori grounds alone, and 徐々に passed it on to the grades beneath them; but he would never have touched the slow and 用心深い elephantine intellect of the 集まりs. The ありふれた run of mankind are not deductive; they 要求する to have everything made やめる（疑いを）晴らす to them by example and instance. The English 知能 in particular shows itself as a 支配する congenitally incapable of 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がるing the superior 論理（学）の certitude of the deductive method. Englishmen will not even believe that the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the squares on the 含む／封じ込めるing 味方するs until they have 手段d and 重さを計るd 同様に as they are able by rude 実験の装置s a few selected pieces of rudely 形態／調整d rectangular paper. It was a 広大な／多数の／重要な伸び（る）, therefore, that the 仕事 of 再建するing the course of 有機の進化 should 落ちる to the lot of a 高度に trained and 熟達した知能 of the inductive order. Darwin had first to 納得させる himself, and then he could proceed to 納得させる the world. He 始める，決める about the 仕事 with characteristic patience and thoroughness. No man that ever lived 所有するd in a more remarkable degree than he did the innate capacity[Pg 63] for taking trouble. For five years, as a mere 予選, he 蓄積するd facts in 巨大な variety, and then for the first time and in the vaguest possible way he—'許すd himself to 推測する.' That brings us 負かす／撃墜する to the year 1842, when the first 公式文書，認めるs of the 'Origin of 種類' must have been 試験的に committed to paper. It was in 1859 that the first 版 of the 完全にする work was given to the world. Compare this with the 事例／患者 of Newton, who 類似して kept his grand idea of gravitation for many years in embryo, until more exact 測定s of the moon's 集まり and distance should enable him to 立証する it to his own satisfaction.

One other item of 巨大な importance in the genesis of the 十分な Darwinian doctrine deserves について言及する here—I mean, the exact moment of time 占領するd by Charles Darwin in the continuous history of 科学の thought. A 世代 or two earlier, in Erasmus Darwin's days, biology had not yet arrived at the true 分類 of animals and 工場／植物s upon an essentially hereditary basis. The Linn?an 協定, then universally 受託するd, was wholly 人工的な in its main features; it 分配するd 種類 without regard to their 根底となる likenesses of structure and organisation. But the natural system of Jussieu and De Candolle, by arranging 工場／植物s into truly 関係のある groups, made possible the proofs of an order of affiliation in the vegetable kingdom; while Cuvier's 類似の再建 of the animal world gave a like foothold to the evolutionary philosopher in the other 広大な／多数の／重要な department of 有機の nature. The 承認 of kinship between the さまざまな members of the same family やむを得ずに先行するd the 設立[Pg 64] of a 正規の／正選手 genealogical theory of life in its entirety.

Though we are here 関心d おもに with Charles Darwin the thinker and writer—not with Charles Darwin the husband and father—a few words of explanation as to his 私的な life must やむを得ず be 追加するd at the 現在の point, before we pass on to consider the long, slow, and 用心深い brewing of that wonderful work, the 'Origin of 種類,' Darwin returned home from the voyage of the 'Beagle' at the end of the year 1836. Soon after, he was elected a Fellow of the 王室の Society, no 疑問 through the 影響（力） of his friend Lyell, who was やめる enthusiastic over his splendid 地質学の調査s on the 率 of elevation in the Pampas and the Cordillera. 事実上の／代理 on Lyell's advice, too, he 決定するd to 捜し出す no 公式の／役人任命, but to 充てる himself 完全に for the 残り／休憩（する） of his life to the 追跡 of science. In 1838, at the age of twenty-nine, he read before the 地質学の Society his paper on the '関係 of 火山の Phenomena with the Elevation of Mountain Chains,' when, says Lyell admiringly in a 私的な letter, 'he opened upon De la Beche, Phillips, and others'—the 退役軍人s of the science—'his whole 殴打／砲列 of the 地震s and 火山s of the Andes.' すぐに after, the audacious young man was 任命するd 長官 to the 地質学の Society, a 地位，任命する which he filled when the voyage of the 'Beagle' was first published in 1839.

In the 早期に part of that same year, the rising naturalist took to himself a wife from one of the houses to which he himself 借りがあるd no small part of his 目だつ greatness. His choice fell upon his cousin,[Pg 65] 行方不明になる Emma Wedgwood, daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, of Maer Hall; and, after three years of married life in London, he settled at last at 負かす／撃墜する House, 近づく Orpington, in Kent, where for the 残り／休憩（する） of his days he passed his time の中で his 温室s and his pigeons, his garden and his fowls, with his children growing up 静かに beside him, and the 広大な／多数の／重要な thinking world of London within 平易な reach of a few minutes' 旅行. His 私的な means enabled him to live the pleasant life of an English country gentleman, and 充てる himself unremittingly to the 追跡 of science. Ill health, indeed, 干渉するd sadly with his 力／強力にするs of work; but system and patience did wonders during his working days, which were 定期的に parcelled out between 熟考する／考慮する and recreation, and utilised and economised in the very highest possible degree. 早期に to bed and 早期に to rise, wandering unseen の中で the 小道／航路s and paths, or riding slowly on his favourite 黒人／ボイコット cob, the 広大な／多数の／重要な naturalist passed forty years happily and usefully at 負かす／撃墜する, where all the village knew and loved him. A man of singular 簡単 and largeness of heart, Charles Darwin never really learnt to know his own greatness. And that charming innocence and ignorance of his real value made the value itself all the greater. His moral 質s, indeed, were no いっそう少なく admirable and unique in their way than his 知識人 faculties. To that charming candour and delightful unostentatiousness which everybody must have noticed in his published writings, he 部隊d in 私的な life a kindliness of disposition, a width of sympathy, and a ready generosity which made him as much beloved by his friends as he was admired and 尊敬（する）・点d by all Europe. The very[Pg 66] servants who （機の）カム beneath his roof stopped there for the most part during their whole lifetime. In his earlier years at 負かす／撃墜する, the 静かな Kentish home was 絶えず enlivened by the visits of men like Lyell, Huxley, Hooker, Lubbock, and Wollaston. During his later days, it was the メッカ of a world-wide 科学の and philosophic 巡礼の旅, where all the greatest men our age has produced sought at times the rare honour of sitting before the 直面する of the immortal master. But to the very last Darwin himself never seemed to discover that he was anything more than just an 普通の／平均（する） man of science の中で his natural peers.

すぐに after Darwin went to 負かす／撃墜する he began one long and memorable 実験, which in itself casts a flood of light upon his 患者 and painstaking method of 調査. Two years before, he had read at the 地質学の Society a paper on the '形式 of Mould,' which more than thirty years later he 拡大するd into his famous treatise on the '活動／戦闘 of Earthworms.' His uncle and father-in-法律, Josiah Wedgwood, 示唆するd to him that the 明らかな沈むing of 石／投石するs on the surface might really be 予定 to earthworm castings. So, as soon as he had some land of his own to 実験 upon, he began, in 1842, to spread broken chalk over a field at 負かす／撃墜する, in which, twenty-nine years later, in 1871, a ざん壕 was dug to 実験（する） the results. What other naturalist ever waited so long and so 根気よく to discover the upshot of a 選び出す／独身実験? Is it wonderful that a man who worked like that should 後継する, not by 約束 but by 論理（学）の力／強力にする, in 除去するing mountains?

Unfortunately, we do not know the exact date when Darwin first read Malthus. But that the perusal of[Pg 67] that remarkable 調書をとる／予約する formed a 危機 and turning-point in his mental 開発 we know from his own 際立った声明 in a letter to Haeckel, prefixed to the brilliant German evolutionist's 'History of 創造.' 'It seemed to me probable,' says Darwin, speaking of his own 早期に開発, 'that 連合した種類 were descended from a ありふれた ancestor. But during several years I could not conceive how each form could have been 修正するd so as to become admirably adapted to its place in nature. I began therefore to 熟考する／考慮する domesticated animals and cultivated 工場／植物s, and after a time perceived that man's 力／強力にする of selecting and 産む／飼育するing from 確かな individuals was the most powerful of all means in the 生産／産物 of new races. Having …に出席するd to the habits of animals and their relations to the surrounding 条件s, I was able to realise the 厳しい struggle for 存在 to which all organisms are 支配するd; and my 地質学の観察s had 許すd me to 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる to a 確かな extent the duration of past 地質学の periods. With my mind thus 用意が出来ている I fortunately happened to read Malthus's "Essay on 全住民" and the idea of natural 選択 through the struggle for 存在 at once occurred to me. Of all the subordinate points in the theory, the last which I understood was the 原因（となる） of the 傾向 in the 子孫s from a ありふれた progenitor to diverge in character.'

It is impossible, indeed, to overrate the importance of Malthus, 見解（をとる）d as a schoolmaster to bring men to Darwin, and to bring Darwin himself to the truth. Without the 'Essay on the 原則 of 全住民' it is やめる考えられる that we should never have had the 'Origin of 種類' or the '降下／家系 of Man.'[Pg 68]

At the same time, Darwin had not been idle in other departments of 科学の work. 味方する by 味方する with his collections for his final 成果／努力 he had been busy on his 価値のある treatise upon 珊瑚暗礁s, in which he 証明するd, おもに from his own 観察s on the Keeling 群島, that atolls 借りがある their origin to a subsidence of the supporting ocean-床に打ち倒す, the 率 of 上向き growth of the 暗礁s keeping pace on the whole with the 漸進的な不景気 of the sea-底（に届く）. 'No more admirable example of 科学の method,' says Professor Geikie forty years later, 'was ever given to the world; and even if he had written nothing else, this treatise alone would have placed Darwin in the very 前線 of 捜査官／調査官s of nature.' But, from our 現在の psychological and historical point of 見解（をとる）, as a moment in the 開発 of Darwin's 影響（力）, and therefore of the evolutionary impulse in general, it 所有するs a still greater and more 深遠な importance, because the work in which the theory is 広げるd forms a perfect masterpiece of 徹底的な and 包括的な inductive method, and 伸び（る）d for its author a 井戸／弁護士席-deserved 評判 as a sound and sober 科学の inquirer. The 取得／買収 of such a 評判, afterwards 増加するd by the 出版（物） of the monograph on the Family Cirripedia (in 1851), 証明するd of 巨大な use to Charles Darwin in the 猛烈な／残忍な戦う／戦い which was to 激怒（する） around the unconscious 団体／死体 of the 'Origin of 種類.' To be 'sound' is everywhere of incalculable value; to have 認可するd oneself to the slow and 用心深い知能 of the Philistine classes is a mighty spear and 保護物，者 for a strong man; but in England, and above all in 科学の England, it is 絶対不可欠の to the thinker who would[Pg 69] 遂行する any 広大な／多数の／重要な革命. Soundness is to the world of science what respectability is to the world of 商売／仕事—the sine qua 非，不，無 for 首尾よく伸び（る）ing even a 審理，公聴会 from 設立するd personages.

To read the 調書をとる／予約する on 珊瑚暗礁s is indeed to take a lesson of the deepest value in 適用するd inductive canons. Every fact is duly marshalled: every 結論 is drawn by the truest and most 合法的過程 from careful 観察 or 決定的な実験. Bit by bit, Darwin shows most admirably that, through 漸進的な submergence, fringing 暗礁s are developed into 障壁-暗礁s, and these again into atolls or lagoon islands; and incidentally he throws a vivid light on the slow 世俗的な movements 上向き or downward for ever taking place in the world's crust. But the value of the work as a 地質学の記録，記録的な／記録する, 広大な／多数の／重要な as it is, is as nothing compared with its value as a training 演習 in inductive logic. Darwin was now learning by experience how to use his own 巨大な力／強力にするs.

一方／合間, the 環境 too had been 徐々に moving. In 1832, the year after young Darwin 始める，決める out upon his 巡航する, Lyell published the first 版 of his '原則s of 地質学,' 設立するing once for all the uniformitarian 概念 of that 支店 of science. In 1836, the year when he returned, Rafinesque, in his 'New Flora of North America,' had 受託するd within 確かな cramping 限界s the idea that 'all 種類 might once have been varieties, and that many varieties are 徐々に becoming 種類 by assuming constant and peculiar characters.' Haldeman in Boston, and 認める at University College, London, were teaching from their professorial 議長，司会を務めるs the self-same novel and 革命の[Pg 70] doctrine. At last, in 1844, Robert 議会s published 不明な his famous and much-審議d '痕跡s of 創造,' which brought 負かす／撃墜する the question of 進化 versus 創造 from the 上院 of savants to the 円形競技場 of the mere general public, and 始める，決める up at once a 全世界の／万国共通の fever of 調査 into the mysterious question of the origin of 種類. 議会s himself was a man rather of general knowledge and some native philosophical insight than of any 示すd 科学の正確 or depth. His work in its 初めの form 陳列する，発揮するd comparatively little 知識 with the 広大な基礎 of the question at 問題／発行する—zoological, botanical, 地質学の, and so 前へ／外へ—and in Charles Darwin's own opinion showed 'a 広大な／多数の／重要な want of 科学の警告を与える.' But its graphic style, its vivid picturesqueness, and to the world 捕まらないで the startling novelty of its brilliant and piquant suggestions, made it burst at once into an unwonted 人気 for a work of so distinctly philosophical a character. In nine years it leaped 速く through no いっそう少なく than ten 連続する版s, and remained until the 出版（物） of the 'Origin of 種類' the 長，指導者権威のある exponent in England of the still struggling evolutionary 原則.

The '痕跡s of 創造' may be succinctly 述べるd as Lamarck and water, the watery element 存在予定 in part to the unnecessary obtrusion (more Scotico) of a metaphysical and theological 原則 into the physical universe. 議会s himself, in his 最新の版 (before the 調書をとる／予約する was finally killed by the advent of Darwinism), thus 簡潔に述べるs his main 概念s: 'The several 一連の animated 存在s, from the simplest and oldest up to the highest and most 最近の, are, under[Pg 71] the providence of God, the results, first, of an impulse which has been imparted to the forms of life, 前進するing them, in 限定された times, by 世代, through grades of organisation, 終結させるing in the highest dicotyledons and vertebrata, these grades 存在 few in number, and 一般に示すd by intervals of 有機の character, which we find to be a practical difficulty in ascertaining affinities; second, of another impulse connected with the 決定的な軍隊s, tending, in the course of 世代s, to 修正する有機の structures in 一致 with 外部の circumstances, as food, the nature of the habitat, and the meteoric 機関s.' Now it is （疑いを）晴らす at once that these two supposed 'impulses' are really やめる miraculous in their essence. They do not help us at all to a 際立った physical and realisable conception of any natural 機関 whereby 種類 became differentiated one from the other. They lay the whole 重荷（を負わせる） of 種類-making upon a 選び出す／独身 primordial supernatural impetus, imparted to the first living germ by the will of the Creator, and 事実上の／代理 ever since continuously it is true, but 非，不，無 the いっそう少なく miraculously for all that. For many 創造s 議会s 代用品，人s one 選び出す／独身 long creative nisus: where Darwin saw natural 選択, his Scotch 前任者 saw a deus ex machina, helping on the course of 有機の開発 by a constant but unseen 干渉，妨害 from above. He supposed 進化 to be predetermined by some intrinsic and externally implanted proclivity. In short, 議会s's theory is Lamarck's theologised, and spoilt in the 過程.

The 調書をとる／予約する had にもかかわらず a most prodigious and perfectly 前例のない success. The secret of its authorship was 熱心に審議d and jealously kept. The[Pg 72] most ridiculous surmises as to its 匿名の／不明の origin were everywhere afloat. Some せいにするd it to Thackeray, and some to Prince Albert, some to Lyell, some to Sir John Herschel, and some to Charles Darwin himself. Obscurantists thought it a wicked 調書をとる／予約する; '知識人' people thought it an 前進するd 調書をとる／予約する. As a 事柄 of fact it was neither the one nor the other. It was just a pale and colourless transcript of the old familiar teleological Lamarckism. Yet it did good in its 世代. The public 捕まらないで were induced by its ephemeral vogue to 利益／興味 themselves in a question to which they had never 以前 given even a passing thought, though more practised biologists of evolutionary 傾向s were grieved at heart that 進化 should first have been popularly 現在のd to the English world under so unscientific, garbled, and mutilated a form. From the philosophic 味方する, Herbert Spencer 設立する 'this ascription of 有機の進化 to some aptitude 自然に所有するd by organisms or miraculously 課すd upon them' to be 'one of those explanations which explain nothing—a 形態／調整ing of ignorance into the 外見 of knowledge. The 原因（となる）割り当てるd,' he says, 'is not a true 原因（となる）—not a 原因（となる） assimilable to known 原因（となる）s—not a 原因（となる） that can be anywhere shown to produce analogous 影響s. It is a 原因（となる） unrepresentable in thought: one of those 非合法の象徴的な conceptions which cannot by any mental 過程 be (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述するd into a real conception.' From the 科学の味方する, on the other 手渡す, Darwin felt sadly the inaccuracy and want of 深遠な technical knowledge everywhere 陳列する，発揮するd by the 匿名の／不明の author. These things might 自然に原因（となる） the enemy to blaspheme.[Pg 73] No worse calamity, indeed, can happen to a 広大な／多数の／重要な truth than for its defence to be intrusted to inefficient 手渡すs. にもかかわらず, long after, in the 'Origin of 種類,' the 広大な／多数の／重要な naturalist wrote with generous 評価 of the '痕跡s of 創造,' 'In my own opinion it has done excellent service in this country in calling attention to the 支配する, in 除去するing prejudice, and in thus 準備するing the ground for the 歓迎会 of analogous 見解（をとる）s.'

Still Darwin gave no 調印する. A flaccid, cartilaginous, unphilosophic evolutionism had 十分な所有／入手 of the field for the moment, and （人命などを）奪う，主張するd, as it were, to be the 本物の代表者／国会議員 of the young and vigorous 生物学の creed, while he himself was in truth the real 相続人 to all the honours of the 状況／情勢. He was in 所有／入手 of the master-重要な which alone could 打ち明ける the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s that …に反対するd the 進歩 of 進化, and still he waited. He could afford to wait. He was diligently collecting, amassing, 調査／捜査するing; 熱望して reading every new systematic work, every 調書をとる／予約する of travels, every 科学の定期刊行物, every 記録，記録的な／記録する of sport, or 探検, or 発見, to 抽出する from the dead 集まり of undigested fact whatever item of implicit value might swell the 限定された co-ordinated 一連の公式文書，認めるs in his own commonplace 調書をとる／予約するs for the now distinctly 熟視する／熟考するd 'Origin of 種類.' His way was to make all sure behind him, to 召喚する up all his facts in irresistible array, and never to 始める，決める out upon a public 進歩 until he was 安全な・保証する against all possible attacks of the ever-watchful and 警報 enemy in the 後部. Few men would have had strength of mind enough to resist the 誘惑申し込む／申し出d by the 出版（物） of the '痕跡s of 創造,' and the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の success 達成するd by so flabby a[Pg 74] 贈呈 of the evolutionary 事例／患者: Darwin resisted it, and he did wisely.

We may, however, take it for 認めるd, I 疑問 not, that it was the 外見 and success of 議会s's invertebrate 調書をとる／予約する which induced Darwin, in 1844 (the year of its 出版（物）), to 大きくする his short 公式文書，認めるs 'into a sketch of the 結論s which then seemed to him probable.' This sketch he showed to Dr. (now Sir Joseph) Hooker, no 疑問 as a 警戒 to 確実にする his own （人命などを）奪う，主張する of 優先 against any 未来 possible competitor. And having thus 緩和するd his mind for the moment, he continued to 観察する, to read, to devour '処理／取引s,' to collate instances, with indefatigable persistence for fifteen years longer. If any man mentally 対策 out fifteen years of his own life, and bethinks him of how long a space it seems when thus deliberately pictured, he will be able to realise a little more definitely—but only a little—how 深遠な was the patience, the self-否定, the 選び出す／独身-mindedness of Darwin's 激しい search after the ultimate truths of 自然科学.

What was the sketch that he thus committed to paper in 1844, and submitted to the judgment of his friend Hooker? It was the germ of the theory of natural 選択. によれば that theory, 有機の開発 is 予定 to the 生き残り of the fittest の中で innumerable variations, good, bad, and indifferent, from one or more parent 在庫／株s. Darwin's reading of Malthus had 示唆するd to him (明らかに as 早期に as the date of 出版（物） of the 'Naturalist's 定期刊行物') the idea that every 種類 of 工場／植物 and animal must always be producing a far greater number of seeds, eggs, germs, or young offspring than could かもしれない be needed for[Pg 75] the 維持／整備 of the 普通の／平均（する） number of the 種類. Of these young, by far the greater number must always 死なせる／死ぬ from 世代 to 世代, for want of space, of food, of 空気／公表する, of raw 構成要素. The 生存者s in each brood must be those 自然に best adapted for 生き残り. The many would be eaten, 餓死するd, 侵略（する）／超過（する）, or （人が）群がるd out; the few that 生き残る would be those that 所有するd any special means of defence against 攻撃者s, any special advantage for escaping 餓死, any special 保護 against overrunning or overcrowding 敵s. Animals and 工場／植物s, Darwin 設立する on 調査 and 調査, tended to 変化させる under diverse circumstances from the parent or parents that 初めは produced them. These variations were usually infinitesimal in 量, but いつかs more かなりの or even striking. If any particular variation tended in any way to 保存する the life of the creatures that 展示（する）d it, beyond the 普通の／平均（する） of their like competitors, that variation would in the long run 生き残る, and the individuals that 所有するd it, 存在 thus favoured in the struggle for 存在, would 取って代わる the いっそう少なく adapted form from which they sprang. Darwinism is Malthusianism on the large 規模: it is the 使用／適用 of the calculus of 全住民 to the wide facts of 全世界の／万国共通の life.

In one sense, indeed, it may be said that, given Malthus on the one 手渡す and the Lamarckian evolutionism on the other, some 広大な／多数の／重要な man somewhere must sooner or later, almost of necessity, have 連合させるd the two, and 攻撃する，衝突する out the doctrine of natural 選択 as we 現実に know it. やめる so; but then the point is just this: Darwin was the 広大な／多数の／重要な man in question; he did the work which in the very essence of things some[Pg 76] such 広大な／多数の／重要な man was 自然に and 必然的に predestined to do. You can always easily manage to get on without any particular 広大な／多数の／重要な man, 供給するd, of course, you have ready to 手渡す another 平等に able 広大な／多数の／重要な man by whom to 取って代わる him in the 計画／陰謀 of 存在. But how many ordinary naturalists 所有する the width of mind and universality of 利益／興味 which would 誘発する them to read, 示す, learn, and inwardly digest a politico-economical treatise of the calibre of Malthus? How many, having done so, have the keenness of 見通し to perceive the 続いて起こるing 生物学の関わりあい／含蓄s? How many, having seen them, have the 技術 and the patience to work up the infinite 大混乱 of botanical and zoological 詳細（に述べる） into the far-reaching generalisations of the 'Origin of 種類'? 単に to have caught at the grand idea is in itself no small 業績／成就; others did so and deserve all honour for their insight; but to flesh it out with all the minute care and conclusive 軍隊 of Darwin's masterpiece is a thousand times a greater and nobler monument of human endeavour.

During the fifteen years from 1844 to 1859, however, Darwin's pen was by no means idle. In the first-指名するd year he published his '地質学の観察s on 火山の Islands'—part of the 'Beagle' 探検 series; in 1846 he followed this up by his '地質学の観察s on South America;' in 1851 he gave to the world his monograph on '最近の Barnacles;' and in 1853, his treatise on the 化石種類 of the same family. But all these 作品 of 制限するd 利益／興味 remained always 子会社 to the one 広大な／多数の／重要な central 仕事 of his entire lifetime, the 準備 of his 事業／計画（する）d 容積／容量 on the Origin of 種類.[Pg 77]

All through the middle １０年間s of the century Darwin continued to 労働 at his 広大な accumulation of illustrative facts; and 味方する by 味方する with his continuous toil, outside opinion kept 覆うing the way for the final 受託 of his lucid ideas. The public was buying and reading all the time its ten 版s of the '痕跡s of 創造.' It was slowly digesting Lyell's '原則s of 地質学,' in which the old cataclysmic theories were featly 破壊するd, and the uniformitarian conception of a past 徐々に and insensibly 合併するing into the 現在の was conclusively 設立するd. It was getting accustomed to 声明s like those of the younger St. Hilaire, in 1850, that 明確な／細部 characters may be 修正するd by changes in the environing 条件s, and that the modifications thus produced may often be of generic value—may make a difference so 広大な／多数の／重要な that we must regard the 製品 not 単に as belonging to a 際立った種類, but even to a 際立った genus or higher 肉親，親類d. In 1852 Herbert Spencer published in the 'Leader' his remarkable essay, contrasting the theories of 創造 and 進化, as 適用するd to 有機の存在s, with all the biting 軍隊 of his 深遠な知能; and in 1855, the same encyclop?dic philosopher put 前へ／外へ the first rough sketch of his '原則s of Psychology,' in which he took the lead in 扱う／治療するing the phenomena of mind from the point of 見解（をとる） of 漸進的な開発. In that 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の work, the philosopher of 進化 traced the origin of all mental 力／強力にするs and faculties by slow gradations from the very simplest subjective elements. The '原則s of Psychology' に先行するd the 'Origin of 種類' by nearly five years; the first collected 容積／容量 of Mr. Spencer's[Pg 78] essays に先行するd Darwin's work by some twelve months. Baden-Powell's essay on the 'Philosophy of 創造' (much 審議d and 非難するd in ecclesiastical circles), and Professor Owen's somewhat contradictory utterances on the nature of types and archetypal ideas, also helped to keep alive 利益／興味 in the problem of origins up to the very moment of the final 外見 of Darwin's 広大な／多数の／重要な and splendid 解答.

It is 利益／興味ing during these 中間の years to watch from time to time the 時折の味方する-hints of Darwin's activity and of the 利益／興味 it 誘発するd の中で his 科学の同時代のs. In 1854, for example, Sir Charles Lyell 公式文書，認めるs, after an evening at Darwin's, how Sir Joseph Hooker astonished him with an account of that strange orchid, Catasetum, which 耐えるs three 全く際立った肉親，親類d of flowers on the same 工場／植物; 'It will 人物／姿／数字,' he says, 'in C. Darwin's 調書をとる／予約する on 種類, with many other "ugly facts," as Hooker, 粘着するing like me to the 正統派の約束, calls these and other 異常な vagaries.' On a 類似の occasion, a little later, Lyell asks, after 会合 'Huxley, Hooker, and Wollaston at Darwin's,' 'After all, did we not come from an ourang?' Last of all, in 1857, Darwin himself 令状s an anticipatory letter to his American friend, Asa Gray, in which he について言及するs 'six points'—the 枢機けい／主要な conceptions of the 'Origin of 種類.' His 調書をとる／予約する is now 公正に／かなり under 重さを計る; he speaks of it himself to 知識 and 特派員s as an 定評のある事業／計画（する）.

Events were growing 熟した for the birth. A lucky 事故 precipitated its parturition in the course of the year 1858.[Pg 79]

CHAPTER VI.

'THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'

Alfred Russel Wallace, a young Welsh biologist, went out at twenty-four, in 1848, to the アマゾンs River, in company with Bates (the author of 'The Naturalist on the アマゾンs'), to collect birds and バタフライs, and to 熟考する／考慮する熱帯の life in the richest 地域 of equatorial America. Like all other higher zoologists of their time, the two young explorers were 深く，強烈に利益／興味d in the 深遠な questions of origin and metamorphosis, and of geographical 配当, and in the letters that passed between them before they started they avowed to one another that the 反対する of their 追求（する），探索（する） was a 解答 of the 圧力（をかける）ing 生物学の enigma of 創造 or 進化. Starting with fresh hopes and a few 続けざまに猛撃するs in pocket, on an old, worn-out, and unseaworthy slave-仲買人, they often discussed these 深い problems of life and nature together upon the Sargasso sea, or の中で the palms and lianas of the Brazilian woodlands. The 空気／公表する was 厚い with whiffs and foretastes of evolutionism, and the two budding naturalists of the アマゾンs 探検隊／遠征隊 had 吸い込むd them 熱望して with every breath. They saw の中で the mimicking organisms of that[Pg 80] equatorial zone strange puzzles to engage their deepest attention; they recognised in the veins and 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs that diversified the filmy membranes of insects' wings the hieroglyphs of nature, 令状ing as on a tablet for them to decipher the story of the slow modification of 種類. In 1852—the year when Herbert Spencer in England published his essay on the '開発 Hypothesis,' and when Naudin in フラン put 前へ／外へ his bold and able paper on the 'Origin of 種類'—Wallace once more returned to Europe, and gave to the world his 利益／興味ing 'Travels on the アマゾンs and the Rio Negro.' Two years later the indefatigable traveller 始める，決める out a second time on a voyage of 熱帯の探検, の中で the islands of the Malay 群島, and for eight years he wandered about in Malay huts and remote islets, 集会 in 孤独 and 孤立／分離 the enormous 蓄える／店 of minute facts which he afterwards lavished with so prodigal a 手渡す upon '熱帯の Nature,' and the 'Geographical 配当 of Animals.'

While Wallace was still at Amboyna, he sent home in 1858 a striking memoir, 演説（する）／住所d to Darwin, with a request that he would 今後 it to Sir Charles Lyell, for 贈呈 to the Linnean Society. Darwin opened and read his brother naturalist's paper, and 設立する to his surprise that it 含む／封じ込めるd his own theory of natural 選択, not worked out in 詳細（に述べる）, as he himself was working it out, but still 完全にする in spirit and essence, with no important 部分 of the central idea 欠如（する）ing to its 十分な rotundity of conception. A jealous man would have thrown 障害s in the way of 出版（物）; but both Darwin and Wallace were born superior to the meannesses of jealousy. The 年上の naturalist commended[Pg 81] his young 競争相手's paper at once to Sir Charles Lyell, who sent it on すぐに to the Linnean Society.

But Sir Charles Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker, both of whom knew of Darwin's work, thought it advisable that he should publish, in the '定期刊行物' of the Society, a few 抽出するs from his own manuscripts, 味方する by 味方する with Wallace's paper. Darwin, therefore, selected some 必須の passages for the 目的 from his own long-gathered and voluminous 公式文書，認めるs, and the two 出資／貢献s were read together before the Society on July the 1st, 1858. That 二塁打 communication 示すs the date of birth of modern evolutionism. It is to the eternal credit of both thinkers that each 受託するd his own true position with regard to the 広大な／多数の／重要な発見 in perfect 誠実. The 年上の naturalist never strove for a moment to 圧力（をかける） his own （人命などを）奪う，主張する to 優先 against the younger: the younger, with singular generosity and 儀礼, waived his own （人命などを）奪う，主張する to divide the honours of 発見 in favour of the 年上の. Not one word save words of fraternal 賞賛 and cordial 評価 ever passed the lips of either with regard to the other.

The 独特の notion of natural 選択, indeed, like all true and 実りの多い／有益な ideas, had more than once flashed for a moment across the 侵入するing mind of more than one 独立した・無所属捜査官／調査官. As 早期に as 1813, Dr. 井戸／弁護士席s, the famous author of the theory of dew, 適用するd that particular conception to the 選び出す／独身事例／患者 of the 生産／産物 of special races の中で mankind.

'Of the 偶発の varieties of man, which would occur の中で the first few and scattered inhabitants of the middle 地域s of Africa,' he wrote, 'some one would be better fitted than the others to 耐える the 病気s of[Pg 82] the country. This race would その結果 multiply, while the others would 減少（する）; not only from their 無（不）能 to 支える the attacks of 病気, but from their incapacity of 競うing with their more vigorous 隣人s.... The same disposition to form varieties still 存在するing, a darker and a darker race would in the course of time occur; and as the darkest would be the best fitted for the 気候, this would at last become the most 流布している, if not the only race in the country.' Here we have not 単に the 過激な概念 of natural 選択, but also the subordinate idea of its exertion upon what Darwin calls 'spontaneous variations.' What is wanting in the paper is the 使用／適用 of the faintly descried 法律 to the facts and circumstances of general biology: 井戸／弁護士席s saw only a particular instance, where Darwin and Wallace more vividly perceived a 全世界の／万国共通の原則. Again, in 1831, Mr. Patrick Matthew in that singular 虫垂 to his 調書をとる／予約する on 海軍の木材／素質現実に enunciates the same idea, 適用するd this time to the whole of nature, in words いつかs almost 同一の with Darwin's own. 'As nature in all her modifications of life,' says this unconscious discoverer, 'has a 力／強力にする of 増加する far beyond what is needed to 供給（する） the place of what 落ちるs by Time's decay, those individuals who 所有する not the requisite strength, swiftness, hardihood, or cunning, 落ちる未熟に without 再生するing—either a prey to their natural devourers, or 沈むing under 病気, 一般に induced by want of nourishment, their place 存在占領するd by the more perfect of their own 肉親，親類d, who are 圧力（をかける）ing on the means of 存在.... The self-規制するing adaptive disposition of organised life may, in part, be traced to[Pg 83] the extreme fecundity of nature, who, as before 明言する／公表するd, has in all the varieties of her offspring a prolific 力／強力にする much beyond (in many 事例／患者s a thousandfold) what is necessary to fill up the vacancies 原因（となる）d by senile decay. As the field of 存在 is 限られた／立憲的な and preoccupied, it is only the hardier, more 強健な, better-ふさわしい-to-circumstance individuals, who are able to struggle 今後 to 成熟, these 住むing only the 状況／情勢s to which they have superior adaptation and greater 力／強力にする of occupancy than any other 肉親，親類d; the 女性 and いっそう少なく circumstance-ふさわしい存在未熟に destroyed. This 原則 is in constant 活動／戦闘; it 規制するs the colour, the 人物／姿／数字, the capacities, and instincts; those individuals in each 種類 whose colour and covering are best ふさわしい to concealment or 保護 from enemies, or defence from inclemencies and vicissitudes of 気候, whose 人物／姿／数字 is best 融通するd to health, strength, defence, and support; whose capacities and instincts can best 規制する the physical energies to self-advantage によれば circumstances—in such 巨大な waste of 最初の／主要な and youthful life those only come 今後 to 成熟 from the strict ordeal by which nature 実験（する）s their adaptation to her 基準 of perfection and fitness to continue their 肉親，親類d by reproduction.' Of the ideas 表明するd in these paragraphs, and others which に先行するd them, Darwin himself rightly 観察するs, 'He gives 正確に the same 見解（をとる） on the origin of 種類 as that propounded by Mr. Wallace and myself. He 明確に saw the 十分な軍隊 of the 原則 of natural 選択.'

In 1852, once more, so 著名な and 確認するd an evolutionist as Mr. Herbert Spencer himself had 攻撃する，衝突する[Pg 84] upon a glimpse of the same 広大な／多数の／重要な truth, strange to say without perceiving the width and 範囲 of its 関わりあい／含蓄s. 'All mankind,' he wrote in that year in an essay on 全住民 in the 'Westminster Review,' 'in turn 支配する themselves more or いっそう少なく to the discipline 述べるd; they either may or may not 前進する under it; but, in the nature of things, only those who do 前進する under it 結局生き残る. For, やむを得ず, families and races whom this 増加するing difficulty of getting a living which 超過 of fertility entails does not 刺激する to 改良s in 生産／産物.... are on the high road to 絶滅; and must 最終的に be 取って代わるd by those whom the 圧力 does so 刺激する.... And here, indeed, without その上の illustration, it will be seen that premature death, under all its forms, and from all its 原因（となる）s, cannot fail to work in the same direction. For as those 未熟に carried off must, in the 普通の／平均（する） of 事例／患者s, be those in whom the 力／強力にする of self-保護 is the least, it unavoidably follows that those left behind to continue the race must be those in whom the 力／強力にする of self-保護 is the greatest, must be the select of their 世代.' In this striking pre-Darwinian passage we have a 部分的な／不平等な perception of what Mr. Spencer afterwards 述べるd as the 生き残り of the fittest; but, as our 広大な／多数の／重要な philosopher himself 発言／述べるs, it 'shows how 近づく one may be to a 広大な／多数の／重要な generalisation without seeing it.' For not only does Mr. Spencer, like 井戸／弁護士席s before him, 限界 the 使用／適用 of the 原則 to the 事例／患者 of humanity; but, unlike 井戸／弁護士席s, he overlooks the all-important factor of spontaneous variation, and the 力／強力にする of natural 選択, 事実上の／代理 upon such, to produce 明確な／細部 and[Pg 85] generic 相違s of structure. In short, in his own words, the paragraph '含む／封じ込めるs 単に a passing 承認 of the selective 過程, and 示すs no 疑惑 of the enormous 範囲 of its 影響s, or of the 条件s under which a large part of its 影響s are produced.' On the other 手渡す, it must be 公式文書，認めるd that both Spencer and Matthew, like Darwin himself, based their ideas 大部分は upon the Malthusian 原則, and thus held the two true 重要なs of the 状況／情勢公正に／かなり within their unconscious 手渡すs.

率直に to recognise these さまざまな foreshadowings of the 独特の Darwinian theory of natural 選択 is not in any way to 土台を崩す the 創立／基礎s of Charles Darwin's own real and exceptional greatness. On the contrary, the mere fact that his 見解（をとる）s were so far 心配するd by 井戸／弁護士席s, Matthew, Spencer, and others, and were 同時に arrived at across half the globe by the 独立した・無所属 intellect of Alfred Russel Wallace, is in itself the very best proof and finest criterion of Charles Darwin's 本物の apostleship. No truly grand and 実りの多い／有益な idea was ever yet the 単独の所有物／資産／財産 of a 選び出す／独身 originator. 広大な／多数の／重要な発見s, says an 激烈な／緊急の critic, must always be 関心d with some problem of the time which many of the world's 真っ先の minds are just then cudgelling their active brains about. It was so with the 発見 of the differential calculus, and of the 惑星 Neptune; with the 解釈／通訳 of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, and of the cuneiform inscriptions; with the undulatory theory of light, with the mechanical 同等（の） of heat, with the doctrine of the correlation and 自然保護 of energies, with the 発明 of the steam engine, the locomotive, the[Pg 86] telegraph and the telephone; with the nebular hypothesis, and with spectrum 分析. It was so, too, with the evolutionary movement. The fertile 上昇傾向ing of virgin sod in the 生物学の field which produced Darwin's forerunners, as regards the idea of 降下／家系 with modification, in the persons of Buffon, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin, やむを得ず produced a little later, under the fresh impetus of the Malthusian conception, his forerunners or coadjutors, as regards the idea of natural 選択, in the persons of 井戸／弁護士席s, Matthew, and Wallace. It was Darwin's 仕事 to recognise the 全世界の／万国共通の, where 井戸／弁護士席s and Spencer had seen only the particular; to build up a 広大な and irresistible inductive system, where Matthew and Wallace had but thrown out a 妊娠している hint of wonderful a priori 利益／興味 and suggestiveness. It is one thing to draw out the idea of a （選挙などの）運動をする, another thing to carry it to a successful 結論; one thing rudely to sketch a ground-計画（する）, another thing finally to pile aloft to the sky the 前線 of an august and 課すing fabric.

As soon as the papers at the Linnean had been read and printed, Darwin 始める，決める to work in real earnest to bring out the first instalment of his 広大な／多数の／重要な work. That instalment was the 'Origin of 種類.' The first 版 was ready for the public on November the 24th, 1859.

In his own mind Darwin regarded that immortal work 単に in the light of an abstract of his 事業／計画（する）d 容積／容量s. So 巨大な were his collections and so voluminous his 公式文書，認めるs that the 'Origin of 種類' itself seemed to him like a mere small 部分 of the 熟視する／熟考するd 出版（物）. And indeed he did 最終的に work out several other 部分s of his 初めの計画（する） in his[Pg 87] 詳細（に述べる）d treatises on the Variation of Animals and 工場／植物s under Domestication, on the 影響s of Cross and Self-Fertilisation, and on the 降下／家系 of Man and 性の選択. But the 巨大な and 予期しない vogue of his first 容積／容量, the almost 即座の革命 which it 原因（となる）d in 生物学の and general opinion, and the all but 全世界の／万国共通の adhesion to his 見解（をとる）s of all the greatest and most rising naturalists, to a 広大な／多数の／重要な extent saved him the trouble of carrying out in 十分な the 仕事 he had 初めは熟視する／熟考するd as necessary. Younger and いっそう少なく占領するd labourers took part of the work off their leader's 手渡すs; the 広大な／多数の／重要な長，指導者 was left to 起訴する his special 研究s in some special lines, and was relieved from the necessity of その上の証明するing in minuter 詳細（に述べる） what he had already 証明するd with 十分な cogency to 納得させる all but the wilfully blind or the hopelessly stupid.

The 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の and 前例のない success of the 'Origin of 種類' is the truest 実験（する） of the 前進する it made upon all previous evolutionary theorising. Those who had never been 納得させるd before were now 納得させるd by sheer 軍隊 of 推論する／理由ing; those who believed and those who wavered had their 約束確認するd into something like the reposeful 静める of 絶対の certitude.

Let us consider, therefore, what 正確に／まさに were the 新規加入s which Charles Darwin 申し込む／申し出d in his 時代-making work to the pre-存在するing conceptions of evolutionists.

In 1852, seven years before the 出版（物） of Darwin's masterpiece, Mr. Herbert Spencer wrote as follows in an essay in the 'Leader' on 創造 and 進化. The 表現s of so 深遠な and philosophical[Pg 88] a biologist may be regarded as the high-water 示す of evolutionary thinking up to the date of the 外見 of Wallace and Darwin's theory:—

'Even could the 支持者s of the 開発 hypothesis 単に show that the 生産／産物 of 種類 by the 過程 of modification is 考えられる, they would be in a better position than their 対抗者s. But they can do much more than this; they can show that the 過程 of modification has 影響d and is 影響ing 広大な／多数の／重要な changes in all organisms, 支配する to 修正するing 影響（力）s ... they can show that any 存在するing 種類—animal or vegetable—when placed under 条件s different from its previous ones, すぐに begins to を受ける確かな changes of structure fitting it for the new 条件s. They can show that in 連続する世代s these changes continue until 最終的に the new 条件s become the natural ones. They can show that in cultivated 工場／植物s and domesticated animals, and in the several races of men, these changes have uniformly taken place. They can show that the degrees of difference, so produced, are often, as in dogs, greater than those on which distinctions of 種類 are in other 事例／患者s 設立するd. They can show that it is a 事柄 of 論争 whether some of these 修正するd forms are varieties or 修正するd 種類. They can show too that the changes daily taking place in ourselves; the 施設 that …に出席するs long practice, and the loss of aptitude that begins when practice 中止するs; the 開発 of every faculty, bodily, moral or 知識人, （許可，名誉などを）与えるing to the use made of it, are all explicable on this same 原則. And thus they can show that throughout all 有機の nature there is at[Pg 89] work a 修正するing 影響（力） of the 肉親，親類d they 割り当てる as the 原因（となる） of these 明確な／細部 differences, an 影響（力） which, though slow in its 活動／戦闘, does in time, if the circumstances 需要・要求する it, produce 示すd changes; an 影響（力） which, to all 外見, would produce in the millions of years, and under the 広大な／多数の／重要な varieties of 条件 which 地質学の記録，記録的な／記録するs 暗示する, any 量 of change.'

This admirable passage, written seven years before the 出版（物） of the 'Origin of 種類,' 含む／封じ込めるs explicitly almost every idea that ordinary people, not 特に生物学の in their 利益／興味s, now associate with the 指名する of Darwin. That is to say, it 含む／封じ込めるs, in a very philosophical and abstract form, the theory of '降下／家系 with modification' without the 独特の Darwinian adjunct of 'natural 選択' or '生き残り of the fittest.' Yet it was just that particular lever, dexterously 適用するd, and carefully 負わせるd with the whole 負わせる of his endlessly 蓄積するd inductive instances, that finally enabled our modern Archimedes in so short a time to move the world. The public, that was deaf to the high philosophy of Herbert Spencer, listened at once to the practical 知恵 of Charles Darwin. They did not care at all for the a priori proof, but they believed forthwith as soon as a 用心深い and careful 捜査官／調査官 laid 明らかにする before their 注目する，もくろむs in minute 詳細（に述べる） the modus operandi of nature herself.

The main argument of Darwin's 長，指導者 work runs somewhat after the に引き続いて fashion [2]:[Pg 90]—

Variation, to a greater or いっそう少なく degree, is a ありふれた and 井戸／弁護士席-known fact in nature. More 特に, animals and 工場／植物s under domestication tend to 変化させる from one another far more than do the individuals of any one 種類 in the wild 明言する／公表する. Rabbits in a 過密な住居 are all alike in 形態／調整, size, colour, and features: rabbits in a hutch 変化させる無期限に／不明確に in the hue of their fur, the length of their ears, the character of their coat, and half a dozen other minor particulars, 井戸／弁護士席 known to the observant souls of boys and fanciers. This 広大な／多数の／重要な variability, though partly perhaps referable to 超過 of food, is probably 予定 on the whole to their having been raised under 条件s of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent 種類 is 一般的に exposed in a 明言する／公表する of nature. In other words, variability is one result of altered and more 変化させるd surrounding circumstances.

Again, this variability is usually 不明確な／無期限の. You cannot say what direction it will take, or to what particular results it is likely in any special instance to lead. 示すd differences いつかs occur even between the young of the same litter, or between the seedlings sown from the same 要約する／（宇宙ロケットの）カプセル. As a 支配する, the variations 展示（する） themselves in 関係 with 性の reproduction; but いつかs, as in the 事例／患者 of '冒険的な工場／植物s,' a new bud suddenly produces leaves or flowers of a different character from the 残り／休憩（する） of those on the self-same 茎・取り除く, thus showing that the 傾向 to 変化させる is inherent, as it were, in the organism itself. Upon this[Pg 91] 根底となる fact of the 存在 in nature of 非常に／多数の and 不明確な／無期限の variations, the whole theory of natural 選択 is 最終的に built up. In illustrating by example the 巨大な variability of domesticated creatures, Darwin lays 広大な／多数の／重要な強調する／ストレス upon the 事例／患者 of pigeons, with which he was familiar from his long experience as a 子孫を作る人 and fancier in his own home at 負かす／撃墜する. Naturalists are almost universally of opinion that all the 産む／飼育するs of 国内の pigeons, from the 運送／保菌者 to the tumbler, from the runt to the fantail, are alike descended from the wild 激しく揺する pigeon of the European coasts. The 巨大な量 of variation which this 初めの種類 has undergone in domestication may be seen by comparing the numberless 産む／飼育するs of pigeon now 展示（する）d at all our poultry shows with one another.

But variation gives us only half the elements of the ultimate problem, even in the 事例／患者 of 国内の肉親，親類d. For the other half, we must have 頼みの綱 to human 選択, which, by 選ぶing out for seed or 産む／飼育するing 目的s 確かな特に favoured varieties, has produced at last all the purposive or intentional 多様制 between the different 存在するing 在庫／株s or 産む／飼育するs. In these artificially produced 国内の races we see everywhere special adaptations to man's particular use or fancy. The dray-horse has been fashioned for 目的s of strength and sure-footedness in draught, the race-horse for 目的s of fleetness in running. In the fox-hound, man has encouraged the special 所有物／資産／財産s that tend to produce a good day's 追跡（する）ing; in the sheepdog, those that make for the better 維持／整備 and safety of a herd. The cauliflower is a cabbage, with specialised and somewhat abortive flower-長，率いるs; the[Pg 92] fuller's teasel is a sport of the wild form, with curved hooks 特に adapted by a freak of nature for the teasing of wool. So in every 事例／患者 man, by deliberately 選ぶing out for 産む／飼育するing or seeding 目的s the 偶発の variations which happened best to 控訴 his own needs, has 後継するd at last in producing races admirably fitted in the minutest particulars for the special 機能（する）／行事s to which they are 適用するd. There appears indeed to be hardly any 限界 to the almost infinite plasticity and modifiability of 国内の animals. 'It would seem,' said a 広大な／多数の／重要な sheep-子孫を作る人, speaking of sheep, 'as if 農業者s had chalked out upon a 塀で囲む a form perfect in itself, and then proceeded to give it 存在.'

Now, what is thus true within 狭くする限界s, and in a short space of time about the 審議する／熟考する活動／戦闘 of man, Darwin showed to be also true within wider 限界s and spread over longer 地質学の時代s about the unconscious 活動／戦闘 of nature. And herein consisted his 広大な／多数の／重要な前進する upon the earlier evolutionism of Lamarck, Goethe, and Erasmus Darwin. For while these 直感的に開拓するs of the evolutionary spirit saw 明確に that animals and 工場／植物s betrayed 調印するs of ありふれた降下／家系 from one or a few 初めの ancestors, they did not see what was the 機械装置 by which such organisms had been differentiated into so many 際立った genera and 種類. They caught, indeed, at the analogy of variation under domestication and in the wild 明言する／公表する, but they 行方不明になるd the subtler and deeper analogy between human and natural 選択. Now, variation alone would give us a world consisting not of 限定された肉親，親類d 公正に／かなり井戸／弁護士席境界を定めるd one from the other, but of innumerable unclassified and unorganisable individuals, all shading off[Pg 93] 無期限に／不明確に one into the other, and incapable of 存在減ずるd by human ingenuity to any 整然とした hierarchical system. その上に, it would give us creatures without special adaptation of any 肉親，親類d to the peculiar circumstances of their own 環境. To account for adaptation, for the almost perfect fitness of every 工場／植物 and every animal to its position in life, for the 存在 (in other words) of definitely correlated parts and 組織／臓器s, we must call in the 援助（する） of 生き残り of the fittest. Without that potent selective スパイ／執行官, our conception of the becoming of life is a mere 大混乱; order and organisation are utterly inexplicable save by the brilliant illuminating ray of the Darwinian 原則. That is why Darwin destroyed at one blow the specious arguments of the 早期に teleologists; he showed that where 議会s and even Erasmus Darwin had seen the working of a final 原因（となる）, we ought rather to recognise the working of an efficient 原因（となる）, whose 結果やむを得ず but fallaciously ふりをするs the supposed features of an a priori finality.

From art, then, Darwin harks 支援する once more to nature. He proceeds to show that variability occurs の中で all wild 工場／植物s and animals, though not so frequently under ordinary circumstances as in the 事例／患者 of domesticated 種類. Individual differences everywhere occur between 工場／植物 and 工場／植物, between animal and animal. いつかs these differences are so very 非常に／多数の that it is impossible to divide the individuals at all into 井戸／弁護士席-示すd 肉親，親類d; for example, の中で British wild-roses, brambles, hawkweeds and epilobes, with a few other very variable families, Babington makes as many as 251 際立った種類, where Bentham[Pg 94] gives only 112—a 利ざや of 139 doubtful forms of shadowy indefiniteness. Varieties, in fact, are always arising, and 支配的な種類 in particular always tend to 変化させる most in every direction. The 推論する／理由 why variation is not so 示すd in the wild 明言する／公表する as under domestication is of course because the 条件s are there いっそう少なく diverse; but where the 条件s of wild things are most diverse, as in the 事例／患者 of 支配的な肉親，親類d, which 範囲 over a wide space of country or of ocean, abundant individual variations habitually occur. 地元の varieties thus produced are regarded by Darwin as incipient 種類: they are the raw 構成要素 on which natural 選択徐々に発揮するs itself in the struggle for 存在.

認めるing individual variability, then, how do 種類 arise in nature? And how are all the exquisite adaptations of part to whole, and of whole to 環境, 徐々に始めるd, 改善するd, and perfected?

For the world is perpetually over-居住させるd. It is not, as many good people fearfully imagine, on a half-comprehension of the Malthusian 原則, すぐに going to be over-居住させるd; it is now, it has always been, and it will always be, 圧力（をかける）d の近くに up to the 最大の possible 限界 of 全住民. Reproduction is everywhere and in all 種類 for ever outrunning means of subsistence; and 餓死 or 競争 is for ever keeping 負かす／撃墜する the number of the offspring to the level of the 普通の／平均（する） or normal 供給（する） of raw 構成要素. A 選び出す／独身 red campion produces in a year three thousand seeds; but there are not this year three thousand times[Pg 95] as many red campions as there were last summer, nor will there be three thousand times as many more in the 後継するing season. The 魚の卵 of a cod 含む／封じ込めるs いつかs nearly ten million eggs; but supposing each of these produced a young fish which arrived at 成熟, the whole sea would すぐに become a solid 集まり of closely packed codfish. Linn?us reckoned that if an 年次の工場／植物 had two seeds, each of which produced two seedlings in the 後継するing season, and so on continually, in twenty years their progeny would 量 to a million 工場／植物s. A struggle for 存在やむを得ず results from this 全世界の／万国共通の傾向 of animals and 工場／植物s to 増加する faster than the means of subsistence, whether those means be food, as in the first 事例／患者, or carbonic 酸性の, water, and 日光 as in the second. Animals are all perpetually 戦う／戦いing with one another for the food-供給（する） of the moment; 工場／植物s are perpetually 戦う／戦いing with one another for their 株 of the 国／地域, the 降雨, and the 日光.

The 事例／患者 of the 工場／植物 is a very important one to understand in this 関係, because it is probable that most people 大いに misunderstand the 生物学の meaning of the phrase 'struggle for 存在.' They imagine that the struggle is 主として行為／行うd between different 種類, 反して in reality it is 主として行為／行うd between members of the same 種類. It is not so much the 戦う／戦い between the tiger and the antelope, between the wolf and the bison, between the snake and the bird, that 最終的に results in natural 選択 or 生き残り of the fittest, as the struggle between tiger and tiger, between bison and bison, between snake and snake, between antelope and antelope. A human[Pg 96] analogy may help to make this difficult 原則 a little clearer. The パン職人 does not 恐れる the 競争 of the butcher in the struggle for life: it is the 競争 of the other パン職人s that いつかs inexorably 鎮圧するs him out of 存在. The lawyer does not 圧力（をかける） hard upon the doctor, nor the architect upon the journeyman painter. A war in the Soudan or in South Africa is far いっそう少なく致命的な to the workman in our 広大な／多数の／重要な towns than the ceaseless 競争 of his fellow-workmen. It is not the 兵士 that kills the artisan, but the number of other artisans who undersell him and （人が）群がる to fill up every 空いている position. In this way the 広大な／多数の／重要な enemies of the individual herbivore are not the carnivores, but the other herbivores. The lion eats the antelope, to be sure; but the real struggle lies between lion and lion for a fair 株 of meat, or between antelope and antelope for a fair 株 of pasturage. Homo homini lupus, says the old proverb, and so, we may 追加する, in a wider sense, lupus lupo lupus, also. Of course, the carnivore plays a 広大な／多数の／重要な part in the selective 過程; but he is the selector only; the real 競争 is between the selected. Now, let us take the 事例／患者 of the 工場／植物. A thousand seedlings 占領する the space where few alone can 最終的に grow; and between these seedlings the struggle is 猛烈な／残忍な, the strongest and best adapted 最終的に生き残るing. To take Darwin's own example, the mistletoe, which is a parasite, cannot truly be said to struggle with the apple tree on which it fastens; for if too many parasites cover a tree, it 死なせる／死ぬs, and so they kill themselves 同様に as their host, all alike dying together. But several seedling mistletoes growing together on the same 支店 may[Pg 97] 公正に／かなり be said to struggle with one another for light and 空気／公表する; and since mistletoe seeds are disseminated by birds and dropped by them in the angles of 支店s, the mistletoe may also be said to compete with other berry-耐えるing bushes, like cornel and hawthorn, for the ministrations of the fruit-eating birds. The struggle is 猛烈な／残忍な between 連合した肉親，親類d, and fiercest of all between individual members of the same 種類.

借りがあるing to this constant struggle, variations, however slight, and from whatever 原因（となる） arising, if in any degree profitable to the individual which 現在のs them, will tend to the 保護 of the particular organism, and, 存在 on the 普通の／平均（する）相続するd by its offspring, will 類似して tend to 増加する and multiply in the world 捕まらないで. This is the 原則 of natural 選択 or 生き残り of the fittest—the 広大な／多数の／重要な原則 which Darwin and Wallace 追加するd to the evolutionism of Lamarck and his 後継者s.

Let us take a 選び出す／独身固める／コンクリート example. In the 砂漠, with its monotonous sandy colouring, a 黒人／ボイコット insect or a white insect, still more a red insect or a blue insect, would be すぐに（悪事，秘密などを）発見するd and 敏速に devoured by its natural enemies, the birds and lizards. But any greyish or yellowish insects would be いっそう少なく likely to attract attention at first sight, and would be overlooked as long as there were any more 目だつ individuals of their own 肉親，親類d about for the birds and lizards to 料金d on at their leisure. Hence, in a very short time, the 砂漠 would be depopulated of all but the greyest and yellowest insects; and の中で these the birds would 選ぶ out those which 異なるd most markedly in hue or shade from the sand around them. But those[Pg 98] which happened to 変化させる most in the direction of a sandy or spotty colour would be most likely to 生き残る, and to become the parents of 未来世代s. Thus, in the course of long ages, all the insects which 住む砂漠s have become sand-coloured; because the least sandy were perpetually 選ぶd out for 破壊 by their ever-watchful 敵s, while the most sandy escaped and multiplied and 補充するd the earth with their own likes.

Conversely, the birds and the lizards again would probably begin by 存在黒人／ボイコット, and white, and blue, and green, like most other birds and lizards in the world 一般に. But the insect would have ample 警告 of the 近づく approach of such 目だつ self-advertising enemies, and would 避ける them accordingly whenever they appeared within 範囲 of his 限られた／立憲的な見通し, either by lying の近くに, or by shamming death, or by 退却／保養地ing precipitately to 穴を開けるs and crannies. Therefore, whatever individual birds or lizards happened to 変化させる most in the direction of grey or sand-colour, and so to creep unobserved upon the unguarded insects, would 後継する best on the 普通の／平均（する） in catching beetles or 砂漠 grasshoppers. Hence, by the slow dying out of the more 高度に coloured and 独特の insect-eaters, before the 厳しい競争 of the greyest and sandiest, all the birds and lizards of the 砂漠 have become at last as 絶対 sand-coloured as the insects themselves. Only the greyest insect could escape the bird; only the greyest bird, en revanche, could surprise and devour the unwary insect.

Sir Charles Lyell and the 年上の De Candolle had already seen the 広大な／多数の／重要な importance of the struggle for 存在 in the 有機の world, but neither of them had 観察するd the magnificent corollary of natural 選択,[Pg 99] which flows from it almost as a mathematical necessity when once 示唆するd; for, given 不明確な／無期限の variability, and a geometrical, 率 of 増加する, it must needs follow that some varieties will be better ふさわしい to the circumstances than others, and therefore that they will 生き残る on the 普通の／平均（する） in 増加するd 割合s. A passage from one of Lyell's 早期に letters will show how 近づく he too went to this 広大な／多数の／重要な luminous generalisation, and yet how utterly he 行方不明になるd the true 関わりあい／含蓄s of his own vague and 大混乱／混沌とした idea. He 令状s thus to Sir John Herschel in 1836, while Darwin was still but homeward bound on the voyage of the 'Beagle':—

'In regard to the origination of new 種類, I am very glad to find that you think it probable that it may be carried on through the 介入 of 中間の原因（となる）s.... An insect may be made in one of its 変形s to 似ている a dead stick, or a leaf, or a lichen, or a 石／投石する, so as to be somewhat いっそう少なく easily 設立する by its enemies; or if this would make it too strong, an 時折の variety of the 種類 may have this advantage conferred on it; or if this would be still too much, one sex of a 確かな variety. Probably there is scarcely a dash of colour on the wing or 団体／死体 of which the choice would be やめる独断的な, or which might not 影響する／感情 its duration for thousands of years.'

Now, this comes in some ways perilously 近づく to Darwin indeed; but in the most important point of all it is wide apart from him as the 政治家 is from the 赤道. For Lyell thought of all this as a 事柄 of 外部の teleological 協定; he imagined a 審議する／熟考する力／強力にする from outside settling it all by design beforehand, and 認めるing to varieties or 種類 these[Pg 100] special peculiarities in a manner that was at 底（に届く） essentially supernatural, or in other words miraculous; 反して Darwin thinks of it as the necessary result of the circumstances themselves, an 必然的な結果 of 不明確な／無期限の variability 加える the geometrical 率 of 増加する. Where Lyell sees a final 原因（となる）, Darwin sees an efficient 原因（となる）; and this distinction is 根底となる. It 示すs Darwin's position as that of a 広大な／多数の／重要な philosophical thinker, who can dash aside at once all metaphysical cobwebs, and 侵入する to the inmost 休会s of things, unswerved by the vain but specious allurements of obvious and 誤って導くing teleological fallacies.

Darwin also laid 広大な／多数の／重要な強調する／ストレス on the 巨大な複雑さ of the relations which animals and 工場／植物s 耐える to one another, in the struggle for 存在. For example, on the heathy uplands 近づく Farnham in Surrey, large spaces were at one time enclosed, on which, within ten years, self-grown モミ-trees from the 勝利，勝つd-borne seeds of distant clumps sprang up so thickly as 現実に to choke one another with their tiny 支店s. All over the ヒース／荒れ地s outside, when Darwin looked for them, he could not find a 選び出す／独身モミ, except the old clumps on the 丘の頂上s, from which the seedlings themselves had 初めは sprung. But, on looking closer の中で the 茎・取り除くs of the ヒース／荒れ地, he descried a number of very tiny モミs, which had been perpetually browsed 負かす／撃墜する by the cattle on the ありふれたs; and one of them, with twenty-six （犯罪の）一味s of growth, had during many years endeavoured unsuccessfully to raise its 長，率いる above the surrounding heather. Hence, as soon as the land was enclosed, and the cattle 除外するd, it became covered at once with a 厚い growth of vigorous[Pg 101] young モミ-trees. Yet who would ever have supposed beforehand that the mere presence or absence of cattle would 絶対 have 決定するd the very 存在 of the Scotch モミ throughout a wide 範囲 of 井戸／弁護士席-adapted sandy English upland?

To take another curious instance について言及するd by Darwin. In Paraguay, unlike the greater part of 隣人ing South America, neither horses nor cattle have ever run wild. This is 予定 to the presence of a parasitic 飛行機で行く, which lays its eggs in their 団体／死体s when first born, the maggots 殺人，大当り off the tender young in their first 行う／開催する／段階s. But if any 原因（となる） were to alter the number of the dangerous 飛行機で行くs, then cattle and wild horses would abound; and this would alter the vegetation, as Darwin himself 観察するd in other parts of America; and the change in the vegetation would 影響する／感情 the insects; and that again the insectivorous birds; and so on in ever 広げるing circles of incalculable 複雑さ. Once more, to 引用する the most famous instance of all, the visits of humble-bees are 絶対 necessary ーするために place the pollen in the 権利 position for setting the seeds of purple clover. 長，率いるs from which Darwin 除外するd the bees produced no seeds at all. Hence, if humble-bees became extinct in England, the red clover, too, would die off: and indeed, in New Zealand, where there are no humble-bees, and where the 成果／努力s to introduce them for this very 目的 have been uniformly 不成功の, the clover never 始める，決めるs its seed at all, and fresh 在庫／株s have to be 輸入するd at 広大な／多数の／重要な expense every year from Europe. But the number of humble-bees in any 地区大部分は depends upon the number of field-mice, which destroy the 徹底的に捜すs and[Pg 102] nests in 巨大な量s. The number of mice, again, is 大いに影響する／感情d by the 割合 of cats in the neighbourhood; so that 陸軍大佐 Newman, who paid much attention to this 支配する, 設立する humble-bees most 非常に／多数の in the neighbourhood of villages and small towns, an 影響 which he せいにするd to the 豊富 of cats, and the consequent scarcity of the destructive field-mice. Yet here once more, who could suppose beforehand that the degree to which the purple clover 始める，決める its seeds was in part 決定するd by the number of cats kept in houses in the surrounding 地区?

One of Darwin's own favourite examples of the 活動／戦闘 of natural 選択, which he afterwards 拡大するd 大部分は in his work on Orchids and in several other 容積／容量s, is that which relates to the origin of 目だつ flowers. Many 工場／植物s have a 甘い excretion, which is 除去するd いつかs even by the leaves, as in the 事例／患者 of the ありふれた laurel. This juice, though small in 量, is 熱望して sought and eaten by insects. Now let us suppose that, in some variety of an inconspicuous flower, 類似の nectar was produced in the neighbourhood of the petals and stamens. Insects, in 捜し出すing the nectar, would dust their 団体／死体s over with the pollen, and would carry it away with them to the next flower visited. This would result in an 行為／法令／行動する of crossing; and that 行為／法令／行動する, as Darwin afterwards abundantly 証明するd in a separate and very laborious treatise, gives rise to exceptionally vigorous seedlings, which would therefore have the best chance of 繁栄するing and 生き残るing in the struggle for 存在. The flowers which produced most honey would oftenest be visited, and oftenest crossed; so that they would finally form a new[Pg 103] 種類. The more brightly coloured の中で them, again, would be more readily 差別するd than the いっそう少なく brightly coloured; and this would give them such an advantage that in the long run, as we 現実に see, almost all habitually insect-fertilised flowers would come to have brilliant petals. The germ of this luminous idea, once more, is to be 設立する in Sprengel's remarkable work on the fertilisation of flowers—a work far in 前進する of its time in many ways, and to which Darwin always 表明するd his 深い義務s; but, as in so many other instances, while Sprengel looked upon all the little modifications and adaptations of flower and insect to one another as the result of 際立った creative design, Darwin looked upon them as the result of natural 選択, working upon the basis of indeterminate spontaneous variations.

How do these variations arise? Not by chance, of course (for in the strict 科学の sense nothing on earth can be considered as really fortuitous), but as the 結果 for the most part of very minute 有機の原因（となる）s, whose particular 活動／戦闘 it is impossible for us to 予報する with our 現在の knowledge. Some physical 原因（となる） in each 事例／患者 there must やむを得ず be; and indeed it is often possible to show that 確かな changes of 条件 in the parent do result in variations in the offspring, though what special direction the variation will take can never be foretold with any 正確. In short, our ignorance of the 法律s of variation is 深遠な, but our knowledge of the fact is （疑いを）晴らす and 確かな . The fact alone is 必須の to the 原則 of natural 選択; the 原因（となる）, though in itself an 利益／興味ing 支配する of 調査, may be 安全に laid aside for the 現在の as[Pg 104] comparatively unimportant. What we have 現実に given to us in the 固める／コンクリート universe is, organisms 変化させるing perpetually in minute points, and a 早い率 of 増加する原因（となる）ing every minute point of advantage to be exceptionally favoured in the struggle for 存在.

But Darwin is remarkable の中で all broachers of new theories for the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の candour and 開いていること／寛大 of his method. He 定評のある beforehand all the difficulties in the way of his theory, and though he himself 自白するd that some of them were serious (a 声明 which その後の研究 has often （判決などを）下すd unnecessary), he met many of them with cogent arguments by 予期, and 破壊するd 反対s before they could even be raised against him by 敵意を持った critics. Of these 反対s, only two need here be について言及するd. The first is the question, why is not all nature even now a 混乱させるd 集まり of 過度期の forms? Why do genera and 種類存在する as we see them at 現在の in 幅の広い distinction one from the other? To this Darwin answers rightly that, where the 過程 of 種類-making is still going on, we do 現実に find 罰金 gradations and 過度期の forms 存在するing between genera, varieties, and 種類.[3] But, その上に, as natural 選択行為／法令／行動するs 単独で by the 保護 of useful modifications, each better-adapted new form will always tend in a fully 在庫／株d country to 追い出す and 皆殺しにする its own unimproved parent type, 同様に as all other competing but いっそう少なく perfect varieties. Thus natural 選択 and 絶滅 of 中間のs go for ever[Pg 105] 手渡す in 手渡す. The more perfect the new variety, the more 絶対 will it kill off the 中間の forms. The second 広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty lies in the question of the origin of instinct, which, as Darwin shows, by careful inductive instances, may have arisen by the slow and 漸進的な accumulation of 非常に／多数の slight yet profitable variations.

I have dwelt at some length upon those 部分s of the 'Origin of 種類' which 取引，協定 in 詳細（に述べる） with the theory of natural 選択, the 長，指導者出資／貢献 which Darwin made to the evolutionary movement, because it is impossible さもなければ fully to understand the 広大な／多数の／重要な湾 which separates his evolutionism from the earlier evolutionism of Lamarck and his 信奉者s. But it is impracticable here to give any idea of the 巨大な wealth of example and illustration which Darwin brought to the elucidation of every part of his コンビナート／複合体 problem. ーするために伸び（る） a 十分な conception of this 味方する of his nature, we must turn to the 初めの treatise itself, and still more to the その後の容積／容量s in which the ground-work of 観察s and 実験s on which he based his theory was more fully 詳細（に述べる）d for the specialist public.

The 残りの人，物 of Darwin's 時代-making work 取引，協定s, 厳密に speaking, rather with the general theory of '降下／家系 with modification' than with the special doctrine of natural 選択. It 再び述べるs and 増強するs, by the light of the new 付加概念, and with fuller facts and later knowledge, the four 広大な／多数の／重要な arguments already known in favour of 有機の進化 as a whole, the argument from 地質学の Succession, the argument from Geographical 配当, the argument[Pg 106] from Embryological 開発, and the argument from Classificatory Affinities. Each of these we may 簡潔に summarise.

The 地質学の記録，記録的な／記録する is confessedly imperfect. At the time when Darwin first published the 'Origin of 種類,' it had 公表する／暴露するd to our 見解（をとる） comparatively few 中間の or 過度期の forms between the 長，指導者広大な／多数の／重要な classes of 工場／植物s or animals; since that time, in singular 確定／確認 of the Darwinian hypothesis, it has 公表する／暴露するd an 巨大な number of such connecting types, amongst which may be more 特に noticed the '行方不明の links' between the birds and reptiles, the ancestors of the horses, the camels, and the pigs, and the ありふれた progenitor of the ruminants and the pachyderms, two 広大な／多数の／重要な groups classed by Cuvier as 際立った orders—all of which instances were 会社にする／組み込むd by Darwin in later 版s of his 'Origin of 種類.' But, apart from these special and newly discovered 事例／患者s, the whole general course of 地質学の history 'agrees admirably with the theory of 降下／家系 with modification through variation and natural 選択.' The simpler animals of 早期に times are followed by the more コンビナート／複合体 and more specialised animals of later 地質学の periods. As each main group of animals appears upon the 行う／開催する／段階 of life, it appears in a very central and 'generalised' form; as time goes on, we find its さまざまな members 異なるing more and more 広範囲にわたって from one another, and assuming more and more specialised adaptive forms. And in each country it is 設立する, as a 支配する, that the extinct animals of the later 形式s 耐える a の近くに general resemblance and 関係 to the animals which now 住む the same 地域s. For example,[Pg 107] the 化石哺乳動物s from the Australian 洞穴s are nearly 連合した to the modern kangaroos, phalangers, and wombats; and the gigantic extinct sloths and armadillos of South America are 再生するd in their smaller 代表者／国会議員s at the 現在の day. So, too, the moa of New Zealand was a 抱擁する apteryx; and the birds disentombed from the bone-洞穴s of Brazil show の近くに affinities to the toucans and jacanars that still 叫び声をあげる and flit in countless flocks の中で Brazilian forests. The obvious 関わりあい／含蓄 is that the animals now 住むing any given area are the 修正するd 子孫s of those that 以前は住むd it. 'On the theory of 降下／家系 with modification, the 広大な／多数の／重要な法律 of the succession of the same types within the same areas is at once explained.'

This last consideration leads us up to the argument from Geographical 配当. In considering the さまざまな地元の faunas and floras on the 直面する of the globe, no point strikes one more 強制的に than the fact that neither their similarities nor their dissimilarities can be accounted for by 気候 or physical 条件s. The animals of South Africa do not in the least 似ている the animals of the corresponding belt of South America; the Australian beasts and birds and trees are utterly unlike those of フラン and Germany; the fishes and crustaceans of the 太平洋の at パナマ are 広範囲にわたって different from those of the Caribbean at the same point, separated from them only by the 狭くする belt of 介入するing isthmus. On the other 手渡す, within the same continuous areas of sea or land, however 広大な／多数の／重要な the differences of physical 条件s, we find everywhere closely 関係のある types in 所有／入手 of the most 際立った and[Pg 108] 変化させるd 状況／情勢s. On the 燃やすing plains of La Plata we get the agouti and the bizcacha as the 長，指導者 rodents; we 上がる the Cordillera, and の近くに to the eternal snows we discover, not hares and rabbits like those of Europe, but a specialised chilly mountain form of the same distinctly South American type. We turn to the rivers, and we see no musk-ネズミ or beaver, but the coypu and capybara, わずかに altered varieties of the 初めの bizcacha ancestor. Australia has no wolf, but it has instead 猛烈な／残忍な and active carnivorous marsupials; it has no mice, but some of its tiny kangaroo-like creatures fulfil analogous 機能（する）／行事s in its animal economy. Everywhere the 証拠 points to the 結論 that 地元の種類 have been 地元で発展させるd from pre-存在するing 類似の種類. The 大洋の小島s, of which Darwin had had so large an experience, and 特に his old friends the Galapagos, come in usefully for this 行う／開催する／段階 of the question. They are invariably 住むd, as Darwin pointed out, and as Wallace has since abundantly shown in the minutest 詳細（に述べる）, by waifs and 逸脱するs from 隣人ing continents, altered and specialised by natural 選択 in 一致 with the 条件s of their new habitat. As a 支配する, they point 支援する to the 地区s whence blow the strongest and most 流布している勝利，勝つd; and the modifications they have undergone are 大部分は扶養家族 upon the nature of the other 種類 with which they have to compete, or to whose habits they must needs 融通する themselves. In such 事例／患者s it is 平易な to see how far Darwin's special conception of natural 選択 helps to explain and account for facts not easily explicable by the older evolutionism of mere 降下／家系 with modification.[Pg 109]

Embryology, the 熟考する／考慮する of 早期に開発 in the individual animal or 工場／植物, also throws much 味方する light upon the nature and 家系 of each 種類 or family. For example, gorse, which is a member of the pea-flower tribe, has in its adult 行う／開催する／段階 solid, spiny, thorn-like leaves, 非，不，無 of which in the least 似ている the foliage of the clover, to which it is closely 関係のある; but the young seedling in its earliest 行う／開催する／段階s has trefoil leaves, which only slowly pass by infinitesimal gradations into flat blades and finally into the familiar 防御の prickles. Here, natural 選択 under 強調する／ストレス of herbivorous animals on open ヒース／荒れ地s and ありふれたs has spared only those particular gorse-bushes which 変化させるd in the direction of the stiffest and most inedible foliage; but the young 工場／植物 in its first days still 保存するs for us the trefoil leaf which it 株d 初めは with a 広大な group of clover-like congeners. The adult barnacle, once more, 現在のs a 確かな fallacious 外部の resemblance to a mollusk, and was 現実に so classed even by the 侵入するing and systematic intellect of Cuvier; but a ちらりと見ること at the larva shows an 教えるd 注目する，もくろむ at once that it is really a 爆撃する-making and 異常な crustacean. On a wider 規模, the embryos of 哺乳動物s are at first indistinguishable from those of birds or reptiles; the feet of lizards, the hoofs of horses, the 手渡すs of man, the wings of the bat, the pinions of birds, all arise from the same 根底となる shapeless bud, in the same 位置／汚点／見つけ出す of an almost 同一の embryo. Even the human foetus, at a 確かな行う／開催する／段階 of its 開発, is 供給するd with gill-slits, which point dimly 支援する to the remote ages when its ancestor was something very like a fish. The embryo is a picture, more or いっそう少なく[Pg 110] obscured and blurred in its 輪郭（を描く）, of the ありふれた progenitor of a whole 広大な／多数の／重要な class of 工場／植物s or animals.

Finally, 分類 points in the same way to the affiliation of all 存在するing genera and 種類 upon 確かな早期に相違する ancestors. The whole 計画／陰謀 of the 生物学の system, as 始めるd by Linn?us and 改善するd by Cuvier, Jussieu, De Candolle, and their 後継者s, is essentially that of a genealogical tree. The prime central vertebrate ancestor—to take the 事例／患者 of the creatures most familiar to the general reader—appears to have been an animal not unlike the 存在するing lancelet, a mud-haunting, cartilaginous, 未開発の fish, whose main lineaments are also embryologically 保存するd for us in the ascidian larva and the ありふれた tadpole. From this 早期にありふれた centre have been developed, 明らかに, in one direction the fishes, and in another the amphibian tribes of frogs, イモリs, salamanders, and axolotls. From an 早期に amphibian, again, the ありふれた ancestor of birds, reptiles, and 哺乳動物s seems to have diverged: the 中間の links between bird and reptile 存在 faintly traced の中で the extinct deinosaurians and the arch?opteryx, some years subsequently to the first 外見 of the 'Origin of 種類;' while the ornithorhyncus, which to some extent connects the 哺乳動物s, and 特に the marsupials, with the lower egg-laying types of vertebrate, was already 井戸／弁護士席-known and 完全に熟考する／考慮するd before the 出版（物） of Darwin's 広大な／多数の／重要な work. Throughout, the 指示，表示する物s given by all the 長，指導者 tribes of animals and 工場／植物s point 支援する to slow 降下／家系 and 相違 from ありふれた ancestors; and all the その後の course of pal?ontological 研究 has 供給（する）d us 速く, one after[Pg 111] another, with the remains of just such undifferentiated family starting-points.

強調する／ストレス has おもに been laid, in this 簡潔な／要約する and やむを得ず imperfect abstract, on the essentially Darwinian 原則 of natural 選択. But Darwin did not himself せいにする everything to this potent factor in the moulding of 種類. 'I am 納得させるd,' he wrote pointedly in the introduction to his first 版, 'that natural 選択 has been the main but not the 排除的 means of modification.' He せいにするd かなりの importance 同様に to the Lamarckian 原則 of use and disuse, already so fully 主張するd upon before him by Mr. Herbert Spencer. The 長，指導者 factors in his 構内／化合物 theory, as given in his own words at the end of his work, areas follows: 'Growth with Reproduction; 相続物件, which is almost 暗示するd by reproduction; Variability, from the indirect and direct 活動／戦闘 of the 条件s of life, and from use and disuse; a 割合 of 増加する, so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural 選択, entailing 相違 of Character, and the 絶滅 of the いっそう少なく改善するd forms. Thus, from the war of nature, from 飢饉 and death, the most exalted 反対する which we are 有能な of conceiving, すなわち, the 生産／産物 of the higher animals, 直接／まっすぐに follows.'

Such was the simple and inoffensive-looking bombshell which Darwin 開始する，打ち上げるd from his 静かな home at 負かす／撃墜する into the very 中央 of the teleological （軍の）野営地，陣営 in the 平和的な year 1859. その後の世代s will remember the date as a 危機 and turning-point in the history of mankind.

[2] The 残りの人，物 of the 現在の一時期／支部, which consists almost 完全に of an 解説，博覧会 of the doctrine of natural 選択, may 安全に be skipped by the reader already 井戸／弁護士席熟知させるd with the Origin of 種類. The abstract is taken for the most part from the 最新の and fullest 大きくするd 版, but attention is usually called in passing to the points which did not appear in the first 問題／発行する of 1859.

[3] The 研究s of Seebohm and others have since 証明するd that this is really the 事例／患者 to a far greater extent than Darwin was aware of in 1859, or, indeed, till many years afterward.[Pg 112]

CHAPTER VII.

THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION BEGINS.

So far as the 科学の world was 関心d the 'Origin of 種類' fell, like a 穀物 of 情熱 seed, upon good and 井戸／弁護士席-用意が出来ている ground; the 工場／植物 that sprang from it grew up forthwith into a 広大な／多数の／重要な and stately tree, that 影を投げかけるd with its spreading 支店s all the corners of the earth.

The 国／地域, indeed, had been carefully broken for it beforehand: Lamarck and St. Hilaire, Spencer and 議会s, had ploughed and harrowed in all diligence; and the minds of men were 完全に ready for the assimilation of the new doctrine. But the seed itself, too, was the 権利 germ for the exact moment; it 含む／封じ込めるd within itself the vivifying 原則 that enabled it to grow and wax 越えるing 広大な／多数の／重要な where kindred germs before had withered away, or had borne but scanty and immature fruit.

Two 条件s 与える／捧げるd to this result, one 外部の, the other 内部の.

First for the いっそう少なく important 外部の consideration. Darwin himself was a sound man with an 設立するd 評判 for solidity and learning. That 伸び（る）d for his theory from the very first 手始め全世界の／万国共通の尊敬（する）・点[Pg 113] and a fair 審理，公聴会. Herbert Spencer was known to be a philosopher: and the practical English nation 不信s philosophers: those people 調査（する） too 深い and 急に上がる too high for any sensible person to follow them in all their flights. Robert 議会s, the unknown author of '痕跡s of 創造,' was a shallow sciolist; it was whispered abroad that he was even 不確かの and slovenly in his facts: and your 科学の plodder detests the very 影をつくる／尾行する of minute inaccuracy, though it speak with the tongues of men and angels, and be bound up with all the しっかり掴む and 力／強力にする of a Newton or a Goethe. But Charles Darwin was a known personage, an F.R.S., a distinguished 当局 upon 珊瑚暗礁s and barnacles, a 広大な／多数の／重要な geologist, a 広大な／多数の／重要な biologist, a 広大な／多数の／重要な観察者／傍聴者 and indefatigable collector. His 調書をとる／予約する（機の）カム into the public 手渡すs stamped with the imprimatur of 公式の／役人承認. Darwin was the father of the 幼児 theory; Lyell and Hooker stood for its sponsors. The world could not afford to despise its contents; they could not brand its author offhand as a clever dreamer or a foolish amateur, or consign him to the dreaded English limbo of the 'mere 理論家.'

Next, for the other and far more important 内部の consideration. The 調書をとる／予約する itself was one of the greatest, the most learned, the most lucid, the most 論理（学）の, the most 鎮圧するing, the most conclusive, that the world had ever yet seen. Step by step, and 原則 by 原則, it 証明するd every point in its 進歩 triumphantly before it went on to 論証する the next. So 広大な an array of facts so 完全に in 手渡す had never before been 召集（する）d and marshalled in favour of any 生物学の theory. Those who had insight to learn and[Pg 114] understand were 納得させるd at once by the cogency of the argument; those who had not were overpowered and silenced by the 負わせる of the 当局 and the 集まり of the learning. A hot 戦う／戦い burst 前へ／外へ at once, no 疑問, around the successful 容積／容量; but it was one of those 戦う／戦いs which are 誘発するd only by 広大な／多数の／重要な truths,—a 戦う／戦い in which the victory is a foregone 結論, and the rancour of the 加害者s the highest compliment to the prowess of the 攻撃する，非難するd.

Darwin himself, in his 静かな country home at 負かす／撃墜する, was 簡単に astonished at the 早い success of his own work. The first 版 was published at the end of November 1859; it was exhausted almost すぐに, and a second was got ready in hot haste by the beginning of January 1860. In いっそう少なく than six weeks the 調書をとる／予約する had become famous, and Darwin 設立する himself the centre of a European contest, 行うd with 越えるing bitterness, over the truth or falsity of his wonderful 容積／容量. To the world 捕まらないで Darwinism and 進化 became at once synonymous 条件. The same people who would 完全に ascribe the Protestant Reformation to the account of Luther, and the inductive philosophy to the account of Bacon, also believed, in the 簡単 of their hearts, that the whole 広大な evolutionary movement was 予定 at 底（に届く） to that very insidious and dangerous 調書をとる／予約する of Mr. Darwin's.

The fact is, 深遠な as had been the impulses in the evolutionary direction の中で men of science before Darwin's work appeared at all, 巨大な as were the throes and pangs of 労働 throughout all Europe which に先行するd and …を伴ってd its actual birth, when it （機の）カム at last it （機の）カム to the general world of unscientific readers with all the sudden vividness and novelty of a[Pg 115] tremendous 地震. Long predestined, it was yet wholly 予期しない. Men 捕まらないで had known nothing or next to nothing of this colossal but hidden 革命の軍隊 which had been 集会長，率いる and energy for so many years unseen within the bowels of the earth; and now that its outer manifestation had 現実に burst upon them, they felt the solid ground of dogmatic 安全 bodily giving way beneath their feet, and knew not where to turn in their extremity for support. 自然に, it was the theological 利益／興味 that felt itself at first most 強制的に攻撃する，非難するd. The first few 一時期／支部s of Genesis, or rather the belief in their 科学の and historical character, already sapped by the 発覚s of 地質学, seemed to 正統派の defenders to be fatally 土台を崩すd if the Darwinian hypothesis were once to 会合，会う with general 承認. The first 資源 of menaced orthodoxy is always to 否定する the 申し立てられた／疑わしい facts; the second is to patch up tardily the feeble and hollow modus vivendi of an 人工的な協定／条約. On this occasion the 正統派の行為／法令／行動するd 厳密に after their 肉親，親類d: but to their credit it should be 追加するd that they 産する／生じるd gracefully in the long run to the 全員一致の発言する／表明する of 科学の opinion. Twenty-three years later, when all that was mortal of Charles Darwin was 存在 borne with pomp and pageantry to its last 残り／休憩（する）ing-place in Westminster Abbey, enlightened orthodoxy, with generous oblivion, 批准するd a 一時休戦 over the dead 団体／死体 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な leader, and, outgrowing its 初めの dread of naturalistic 解釈／通訳s, 受託するd his theory without reserve as 'not やむを得ず敵意を持った to the main 根底となる truths of 宗教.' Let us （判決などを）下す司法（官） to the vanquished in a memorable struggle. Churchmen[Pg 116] followed respectfully to the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な with frank and noble inconsistency the honoured remains of the very teacher whom いっそう少なく than a ４半期/4分の1 of a century earlier they had 自然に dreaded as 緩和するing the 伝統的な創立／基礎s of all 受託するd 宗教 and morality.

But if the attack was 猛烈な／残忍な and bitter, the defence was 補助装置d by a sudden 接近 of powerful 軍隊s from friendly ４半期/4分の1s. A few of the 年上の世代 of naturalists held out, indeed, for さまざまな shorter or longer periods; some of them never （機の）カム into the （軍の）野営地，陣営 at all, but ぐずぐず残るd on, left behind, like stragglers from the onward march, by the younger biologists, in 孤立するd 非，不，無-順応／服従 on the lonely 高さs of 厳格な，質素な officialism. Their 商売／仕事 was to ticket and docket and pigeon-穴を開ける, not to 投機・賭ける abroad on untried wings into the airy 地域s of philosophical 憶測. The 年上の men, in fact, had many of them lost that elasticity and modifiability of intellect which is necessary for the 歓迎会 of new and 革命の根底となる概念s. A mind that has 常習的な負かす／撃墜する into the last 行う／開催する／段階 of extreme 成熟 may assimilate fresh facts and fresh minor 原則s, but it cannot assimilate fresh synthetic systems of the entire cosmos. Moreover, some of the 年上の thinkers were committed beforehand to …に反対するing 見解（をとる）s, with which they 欠如（する）d either the courage or the 知識人力／強力にする to break; while others were entangled by 宗教的な制限s, and unable to 解放する／自由な themselves from the cramping fetters of a 狭くする orthodoxy. But even の中で his own 同時代のs and 上級のs Darwin 設立する not a few whose minds were 完全に用意が出来ている beforehand for the 歓迎会 of his lucid and luminous hypothesis; while the younger naturalists,[Pg 117] with the plasticity of 青年, assimilated almost to a man, with the 最大の avidity, the 広大な／多数の／重要な truths thus にわか雨d 負かす／撃墜する upon them by the preacher of 進化.

Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley were の中で the first to give in their adhesion and stand up boldly for the new truth by the 味方する of the 無謀な and 乱すing innovator. In June 1859, nearly a year after the reading of the Darwin-Wallace papers at the Linnean Society, but five months 以前 to the 出版（物） of the 'Origin of 種類,' Huxley lectured at the 王室の会・原則 on '執拗な Types of Animal Life,' and 宣言するd against the old barren theory of 連続する創造s, in favour of the new and 実りの多い／有益な hypothesis of 漸進的な modification. In December 1859, a month later than the 外見 of Darwin's 調書をとる／予約する, Hooker published his 'Introduction to the Flora of Australia,' in the first part of which he 支持する／優勝者d the belief in the 降下／家系 and modification of 種類, and 施行するd his 見解（をとる）s by many 初めの観察s drawn from the domain of botanical science. For fifteen years, as Darwin himself gratefully 観察するd in his introduction to the 'Origin of 種類,' that learned botanist had 株d the secret of natural 選択, and 補佐官d its author in every possible way by his large 蓄える／店s of knowledge and his excellent judgment. Bates, the naturalist on the アマゾンs, followed 急速な／放蕩な with his beautiful and striking theory of mimicry, a 決定的な instance 井戸／弁護士席 explained. The facts of the strange disguises which birds and insects often assume had long been 現在の to his 激烈な／緊急の mind, and he あられ／賞賛するd with delight the 発見 of the new 原則, which at once enabled him to 減ずる[Pg 118] them with 緩和する to symmetry and order. To Herbert Spencer, an evolutionist in fibre from the very beginning, the fresh doctrine of natural 選択（機の）カム like a powerful 同盟（する） and an 予期しない assistant in deciphering the 深い根底となる problems on which he was at that moment 現実に engaged; and in his '原則s of Biology,' even then in contemplation, he at once 可決する・採択するd and utilised the new truth with all the keen and vigorous insight of his 深遠な analytic and synthetic intellect. The first part of that important work was 問題／発行するd to 加入者s just three years after the 初めの外見 of the 'Origin of 種類;' the first 容積／容量 was fully 完全にするd in October 1864. It is to Mr. Spencer that we 借りがある the pellucid 表現 '生き残り of the fittest,' which 伝えるs even better than Darwin's own phrase, 'natural 選択,' the 必須の element 追加するd by the 'Origin of 種類' to the pre-存在するing evolutionary conception.

The British 協会 for the 進歩 of Science held its big 年次の doctrinaire picnic the next summer after the 出版（物） of Darwin's 調書をとる／予約する, at Oxford. The Oxford 会合 was a 嵐の and a 井戸／弁護士席-remembered one. The 'Origin of 種類' was there discussed and attacked before a 生物学の section strangely enough 統括するd over by Darwin's old Cambridge teacher, Professor Henslow. Though then a beneficed parish priest, Henslow had the boldness 率直に to avow his own 受託 of his 広大な／多数の／重要な pupil's startling 結論s. Huxley followed in the same path, as did also Lubbock and Hooker. On the whole, the evolutionists were already in the ascendant; the fresh young intellects 特に存在 quick to 掴む[Pg 119] upon the new pabulum so generously dealt out to them by the new evolutionism.

の中で科学の minds of the first order, Lyell alone in England, ひどく負わせるd by theological preconceptions, for awhile hung 支援する. All his life long, as his letters show us, the 広大な／多数の／重要な geologist had felt the powerful （一定の）期間 of the Lamarckian hypothesis continually enticing him with its seductive charm. He had fought against it blindly, in the 熱烈な endeavour to 保存する what he thought his higher 約束 in the separate and divine 創造 of man; but ever and anon he returned もう一度 to the 生物学の Circe with a fresh fascination, as the moth returns to the beautiful 炎上 that has scorched and singed it. In a 井戸／弁護士席-known passage in the earlier 版s of his '原則s of 地質学,' the father of uniformitarianism gives at length his own 推論する／理由s for dissenting from the doctrine of 進化 as then 始める，決める前へ／外へ; and even after Darwin's 発見 had 供給（する）d him with a new 手がかり（を与える）, a vera causa, a 十分な力／強力にする for the modification of 種類 into fresh forms, theological difficulties made him 粘着する still as long as possible to the old theory of the origin of man which he loved to 述べる as that of the 'archangel 廃虚d.' He was loth to 交流 this 心にいだくd belief for the degrading 代案／選択肢 (as it 認可するd itself to him) of the ape elevated. But in the end, with the fearless honesty of a 捜査員 after truth, he gave way slowly and 残念に. Always looking 支援する with something like 悔恨 to the flesh-マリファナs of the ecclesiastical Egypt, with its enticing 見通しs of fallen grandeur, the 広大な／多数の／重要な thinker whose uniformitarian theory of 地質学 had more than aught else 覆うd the way for the 漸進的な[Pg 120] 受託 of Darwin's evolutionism, （機の）カム out at last from the house of bondage, and nobly 範囲d himself on the 味方する of what his intellect 裁判官d to be the truth of nature, though his emotions 勧めるd him hard to blind his judgment and to neglect its lights for an emotional figment. Science has no more pathetic 人物／姿／数字 than that of the old philosopher, in his sixty-sixth year, throwing himself with all the 切望 of 青年 into what he had long considered the wrong 規模, and vigorously 難破させるing in the 'Antiquity of Man' what seemed to the dimmed 見通し of his own emotional nature the very 創立／基礎s of his beloved creed. But still he did it. He （機の）カム out and was separate. In his own idiomatic language, he 設立する at last that 'we must go the whole ourang;' and, 深い as was the pang that the recantation cost him, he 正式に撤回するd the 激しい非難 of 'transformism' in his earlier 作品, and 受託するd, however unwillingly, the theory he had so often and so deliberately 拒絶するd.

The 'Antiquity of Man' （機の）カム out in February 1863, some three years after the 'Origin of 種類.' For some time 憶測 had been active over the strange hatchets which Boucher de Perthes had recently 明らかにするd の中で the Abbeville drift—shapeless 集まりs of chipped flint rudely fashioned into the form of an axe, which we now call pal?olithic 器具／実施するs, and know to be the handicraft of preglacial men. But until Lyell's 権威のある work appeared the unscientific public could not tell 正確に／まさに what to think of these curious and almost unhuman-looking 反対するs. Lyell at once 始める，決める all 疑問s at 残り／休憩（する）; the 魔法 of his 指名する silenced the derisive whispers of the 反体制者s. Already, in the previous year,[Pg 121] the first fasciculus of Colenso's famous work on the Pentateuch had dealt a serious blow from the ecclesiastical and 批判的な味方する at the authenticity and historical truth of the Mosaic cosmogony. Lyell now from the 科学の味方する完全に破壊するd its literal truth, as ordinarily 解釈する／通訳するd, by throwing 支援する the 原始の origin of our race into a 薄暗い past of immeasurable antiquity. In so doing he was （疑いを）晴らすing the way for Charles Darwin's second 広大な／多数の／重要な work, 'The 降下／家系 of Man;' and by 会社にする／組み込むing in his 調書をとる／予約する Huxley's 発言／述べるs on the Neanderthal skull, and much 類似の evolutionary 事柄, he advertised the new creed in the animal origin of our race with all the acquired 負わせる of his 巨大な and 正確に，正当に-deserved European 評判. As a 事柄 of taste, Lyell did not relish the 使用／適用 of evolutionism to his own 種類. But, with that perfect 忠義 to fact which he 株d so 完全に with Charles Darwin, as soon as he 設立する the 証拠圧倒的な, he gave in. By that grudging 譲歩 he immensely 強化するd the position of the new creed. 'I 罪を認める,' he 令状s to Sir Joseph Hooker, 'to going さらに先に in my 推論する／理由ing に向かって transmutation than in my 感情s and imagination, and perhaps for that very 推論する／理由 I shall lead more people on to Darwin and you, than one who, 存在 born later, like Lubbock, has comparatively little to abandon of old and long-心にいだくd ideas, which 構成するd the charm to me of the theoretical part of the science in my earlier days.' And to Darwin himself he 令状s 残念に. 'The 降下／家系 of man from the brutes takes away much of the charm from my 憶測s on the past relating to such 事柄s.' This very 不本意[Pg 122] itself told powerfully in favour of Charles Darwin's novel theories: there is no 証拠 more 価値のある to a 原因（となる） than that which it だまし取るs by moral 軍隊, in spite of himself, from the 滞るing lips of an unwilling 証言，証人／目撃する.

The same year that saw the 出版（物） of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man' saw also the first 外見 of Huxley's work on 'Man's Place in Nature.' Darwin himself had been anxious rather than さもなければ to 避ける too の近くに言及／関連 to the 関わりあい／含蓄s of his theory as regards the origin and 運命 of the human race. He had 願望（する）d that his 厳密に科学の見解（をとる）s on the rise of 明確な／細部 distinctions should be 裁判官d 完全に on their own 長所s, unhampered by the 干渉，妨害 of real or supposed theological and 倫理的な considerations. His own language on all such 支配するs, wherever he was compelled to ざん壕 on them in the 'Origin of 種類,' was guarded and 懐柔的な; he scarcely referred at all to man or his history; and his 時折の notices of the moving 原則 and first 原因（となる） of the entire cosmos were reverential and 宗教的な in the truest sense and in the highest degree. But you cannot let loose a moral whirlwind, and then 試みる／企てる to direct its course; you cannot open the floodgates of opinion or of 憶測, and then pretend to 始める，決める限界s to the 範囲 of their restless 動議. Darwin soon 設立する out that people would 主張する in 製図／抽選 inferences beyond what was written, and in seeing implicit 結論s when they were not definitely 明確に表すd in the words of their author. 'Man is perennially 利益／興味ing to man,' says the 広大な／多数の／重要な大混乱／混沌とした American thinker; and whatever all-embracing truth you 始める，決める before him, you may be sure[Pg 123] that man will see in it 主として the 関わりあい／含蓄s that most closely 影響する／感情 his own happiness and his own 運命. The 生物学の question of the origin of 種類 is a 十分に wide one, but it 含むs also, の中で other 事例／患者s, the origin of the very familiar 種類 Homo sapiens of Linn?us. Some theologians jumped at once at the 結論, 権利 or wrong, that if Darwinism were true man was nothing more than a developed monkey, the immortal soul was an 爆発するd myth, the 創立／基礎s of 宗教 itself were 粉々にするd, and the wave of infidelity was doomed to 押し寄せる／沼地 the whole of Christendom with its blank nihilism. 科学の men, on the other 手渡す, drew the 結論 that man must be descended, like other 哺乳動物s, from some ありふれた早期に vertebrate ancestor, and that the 現在の見解（をとる）s of his origin and 運命 must be 大部分は修正するd by the evolutionary creed. Of this 深遠な科学の belief Professor Huxley's maiden work was the earliest 結果.

合間, on the continent of Europe and over-sea in America, the Darwinian theory was 存在 hotly 審議d and 温かく defended. フラン, coldly 懐疑的な and 批判的な, 肯定的な rather than imaginative in 事柄s of science, and little 傾向がある by native cast of mind to the evolutionary 態度, stood aloof to a 広大な／多数の／重要な extent from the onward course of the general movement. Here and there, to be sure, a Gaudry or a Ribot, a Delboeuf or a De Candolle (the two latter a Li?ge ベルギー and a Genevan スイスの) might heartily throw himself into the new ideas, and 与える／捧げる whole 騎兵大隊s of 地質学の or botanical fact to the final victory. Yet, as a whole, the 乾燥した，日照りの and 用心深い French 知能, ever inclined[Pg 124] to a 科学の opportunism, preferred for the moment to stand by expectant and を待つ the result of the European 合意. But philosophical Germany, on the other 手渡す, beaming enthusiasm from its myriad spectacles, 熱望して welcomed the novel ideas, and 布告するd from the housetops the evolutionary 約束 as a main plank in the rising 壇・綱領・公約 of the newly-roused Kulturkampf. Fritz M?ller began with all the ardour of a fresh 変える to collect his admirable 'Facts for Darwin;' his brother Hermann sat 負かす／撃墜する with indomitable patience, like the master's own, to watch the ceaseless 活動／戦闘 of the bees and バタフライs in the fertilisation of flowers. R?timeyer 適用するd the Darwinian 原則s to the explanation of mammalian 関係s, and Haeckel 始める，決める to work upon his 広大な reconstructive 'History of 創造,' a 大部分は思索的な work which, with all its faults, distinctly carried 今後 the evolutionary impulse, and 始める，決める fresh 研究員s working upon new lines, to 確認する or to disprove its audacious imaginings. In America, Asa Gray gave to the young creed the high 当局 of his 井戸／弁護士席-known 指名する, and Chauncey Wright helped it onward on the road with all the 抑制するd 軍隊 of his singular and oblique but powerful and 初めの personality. If Agassiz and Dawson still hesitated, Fiske and Youmans were ardent in the 約束. If 批判的な Boston put up its 注目する，もくろむ-glass doubtfully, Chicago and St. Louis were ready for 転換. Everywhere Darwin and Darwinism became as 世帯 words; it was the singular 運命／宿命 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な prophet of 進化, alone almost の中で the sons of men, to hear his own 指名する familiarly 新たな展開d during his own lifetime into a colloquial adjective, and to see[Pg 125] the Darwinian theory and the errors of Darwinism 星／主役にするing him in the 直面する a hundred times a day from every newspaper and every 定期刊行物.

Of course the 'Origin of 種類' was 大部分は translated at once into all the civilised languages of Europe, ロシアの同様に as French, Dutch 同様に as German, Swedish 同様に as Italian, Spanish 同様に as Hungarian, nay even, at last, transcending 狭くする大陸の限界s, Japanese 同様に as Hindustani. The 革命 which it was 速く影響ing was indeed a 革命 in every 方式 of thought and feeling 同様に as a 革命 in mere 制限するd 生物学の opinion. But all this time, the modest, 選び出す／独身-minded, and unassuming author was working unmoved の中で his 工場／植物s and pigeons in his home at 負かす／撃墜する, 関わりなく the European fame he was so quickly acquiring, and anxious only to bring to a termination the 広大な work which he still 熟視する／熟考するd. A little more than eleven years 介入するd between the 出版（物） of the 'Origin of 種類,' in 1859, and the first 外見 of the '降下／家系 of Man,' in 1871. The interval was 占領するd in carrying out in part the gigantic 計画／陰謀 of his 初めの collections for the 十分な治療 of the 開発 theory. The work published in 1859 Darwin regarded 単に as an abstract and 予選輪郭（を描く） of his 十分な opinions: 'No one can feel more sensible than I do,' he wrote, 'of the necessity of hereafter publishing in 詳細（に述べる） all the facts, with 言及／関連s, on which my 結論s have been grounded.' The marvellously learned work on the 'Variation of Animals and 工場／植物s under Domestication,' which （機の）カム out in two 容積／容量s in 1867, formed the first instalment[Pg 126] of this long-事業／計画（する）d treatise. The second part, as he told Mr. Fiske, was to have 扱う／治療するd of the variation of animals and 工場／植物s through natural 選択; while the third part would have dealt at length with the phenomena of morphology, of 分類, and of 配当 in space and time. But these latter 部分s of the work were never written. To say the truth, they were never needed. So 全世界の／万国共通の was the 承認の中で the younger men of Darwin's 発見, that before ten years were over innumerable 労働者s were 押し進めるing out the consequences of natural 選択 into every field of biology and pal?ontology. It seemed no longer so necessary as it had once seemed to 令状 the larger and more (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する treatise he had 初めは熟視する／熟考するd.

The 容積／容量 on the variation of animals and 工場／植物s 含む／封じ込めるd also Darwin's one 独房監禁出資／貢献 to the pure 思索的な philosophy of life—his '一時的に Hypothesis of Pangenesis,' by which he strove to account on philosophical 原則s for the general facts of physical and mental 遺伝. Not to mince 事柄s, it was his one 目だつ失敗, and is now pretty universally 認める as such. Let not the love of the 伝記作家 deceive us; Darwin was here 試みる／企てるing a 仕事 ultra vires. As already 観察するd, his mind, 広大な as it was, leaned rather to the 固める／コンクリート than to the abstract 味方する: he 欠如（する）d the distinctively metaphysical and 思索的な新たな展開. Strange to say, too, his abortive theory appeared some years later than Herbert Spencer's magnificent all-味方するd conception of 'Physiological 部隊s,' put 前へ／外へ expressly to 会合，会う the self-same difficulty. But while Darwin's hypothesis is rudely[Pg 127] materialistic, Herbert Spencer's is built up by an 激烈な／緊急の and subtle analytical perception of all the analogous facts in 全世界の／万国共通の nature. It is a singular instance of a 天然のまま and essentially unphilosophic conception endeavouring to 取って代わる a finished and delicate philosophical idea.

Earlier still, in 1862, Darwin had published his wonderful and fascinating 調書をとる／予約する on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.' It is delightful to 熟視する／熟考する the picture of the unruffled naturalist, in the 中央 of that 全世界の／万国共通の嵐／襲撃する of ecclesiastical obloquy and 科学の enthusiasm which he had roused throughout Europe, sitting 負かす／撃墜する calmly in his Kentish 温室 to watch the behaviour of catasetums and masdevallias, and to work out the 詳細（に述べる）s of his chosen 支配する, with that marvellous patience of which he was so 広大な／多数の／重要な a master, in the pettiest minutiæ of fertilisation as 陳列する，発揮するd by a 選び出す／独身高度に developed family of 工場／植物s. Whoever wishes to learn the 十分な profundity of Darwin's 研究s, into every point that he 始める，決める himself to 調査／捜査する, cannot do better than turn for a while to the consideration of that exquisite treatise on one of the quaintest fairylands of science. He will there learn by what an 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の wealth of cunning 装置s natural 選択 has 確実にするd the 予定 conveyance of the fecundating pollen from stamens to stigmas within the 限界s of a 選び出す／独身 group of vegetable organisms. Here the fertilising 集まり is gummed automatically between the 注目する，もくろむs of the 調査するing bee, and then bent 一連の会議、交渉／完成する by the 乾燥した，日照りのing of its stalk so as to come in 接触する with the stigmatic surface. There the pollen club is jerked out elastically by a 極度の慎重さを要する fibre, and 現実に[Pg 128] flung by its irritable antenn? at the unconscious 長，率いる of the fertilising insect. In one 事例／患者, the lip of the flower secretes moisture and forms a sort of 冷淡な bath, which wets the wings of the bees, so 説得力のある them to creep out of the bucket by a passage の近くに to the anthers and stigma; in another 事例／患者, the honey is 隠すd at the 底（に届く） of so long a tube that only the proper fertilising moth with a proboscis of ten or eleven インチs in length can 調査（する） the 深い休会 in which it is hidden. These, and a hundred other 類似の instances, were all carefully considered and 述べるd by the 広大な／多数の／重要な naturalist as the by-work with which he filled up one of the intervals between his greater and more 包括的な treatises.

In the １０年間 between 1860 and 1870 the 進歩 of Darwinism was 早い and continuous. One by one, the few 科学の men who still held out were overborne by the 負わせる of 証拠. 地質学 kept 供給（する）ing fresh instances of 過度期の forms; the 進歩 of 研究 in unexplored countries kept 追加するing to our knowledge of 存在するing 中間の種類 and varieties. During those ten years, Herbert Spencer published his 'First 原則s,' his 'Biology,' and the remodelled form of his 'Psychology;' Huxley brought out 'Man's Place in Nature,' the 'Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,' and the 'Introduction to the 分類 of Animals;' Wallace produced his 'Malay 群島' and his '出資／貢献s to the Theory of Natural 選択;' and Galton wrote his admirable work on 'Hereditary Genius,' of which his own family is so remarkable an instance. Tyndall and Lewes had long since 示す their warm adhesion. At Oxford,[Pg 129] Rolleston was bringing up a fresh 世代 of young biologists in the new 約束; at Cambridge, Darwin's old university, a whole school of brilliant and 正確な physiologists was beginning to make itself both felt and heard in the world of science. In the domain of anthropology, Tylor was welcoming the 援助 of the new ideas, while Lubbock was engaged on his kindred 調査s into the Origin of Civilisation and the 原始の条件 of Man. All these diverse lines of thought both showed the wide-spread 影響（力） of Darwin's first 広大な／多数の／重要な work, and led up to the 準備 of his second, in which he dealt with the history and 開発 of the human race. And what was thus true of England was 平等に true of the civilised world, regarded as a whole: everywhere the 広大な／多数の／重要な evolutionary movement was 井戸／弁護士席 in 進歩; everywhere the impulse sent 前へ／外へ from that 静かな Kentish home was permeating and 生き返らせる the entire pulse of intelligent humanity.

Why was it that the 'Origin of 種類' 所有するd this 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の vitalising and kinetic 力／強力にする, this germinal energy, this contagious 軍隊, beyond all other forms of evolutionism 以前 promulgated? Why did the world, that listened so coldly to Lamarck and 議会s, turn so ready an ear to Charles Darwin and natural 選択? Partly, no 疑問, because in the fulness of time the moment had come and the prophet had arisen. All 広大な／多数の／重要な movements are long brewing, and burst out at last (like the Reformation and the French 革命) with 爆発性の energy. But the 原因（となる） is 大部分は to be 設立する, also, I believe, in the peculiar nature of the Darwinian 解答. True, a[Pg 130] 完全に論理（学）の mind, a mind of the very highest order, would have said even before Darwin, '創造 can have no possible place in the physical 一連の things at all. How organisms （機の）カム to be I do not yet 正確に／まさに see; but I am sure they must have come to be by some 単に physical 過程, if we could only find it out.' And such minds were all 現実に evolutionary even before Darwin had made the modus operandi of 進化 intelligible. But most people are not so （疑いを）晴らす-sighted. They 要求する to have everything 証明するd to them by the strictest collocation of actual instances. They will not believe unless one rise from the dead. There are men who 拒絶するd the raw doctrine of special 創造 on 証拠 adduced; and there are men who never even for a moment entertained it as 考えられる. The former compose the 集まり of the 科学の world, and it was for their 転換 that the Darwinian hypothesis was so 高度に salutary. As Professor Fiske rightly 発言／述べるs, 'The truth is that before the 出版（物） of the "Origin of 種類" there was no opinion whatever 現在の尊敬（する）・点ing the 支配する that deserved to be called a 科学の hypothesis. That the more コンビナート／複合体 forms of life must have come into 存在 through some 過程 of 開発 from simpler forms was no 疑問 the only sensible and 合理的な／理性的な見解（をとる） to take of the 支配する; but in a vague and general opinion of this sort there is nothing that is 適切に科学の. A 科学の hypothesis must connect the phenomena with which it 取引，協定s by 主張するing a "true 原因（となる）;" and before 1859 no one had 示唆するd a "true 原因（となる）" for the origination of new 種類, although the problem was one over which every philosophical naturalist had puzzled since the[Pg 131] beginning of the century. This explains why Mr. Darwin's success was so 早い and 完全にする, and it also explains why he （機の）カム so 近づく存在心配するd.' To put it 簡潔に, a priori, 創造 is from the very first unbelievable; but, as a 事柄 of 証拠, Lamarck failed to make 進化 comprehensible, or to give a 合理的な／理性的な of its 方式 of 活動／戦闘, while Darwin's theory of natural 選択後継するd in doing so for those who を待つd a posteriori proof. Hence Darwin was able to 変える the world, where Lamarck had only been able to 動かす up enquiry の中で the 選ぶd spirits of the 科学の and philosophical coterie. Therein lies the true secret of his 早い, his brilliant, and his 勝利を得た進歩. He had 設立する out not only that it was so, but how it was so, too. In Aristotelian phrase, he had discovered the π?? 同様に as the ?τι.[Pg 132]

CHAPTER VIII.

THE DESCENT OF MAN.

In 1871, nearly twelve years after the 'Origin of 種類,' Darwin published his '降下／家系 of Man.'

We have seen already that he would fain have 避けるd the 治療 of this difficult and dangerous topic a little longer, so as to let his main theory be 公正に／かなり裁判官d on its own 長所s, without the obtrusion of theological or personal feelings into so 純粋に生物学の a question; but the 現在の was too strong for him, and at last he 産する／生じるd. On the one 手渡す, the adversaries had drawn for themselves the 結論 of man's 純粋に animal origin, and held it up to ridicule under 誤った forms in the most absurd and 嫌悪すべき light. On the other 手渡す, imprudent 同盟（する）s had put 前へ／外へ under the evolutionary ægis their somewhat hypothetical and extravagant 憶測s on this 伴う／関わるd 支配する, which Darwin was 自然に anxious to 訂正する and 修正する by his own more sober and guarded inferences. The result was the second 広大な／多数の／重要な finishing work of the 完全にする Darwinian system of things.

Ever since evolutionism had begun to be at all it had been 観察するd that a natural corollary from the doctrine of 降下／家系 with modification was the belief in[Pg 133] man's ありふれた家系 with the anthropoid apes. As 早期に as the middle of the last century, indeed, Lord Monboddo, a whimsical Scotch eccentric, had 示唆するd in his famous 調書をとる／予約する on the origin of language the idea that men were 単に developed monkeys. But this 天然のまま and unorganised 声明 of a 広大な／多数の／重要な truth, 存在最終的に based upon no 際立った physical grounds, deserved scarcely to be classed higher than the childish evolutionism of 'Telliamed' De Maillet, which makes birds descend from 飛行機で行くing-fish and men the offspring of the hypothetical tritons. On this point as on most others the earliest 限定された科学の見解（をとる）s are those of Buffon, who 投機・賭けるd to hint with extreme 警告を与える the 可能性 of a ありふれた家系 for man and all other vertebrate animals. Goethe the all-味方するd had caught a passing glimpse of the same 深遠な conception about the date of the 統治する of Terror; and Erasmus Darwin had 率直に発表するd it, though without much elaboration, in his precocious and premature 'Zoonomia.' Still more 特に, in a 公式文書，認める to the '寺 of Nature,' the English evolutionist says: 'It has been supposed by some that mankind were 以前は quadrupeds.... These philosophers, with Buffon and Helvetius, seem to imagine that mankind arose from one family of monkeys on the banks of the Mediterranean;' and in the third canto of that fantastic poem, he 大きくするs upon the 広大な／多数の／重要な part 成し遂げるd by the 手渡す, with its opposable thumb, in the 開発 and 進歩 of the human 種類. Lamarck, in his 'Philosophie Zoologique,' distinctly lays 負かす／撃墜する the doctrine that man is descended from an ape-like ancestor, which 徐々に acquired the upright position, not even now[Pg 134] wholly natural to the human race, and 持続するd only by the most constant watchfulness. The orang-outang was then the highest known anthropoid ape; and it was from the orang-outang, therefore, that the fancy of Lyell and other objectors in the pre-Darwinian days continually derived the Lamarckian Adam.

The introduction of the chimpanzee into our European Zoological Gardens gave a fresh type of anthropoid to the 天然のまま相場師s of the middle １０年間s of the century; and in 1859, Paul du Chaillu, the explorer and hunter of the Gaboon country, brought over to America and Europe the first 見本／標本s of the true gorilla ever seen by civilised men. There can be little 疑問 that the general 利益／興味 excited by his narrative of his adventures (published in London in 1861) and by the 井戸／弁護士席-known stuffed 見本／標本 of the 抱擁する African anthropoid ape so long 目だつ in the rooms of the British Museum, and now 生き残るing (somewhat the worse for wear) in the natural history collection at South Kensington, did much to kindle public curiosity as to the nature of our relations with the lower animals. It is no mere 偶発の circumstance, indeed, that Huxley should have brought out 'Man's Place in Nature' just two years after Du Chaillu's '探検s and Adventures in Equatorial Africa' had made the whole world, lay and learned, familiar with the 指名する and features of the most human in outer 面の中で the anthropoid family. Thenceforth the gorilla, and not the orang-outang, was popularly 攻撃する，衝突する upon by scoffer and caricaturist as the imaginary type of our 原始の ancestors.

On the other 手渡す, during the twelve 介入するing[Pg 135] years 巨大な strides had been made in every department of anthropological science, and the whole tenor of modern 憶測 had been （疑いを）晴らすing the ground for the '降下／家系 of Man,' In 1865, Rolle in Germany had published his work on 'Man 見解（をとる）d by the Light of the Darwinian Theory.' Two years later, Canestrini in Italy read before the Naturalists' Society of Modena his 利益／興味ing paper on rudimentary characters as 耐えるing on the origin of the human 種類. In 1868, B?chner brought out his rudely materialistic sledge-大打撃を与える lectures on the Darwinian 原則; and in 1869, Barrago flung straight at the 長，率いる of the Roman clericals his 不快な／攻撃 work on man and the anthropoid apes. Most of these foreign 出版（物）s were unhappily 示すd by that coarse and almost vituperative 対立 to received 見解（をとる）s which too often disfigures French and German 議論の的になる literature. In England, on the contrary, under our milder and gentler ecclesiastical yoke, the contest had been 行為／行うd with greater decorum and with far better results. Wallace had broken ground 試験的に and reverently in his essay on the 'Origin of Human Races,' where he endeavoured to show that man is the co-子孫 with the anthropoid apes of some 古代の lower and extinct form. Lubbock's '先史の Times' (1865) and 'Origin of Civilisation' (1870) helped to （疑いを）晴らす the way in the opposite direction by 破壊するing the old belief, 堅固に upheld by Whately and others, that savages 代表する a degraded type, and that the civilised 明言する／公表する is natural and, so to speak, congenital to man. Tylor's '早期に History of Mankind' (1865) did still more 著名な service in the same direction. Colenso's 'Pentateuch[Pg 136] and 調書をとる／予約する of Joshua 批判的に診察するd,' the 出版（物） of which began in 1862, had already shaken the 創立／基礎s of the Mosaic cosmogony, and incidentally discredited the received 見解（をとる） of the direct 創造 of the first human family. McLennan's '原始の Marriage' (1865) and Herbert Spencer's articles on the origin of 宗教 had kept 憶測 alive along other paths, all tending 最終的にに向かって the same 結論. Darwin's own cousin, Hensleigh Wedgwood, and Canon Farrar, had 独立して endeavoured to 証明する that language, instead of 存在 a divine gift, might have arisen in a 純粋に natural manner from 直感的に cries and the imitation of 外部の sounds. The Duke of Argyll and Professor Max M?ller, by the obvious feebleness of their half-hearted replies, had unconsciously 補佐官d in disseminating and 施行するing the very 見解（をとる）s they 試みる／企てるd to 戦闘. Bagehot and Flower, Maudsley and Jevons, Vogt and Lindsay, Galton and Brown-S?quard had each in his way 与える／捧げるd facts and arguments 最終的に utilised by the 広大な／多数の／重要な master architect in building up his 一貫した and harmonious edifice. Finally, in 1868, Haeckel had published his 'Natural History of 創造,' in which he discussed with surprising and perhaps 過度の boldness the さまざまな行う／開催する／段階s in the genealogy of man. These さまざまな作品, に引き続いて so の近くに upon Huxley's 'Man's Place in Nature' and Lyell's conclusive 'Antiquity of Man,' left Darwin no choice but to 始める，決める前へ／外へ his own 推論する／理由d opinions on the 支配する of the origin and 開発 of the human 種類.

The 証拠 of the 降下／家系 of man from some lower form, collected and marshalled together by Darwin, consists[Pg 137] 主として of minute inferential proofs which hardly 収容する／認める of 審議する／熟考する condensation. In his bodily structure man is formed on the same underlying type or model as all the other 哺乳動物s, bone answering throughout to bone, as, for example, in the fore 四肢, where homologous parts have been 修正するd in the dog into toes, in the bat into wing-supports, in the 調印（する） into flippers, and in man himself into fingers and thumb, while still 保持するing in every 事例／患者 their 必須の根底となる likeness of construction. Even the brain of man 似ているs closely the brain of the higher monkeys; the differences which separate him in this 尊敬（する）・点 from the orang or the gorilla are far slighter than the differences which separate those apes themselves from the inferior monkeys. Indeed, as Huxley conclusively showed, on anatomical grounds alone, man must be classed in the order 大主教s as only one の中で the many 相違する forms which that order 含むs within its wide 限界s.

In his embryonic 開発 man closely 似ているs the lower animals, the human creature 存在 almost indistinguishable in 確かな行う／開催する／段階s from the dog, the bat, the 調印（する）, and 特に the monkeys. At a very 早期に age he 所有するs a slight 事業／計画（する）ing tail; at another, the 広大な／多数の／重要な toe is shorter than its 隣人s, and 事業／計画（する）s like the thumb at a slight angle; and at a third, the convolutions of the brain reach a point of 開発 about 同等（の） to that of the adult 粗野な人間. In his first 行う／開催する／段階s man himself stands far more closely 関係のある to the apes than the apes in turn stand to cats or hy?nas.

Rudiments of muscles not 普通は設立する in man[Pg 138] occur in many aberrant human individuals. Some people 所有する the 力／強力にする of moving their scalps and wagging their ears like dogs and monkeys; others can twitch the 肌 of their 団体／死体s, as horses do when worried by 飛行機で行くs. Mr. Woolner, the sculptor, pointed out to Darwin a 確かな little 事業／計画（する）ing point or knob on the 利ざや of the ear, 観察するd by him in the course of modelling, which comparison shows to be the last 倍のd 残余 or rudiment of the once 築く and pointed monkey-like ear-tip. The nictitating membrane, or third eyelid, once more, which in birds can be drawn so 速く across the ball of the 注目する，もくろむ, and which gives the familiar glazed or murky 外見, is 公正に／かなり井戸／弁護士席 developed in the ornithorhyncus and the kangaroo, 同様に as in a few higher 哺乳動物s, like the walrus; but in man, as in the monkey group, it 生き残るs only under the degenerate form of a 事実上 useless rudiment, the semilunar 倍の. Man 異なるs from the other 大主教s in his 明らかに hairless 条件; but the hair, though short and downy, still remains on の近くに査察, and in some races, such as the Ainos of Japan, forms a shaggy coat like an orang's or a gibbon's. A few long rough hairs いつかs 事業／計画（する） from the short smooth 負かす／撃墜する of the eyebrows; and these peculiar bristles, 時折の only in the human 種類, are habitual in the chimpanzee and in many 粗野な人間s. 内部の組織／臓器s show 類似の rudiments, of いっそう少なく enthralling 利益／興味, it must be candidly 自白するd, to the unscientific outside 知能. Even the bony 骸骨／概要与える／捧げるs its 株 of confirmatory 証拠; for in the lower monkeys and in many other 哺乳動物s a 確かな main trunk 神経 passes through a special perforation in the shoulder-blade,[Pg 139] and this perforation, though now almost obsolete, いつかs recurs in man, in which 事例／患者 the 神経 in question invariably passes through it, as in the inferior monkeys. What is still more remarkable is the fact that the perforation occurs far more frequently (in 割合) の中で the 骸骨／概要s of very 古代の races than の中で those of our own time. One 長，指導者原因（となる） why in this and other 事例／患者s 古代の races often 現在の structures 似ているing those of the lower animals seems to be that they stand nearer in the long line of 降下／家系 to their remote animal-like progenitors.

The 結論 at which, after fully 診察するing all the 証拠, Darwin finally arrives is somewhat as follows:

The 早期に ancestors of man must have been more or いっそう少なく monkey-like animals, belonging to the 広大な／多数の／重要な anthropoid group, and 関係のある to the progenitors of the orang-outang, the chimpanzee, and the gorilla. They must have been once covered with hair, both sexes 所有するing 耐えるd. Their ears were probably pointed and 有能な of movement, and their 団体／死体s were 供給するd with a movable tail. The foot had a 広大な／多数の／重要な toe somewhat thumb-like in its 活動／戦闘, with which they could しっかり掴む the 支店s of trees. They were probably arboreal in their habits, fruit-eaters by choice, and inhabitants of some warm forest-覆う？ land. The males had 広大な／多数の／重要な canine teeth, with which they fought one another for the 所有／入手 of the 女性（の）s. At a much earlier period, the 内部の anatomical peculiarities approached those of the lowest 哺乳動物s, and the 注目する，もくろむ was 供給するd with a third eyelid. Peering still その上の支援する into the 薄暗い abyss of the ages, Darwin ばく然と述べるs the[Pg 140] ancestors of humanity as aquatic animals, 連合した to the mudfish; for our 肺s are known to consist of 修正するd swim-bladders, which must once have served our remote progenitors in the office of a float. The gill-clefts on the neck of the human embryo still point to the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where the branchi? once, no 疑問, 存在するd. Our primordial birthplace appears to have been a shore washed twice a day by the 頻発する tides. The heart then took the 形態／調整単に of a simple pulsating 大型船; and a long 分割されない spinal cord usurped the place of the vertebral column. These 極端に原始の ancestors of man, thus dimly beheld across the 湾 of ages, must have been at least as 簡単に and 謙虚に organised as that very lowest and earliest of 存在するing vertebrates, the worm-like lancelet.

From such a rude and 不明確な／無期限の beginning natural 選択, 補佐官d by the さまざまな concomitant 原則s, has slowly built up the pedigree of man. Starting from these remote half-invertebrate forms, whose vague 形態／調整 is still perhaps in part 保存するd for us by the soft and jelly-like larva of the modern ascidian, we rise by long 行う／開催する／段階s to a group of 早期に fishes, like the lancelet itself. From these the ganoids and then the 肺-耐えるing mudfish must have been 徐々に developed. From such fish a very small 前進する would carry us on to the イモリs and other amphibians. The duck-法案d platypus helps us わずかに to 橋（渡しをする） over the gap between the reptiles and the lower 哺乳動物s, such as the kangaroo and the wombat, though the 関係 with the amphibians is still, as when Darwin wrote, 高度に problematical. From marsupials, such as the kangaroo, we 上がる徐々に to the insectivorous type 代表するd by the[Pg 141] shrews and hedgehogs, and thence once more by very 井戸／弁護士席-示すd 中間の行う／開催する／段階s to the lemurs of Madagascar, a group linked on the one 手渡す to the insectivores, and on the other to the true monkeys. The monkeys, again, '支店d off into two 広大な／多数の／重要な茎・取り除くs—the New World and Old World monkeys; and from the latter, at a remote period, man, the wonder and glory of the universe, proceeded.'

The word was spoken; the secret was out. The world might 井戸／弁護士席 have been excused for 扱う／治療するing it scornfully. But as a 事柄 of fact, the 嵐／襲撃する which followed the '降下／家系 of Man' was as nothing compared with the 激流 of 乱用 that had 追求するd the author of the 'Origin of 種類.' In twelve years society had grown slowly accustomed to the once startling idea, and it listened now with comparatively languid 利益／興味 to the final utterance of the 広大な／多数の／重要な biologist on the question of its own origin and 運命s. In 1859 it cried in horror, 'How very shocking!' in 1871, it murmured complacently, 'Is that all? Why, everybody knew that much already!'

にもかかわらず, on the moral and social 味方する, the ultimate importance of the '降下／家系 of Man' upon the world's history can hardly be overrated by a philosophic 捜査官／調査官. 広大な as was the 革命影響d in biology by the 'Origin of 種類,' it was as nothing compared with the still wider, deeper, and more subtly-working 革命就任するd by the 告示 of man's 純粋に animal origin. The main 発見, strange to say, 影響する／感情d a 選び出す／独身支店 of thought alone; the minor corollary drawn from it to a 選び出す／独身種類 has already 影響する／感情d, and is 運命にあるd in the 未来 still[Pg 142] more profoundedly to 影響する／感情, every possible sphere of human energy. Not only has it 完全に逆転するd our entire conception of history 一般に, by teaching us that man has slowly risen from a very low and humble beginning, but it has also revolutionised our whole ideas of our own position and our own 運命, it has permeated the sciences of language and of 薬／医学, it has introduced new conceptions of 倫理学 and of 宗教, and it 脅すs in the 未来 to produce 巨大な影響s upon the theory and practice of education, of politics, and of 経済的な and social science. These wide-reaching and 深い-seated results began to be felt from the first moment when the Darwinian 原則 was definitely promulgated in the 'Origin of 種類,' but their final 開発 and general 受託 was immensely 加速するd by Darwin's own 権威のある声明 in the '降下／家系 of Man.'

To some の中で us still, as to Lyell before us, this new belief in the animal origin of man seems far いっそう少なく beautiful, noble, and inspiriting than the older 約束 in his special and separate divine 創造. Such thinkers find it somehow more pleasant and comfortable to suppose that man has fallen than that man has risen; the doctrine of the 全世界の／万国共通の degradation of humanity paradoxically appears to them more 十分な of 約束 and aspiration for the times to come than the doctrine of its 全世界の／万国共通の elevation. To Darwin himself, however, it seemed さもなければ. 'Man,' he says, 'may be excused for feeling some pride at having risen, though not through his own exertions, to the very 首脳会議 of the 有機の規模; and the fact of his having thus risen, instead of having been aboriginally placed there, may give him hope for a still higher 運命 in[Pg 143] the distant 未来.' Surely this is the truer and manlier way of looking at the 逆転するd and 改善するd 態度 of man. Surely it is better to climb to the 最高の，を越す than to have been placed there—and fallen—at the very 手始め. Surely it is a nobler 見解（をとる） of life that we may yet by our own strenuous exertions raise our race some places higher in the endless and limitless 階層制度 of nature than that we are the 哀れな and hopelessly degenerate 子孫s of a 廃虚d and degraded angelic progenitor. Surely it is 井戸／弁護士席, while we 誇る with Glaucus that we indeed are far braver and better than our ancestors, to pray at the same time, in the words of 圧力をかけて脅す（悩ます）, that our sons may be yet braver and better than ourselves.[Pg 144]

CHAPTER IX.

THE THEORY OF COURTSHIP.

In the same 容積／容量s with the '降下／家系 of Man' Darwin 含むd his admirable treatise on 性の選択. This form of 選択 he had already dealt with 簡潔に in the 'Origin of 種類;' but as in his opinion it was 大部分は instrumental in producing the minor differences which separate one race of men from another, he 設立する it necessary to 大きくする and 拡大する it in 関係 with his account of the rise and 進歩 of the human 種類.

の中で many animals, and 特に in the higher classes of animals, the males and 女性（の）s do not mate together casually; there is a 確かな量 of 選択 or of courtship. In some 事例／患者s, as with deer and antelopes, the males fight with one another for the 所有／入手 of the 女性（の）s. In other 事例／患者s, as with the peacock and the humming-birds, the males 陳列する，発揮する their beauty and their 技術 before the 注目する，もくろむs of the 組み立てる／集結するd 女性（の）s. In the first instance, the 勝利者得るs the mates; in the second instance, the mates themselves select from the group the handsomest and most 本人自身で pleasing competitor. 性の選択, of which these are special 事例／患者s, depends on the advantage[Pg 145] 所有するd by 確かな individuals over others of the same sex and 種類単独で in 尊敬（する）・点 to the question of mating. In all such instances, the males have acquired their 武器s of offence and defence or their ornamental decorations, not from 存在 better fitted to 生き残る in the struggle for 存在, but from having 伸び（る）d an advantage over other males of the same 肉親，親類d, and from having transmitted this advantage to offspring of their own sex alone.

Just as man can 改善する the 産む／飼育する of his game-cocks by the 選択 of those birds which are 勝利を得た in the 操縦室, so the strongest and most vigorous males, or those 供給するd with the best 武器s, have 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in the 明言する／公表する of nature over their feebler and more 臆病な／卑劣な competitors. Just as man can give beauty, によれば his own 基準 of taste, to his male poultry, by selecting special birds for their plumage, their port, their wattles, or their hackles, so 女性（の） birds in a 明言する／公表する of nature have by a long-continued choice of the more attractive males 追加するd to their beauty and their ornamental adjuncts. In these two ways, Darwin believed, a 限られた／立憲的な選択 has slowly developed 武器s like the horns of buffaloes, the antlers of stags, the tusks of boars, and the 刺激（する）s of game-birds, together with the courage, strength, and pugnacity always associated with such special 組織／臓器s. It has also developed the ornamental plumage of the peacock, the argus pheasant, and the birds of 楽園; the song of the lark, the thrush, and the nightingale; the brilliant hues on the 直面する of the mandrill; and the attractive perfume of the musk-deer, the snakes, and the scented バタフライs. Wherever one sex 所有するs[Pg 146] any decorative or alluring adjunct not 平等に株d by the other, Darwin せいにするd this special gift either to the 法律 of 戦う／戦い, or to the long and slowly 発揮するd selective 活動／戦闘 of their fastidious mates.

The germ of the doctrine of 性の選択 is to be 設立する, like so many other of Charles Darwin's theories, in a prophetic passage of his grandfather's 'Zoonomia.' Stags, the Lichfield 内科医 tells us, are 供給するd with antlers 'for the 目的 of 戦闘ing other stags for the 排除的所有／入手 of the 女性（の）s, who are 観察するd, like the ladies in the time of chivalry, to …に出席する the car of the 勝利者. The birds which do not carry food to their young, and do not therefore marry, are 武装した with 刺激（する）s for the 目的 of fighting for the 排除的所有／入手 of the 女性（の）s, as cocks and quails. It is 確かな that these 武器s are not 供給するd for their defence against other adversaries, because the 女性（の）s of these 種類 are without this armour. The final 原因（となる） of this contest の中で the males seems to be that the strongest and most active animal should propagate the 種類, which should thence become 改善するd.'

It must be noticed, however, that Erasmus Darwin here 輸入するs into the question the metaphysical and teleological notion of the final 原因（となる）, 暗示するing that the struggle of the males was 任命するd from without, for this 表明する and preconceived 目的; 反して Charles Darwin, never transcending the world of phenomena, more 論理（学）上 regards the struggle itself as an efficient 原因（となる）, having for its result the 生き残り of the strongest or the handsomest as the 事例／患者 may be. This distinction is 根底となる; it 示すs the 湾 between the essentially teleological spirit of the eighteenth century and[Pg 147] the essentially 肯定的な spirit of philosophy and science at the 現在の day.

Here again, too, the 巨大な論理（学）の優越 of Charles Darwin's rigorous and exhaustive inductive method over the loose suggestiveness of his grandfather Erasmus may easily be 観察するd. For while Erasmus 単に throws out a clever and 利益／興味ing hint as to the supposed method and 意向 of nature, Charles Darwin 証明するs his 論題／論文, point by point, with almost mathematical exactitude, leaving no 反対 unmet behind him, but giving 統計に基づく and inductive 令状 for every step in his cumulative argument. He goes carefully into the 数値／数字による割合 of the two sexes in さまざまな種類; into the 親族 dates of arrival in any particular country of the males and 女性（の）s of 移住する birds; into the question whether any individuals ever remain in the long run unpaired; into the chances of the earliest-mated or most vigorous couples leaving behind more 非常に／多数の or stronger offspring to 代表する them in the next 世代. He collects from every ４半期/4分の1 and from all sources whatever 利用できる証拠 can be 得るd as to the courtship and 競争 of birds and バタフライs, of deer and antelopes, of fish and lizards. He shows by 非常に／多数の examples and quotations how even 飛行機で行くs coquet together in their pretty rhythmical 空中の dances; how wasps 戦う／戦い熱望して with one another to 安全な・保証する所有／入手 of their unconcerned mates; how cicadas 努力する／競う to 勝利，勝つ their 'voiceless brides' with stridulating music; how sphinx-moths endeavour to allure their partners with the musky odour of their pencilled wings; and how emperors and orange-tips 陳列する，発揮する their gorgeous 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs[Pg 148] and 禁止（する）d in the 幅の広い日光 before the admiring and attentive 注目する，もくろむs of their observant dames. He traces up the same spirit of 競争 and ostentation to the cock-pheasant strutting about before the attendant 女／おっせかい屋, and to the 会合-places of the blackcock, where all the males of the 地区 fight with one another and 請け負う long love-dances in 正規の／正選手 tournaments, while the 女性（の）s stand by and watch the chances and changes of the contest with 影響する／感情d 無関心／冷淡. Finally, he points out how 類似の影響s are produced by like 原因（となる）s の中で the higher animals, 特にの中で our 近づく relations the monkeys; and then he proceeds to 適用する the 原則s thus 堅固に grounded to the particular instance of the human race itself, the 最初の／主要な反対する of his entire treatise.

Some of the most 利益／興味ing of the modifications 予定 to this particular form of selective 活動／戦闘 are to be 設立する amongst the insects and other low types of animal life. The crickets, the locusts, and the grasshoppers, for example, are all famous for their musical 力／強力にするs; but the sounds themselves are produced in the different families by very different and quaintly 変化させるd 組織／臓器s. The song of the crickets is evoked by the 捨てるing of minute teeth on the under 味方する of either wing-cover; in the 事例／患者 of the locusts, the 左翼, which 行為／法令／行動するs as a 屈服する, 極端にs the 右翼, which serves as a fiddle; while with the grasshoppers, the 脚 does 義務 as the musical 器具, and has a 列／漕ぐ／騒動 of lancet-形態／調整d elastic knobs along its outer surface, which the insect rubs across the 神経s of the wing-covers when it wishes to charm the ears and rouse the affection of its silent mate. In a South African 種類 of the same family,[Pg 149] the whole 団体／死体 of the male is 公正に／かなり変えるd into a musical 器具, 存在 immensely inflated, hollow, and distended like a pellucid 空気／公表する-bladder ーするために行為／法令／行動する as an efficient sounding-board. の中で the beetles, taste seems 一般に to have specialised itself rather on form than on music or colour, and the males are here usually remarkable for their singular and very 複雑にするd horns, often compared in さまざまな種類 to those of stags or rhinoceroses, and 完全に absent in the 女性（の）s of most 肉親，親類d. But it is の中で the バタフライs and moths that insect ?stheticism has produced its greatest artistic 勝利s; for here the beautiful 注目する，もくろむ-位置／汚点／見つけ出すs and delicate 場内取引員／株価s on the 拡大するd wing-membranes are almost certainly 予定 to 性の選択.

The higher animals 陳列する，発揮する like 証拠 of the same slow selective 活動／戦闘. The courtship of the stickleback, who dances 'mad with delight' around the mate he has allured into the nest he 準備するs for her, has been 観察するd by dozens of 観察者／傍聴者s both before and since in the 国内の水槽. The gem-like colours of the male dragonet, the バタフライ wings of 確かな gurnards, and the decorated tails of some exotic carps all point in the same direction. Our own larger イモリ is adorned during the 産む／飼育するing season with a serrated crest 辛勝する／優位d with orange; while in the smaller 肉親，親類d the colours of the 団体／死体 acquire at the same 批判的な period of love-making a vivid brilliancy. The strange horns and luridly coloured throat-pouches of 熱帯の lizards are familiar to all 訪問者s in equatorial 気候s, and they are 限定するd 排他的に to the male sex. の中で birds, the superior beauty of the male plumage is known to everybody; and their greatest glory invariably 同時に起こる／一致するs[Pg 150] with the special season for the 選択 of mates. In the spring, as even our poets have told us, the wanton lapwing gets himself another crest. The 法律 of 戦う／戦い produces the 刺激（する） of the game-birds and the still stranger wing-刺激（する）s of 確かな種類 of the plover 肉親，親類d. ?sthetic 競争 is 責任のある rather for 声の music, and for the plumage of the umbrella-bird, the lyre-bird, the humming-birds, and the cock of the 激しく揺するs. の中で哺乳動物s, strength rather than beauty seems to have carried the day; horns, and tusks, and spikes, and antlers are here the special guerdon of the 勝利を得た males. Yet even 哺乳動物s show 時折の調印するs of distinctly æsthetic and artistic preferences, as in the gracefully 新たな展開d horns of the koodoo, the scent-（分泌する為の）腺s of the musk-deer or of 確かな antelopes, the brilliant hues of the male mandrill, and the tufts and moustaches of so many monkeys.

It must be 率直に譲歩するd that the 歓迎会（許可，名誉などを）与えるd to Darwin's doctrine of 性の選択, even の中で the 生物学の public, was far いっそう少なく全員一致の, enthusiastic, and 十分な than that which had been 認めるd to his more 広範囲にわたる theory of 生き残り of the fittest. Many 著名な naturalists 拒絶する／低下するd from the very 手始め to 受託する the 結論s thus definitely 始める，決める before them, and others who at first seemed 性質の／したい気がして to 屈服する to the 巨大な負わせる of Darwin's 最高の当局徐々に withdrew their grudging assent from the new doctrine, as they 設立する their relapse 支援するd up by others, and 辞退するd to believe that the theory of courtship had been 公正に／かなり proven before the final 法廷 of science. Several critics began by 反対するing that the whole theory was a mere afterthought. Darwin, they said, finding that[Pg 151] natural 選択 did not 十分である by itself to explain all the 詳細（に述べる）s of structure in man, had invented 性の選択 as a 補足の原則 to help it over the hard places. Those who wrote and spoke in this thoughtless fashion could have had but a very 不十分な idea of Darwin's の近くに実験の methods of enquiry. As a 事柄 of fact, indeed, they were 完全に wrong; the doctrine of 性の選択 itself, already faintly foreshadowed by Erasmus Darwin in the 'Zoonomia,' had been distinctly developed in the first 版 of the 'Origin of 種類' with at least as much 一時的に elaboration as any other 平等に important factor in the 生物学の演劇 as 始める，決める前へ／外へ in that confessedly introductory work. Nay, Haeckel had caught 喜んで at the luminous conception there 表明するd, even before the 外見 of the '降下／家系 of Man,' and had worked it out in his 'Generelle Morphologie,' with 広大な／多数の／重要な insight, to its 合法的結論s in many directions. Indeed, the 単独の推論する／理由 why so much space was 充てるd to the 支配する in Darwin's work on human 開発 was 簡単に because there for the first time an 適切な時期 arose of utilising his 広大な蓄える／店 of collected （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） on this 選び出す／独身面 of the evolutionary 過程. It was no afterthought, but a necessary and 必然的な構成要素 element of the fully-developed evolutionary 概念.

Still, it cannot be 否定するd that naturalists 一般に did not 受託する with effusion the new 条項 in the evolutionary creed. Many of them hesitated; a few acquiesced; the 大多数 more or いっそう少なく率直に dissented. But Darwin's belief remained 会社／堅い as a 激しく揺する. 'I am glad you defend 性の選択,' he wrote a few years later in a 私的な letter; 'I have no 恐れる about its ultimate[Pg 152] 運命／宿命, though it is now at a 割引;' and in the preface to the second 版 of the '降下／家系 of Man,' he 発言／述べるs acutely, 'I have been struck with the likeness of many of the half-favourable 批評s on 性の選択 with those which appeared at first on natural 選択; such as that it would explain some few 詳細（に述べる）s, but certainly was not applicable to the extent to which I have 雇うd it. My 有罪の判決 of the 力／強力にする of 性の選択 remains unshaken.... When naturalists have become familiar with the idea, it will, as I believe, be much more 大部分は受託するd; and it has already been fully and favourably received by several 有能な裁判官s.'

In spite of the still continued demurrer of not a few の中で the 主要な evolutionists, it is probable, I think, that Darwin's prophecy on this 事柄 will yet be 正当化するd by the 判決 of time. For the 対立 to the doctrine of 性の選択 proceeds almost invariably, as it seems to me, from those persons who still 願望（する） to 築く an efficient 障壁 of one sort or another between the human and animal worlds; while on the contrary the theory in question is almost if not やめる universally 受託するd by just those rigorously evolutionary biologists who are freest from preconceptions or special a priori teleological 反対s of any 肉親，親類d whatever. The half of the doctrine which 取引，協定s with the 法律 of 戦う／戦い, indeed, can hardly be 疑問d by any competent naturalist; the other half, which 取引，協定s with the supposed æsthetic preferences of the 女性（の）s, is, no 疑問, distasteful to 確かな thinkers because it seems to 暗示する the 存在 in the lower animals of a sense of beauty which many の中で us are not even now 用意が出来ている generously[Pg 153] to 収容する／認める. The 願望（する） to arrogate to mankind alone all the higher faculties either of sense or intellect has probably much to do with the 現在の disinclination に向かって the Darwinian idea of 性の選択. Thinkers who 許す themselves to be emotionally swayed by such extraneous considerations forget that the beautiful is 単に that which pleases; that beauty has no 外部の客観的な存在; and that the 範囲 of taste, both の中で ourselves and の中で animals 捕まらないで, is 事実上 infinite. The greatest blow ever 目的（とする）d at the Darwinian theory of 性の選択 was undoubtedly that dealt out by Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace (et tu, Brute!) in his able and subtle article on the Colours of Animals in 'Macmillan's Magazine,' since reprinted in his delightful work on '熱帯の Nature.' Wallace there 勧めるs with his usual acuteness, ingenuity, and 技術 several 根底となる反対s to the Darwinian hypothesis of no little importance and 負わせる. But it must always be remembered (with all 予定尊敬（する）・点 to the 共同の discoverer of natural 選択) that Mr. Wallace himself, after publishing his own admirable essay on the 開発 of man, drew 支援する aghast in the end from the 十分な consequences of his own admission, and uttered his 部分的な／不平等な recantation in the singular words, 'Natural 選択 could only have endowed the savage with a brain a little superior to that of an ape.' It seems probable that in every 事例／患者 an analogous 願望（する） to 築く a 会社／堅い障壁 between man and brute by positing the faculty for perceiving beauty as a special quasi-divine differentia of the human race has been at the 底（に届く） of the still faintly 生き残るing dislike amongst a section of 科学の men to 性の選択.[Pg 154] にもかかわらず, a candid and impartial critic would be compelled 率直に to 収容する／認める that Darwin's admirable theory of courtship has not on the whole 証明するd so 一般に許容できる to the 生物学の world up to the 現在の time as his greater and far more 包括的な theory of 生き残り of the fittest. It still waits for its final 承認, に向かって which it is 進歩ing more 速く and surely every day it lives.[Pg 155]

CHAPTER X.

VICTORY AND REST.

The last eleven years of Darwin's life were spent in 施行するing and developing the 原則s already reached, and in enjoying the almost unchequered 進歩 of the 革命 he had so unconsciously to himself 後継するd in 就任するing.

Only one year elapsed between the 出版（物） of the '降下／家系 of Man' and that of its next important 後継者, the '表現 of the Emotions.' The occasion of this learned and bulky treatise in itself stands as an immortal proof of the conscientious way in which Darwin went to work to 心配する the slightest and most comparatively impertinent possible 反対s to his main theories. Sir Charles Bell, in one of the quaintly 古風な Bridgwater treatises—those marvellous monuments of sadly misplaced teleological ingenuity—had 持続するd that man was endowed with sundry small facial muscles 単独で for the sake of 表明するing his emotions. This 見解（をとる） was so 明白に …に反対するd to the belief in the 降下／家系 of man from some lower form, 'that,' says Darwin, 'it was necessary for me to consider it;' and so he did, in a 非常に長い work, where the whole 支配する is exhaustively 扱う／治療するd, and[Pg 156] Bell's idea is 完全に pulverised by the apt 主張 of analogous 表現s in the animal world. In his old age Darwin grew, in fact, only the more ceaselessly and wonderfully industrious. In 1875, after three years of comparative silence, （機の）カム the 'Insectivorous 工場／植物s,' a work 十分な of minute 観察 on the habits and manners of the sundew, the butterwort, the Venus's 飛行機で行く-catcher, and the さまざまな heterogeneous bog-haunting 種類 known by the ありふれた指名する of 投手工場／植物s. The 明らかにする集まり and 負わせる of the facts which Darwin had collected for the 'Origin of 種類' might 井戸／弁護士席-nigh have stifled the very 存在 of that marvellous 調書をとる／予約する: it was lucky that the premature 出版（物） of Wallace's paper compelled him to hurry on his '簡潔な／要約する abstract,' for if he had waited to select and arrange the whole 一連の観察s that he finally published in his さまざまな later justificatory 容積／容量s, we might have looked in vain for the 広大な／多数の／重要な systematic and organising work, which would no 疑問 have been '割増し料金d with its own 負わせる, and strangled with its waste fertility.' But the 仕事 that he himself best loved was to watch in minute 詳細（に述べる） the 原則s whose secret he had 侵入するd, and whose reserve he had broken, working themselves out before his very 注目する，もくろむs, naked and not ashamed—to catch 行為／法令／行動する?on-like the undraped form of nature herself in the actual 過程 of her inmost 存在. He could 根気よく観察する the red and slimy hair-（分泌する為の）腺s of the drosera の近くにing slowly and remorselessly 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the insect prey, and sucking from their 団体／死体s with 極度の慎重さを要する tentacles the protoplasmic juices 否定するd to its leaves by the poor and boggy 国／地域, on which alone its scanty rootlets can[Pg 157] 適切に栄える. He could watch the butterwort curving 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the 辛勝する／優位s of its 病弱な green foliage upon the 逮捕（する）d 四肢s of 飛行機で行く or aphis. He could 公式文書，認める how the serried 集まり of finger-like 過程s in the utricles of the bladderwort slowly 吸収する有機の事柄 from the larva of a gnat, or the minute water-insects entangled within its living and almost animated lobster-マリファナ. He could 跡をつける the long line of 背信の honey-（分泌する為の）腺s by which the sarracenia entices 飛行機で行くs into the festering manure-井戸／弁護士席s of its sticky 投手s. The minuteness and 技術 of all his 観察s on these lesser problems of natural 選択必然的に奮起させるd 約束の中で部外者s in the 用心深い judgment of the 観察者／傍聴者 and experimenter; and day by day throughout his later years the 証拠 of the popular 受託 of his doctrine, and of the dying away of the general ridicule with which it was first received by the unlearned public, was very gratifying to the 広大な／多数の／重要な naturalist.

A year later, in 1876, （機の）カム the '影響s of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.' So far as regarded the world of 工場／植物s, 特に with 尊敬（する）・点 to its higher 分割s, this work was of 巨大な theoretical importance; and it also cast a wonderful 味方する-light upon the nature of that strange distinction of sex which occurs both in the vegetable and animal kingdom, and in each is the concomitant—one might almost say the necessary concomitant—of high 開発 and コンビナート／複合体 organisation. The 広大な／多数の／重要な result 達成するd by Darwin in his long and toilsome 一連の実験s on this 利益／興味ing 支配する was the splendid proof of the 法律 that cross-fertilisation produces finer and healthier offspring, while continuous self-fertilisation[Pg 158] tends in the long run to degradation, degeneration, and final 絶滅.

Here as どこかよそで, however, Darwin's 原則 does not spring spontaneous, like Athene from the 長，率いる of Zeus, a goddess 十分な-formed, uncaused, inexplicable: it arises 徐々に by a slow 過程 of 開発 and modification from the previous 調査s of earlier biologists. At the の近くに of the last century, in the terrible year of 激変 1793, a 静かな German botanist, Christian Konrad Sprengel by 指名する, published at Berlin his long unheeded but intensely 利益／興味ing work on the 'Fertilisation of Flowers.' In the summer of 1789, while all Europe was 燃えて with the news that the Bastille had been 嵐／襲撃するd, and a new 時代 of humanity begun, the 静める and 平和的な Pomeranian 観察者／傍聴者 was 公式文書，認めるing in his own garden the curious fact that many flowers are incapable of 存在 fertilised without the 援助 of 飛行機で行くing insects, which carry pollen from the stamens of one blossom to the 極度の慎重さを要する surface or ovary of the next. Hence he 結論するd that the secretion of honey or nectar in flowers, the contrivances by which it is 保護するd from rain, the 有望な hues or lines of the corolla, and the 甘い perfume distilled by the blossoms, are all so many cunning 装置s of nature to 確実にする fertilisation by the insect-訪問者s. Moreover, Sprengel 観察するd that many flowers are of one sex only, and that in several others the sexes do not 円熟した同時に; 'so that,' said he, 'nature seems to ーするつもりである that no flower shall be fertilised by means of its own pollen.' Indeed, in some instances, as he showed by 実験s upon the yellow day lily, 工場／植物s impregnated from their own stamens cannot be made to 始める，決める[Pg 159] seed at all. 'So 近づく,' says his able 後継者, Hermann M?ller, 'was Sprengel to the 際立った承認 of the fact that self-fertilisation leads to worse results than cross-fertilisation, and that all the 手はず／準備 which favour insect-visits are of value to the 工場／植物 itself, 簡単に because the insect-訪問者s 影響 cross-fertilisation!' As in most other anticipatory 事例／患者s, however, it must be here 発言／述べるd that Sprengel's idea was wholly teleological: he conceived of nature as animated by a direct 知らせるing 原則, which deliberately 目的（とする）d at a particular result; 反して Darwin rather （機の）カム to the 結論 that cross-fertilisation as a 事柄 of fact does 現実に produce 有益な results, and that therefore those 工場／植物s which 変化させるd most in the direction of 手はず／準備 for favouring insect-visits were likely to be exceptionally fortunate in the struggle for 存在 against competitors さもなければ arranged. It is just the usual Darwinian substitution of an efficient for a final 原因（となる）.

Even before Sprengel, K?lreuter had recognised, in 1761, that self-fertilisation was 避けるd in nature; and his 観察s and 実験s on intercrossing and on hybridism were 大部分は relied upon by Darwin himself, to whom they 示唆するd at an 早期に period many 実りの多い／有益な lines of 初めの調査. In 1799, again, Andrew Knight, に引き続いて up the same line of thought in England as Sprengel in Germany, 宣言するd as the result of his の近くに実験s upon the garden pea, that no 工場／植物 ever fertilises itself for a perpetuity of 世代s. But Knight's 法律, not 存在 brought into causal 関係 with any 広大な／多数の／重要な根底となる原則 of nature, was almost 完全に overlooked by the[Pg 160] 科学の world until the 出版（物） of Darwin's 'Origin of 種類,' half a century later. The same neglect also overtook Sprengel's immensely 利益／興味ing and curious work on fertilisation of flowers. The world, in fact, was not yet ready for the separate 治療 of 機能の problems connected with the interrelations of 有機の存在s; so Knight and Sprengel were laid aside unnoticed on the dusty 最高の，を越す bookshelves of public libraries, while the 乾燥した，日照りの classificatory and systematic biology of the moment had it ail its own way for the time 存在 on the centre reading-（米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs. So many separate and 独立した・無所属立ち往生させるs of thought does it 最終的に要求する to （不足などを）補う the grand final generalisation which the outer world せいにするs in its totality to the one 最高の organising 知能.

But in the 'Origin of 種類' itself Darwin 繰り返し言うd and 強調d Knight's 法律 as a general and all-pervading 原則 of nature, placing it at the same time on broader and surer 生物学の創立／基礎s by (v)提携させる(n)支部，加入者ing it intimately upon his own 広大な／多数の／重要な illuminating and 統一するing doctrine of natural 選択. He also soon after 救助（する）d from oblivion Sprengel's curious and fairy-like 調書をとる／予約する, showing in 十分な詳細（に述べる） in his work on orchids the wonderful contrivances by which flowers 捜し出す to attract and to 安全な・保証する the 援助 of insects for the impregnation of their embryo seeds. In the 'Variation of Animals and 工場／植物s under Domestication,' he その上の showed that 産む／飼育するing in-and-in 減らすs the strength and productiveness of the offspring; while crossing with another 在庫／株 produces, on the contrary, the best possible physical results in both directions. And now at last, in the '影響s of[Pg 161] Cross and Self fertilisation,' he 証明するd by careful and frequently repeated 実験s that a constant infusion of fresh 血 (so to speak) is 必須の to the 生産／産物 of the healthiest offspring. In the words of his own emphatic summing up, 'Nature abhors perpetual self-fertilisation.'

The 即座の result of these new 声明s and this fresh 合理的な／理性的な of Knight's 法律 was to bring 負かす／撃墜する Sprengel forthwith from the 最高の，を越す shelf, where he had languished ingloriously for seventy years, and to 始める，決める a whole school of ardent botanical 観察者／傍聴者s working hard in the lines he had laid 負かす／撃墜する upon the 相互の correlations of insects and flowers. A 広大な literature sprang up at once upon this enchanting and long-neglected 支配する, the most 著名な労働者s in the rediscovered field 存在 Delpino in Italy, Hildebrand and Hermann M?ller in Germany, Axel in Sweden, Lubbock in England, and Fritz M?ller in 熱帯の South America. Darwin 設立する the question, in fact, almost taken out of his 手渡すs before he had time himself to 扱う／治療する of it; for Hildebrand's 長，指導者 work was published as 早期に as 1867, while Axel's appeared in 1869, both of them several years earlier than Darwin's own final essay on the 支配する in the '影響s of Cross and Self Fertilisation.' No 声明, perhaps, could more 明確に示す the enormous impetus given to 研究s in this direction than the fact that D'Arcy Thompson, in his 虫垂 to M?ller's splendid work on the 'Fertilisation of Flowers,' has collected a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of no いっそう少なく than eight hundred and fourteen separate 作品 or important papers 耐えるing on that special department of botany, almost all of them その後の in date to the first 出版（物）[Pg 162] of the 'Origin of 種類.' So 広範囲にわたって did the Darwinian wave 延長する, and so profoundly did it 影響する／感情 every minute point of 生物学の and psychological 調査.

Each of these later 作品 of Darwin's consists, as a 支配する, of an 拡大 of some 選び出す／独身一時期／支部 or paragraph in the 'Origin of 種類;' or, to speak more 正確に, of an 協定 of the 構成要素s collected and the 実験s designed for that particular 部分 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な事業／計画（する）d encyclop?dia of evolutionism, of which the 'Origin of 種類' itself was but a 簡潔な／要約する anticipatory 要約 or rough 輪郭（を描く）. Thus, the 調書をとる／予約する on Orchids, published in 1862, is already foreshadowed in a part of the 一時期／支部 on the Difficulties of the Theory of Natural 選択; the 'Movements and Habits of Climbing 工場／植物s' (1865) is 簡潔に summarised by 予期 in the long section on 方式s of 移行; the 'Variation of Animals and 工場／植物s under Domestication' (1868) consists of the 広大な array of pi?ces justificatives for the first 一時期／支部 of the 'Origin of 種類;' and the germ of the 'Cross and Self Fertilisation' (1876) is to be seen in the passage 'On the Intercrossing of Individuals' in 一時期／支部 IV. of the same work. It was 井戸／弁護士席 indeed that Darwin began by publishing the shorter and more manageable abstract; the half, as the wise Greek proverb shrewdly 発言／述べるs, is often more than the whole; and a world that 熱望して devoured the first 広大な／多数の／重要な deliverance of the Darwinian 原則, might have stood aghast had it been asked to swallow it piecemeal in such gigantic treatises as those with which its author afterwards sought thrice to vanquish all his 敵s and thrice to 殺す the 殺害された.[Pg 163]

Yet, with each fresh manifestation of Darwin's inexhaustible 資源s, on the other 手渡す, the 対立 to his 原則s grew feebler and feebler, and the universality of their 受託 more and more pronounced, till at last, の中で biologists at least, not to be a Darwinian was 同等（の） to 存在 hopelessly left behind by the general onward movement of the time. In 1874 Tyndall 配達するd his famous 演説（する）／住所 at the Belfast 会合 of the British 協会; and in 1877, from the same 大統領の議長，司会を務める at Plymouth, Allen Thomson, long という評判の a doubtful waverer, 施行するd his cordial adhesion to the Darwinian 原則s by his 就任の discourse on 'The 開発 of the Forms of Animal Life.' A new 世代 of active 労働者s, trained up from the first in the evolutionary school, like Romanes, Ray Lankester, Thistleton Dyer, Balfour, Sully, and Moggridge, had now risen 徐々に around the 広大な／多数の／重要な master; and in every direction he could see the seed he had himself 工場／植物d 存在 watered and nourished in fresh 国／地域 by a hundred ardent and enthusiastic young disciples. Even in フラン, ever irresponsive to the touch of new ideas of 外国人 origin, 陸軍大佐 Moulini?'s admirable and 同情的な translations were beginning to 勝利，勝つ over to the evolutionary creed many rising 労働者s; while in Germany, 勝利者 Carus's excellent 見解／翻訳／版s had from the very first brought in the enthusiastic Teutonic biologists with a congenial 'swarmery' to the （軍の）野営地，陣営 of the Darwinians. 特派員s from every part of the world kept 圧力（をかける）ing fresh facts and fresh 使用／適用s upon the 創立者 of the 約束; and Darwin saw his own work so 急速な／放蕩な存在 taken out of his 手渡すs by specialist disciples that he[Pg 164] abandoned 完全に his 初めの意向 of publishing in 詳細（に述べる） the basis of his first 調書をとる／予約する, and contented himself instead with tracing out minutely some minor 部分s of his 熟視する／熟考するd 仕事 as 見本／標本s of evolutionary method.

In 1877, in pursuance of this changed 目的, Darwin published his 調書をとる／予約する on 'Forms of Flowers,' in which he dealt closely with the old problem of 異なって形態／調整d blossoms on 工場／植物s of the same 種類. It had long been known, to take a 選び出す／独身 example, that primroses 存在するd in two forms, the pin-注目する，もくろむd and the thrum-注目する，もくろむd, of which the former has the pin-like 首脳会議 of the pistil at the 最高の，を越す of the tube, and the stamens 隠すd half way 負かす／撃墜する its throat; while in the latter these 親族 positions are 正確に／まさに逆転するd, the stamens answering in place to the pistil of the 代案／選択肢 form with geometrical 正確. As 早期に as 1862 Darwin had shown, in the '定期刊行物 of the Linnean Society,' that this curious 協定借りがあるd its 開発 to the greater 安全 which it afforded for cross-fertilisation, because in this way each flower had to be impregnated with the pollen, from a 全く際立った blossom, growing on a different individual 工場／植物. In a 一連の連続する papers read before the same Society in the years between 1863 and 1868, he had 延長するd a 類似の course of explanation to the multiform flowers of the flaxes, the loosestrifes, the featherfoil, the auricula, the buckbean, and several other 井戸／弁護士席-known 工場／植物s. At last, in 1877, he gathered together into one of the now familiar green-covered 容積／容量s the whole of his 観察s on this strange peculiarity, and 証明するd by abundant illustration and[Pg 165] 実験 that the 多様制 of form is always 予定 through natural 選択 to the advantage 伸び（る）d by perfect 安全 of cross-fertilisation, resulting as it invariably does in the 生産／産物 of the finest, strongest, and most successful seedlings. Any variation, however peculiar, which helps to 確実にする this constant infusion of fresh 血 is 確かな to be favoured in the struggle for life, 借りがあるing to the superior vitality of the 在庫／株 it begets. But it is worthy of notice, as showing the extreme minuteness and exhaustiveness of Darwin's method on the small 規模, 味方する by 味方する with his 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の and unusual 力／強力にする of rising to the very highest and grandest generalisations, that the 容積／容量 which he 充てるd to the elucidation of this minor factor in the question of hereditary advantages runs to nearly as many pages as the last 版 of the 'Origin of 種類' itself. So 広大な／多数の／重要な was the wealth of 観察 and 実験 which he could lavish upon the 解答 of a 選び出す／独身, small, incidental problem.

Even fuller in minute 初めの研究 was the work which Darwin published in 1880, on 'The 力／強力にする of Movement in 工場／植物s,' 詳細（に述べる）ing the result of innumerable 観察s on the seemingly irresponsible yet almost purposive rotations of the growing rootlets and young 茎・取り除くs of peas and 登山者s. Anyone who wishes to see on what a wide 創立／基礎 of irrefragable fact the 広大な／多数の／重要な biologist built up the stately fabric of his 広大な theories cannot do better than turn for 指示／教授／教育 to this remarkable 容積／容量, which the old naturalist gave to the world some time after passing the allotted （期間が）わたる of threescore years and ten.

It was in the same year (1880) that Huxley 配達するd[Pg 166] at the 王室の会・原則 his famous 演説（する）／住所 on the Coming of Age of the 'Origin of 種類.' The time was a favourable one for reviewing the silent and almost unobserved 進歩 of a 広大な／多数の／重要な革命. Twenty-one years had come and gone since the father of modern 科学の evolutionism had 開始する，打ち上げるd upon the world his 試験的な work. In those twenty-one years the thought of humanity had been 新たな展開d around as upon some invisible pivot, and a new heaven and a new earth had been 現在のd to the 注目する，もくろむs of seers and thinkers. One-and-twenty years before, にもかかわらず the 影響（力） of Hutton and of Lyell, the 支配的な見解（をとる） of the earth's past history 明らかにする／漏らすd but one 広大な and lawless succession of hideous 大災害s. 卸売創造s and 卸売絶滅s, world-wide cataclysms followed by fresh world-wide births of interwoven faunas and floras—these, said Huxley, were the ordinary 機械／機構 of the 地質学の epic brought into fashion by the misapplied genius of the mighty Cuvier. One-and-twenty years after, the 対抗者s themselves had given up the game in its fullest form as lost beyond the hope of possible restitution. Some hesitating thinkers, it is true, while 受託するing the evolutionary doctrine more or いっそう少なく in its earlier form, like Mivart and Meehan, yet 辞退するd their assent on one ground or another to the 明確な／細部 Darwinian doctrine of natural 選択. Others, like Wallace, made a special exception with regard to the 開発 of the human 種類, which they supposed to be 予定 to other 原因（となる）s from those 暗示するd in the 残りの人，物 of the 有機の規模. Yet on the whole, 生物学の science had 公正に／かなり carried the day in favour of 進化, in one form or another, and not even the cavillers dared now to 示唆する[Pg 167] that whole systems of 創造 had been swept away en 圏, and remade again in different forms for a 後継するing 時代, in 一致 with the belief which was almost 全世界の／万国共通のの中で geologists up to the exact moment of the 出版（物） of Darwin's masterpiece.

During the twenty-one years, too, as Huxley likewise pointed out, an 巨大な number of new facts had come to 強化する the 手渡すs of the evolutionists at the very point where they had before felt themselves most 率直に攻撃を受けやすい. Pal?ontology had 供給（する）d many of those 行方不明の links in the 有機の chain whose absence from the interrupted and imperfect 地質学の記録，記録的な／記録する had been loudly 申し立てられた／疑わしい against the Darwinian hypothesis in the earlier days of struggle and hesitation. Two years after the 出版（物） of the 'Origin of 種類,' the 発見 of a winged and feathered creature, happily 保存するd for us in the Solenhofen 予定するs, with lizard-like 長，率いる and teeth and tail, and bird-like pinions, feet, and breast, had 橋（渡しをする）d over in part the 広大な／多数の／重要な gap that yawns between the 存在するing birds and reptiles. A few years later, new 化石 reptilian forms, 築く on their hind 脚s like kangaroos, and with very singular peculiarities of bony structure, had helped still その上の to show the nature of the modifications by which the 規模-耐えるing quadruped type passed slowly into that of the feather-耐えるing biped. In 1875, again, Professor 沼's 発見 of the toothed birds in the American cretaceous strata 完全にするd the illustrative 一連の過度期の forms over what had once been the most remarkable 存在するing break in the 連続 of 有機の開発. 類似して, Hofmeister's 調査s in the vegetable world[Pg 168] brought の近くに together the flowering and flowerless 工場／植物s, by 示すing that the ferns and the horsetails were connected in curious unforeseen ways, through the pill-worts and club-mosses, with the earliest and simplest of forest trees, the モミs and the puzzle-monkeys. In minor 事柄s like 進歩 was continually 報告（する）／憶測d on every 味方する. Gaudry 設立するの中で the 化石s of Attica the 連続する行う／開催する／段階s by which the 古代の and 未開発の civets passed into the more modern and specialised tribe of the hy?nas; 沼 traced out in Western America the 家系 of the horse from a five-toed creature no bigger than a fox, through 中間の four-toed and three-toed forms, to the 存在するing 選び出す／独身 solid-hoofed type with its digits 減ずるd to the 最小限 of まとまり; and Filhol 明らかにするd の中で the phosphorites of Quercy the ありふれた progenitor of the most 際立ったの中で the 最近の carnivores, the cats and the dogs, the plantigrade 耐えるs and the digitigrade pumas. 'So far as the animal world is 関心d,' Professor Huxley said in 結論, reviewing these 新規加入s to the 証拠 upon that memorable occasion, '進化 is no longer a 憶測 but a 声明 of historical fact.' Of Darwin himself he 発言／述べるd truly, 'He has lived long enough to outlast detraction and 対立, and to see the 石／投石する that the 建設業者s 拒絶するd become the 長，率いる-石／投石する of the corner.'

It was in 1881 that Darwin published his last 容積／容量, 'The 形式 of Vegetable Mould through the 活動／戦闘 of Worms.' In this singularly fascinating and 利益／興味ing monograph he took in 手渡す one of the lowliest and humblest of living forms, the ありふれた earthworm, and by an exhaustive 熟考する／考慮する of its habits[Pg 169] and manners strove to show how the entire 存在 of vegetable mould—the ordinary covering of fertile 国／地域 upon the 直面する of the earth—is 予定 to the long but unobtrusive 活動／戦闘 of these little-noticed and ever-active architects. By the 酸性のs which they 発展させる, they appear to 援助（する）大部分は in the disintegration of the 石／投石する beneath the surface; by their constant practice of eating fallen leaves, which they drag 負かす／撃墜する with them into their subterranean burrows, they produce the 罰金 castings of soft earth, so familiar to everybody, and thus 復帰させる the 塗装 of humus above the 明らかにする激しく揺する as often as it is washed away again in the course of ordinary denudation by the rain and the 激流s. It is true that その後の調査 has shown the 可能性 of vegetable mould 存在するing under 確かな条件s without the 介入 of worms to any 示すd extent; but, as a whole, there can be little 疑問 that over most parts of the world the presence of 国／地域, and therefore of the vegetable growth rooted in it, is 完全に予定 to the unsuspected yet ceaseless activity of these humble creatures.

The germ of the earthworm theory appears to me to have been first 示唆するd to Darwin's mind by a passage in a work where one would little have 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd it—White's 'Natural History of Selborne.' 'Earthworms,' says the idyllic Hampshire naturalist, 'though in 外見 a small and despicable link in the chain of nature, yet, if lost, would make a lamentable chasm. For to say nothing of half the birds, and some quadrupeds, which are almost 完全に supported by them, worms seem to be the 広大な／多数の／重要な promoters of vegetation, which would proceed but lamely without them, by boring, perforating, and 緩和するing the 国／地域, and （判決などを）下すing[Pg 170] it pervious to rains and the fibres of 工場／植物s, by 製図／抽選 straws and stalks of leaves into it; and, most of all, by throwing up such infinite numbers of lumps of earth, called worm-casts, which, 存在 their excrement, is a 罰金 manure for 穀物 and grass. Worms probably 供給する new 国／地域s for hills and slopes where the rain washes the earth away; and they 影響する／感情 slopes, probably, to 避ける存在 flooded. Gardeners and 農業者s 表明する their detestation of worms; the former, because they （判決などを）下す their walks unsightly, and make them much work; and the latter, because, as they think, worms eat their green corn. But these men would find, that the earth without worms would soon become 冷淡な, hard-bound, and 無効の of fermentation; and, その結果, sterile.'

If Darwin ever read this 利益／興味ing passage, which he almost certainly must at some time have done, it would appear that he had overlooked it in later life; for he, who was habitually so candid and careful in the acknowledgment of all his 義務s, however 広大な／多数の／重要な or however small, does not make any について言及する of it at all in his 'Vegetable Mould,' though he alludes incidentally to some other 観察s of Gilbert White's on the minor habits and manners of earthworms. But whether Darwin was 初めは indebted to White or not for the 創立／基礎 of his theory on the 支配する of mould, the important point to notice is really this, that what with the observant parson of Selborne was but a casual glimpse, the mere passing suggestion of a 実りの多い／有益な idea, became with Darwin, in his wider fashion, a carefully (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述するd and powerfully buttressed theory, supported by long and 患者調査, ample[Pg 171] 実験, and 広大な collections of minute facts. The difference is strikingly characteristic of the strong point of Darwin's genius. While he had all the breadth and universality of the profoundest thinkers, he had also all the marvellous and inexhaustible patience of the most 正確な and special microscopical student.

For years, indeed, Darwin 熟考する／考慮するd the ways and instincts of the ありふれた earthworm with the same の近くに and 正確な観察 which he gave to every other abstruse 支配する that engaged in any way his 激烈な／緊急の intellect. The lawyer's maxim, 'De minimis lex 非，不，無 curat,' he used to say, never truly 適用するs to science. As 早期に as the year 1837 he read a paper, before the 地質学の Society of London, 'On the 形式 of Mould,' in which he developed with some fulness the mother idea of his 完全にする theory on the earthworm question. He there showed that 層s of cinders, marl, or ashes, which had been strewn thickly over the surface of meadows, were 設立する a few years after at a depth of some インチs beneath the turf, yet still forming in spite of their burial a 正規の／正選手 and 公正に／かなり水平の stratum. This 明らかな沈むing of the 石／投石するs, he believed, was 予定 to the 量 of 罰金 earth brought up to the surface by worms in the form of castings. It was 反対するd to his theory at the time that the work supposed to be 遂行するd by the worms was out of all reasonable 割合 to the size and numbers of the 申し立てられた／疑わしい actors. Here Darwin's foot was on his native ヒース／荒れ地; he felt himself すぐに on solid ground again. The cumulative importance of 分かれて infinitesimal elements is indeed the very 基本方針 and special peculiarity of the 広大な／多数の／重要な biologist's method of thinking. He[Pg 172] had 設立する out in very truth that many a little makes a mickle, that the infinitely small, infinitely repeated, may become in 過程 of infinite years infinitely important. So he 始める，決める himself to work, with characteristic contempt of time, to 重さを計る and 手段 worms and worm-castings.

He began by keeping tame earthworms in flower-マリファナs in his own house, counting the number of worms and burrows in 確かな手段d spaces of pasture or garden, and starting his long and slow 実験 in his field at 負かす／撃墜する already alluded to. He tried 問題／発行するs on their senses, on their instincts, on their emotions, on their 知能; he watched them darting wildly like rabbits into their 穴を開けるs when alarmed from without, 打ち勝つing 工学 difficulties in dragging 負かす／撃墜する oddly-形態／調整d or unfamiliar leaves, and 保護するing the open mouths of their tunnels from 侵入者s with a little 防御の軍の glacis of 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd pebbles. He 設立する that more than 53,000 worms on an 普通の／平均（する）住む every acre of garden land, and that a 選び出す／独身 casting いつかs 重さを計るs as much as three ounces avoirdupois. Ten トンs of 国／地域 per acre pass 毎年 through their 団体／死体s, and mould is thrown up by them at an 普通の／平均（する）率 of 22 インチs in a century. Careful 観察s on the 石／投石するs of Stonehenge; on the tiled 床に打ち倒すs of buried buildings; on Roman 廃虚s at Silchester and Wroxeter, and on his own meadows and pastures at 負かす／撃墜する, finally enabled the 用心深い experimenter to 証明する conclusively the truth of his 論題／論文, and to 現在の to the world the despised earthworm in a new character, as the friend of man and of 農業, the 生産者 and maintainer of the vegetable mould on our hills or[Pg 173] valleys, and the prime 原因（となる） of the very 存在 of that cloak of greensward that 着せる／賦与するs our lawns, our fields, and our 楽しみ-grounds.

It was his last work. 執拗な ill-health and 平等に執拗な熟考する／考慮する for seventy-three years had broken 負かす／撃墜する a 憲法 never really strong, and 消費するd from within by the ceaseless 解雇する／砲火／射撃s of its own overpowering and undying energy. On Tuesday, April the 18th, 1882, he was 掴むd at midnight by violent 苦痛s, and at four o'clock on Wednesday afternoon he died suddenly in his son's 武器, after a very short but painful illness. So retired was the family life at 負かす／撃墜する that the news of the 広大な／多数の／重要な biologist's death was not 現実に known in London itself till two days after he had breathed his last.

The 全世界の／万国共通の悔いる and grief 表明するd at the loss in all civilised countries was the best 手段 of the 巨大な change of 前線 which had slowly come over the whole educated community, in the twenty-three years since the first 出版（物） of the 'Origin of 種類.' No sooner was Darwin's death 発表するd than all lands and all classes vied with one another in their 切望 to honour the 指名する and memory of the 広大な／多数の／重要な biologist. Indeed, the spontaneous and 即座の nature of the 爆発 of 悔いる and affectionate regard which followed hard upon the news of Darwin's death, astonished even those who had watched closely the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の革命 the man himself had brought so 井戸／弁護士席 to its final consummation. In England, it was felt instinctively on every 味方する that the 広大な／多数の／重要な naturalist's proper place was in the aisles of Westminster, hard by the tomb of Newton, his immortal 前任者. To[Pg 174] this 全世界の／万国共通の and 深い-seated feeling Darwin's family 残念に sacrificed their own natural preference for a 静かな interment in the graveyard at 負かす／撃墜する. On the Wednesday morning next after his death, Charles Darwin's remains were borne with unwonted 示すs, of 尊敬（する）・点 and 儀式, in the 組み立てる／集結するd presence of all that was noble and good in Britain, to an honoured 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な in the 管区s of the 広大な／多数の／重要な Abbey. Wallace and Huxley, Lubbock and Hooker, his nearest peers in the domain of pure science, stood の中で the 持参人払いのs who held the 棺／かげり. Lowell 代表するd the 共和国s of America and of letters. Statesmen, and poets, and philosophers, and theologians mingled with the throng of 科学の thinkers who （人が）群がるd の近くに around the venerated bier. No 出来事/事件 of fitting pomp or dignity was wanting as the 組織／臓器 pealed out in solemn 緊張するs the special 国家 composed for the occasion, to the appropriate words of the Hebrew poet, 'Happy is the man that findeth 知恵.' Even the 狭くする Philistine 知能 itself, which still knew Darwin only as the man who thought we were all descended from monkeys, was impressed with the 単独の基準 of greatness open to its feeble and shallow comprehension by the mere solemnity and 儀式 of the occasion, and began to enquire with blind wonderment what this thinker had done whom a whole people thus delighted to honour.

Of Darwin's pure and exalted moral nature no Englishman of the 現在の世代 can 信用 himself to speak with becoming moderation. His love of truth, his singleness of heart, his 誠実, his earnestness, his modesty, his candour, his 絶対の沈むing of self and selfishness—these, indeed, are all 目だつ to every[Pg 175] reader, on the very 直面する of every word he ever printed. Like his 作品 themselves, they must long 生き延びる him. But his 同情的な kindliness, his ready generosity, the staunchness of his friendship, the width and depth and breadth of his affections, the manner in which 'he bore with those who 非難するd him 不正に without 非難するing them in return,' these things can never so 井戸／弁護士席 be known to any other 世代 of men as to the three 世代s who walked the world with him. Many even of those who did not know him loved him like a father; to many who never saw his 直面する, the hope of winning Charles Darwin's approbation and regard was the highest incentive to thought and 活動／戦闘. に向かって younger men, 特に, his unremitting 親切 was always most noteworthy: he spoke and wrote to them, not like one of the masters in イスラエル, but like a fellow-労働者 and 探検者 after truth, 利益／興味d in their 利益／興味s, pleased at their successes, 同情的な with their 失敗s, gentle to their mistakes. Not that he ever spared rightful 批評; on the contrary, the love of truth was with him so overpowering and enthralling a 動機 that he pointed out what seemed to him errors or misconceptions in the work of others with perfect frankness, fully 推定する／予想するing them to be as pleased and delighted at a 示唆するd 改正 of their 欠陥のある令状ing as he himself was in his own 事例／患者. But his 賞賛する was as generous as his 批評 was frank; and, まっただ中に all the toil of his laborious life in his 熟考する／考慮する at 負かす／撃墜する, he could always find time to read and comment at 十分な length upon whatever fresh 出資／貢献s to his own 支配するs the merest tyro might 投機・賭ける to 服従させる／提出する for his consideration. He had the 同情的な receptivity[Pg 176] of all truly 広大な／多数の／重要な minds, and when he died, thousands upon thousands who had never beheld his serene features and his fatherly 注目する，もくろむs felt they had lost indeed a personal friend.

Greatness is not always joined with gentleness: in Charles Darwin's 事例／患者, by 全世界の／万国共通の同意 of all who knew him, 'an intellect which had no superior' was wedded to 'a character even nobler than the intellect.'[Pg 177]

CHAPTER XI.

DARWIN'S PLACE IN THE EVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT.

To most people Darwinism and 進化 mean one and the same thing. After what has here been said, however, with regard to the pre-Darwinian evolutionary movement, and the distinction between the doctrines of 降下／家系 with modification and of natural 選択, it need hardly be 追加するd that the two are やめる separate and separable in thought, even within the 限界s of the 純粋に制限するd 生物学の order. Darwinism is only a part of 有機の進化; the theory, as a whole, 借りがあるs much to Darwin, but it does not 借りがある everything to him alone. There were 生物学の evolutionists before ever he published the 'Origin of 種類;' there are 生物学の evolutionists even now who 辞退する to 受託する the truth of his 広大な／多数の／重要な発見, and who 粘着する堅固に to the 原始の約束始める，決める前へ／外へ in earlier and cruder 形態／調整s by Erasmus Darwin, by Lamarck, or by Robert 議会s.

Much more, then, must Darwinism and the entire theory of 有機の開発 to which it belongs be carefully 差別するd, as a part or factor, from 進化捕まらないで, as a 全世界の／万国共通の and all-embracing cosmical system. That system itself has 徐々に現れるd as a[Pg 178] slow growth of the past two centuries, a 進歩／革新的な開発 of the 集団の／共同の科学の and philosophical mind of humanity, not 予定 in its totality to any one 選び出す／独身命令（する）ing thinker, but summing itself up at last in our own time more fully in the person and teaching of Mr. Herbert Spencer than of any other 独房監禁 mouthpiece. Indeed, intimately as we all now associate the 指名する of Darwin with the word '進化,' that 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 itself (whose vogue is almost 完全に予定 to Mr. Spencer's 影響（力）) was one but rarely 設立する upon Darwin's own lips, and but rarely written by his own pen. He speaks rather of 開発 and of natural 選択 than of 進化: his own 関心 was more with its special 面 as 生物学の modification than with its general 面 as cosmical 広げるing. Let us ask, then, from this wider 見地 of a 広大な／多数の／重要な and far-reaching mental 革命, what was Charles Darwin's exact niche in the evolutionary movement of the two last centuries?

Evolutionism, as now 一般的に understood, may be 公正に／かなり regarded as a 方式 of 想像するing to ourselves the history of the universe, a 傾向 or でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる of mind, a temperament, one might almost say, or habit of thought rather than a 限定された creed or 団体／死体 of dogmas. The evolutionist looks out upon the cosmos as a continuous 過程広げるing itself in 正規の／正選手 order in obedience to 限定された natural 法律s. He sees in it all, not a warring 大混乱抑制するd by the constant 干渉，妨害 from without of a wise and beneficent 外部の力／強力にする, but a 広大な aggregate of 初めの elements, perpetually working out their own fresh 議席数是正, in 一致 with their own inherent energies. He regards[Pg 179] the cosmos as an almost infinite collection of 構成要素原子s, animated by an almost infinite sum-total of energy, 可能性のある or kinetic.

In the very beginning, so far as the mental 見通し of the 天文学者 can dimly pierce with hypothetical ちらりと見ること the abyss of ages, the 事柄 which now composes the 構成要素 universe seems to have 存在するd in a 高度に diffuse and nebulous 条件. The gravitative 軍隊, however, with which every 原子 of the whole 広大な集まり was まず第一に／本来 endowed, 原因（となる）d it 徐々に to aggregate around 確かな直す／買収する，八百長をするd and 限定された centres, which became in time the 決起大会／結集させるing-points or nuclei of 未来 suns. The 原始の可能性のある energy of 分離 in the 原子s of the 集まり was changed into actual energy of 動議 as they drew closer and closer together about the ありふれた centre, and into molecular energy or heat as they 衝突／不一致d with one another in bodily 衝撃 around the hardening 核心. Thus arose 星／主役にするs and suns, composed of fiery 原子の clouds in a constant 明言する／公表する of 進歩／革新的な集中, ever 集会-in the hem of their outer 式服s on the surface of the solid globe within, and ever radiating off their 蓄える／店 of associated energy to the impalpable and hypothetical surrounding ether. This, in やむを得ず簡潔な／要約する and shadowy abstract, is the nebular theory of Kant and Laplace, as 修正するd and 補足（する）d by the modern doctrine of the correlation and 自然保護 of energies.

適用するd to the solar system, of which our own 惑星 forms a 構成要素 member, the evolutionary doctrine (in its 年上の形態／調整) teaches us to 想像する that minor group as the final result of a 選び出す／独身広大な／多数の／重要な diffuse[Pg 180] 星雲, which once spread its faint and cloud-like 集まり with 信じられない tenuity, at least as far from its centre, now 占領するd by the sun's 団体／死体, as the furthest point in the 軌道 of Neptune, the outermost of the yet known 惑星s. From this remote and 巨大な periphery it has 徐々に gathered itself in, growing denser and denser all the time, に向かって its ありふれた核心, and has left behind, at 不規律な intervals, concentric （犯罪の）一味s or belts of nebulous 事柄, which, after 決裂ing at their weakest point, have 常習的な and concentrated 一連の会議、交渉／完成する their own centre of gravity into Jupiter, Saturn, the Earth, or Venus. The main central 団体／死体 of all, 退却／保養地ing ever within as it dropped in its course the raw 構成要素 of the planetary 集まりs, has formed, at last, the sun, the 広大な／多数の／重要な支配者 and luminary of our system. Much as this 原始の evolutionary 概念 of the 開発 and history of the solar system has been 修正するd and altered of late years by 最近の研究s into the nature of 惑星s and meteors and of the sun's surface, it still remains for all practical 目的s of popular 解説，博覧会 the best and simplest mental picture of the general type of 天文学の進化. For the 必須の point which it impresses upon the mind is the idea of the 惑星s in their several 軌道s and with their attendant 衛星s as 予定, not to 外部の design and special 創造, in the exact order in which we now see them, but to the slow and 正規の／正選手 working out of preordained physical 法律s, in 一致 with which they have each 自然に assumed, by pure 軍隊 of circumstances, their 存在するing size, and 負わせる, and 軌道, and position.

地質学 has 適用するd a 類似の conception to the[Pg 181] origin and becoming of the earth's 構成要素 and 外部の features as we now know them. 受託するing from astronomy the notion of our 惑星's 最初の／主要な条件 as a 冷静な／正味のing sphere of incandescent 事柄, it goes on to show how the two 広大な／多数の／重要な envelopes, atmospheric and 大洋の, gaseous and liquid, have 徐々に formed around its solid 核心; how the hard crust of the central 集まり has been wrinkled and corrugated into mountain chain and 深い-削減（する） valley, uplifted here into elevated （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する-land or there depressed into hollow ocean bed; how sediment has slowly gathered on the 床に打ち倒す of the sea, and how 火山の energies or lateral 圧力 have subsequently 軍隊d up the resulting deposits into Alpine 頂点（に達する）s and 大規模な continents. In this direction, it was Lyell who principally introduced into science the uniformitarian or evolutionary 原則, who 代用品，人d for the たびたび（訪れる） cataclysms and fresh beginnings of the earlier geologists the grand conception of continuous 活動／戦闘, producing from comparatively infinitesimal but cumulative 原因（となる）s 影響s which at last 達成する by accretion the most colossal 割合s.

Here biology next steps in, with its splendid explanation of 有機の life, as 予定 essentially to the 第２位活動／戦闘 of radiated solar energy on the outer crust of such a 冷静な／正味のing and 発展させるing 惑星. 落ちるing on the 独房s of the simplest green 工場／植物s, the potent sunlight dissociates the 炭素 from the oxygen in the carbonic 酸性の floating in the atmosphere, and builds it up with the hydrogen of water in the tissues of the organism into starches and other 有機の製品s, which 異なる from the inert 実体s around them, おもに by the 所有／入手 of locked-up solar energy. On[Pg 182] the energy-産する／生じるing food-stuffs thus 蓄える／店d up the animal in turn 料金d and battens, 減ずるing what was before 可能性のある into actual 動議, just as the steam-engine 減ずるs the latent solar energy of coal into 明白な heat and 明白な movement in its furnace and its 機械／機構. How the first organism （機の）カム to 存在する biology has not yet been able fully to explain for us; but 補佐官d by 化学製品 science it has been able to show us in part how some of the simpler 有機の団体／死体s may have been 初めは built up, and it does not despair of showing us in the end how the earliest organism may 現実に have been produced from the prime elements of oxygen, hydrogen, 窒素, and 炭素. Into this most 根底となる of 生物学の problems, however, Darwin himself, with his 憲法の警告を与える and dread of 思索的な theorising, was not careful or curious to enter. Even upon the far いっそう少なく abstruse and hypothetical question, whether all life took its prime origin from a 選び出す／独身 starting-point or from several 際立った and separate 部族の ancestors, he hardly cared so much as to hazard a passing 憶測. With splendid self-抑制 he 限定するd his attention almost 完全に to the more manageable and practical problem of the origin of 種類 by natural 選択, which lay then and there open for 解答 before him. Taking for 認めるd the 存在 of the 初めの organism or group of organisms, the fact of reproduction, and the 傾向 of such reproduction to beget 増加する in a geometrical 割合, he deduced from these elementary given factors the necessary corollary of 生き残り of the fittest, with all its marvellous and far-reaching 関わりあい／含蓄s of adaptation to the 環境 and 明確な／細部 distinctions. By doing[Pg 183] so, he （判決などを）下すd 考えられる the 機械装置 of 進化 in the 有機の world, thus bringing another 広大な／多数の／重要な面 of 外部の nature within the 範囲 of the developmental as …に反対するd to the miraculous philosophy of the cosmos.

Psychology, once more, in the 手渡すs of Herbert Spencer and his 信奉者s, not wholly unaided by Darwin himself, has 延長するd the self-same evolutionary 治療 to the 伴う／関わるd and elusive phenomena of mind, and has shown how from the simplest unorganised elements of feeling, the さまざまな mental 力／強力にするs and faculties as we now know them, both on the 知識人 and on the emotional 味方する, have been slowly built up in the long and ever-変化させるing interaction between the sentient organism and the natural 環境. It has traced the first faint inception of a nervous system as a mere customary channel of communication between part and part; the 漸進的な growth of fibre and ganglion; the vague beginnings of 外部の sense-組織／臓器 and 内部の brain; the final perfection of 注目する，もくろむ and ear, of sight and 審理，公聴会, of 楽しみ and 苦痛, of intellect and volition. It has thus done for the subjective or mental half of our コンビナート／複合体 nature what biology, as conceived by Darwin, has done for the physical or 純粋に有機の half; it has traced the origin and 開発 of mind, without a 選び出す／独身 break, from its first faint and half-unconscious manifestation in the polyp or the jelly-fish to its final grand and 変化させるd 結果 in the soul of the poet or the intellect of the philosopher.

Finally, sociology has 適用するd the evolutionary method to the origin and rise of human societies, with their languages, customs, arts, and 会・原則s, their[Pg 184] 政治の organisation and their ecclesiastical polity. Taking from biology the 発展させるing savage, 見解（をとる）d as a developed and 高度に gifted 製品 of the anthropoid 在庫／株, it has shown by what 行う／開催する／段階s and through what 原因（となる）s he has slowly aggregated into tribes and nations; has built up his communal, polygamic, or monogamic family; has learnt the use of 解雇する／砲火／射撃, of 器具／実施するs, of pottery, of metals; has developed the whole 資源s of oral speech and 重要な gesture; has invented 令状ing, pictorial or alphabetic; has grown up to science, to philosophy, to morals, and to 宗教. The 長，指導者 honours of this particular line of enquiry, the 最新の and youngest of all to receive the 衝撃 of the evolutionary impulse, belong おもに to Tylor, Lubbock, and Spencer in England, and to Haeckel, De Mortillet, and Wagner on the continent.

In the sublime conception of the 外部の universe and its 現在の workings which we thus 借りがある to the 独立した・無所属成果／努力s of so many 広大な／多数の／重要な進歩／革新的な thinkers, and which has here been 簡潔に and inadequately sketched out, Darwin's work in life 落ちるs 自然に into its own place as the 主要な／長／主犯出資／貢献 to the evolutionary movement in the special 生物学の department of thought. Within the more 限られた／立憲的な範囲 of that department itself, the evolutionary impulse did not 借りがある its origin to Charles Darwin 本人自身で; it took its rise with Erasmus Darwin, Buffon, and Lamarck, and it derived from our 広大な／多数の／重要な modern English naturalist its final explanation and 最終的な proof alone. But just as the evolutionary movement in astronomy and cosmical thought is rightly associated in all our minds with the mighty theories of Kant, Laplace, and Herschel;[Pg 185] just as the evolutionary movement in 地質学 is rightly associated with the far lesser yet brilliant and 効果的な personality of Lyell; just as the evolutionary movement in the derivative sciences is rightly associated with so many 広大な／多数の／重要な still living thinkers; so the evolutionary movement in biology in particular rightly sums itself up in the honoured 指名する of Charles Darwin. For what others 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd, he was the first to 証明する; where others 推測するd, he was the first to 観察する, to 実験, to 論証する, and to 納得させる.

It should be 公式文書，認めるd, too, that while to us who come after, the 広大な／多数の／重要なコンビナート／複合体 evolutionary movement of the two last centuries 正確に，正当に明らかにする／漏らすs itself as one and indivisible, a 選び出す／独身 grand cosmical 演劇, having many 行為／法令／行動するs and many scenes, but all alike 奮起させるd by one 知らせるing and pervading まとまり, yet to those whose half unconscious co-操作／手術 slowly built it up by episodes, piecemeal, each 行為／法令／行動する and each scene unrolled itself 分かれて as an end in itself, to be then and there 達成するd and 証明するd, やめる apart from the conception of its analytic value as a part in a 広大な／多数の／重要な harmonious natural poem of the 憲法 of things. Though 進化 appears to us now as a 選び出す／独身 grand continuous 過程, a 段階 of the universe 扶養家族 upon a preponderating aggregation of 事柄 and dissipation of energy, yet to Kant and Laplace it was the 天文学の面 alone that 証明するd attractive, to Darwin it was the 生物学の面 alone, and to many of the modern 労働者s in the minor fields it is the human and sociological 面 that almost monopolises the whole wide mental horizon. No greater proof can be given of the subjective distinctness of parts in what was objectively[Pg 186] and fundamentally a 選び出す／独身幅の広い psychological 革命 of the human mind, than the fact that Lyell himself, who more than any one man had introduced the evolutionary conception into the 治療 of 地質学, should have stood out so long and fought so blindly against the evolutionary conception in the 有機の world. Indeed, it was not until the さまざまな scattered and many-coloured 立ち往生させるs of evolutionary thought had been gathered together and woven into one by the 広大な普遍的な and synthetic 知能 of Herbert Spencer that the idea of 進化 as a whole, as a 選び出す／独身 continuous cosmical 過程, began to be apprehended and 徐々に assimilated by the 選ぶd 知能s of the several 際立った科学の departments.

観察する also that the evolutionary method has 侵略するd each of the 固める／コンクリート sciences in the exact order of their natural place in the 階層制度 of knowledge. It had been 適用するd to astronomy by Kant and Laplace before it was 適用するd to 地質学 by Lyell; it had been 適用するd to 地質学 by Lyell before it was 適用するd to biology by Darwin; it had been 適用するd to biology (in part, at least) by Lamarck and the Darwins before it was 適用するd to psychology by Spencer; and it is only at the very end of all that it has been 適用するd to sociology and the 連合した支店s of thought by a hundred different earnest 労働者s in 同時代の Europe. Each 行う／開催する／段階 helped on the next; each was 扶養家族 only on those that went 自然に before it, and 補佐官d in turn the その後の開発 of those that 自然に（機の）カム after it.

にもかかわらず, the popular instinct which regards Darwinism and 進化 as 事実上 synonymous is[Pg 187] to a large extent 正当化するd by the actual facts of the psychological 激変. Darwin's work forms on the whole the central keystone of the evolutionary system, and deserves the honour which has been thrust upon it of supporting by its own 集まり the entire superstructure of the 開発 theory.

For, in the first place, Darwin had to を取り引きする the science of life, the science where the 対立 to evolutionism was sure to be strongest, and where the 軍隊s and 傾向s in favour of obscurantism were sure to gather in fullest 軍隊. Every other 広大な／多数の／重要な onward step in our knowledge of our own relation to the universe of which we form a part had been compelled indeed to run the gauntlet, in its own time, of ecclesiastical 非難 and of popular dislike. Those inveterate prejudices of human ignorance which sedulously hide their 本物の形態／調整 under the guise of dogma masquerading as 宗教, had long since brought to 耐える their baneful 資源s upon the 発見s of Copernicus and the theories of Galileo, as blind, 誤って導くing, and diabolical lights, …に反対するd to the sure and 確かな warranty of 宗教上の Scripture. Newton, again, had in 予定 time been 非難するd in that he boldly 代用品，人d (as his critics 宣言するd) the bald and barren 決まり文句／製法 of gravitation for the personal superintendence of a divine Providence. Laplace had been （刑事）被告 of dethroning the deity from the centre and governance of his celestial system. Around the 早期に geologists the 戦う／戦い of the six days of 創造 had 激怒（する）d ひどく for nearly half a century. But all these 変化させるing 方式s of thought, though みなすd heretical enough in their own day, had touched, as it[Pg 188] were, but the minor ramparts and unimportant out-作品 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な obscurantist dogmatic 要塞／本拠地s: Darwinism, by 率直に attacking the inmost problems of life and mind, had brought to 耐える its powerful 大砲 upon the very keep and highest tower of the 要塞 itself. The belief that the さまざまな星／主役にするs, 惑星s, and 衛星s had or had not been wisely created in their 存在するing positions, and with their 現在の軌道s, movements, and relations 正確に fore-手段d, did not fundamentally 影響する／感情, for good or evil, the 心にいだくd dogmas of the ordinary multitude. But the analogous belief in the 際立った and separate 創造 of 工場／植物s and animals, and more 特に of the human 種類, was far more closely and intimately bound up with all the 現在の宗教的な conceptions. It was at first supposed, not perhaps without some practical 知恵, that to upset the 原始の約束 in the separate 創造 of living 存在s was to 緩和する and imperil the very 創立／基礎s of ありふれた morality and 明らかにする／漏らすd 宗教. The 'argument from design' had been immemorially regarded as the 主要な／長／主犯 buttress of 正統派の thought. Theologians had unwisely 火刑／賭けるd their all upon the teleological dogma, and could ill afford to retire without a blow from that tenaciously defended bastion of their main position. Hence the evolutionary 概念 had its hardest fight to 行う over the 生物学の field; and when that field was once 公正に／かなり won, it had little more to 恐れる from banded preconceptions and 設立するd prejudices in any other 部分 of the wide 領土 it （人命などを）奪う，主張するd for its own.

In the second place, 生物学の進化, 堅固に設立するd by Darwin on a 安全な, 確かな , and unimpeachable basis, led 自然に and almost 必然的に to[Pg 189] all the other innumerable 使用／適用s of the evolutionary method, in the domains of psychology, sociology, philology, political thought, and 倫理的な science. Hence the 即座の and 明白な results of its promulgation have been far more striking, noticeable, and evident than those which followed the 設立 of the evolutionary conception in the 天文学の and 地質学の departments. It was possible to 受託する cosmical 進化 and solar 進化 and planetary 進化, without at the same time 受託するing 進化 in the 制限するd field of life and mind. But it was impossible to 受託する進化 in biology without at the same time 延長するing its 使用／適用 to psychology, to the social organism, to language, to 倫理学, to all the thousand and one 変化させるd 利益／興味s of human life and human 開発. Now, most people are little moved by 憶測s and hypotheses as to the origin of the 乳の way or the belt of Orion; they care very わずかに for Jupiter's moons or Saturn's （犯罪の）一味s; they are stolidly incurious as to the 開発 of the earth's crust, or the 正確な date of the cretaceous 時代; but they understand and begin to be touched the moment you come to the practical questions of man's origin, nature, and history. Darwinism compelled their attention by its 即座の関係 with their own race; and the proof of this truth is amply shown by the mere fact that out of all the 巨大な variety of Charles Darwin's theories and ideas, the 独房監禁 one which alone has 後継するd in 大（公）使館員ing to itself the public 利益／興味 and public ridicule is the theory of man's ultimate 降下／家系 from a monkey-like ancestor. Popular instinct, here as どこかよそで profoundly true at 核心 in the 中央 of all its superficial foolishness, has[Pg 190] rightly 攻撃する，衝突する upon the central element in the Darwinian conception which more than any other has 原因（となる）d its 実りの多い／有益な and wonderful 拡大 through every fertile field of human enquiry.

In short, it was Darwin's 仕事 in life to draw 負かす／撃墜する進化 from heaven to earth, and to bring within the 範囲 of its luminous method all that is most 利益／興味ing to the uninstructed and unsophisticated heart of the natural man.

The 使用／適用 of the evolutionary 原則 to the world of life, human or animal, thus 現在のs itself as the 長，指導者 philosophic and 科学の業績／成就 of the nineteenth century. Throughout the whole middle １０年間s of the 現在の age, the human mind in all its highest embodiments was 熱望して searching, groping, and enquiring after a naturalistic explanation of the origin and 進歩 of 有機の life. In the 広大な計画／陰謀 for the System of Synthetic Philosophy which Herbert Spencer 始める，決める前へ／外へ as an anticipatory synopsis of his 事業／計画（する）d work, the philosopher of 開発 leapt at once from the First 原則s of 進化 as a whole to the 原則s of Biology, Psychology, and Sociology, omitting all 言及／関連 to the 使用／適用 of 進化 to the 広大な field of inorganic nature; and he did so on the distinctly 明言する／公表するd ground that its 使用／適用 to 有機の nature was then and there more important and 利益／興味ing. That suggestive 表現 of belief aptly sums up the general 態度 of 科学の and philosophic minds at the 正確な moment of the advent of Darwinism. Kant and Laplace and Lyell had already 適用するd the evolutionary method to suns and systems, to 惑星s and continents; what was needed next was that some[Pg 191] 深く，強烈に learned and universally equipped 生物学の leader should help the lame evolutionism of Lamarck over the 有機の stile, and leave it 解放する／自由な to roam the boundless fields of what Mr. Spencer has いつかs 井戸／弁護士席述べるd as the 最高の-有機の sciences. For that office, Darwin at the exact moment 現在のd himself; and his victory and its results rightly する権利を与える him to the popular regard as the 創立者 of all that most men mean when they speak together in everyday conversation of the doctrine of 進化.

On the other 手渡す, the total esoteric philosophic conception of 進化 as a cosmical 過程, one and continuous from 星雲 to man, from 星／主役にする to soul, from 原子 to society, we 借りがある rather to the other 広大な／多数の／重要な prophet of the evolutionary creed, Herbert Spencer, whose 指名する will ever be 平等に remembered 味方する by 味方する with his mighty peer's, in a place of high collateral glory. It is he who has given us the general 鮮明度／定義 of 進化 as a 進歩 from an 不明確な／無期限の, incoherent homogeneity to a 限定された coherent heterogeneity, …を伴ってing an 統合，差別撤廃 of 事柄 and dissipation of 動議, or, as we should now perhaps more 正確に say, of energy. In the 設立 of the さまざまな lines of thought which 合併する at last in that magnificent cosmical 法律, it was Darwin's special 仕事 to bring the phenomena of 有機の life 井戸／弁護士席 within the （疑いを）晴らす ken of known and invariable natural 過程s[Pg 192].

CHAPTER XII.

THE NET RESULT.

And now let us ask ourselves, in all 誠実, what was the final 結果 and 逮捕する result of Darwin's 広大な／多数の／重要な and useful life?

If Charles Darwin had never 存在するd at all, there would still have been a かなりの and expansive evolutionary movement both in biology and in its sister sciences throughout the latter half of the 現在の century. The 収穫 indeed was ready, and the labourers, though few, were 十分な of vigour. Suppose for a moment that that earnest and 選び出す／独身-hearted Darwinian genius had been 削減（する） off by some untimely 病気 of childhood at five years old, all other 条件s remaining as they were, we should even so have had in our 中央 to-day, a small philosophical and 影響力のある禁止（する）d of evolutionary 労働者s. Spencer would 非，不，無 the いっそう少なく have given us his 'First 原則s' and the major part of his '原則s of Biology,' with comparatively little alteration or omission. Wallace would 非，不，無 the いっそう少なく have promulgated his inchoate theory of natural 選択, and 決起大会／結集させるd 一連の会議、交渉／完成する his primordial conception the very best and deepest minds of the 生物学の fraction. 地質学 would have 施行するd the 連続[Pg 193] of types; 対処する and 沼 would have 明らかにするd for our edification the ancestral forms of the 発展させるing horse and the toothed birds of the Western American deposits. The Solenhofen lithographic 予定するs would still have 産する／生じるd us the half-reptilian, half-avian Arch?opteryx; the tertiary deposits would still have 現在のd us with a long 控訴 of 徐々に specialised and 修正するd mammalian forms. The Siberian meadows would have sent us that 中間の creature which Prjevalsky recognises as the half-way house between the horses and the donkeys; the rivers of Queensland would have 公表する／暴露するd to our 見解（をとる） that strange 肺-耐えるing and gill-breathing barramunda, in which G?nther discerns the 行方不明の link between the ganoid fishes on the one 手渡す, and the mudfish and salamandroid amphibians on the other. From data such as these, biologists and pal?ontologists of the calibre of Huxley, Gaudry, Geikie, R?timeyer, and Busk, would やむを得ず have derived, by the 援助（する） of Wallace's 妊娠している原則, 結論s not so very far remote from Darwin's own. Heer and Saporta would have drawn somewhat 類似の inferences from the 化石 flora of Switzerland and of Greenland; Hooker and De Candolle would have read pretty much the self-same lessons in the scattered ferns and scanty palm-trees of 大洋の islands. Kowalevsky would have seen in the ascidian larva a ありふれた原型 of the vertebrate series; the 信奉者s of 出身の Baer would have popularised the embryological conception of the 選び出す／独身 origin of animal life. The 研究s of Boucher de Perthes, of Lyell, of Evans, of Boyd Dawkins, of Keller, and of Christy and Lartet, would have unrolled before our 注目する，もくろむs, under any circumstances, the strange[Pg 194] story of 先史の man. On the facts so 伸び（る）d, Lubbock and Tylor, Schaafhausen and B?chner, would have built up their さまざまな一貫した theories of human 開発 and human culture. In short, even without Charles Darwin, the nineteenth century would not have stood still; it would have followed in the wake of Buffon and Diderot, of Lamarck and Laplace, of St. Hilaire and Goethe, of Kant and Herschel, of Hutton and Lyell, of Malthus and of Spencer. The 広大な／多数の／重要な world never rolls 負かす／撃墜する the abysses of time obedient to the nod of one 選び出す／独身 overruling Titanic intellect. 'If the doctrine of 進化 had not 存在するd,' says Huxley, 'pal?ontologists must have invented it.'

But Charles Darwin 行為／法令／行動するd, にもかかわらず, the part of an 巨大な and powerful 加速するing energy. The impetus which he gave 伸び（る）d us at least fifty years of 進歩; it sent us at a bound from Copernicus to Newton; so far as ordinary minds were 関心d, indeed, it transcended at a 選び出す／独身 leap the whole interval from Ptolemy to Herschel. The comparison is far from 存在 a mere rhetorical one. A の近くに analogy really 存在するs between the two 事例／患者s. Before Copernicus, the earth stood 直す／買収する，八百長をするd and immovable in the centre of the universe, with obsequious suns, and 惑星s, and 衛星s dancing 出席 in cycle and epicycle around the solid 集まり, to which by day and night they continually 大臣d. The 広大な／多数の／重要な天文学の革命 begun by Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler, and 完全にするd by Newton, Laplace, and Herschel, 減ずるd the earth to its true position as a petty 惑星, 回転するing feebly の中で its bigger brethren 一連の会議、交渉／完成する a petty sun, in some lost corner of a 広大な, majestic, and almost illimitable 星雲. Even so, before Darwin,[Pg 195] man stood in his own esteem the 直す／買収する，八百長をするd point of an anthropocentric universe, divinely born and divinely 教えるd, with all the beasts of the field, and the fowls of the 空気／公表する, and the fruits of the earth 特に created with a 限定された目的 in subservience to his lordly wants and 利益／興味s. The 広大な／多数の／重要な生物学の革命, which rightly almost sums itself up in the 指名する of Darwin, 減ずるd man at once to his true position as the last 製品 of kinetic solar energy, working upon the peculiar 化学製品 elements of an 発展させるing 惑星. It showed that every part of every 工場／植物 and every animal 存在するd まず第一に／本来 for the sake of that 工場／植物 or animal alone; it unseated man from his imaginary 王位 in the centre of the cosmos, teaching him at once a lesson of humility and a lesson of aspiration—pointing out to him how low was the origin from which, in very truth, he first sprang, and 示唆するing to him, at the same time, how high was the grand and glorious 運命 to which by his own strenuous and ardent 成果／努力s he might yet perchance some day 達成する.

That result, 必然的な perhaps in the long run, from the slow 広げるing of human 知能, was immensely 急いでd in our own time by the peculiar idiosyncrasy and lofty personality of Charles Darwin. Without him we should have had, not only evolutionism, but also, as Wallace's 発見証言するs, natural 選択 itself into the 取引. But we should never have had the 'Origin of 種類.' We should never have had that 広大な and enthusiastic 合意 of 科学の opinion through an all but 全員一致の thinking world, which has 軍隊d an 即座の受託 of evolutionary ideas 負かす／撃墜する the unwilling throats of half unthinking Europe. The[Pg 196] prodigious 集まり of Darwin's facts, the 用心深い working of Darwin's intellect, the 巨大な負わせる of Darwin's 評判, the 鎮圧するing 軍隊 of Darwin's 熟達した inductive method, bore 負かす／撃墜する before them all 対立 in the inner circle of biologists, and 安全な・保証するd the 勝利 of the evolutionary system even in the very 要塞／本拠地s of ignorance and obscurantism. Without Darwin, a small group of philosophic thinkers would still be 努力する／競うing to impress upon an incredulous and somewhat contemptuous world the central truths of the evolutionary doctrine. The 対立 of the 年上のs, long 長，率いるd even in the society we 現実に know by a few 厳しい科学の recalcitrants, like Owen and Agassiz, Pictet and Dawson, Virchow and Mivart, would have fought 猛烈に in the last ざん壕 for the final figment of the fixity of 種類. What is now the general creed, more or いっそう少なく loosely held and imperfectly understood, of hundreds and thousands の中で the intelligent 集まり, would, under such circumstances, be even yet the mere party-shibboleth of an esoteric few, struggling hard against the 明らかにする軍隊 of 圧倒的な numbers to 確実にする not only 承認 but a fair 審理，公聴会 for the first 原則s of the 開発 theory. It is to Darwin, and to Darwin almost alone, that we 借りがある the 現在の comparatively wide 受託 of the all-embracing doctrine of 進化.

No other man did so much or could have done so much to 確実にする its 勝利. He began 早期に in life to collect and arrange a 広大な encyclop?dia of facts, all finally focussed with 最高の技術 upon the 広大な／多数の／重要な原則 he so 明確に perceived, and so lucidly expounded. He brought to 耐える upon the question an 量 of[Pg 197] personal 観察, of minute 実験, of world-wide 調書をとる／予約する-knowledge, of 全世界の／万国共通の科学の ability, such as never perhaps was lavished by any other man upon any other department of 熟考する／考慮する. His 目だつ and beautiful love of truth, his unflinching candour, his transparent fearlessness and honesty of 目的, his child-like 簡単, his modesty of demeanour, his charming manner, his affectionate disposition, his kindliness to friends, his 儀礼 to 対抗者s, his gentleness to 厳しい and often bitter 加害者s, kindled in the minds of men of science everywhere throughout the world a contagious enthusiasm, only equalled perhaps の中で the disciples of Socrates and the 広大な／多数の／重要な teachers of the 復活 of learning. His 指名する became a 決起大会／結集させるing-point for the children of light in every country; and what philosophers and 相場師s might have taken a century or two more to 設立する in embryo was 堅固に grounded, never to be overthrown, by the 広大な accumulations of fact and argument in the 'Origin of 種類,' and its companion 容積／容量s.

The end of that 広大な／多数の／重要な Darwinian 革命 the world has not yet seen: in a sense, indeed, it will never see it. For the general 受託 of Darwin's theory, which we may watch 進歩ing around us every minute to-day, 暗示するs a 完全にする bouleversement of anthropocentric ideas, a total change in our human conception of our own relations to the world and the universe, which must work out for ever ますます wide-reaching and コンビナート／複合体影響s in all our 取引 with one another and with the 環境捕まらないで. There is no department of human thought or human 活動／戦闘 which evolutionism leaves 正確に／まさに where it stood[Pg 198] before the advent of the Darwinian conception. In nothing is this fact more conspicuously seen than in the 即座の obsolescence (if one may so speak) of all the statical pre-Darwinian philosophies which ignored 開発, as soon as ever the new 進歩／革新的な evolutionary theories had 公正に／かなり burst upon an astonished world. Dogmatic Comte was left forthwith to his little 禁止（する）d of 充てるd adherents; shadowy Hegel was relegated with a 屈服する to the 冷静な／正味の shades of the ありふれた-rooms of Oxford; Buckle was 爆発するd like an inflated 勝利，勝つd-捕らえる、獲得する; even Mill himself—magnum et venerabile nomen—with all his mighty steam-大打撃を与える軍隊 of 論理（学）の directness, was felt instinctively to be 欠如（する）ing in 十分な評価 of the dynamic and kinetic element in 全世界の／万国共通の nature. Spencer and Hartmann, Haeckel and Clifford, had the field to themselves for the 設立 of their essentially evolutionary systems. 広大な／多数の／重要な thinkers of the 年上の世代, like Bain and Lyell, felt bound to remodel their earlier conceptions by the light of the new Darwinian hypotheses. Those who failed by congenital 憲法 to do so, like Carlyle and Carpenter, were, philosophically speaking, left hopelessly behind and utterly 消滅させるd. Those who only half 後継するd in thus reading themselves into the new ideas, like Lewes and Max M?ller, lost ground すぐに before the eager 猛攻撃 of their younger competitors. 'The world is to the young,' says the eastern proverb; and in a world peopled throughout in the high places of thought by men almost without exception evolutionists, there was little or no place for the timid group of 立ち往生させるd Girondins, who still stood aloof in sullen antique 科学の orthodoxy from what[Pg 199] seemed to them the carmagnoles and orgies of a 生物学の Thermidor.

At the same time, it must be 刻々と remembered that there are many naturalists at the 現在の day, 特にの中で those of the lower order of 知能, who, while 受託するing evolutionism in a general way, and therefore always 述べるing themselves as Darwinians, do not believe and often cannot even understand the 独特の Darwinian 新規加入 to the evolutionary doctrine—すなわち, the 原則 of natural 選択. Such 煙霧のかかった and indistinct thinkers as these are still really at the 事前の行う／開催する／段階 of Lamarckian evolutionism. It is probable that in the 未来, while a formal 受託 of Darwinism becomes general, the special theory of natural 選択 will be 完全に understood and assimilated only by the more abstract and philosophical minds. Our children will be taught as a 事柄 of course the doctrine of 開発 or of 降下／家系 with modification; but the 合理的な／理性的な of that 降下／家系 will still remain in all 見込み always beyond the しっかり掴む of most of them: just as thousands 受託する on 当局 the Copernican astronomy, who would never even be 有能な of comprehending the simplest proofs of the earth's 年次の movement 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the sun. Thus the 指名する of Darwin will often no 疑問 be tacked on to what are in reality the 原則s of Lamarck.

Every day, however, in spite of such half-ignorant adherents, the 影響s of true Darwinism are 広げるing and 深くするing. One group of earnest 労働者s is using it now as a guide to physiological, embryological, and anatomical 研究s. Another is 雇うing it with zeal and 技術 in the field of classificatory and physiological[Pg 200] botany. Yet others are working out its psychological 関わりあい／含蓄s, enquiring into instinct and animal 知能, and solving by its 援助（する） abstruse problems of the human mind and the human emotions. One philosopher has brought it to 耐える on questions of 倫理学, another on questions of social and political economy. Its 原則s have been 適用するd in one place to ?sthetics, in another place to logic, in a third place to the origin and growth of 宗教. The 熟考する／考慮する of language has derived new lights from the 広大な／多数の／重要な central Darwinian luminary. The art of education is beginning to feel the 進歩／革新的な影響（力） of the Darwinian impulse. In fact, there is hardly a 選び出す／独身初めの労働者 in any department of thought or science who has not been more or いっそう少なく profoundly 影響する／感情d, whether he knows it or whether he knows it not, by the 広大な spreading and circling wave of the Darwinian conceptions. All our ideas have been revolutionised and evolutionised. The new notions are abroad in the world, 生き返らせる with their fresh and vigorous germinal 力／強力にする the 乾燥した，日照りの bones of all the sciences, all the arts, and all the philosophies.

And evolutionism is 徐々に though slowly filtering downward. It is permeating the daily 圧力（をかける） of the nations, and 伸び（る）ing for its vocabulary a recognised place in the phraseology of the unlearned vulgar. Such 表現s as 'natural 選択,' '生き残り of the fittest,' 'struggle for 存在,' 'adaptation to the 環境,' and all the 残り／休憩（する） of it, are becoming as 世帯 words upon the lips of thousands who only know the 指名する of Darwin as a butt for the petty empty jibes of infinitesimal cheap witlings. And Darwinism[Pg 201] will trickle 負かす／撃墜する still through a thousand channels, by 限定された popularisation, and still more by 不明確な／無期限の absorption into the ありふれた thought of 全世界の／万国共通の humanity, till it becomes part and 小包 of the general 相続物件, bred in our bone and burnt into our 血, an 相続人-ぼんやり現れる of our race to all time and in all countries. 広大な／多数の／重要な thoughts like his do not readily die: they 拡大する and grow in ten thousand bosoms, till they transform the world at last into their own likeness, and adapt it to the 環境 they have themselves created by their 知らせるing 力／強力にする.

Happy above ordinary human happiness, Charles Darwin lived himself to see the 繁栄する beginning of this 広大な／多数の／重要な silent philosophical 革命. Harvey's grand 発見, it has been 井戸／弁護士席 said, was scoffed at for nearly a whole 世代. Newton's marvellous 法律 of gravitation was coldly received even by the gigantic intellect of Leibnitz himself. Francis Bacon, in 不名誉 and humiliation, could only commend his 指名する and memory 'to foreign nations and to the next age.' It is too often so with thinkers of the first and highest order: it was not so, happily, with the gentle soul of Charles Darwin. Alone の中で the prophets and teachers of 勝利を得た creeds, he saw with his own 注目する，もくろむs the 採択 of the 約束 he had been the first to promulgate in all its fulness by every fresh and powerful mind of the younger race that grew up around him. The Nestor of evolutionism, he had lived の中で two 連続する世代s of thinkers, and over the third he 支配するd as king. With that 栄冠を与えるing joy of a 広大な／多数の／重要な, a noble, and a happy life, let us leave him here alone in his glory.[Pg 202]

INDEX.

AGASSIZ, 17, 33
予期s of natural 選択, 81
'Antiquity of Man,' 120
Astronomy, 15

BADEN-POWELL, 78
Bahia, 43
Bates, 18; in Brazil, 79; on mimicry, 117
'Beagle,' voyage of the, 38; Zoology of, 59
Bell, Sir C, 155
Boucher de Perthes, 120
Brazil, 43
British 協会, 118
Buffon, 7

CHAMBERS, Robert, 18; his '痕跡s of 創造,' 70
Colenso on the Pentateuch, 121
'珊瑚暗礁s,' 68
Cuvier, 12; as a geologist, 13; system of animals, 63

DARWIN, Charles, his 家系, 20; birth, 27; birthplace, 31;
同時代のs, 33; education, 34; at Edinburgh University, ib.;
at Cambridge, 35; starts on the voyage of the 'Beagle,' 38; returns to
England, 58; publishes his 定期刊行物, 59; 計画（する）s 'Origin of 種類,' 60;
elected to 王室の Society, 64; 長官 to 地質学の Society, 64;
marries, ib.; publishes '珊瑚暗礁s,' 68; 地質学の
観察s, 76; Monograph on Barnacles, ib.; publishes 'Origin
of 種類,' 86; its success, 112; second 版, 114; variation of
animals and 工場／植物s, 125; pangenesis, 126; fertilisation of orchids, 127;
'降下／家系 of Man,' 132; later 作品, 155; last illness and death, 173;
character, 174; place in evolutionary movement, 177; 結果 of his work,
[Pg 204]192.

DARWIN, Erasmus, 10; his life, 20; 外見, 21; poems, ib.;
'Zoonomia', 21; '寺 of Nature,' 25; his marriages, 25; on 降下／家系 of
man, 133; on 性の選択, 146

Darwin, Erasmus, the younger, 34
Darwin, Robert, 20
Darwin, Robert Waring, 25, 26; his home, 31
De Candolle, 63
負かす／撃墜する House, Darwin settles at, 65
Du Chaillu, 134

EARTHWORMS, 66, 168
Edgeworth, 25
進化, general theory of, 177

FILHOL, 168
Fiske, Prof., 58; on natural 選択, 130
Fitzroy, Captain, 38
Fuegians, 51

GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, 52
Galton, Francis, 27
Gaudry, 168
地質学, rise of, 13; evolutionary 面 of, 180
Goethe, 9, 12; on animal origin of man, 133
Gorilla, 134
Gray, Asa, 78, 124

HAECKEL, letter to, 67; 'History of 創造,' 124; on 性の選択, 151
Henslow, Prof., 35; recommends Darwin to Capt. Fitzroy, 38; at Oxford, 118
Herbert, Dean, 18
Herschel, Sir Wm., 15
Holland, Sir Henry, 27
Hooker, Sir Joseph, 74; on catasetum, 78; 受託するs Darwinism, 117;
publishes his 'Flora of Australia,' ib.
Horner, Leonard, 17
Humboldt, 33
Huxley, Prof., lecture at 王室の会・原則, 117; 'Man's Place in
Nature,' 122; on coming of age of 'Origin of 種類,' 166

JUSSIEU, 63

KANT, nebular hypothesis, 15
Knight's 法律, 159
K?lreuter, 159

LAMARCK, 10; Darwin's reading of, 47; on 降下／家系 of man, 133
Laplace, nebular hypothesis, 15
Lecoq, 18
Linn?us, 6; his 人工的な system, 63
Lyell, 14, 64; '原則s of 地質学,' 69; 抽出する from letters, 78;
予期s of natural 選択, 99; slow 受託 of Darwinism,
[Pg 205]119; 'Antiquity of Man,' 120

MALTHUS, 15; 影響（力） on Darwin, 50, 67, 74, 94
Matthew, Patrick, 18; 抽出するs from, 82
Mimicry, 79
Monte ビデオ, Darwin at, 46
Mould, 形式 of, 66
開始する, the, 31
M?ller, Fritz, 124
M?ller, Hermann, 124
Murchison, 14

'NATURALIST on the アマゾンs,' 79
'Naturalist's Voyage 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the World' published, 59
Natural system, 63
Nebular hypothesis, 15, 179
New Zealand, Darwin at, 54

OKEN, 17
'Origin of 種類,' first planned, 60; 事業／計画（する）d, 78; published, 86;
分析 of, 89; its success, 112; second 版, 114
Owen, Sir R., 33, 59; on types, 78

PANGENESIS, 126
'Philosophie Zoologique,' 12
全住民, Malthus's essay on, 16, 51
Powell, Baden-, 78
'Physiological 部隊s,' 126
Psychology, 進化 in, 183

RAFINESQUE, 69
Rio Janeiro, Darwin at, 45

ST. HILAIRE, Geoffroy, 9; the younger, 77
St. Paul's 激しく揺するs, 43
性の選択, first glimpse of, 45; Darwin's theory of, 144
Smith, William, 13
Sociology, 183
Spencer, Herbert, 17; on '痕跡s of 創造,' 72; essay in the
'Leader,' 77; '原則s of Psychology,' ib.; essay in
'Westminster Review,' 84; 抽出するs from 'Leader' essay, 88; 受託するs
Darwin's theory, 118; '原則s of Biology,' ib.; 'Physiological
部隊s,' 126; theory of 進化, 191
Sprengel, 103, 158

THOMPSON, Allen, 163
Treviranus, 17
Tucutuco, 47
Tyndall, Prof., 163

'VESTIGES of 創造,' 18; 批評 of, 70
出身の Baer, 18
[Pg 206]出身の Buch, 18

WALLACE, Alfred Russel, 18; goes to Brazil, 79; publishes his travels, 80;
in Malay 群島, ib.; discovers natural 選択, ib.;
paper at Linnean Society, 81; on 性の選択, 153
Wedgwood, Emma, 65
Wedgwood, Hensleigh, 27
Wedgwood, Josiah, 27, 28
Wedgwood, Susannah, 27
井戸／弁護士席s, Dr., 心配するs natural 選択, 81
White, Gilbert, on worms, 169
Wollaston, 18
Worms, 活動／戦闘 of, 66, 168
Wright, Chauncey, 124

'ZOONOMIA,' Erasmus Darwin's, 22

CHARLES DARWIN

By

GRANT ALLEN

ENGLISH WORTHIES

EDITED BY ANDREW LANG

LONDON

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

1885

PREFACE