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肩書を与える:      The 発見 of Tasmania (先頭 Diemen's Land.), New Zealand,
            and Bass' 海峡s.
Author:     C. T. Burfitt
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The 発見 of Tasmania (先頭 Diemen's Land.), New Zealand, and Bass' 海峡s.

by

C. T. BURFITT, F.R.C.I.

(Read before the Society, April 29, 1913.)

(定期刊行物 and 訴訟／進行s of the 王室の Australian Historical Society Vol. III. Part III.)

{Page: 113}

The work of 準備するing the に引き続いて account of the 発見, by Tasman, of the sixth 明言する／公表する of the Australian 連邦／共和国 has been undertaken not only with a 見解（をとる） to 生き返らせるing history known to but few of the 現在の 世代, and 補助装置 in 正当化するing the Society's 肩書を与える to 耐える the 指名する it does, but also to remind our people of a man whose 指名する must ever 持つ／拘留する a high place on the scroll of honour to those men who 勇敢に立ち向かうd every danger on sea and land to give to us the 広大な／多数の／重要な 領土s we now 所有する.

Abel Janszoon Tasman was unquestionably one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of the 航海士s between Magellan, (who, in the 早期に years of the 16th century first crossed the 太平洋の Ocean), and Cook, who in the latter years of the eighteenth century 事実上 opened Oceania and Australia to Europe.

Little is known of Tasman's personal history, except that he was born about the year 1602 at Hoorn on the Zuyder Zee, a seaport which produced many another hardy 航海士.

{Page: 114}

Tasman has made familiar in our seas the 指名する of one of his fellow townsmen, viz., Corneliszoon Schouten, who in 1616 二塁打d the Cape, afterwards called the Horn in honour of the birthplace of its discoverer.

That Tasman's 長所 has not received 予定 承認 and that his fame has not been as wide as his 業績／成就s deserved, is 大部分は the fault of his own countrymen. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the 執拗な 政策 of the Dutch was to 隠す the 発見s of their 航海士s, and 抑える their charts for 恐れる other nations should 得る advantage from the knowledge, and 競争相手 them in the eastern seas. In later times, when this 動機 had lost its 軍隊, Tasman's countrymen were strangely indifferent to the honour which their 広大な／多数の／重要な sailor had won for his native land. Of his second voyage (1644), in which he 調査するd the northern coast of Australia, and laid 負かす／撃墜する with painstaking 正確 the shores of the 湾 of Carpentaria, we have to this day only meagre hints and the 記録，記録的な／記録する 含む／封じ込めるd in a sketch 地図／計画する of his more famous voyage to the 広大な／多数の／重要な South Land, in 1642, during which he discovered Tasmania and New Zealand, and made a 広大な／多数の／重要な step に向かって solving the 悩ますd problem of the fancied Terra Australis. The 定期刊行物 remained unpublished for more than two centuries. A short abstract of the voyage was published in Holland late in the seventeenth century, and was すぐに afterwards translated into English and French. Valentyn, in his work on the Dutch East Indies, published in 1726, gave a more 延長するd account, illustrated by copies of Tasman's 地図／計画するs and sketches. But the 定期刊行物 itself remained 事実上 unknown until a copy of it, with the 初めの sketches and charts, was discovered in London in 1776 and 購入（する）d for half a guinea. This MS. afterwards （機の）カム into the 所有／入手 of Sir Joseph Banks, and he 雇うd the Rev. C. G. Waide, a Dutch clergyman, living in London, to make a translation of it The MS. of this is now in the British Museum. Some years ago a verbatim copy of the part referring to Tasmania was made by Mr. Bonwick for the 政府 of that 明言する／公表する.

Tasman's 探検隊／遠征隊 was probably the first 試みる／企てる made by the Dutch to 調査する systematically the 広大な／多数の／重要な South Land. In the 早期に years of the seventeenth century the western coast of Australia had been several times sighted by Dutch captains; ships bound for the Dutch 解決／入植地s at Batavia, had been driven to the southward by 嵐／襲撃するs, and the resulting 発見s had, therefore, been to a

{Page:115}

large extent involuntary, or 偶発の. In the year 1642, however, the 知事-General, Anthony 先頭 Diemen, and the 会議 of Netherlands, India, 決定するd to despatch from Batavia a 適切に equipped 探検隊／遠征隊, having for its 単独の 反対する the 発見 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な South Continent.

The 命令（する） of the 探検隊／遠征隊 was ゆだねるd to Tasman, then forty years old, his ship 存在 the Heemskirk (175 トンs) with the little 飛行機で行く-boat Zeehan (50 トンs) as tender. He sailed from Batavia on August 14 and arrived at Mauritius on September 5. Leaving the latter port, a month later, a southern course was followed, and on November 24th land was sighted 耐えるing east by north, distant ten Dutch miles (40 miles English). Of the 発見 Tasman wrote: "This is the furthest land in the south sea we met with, and as it has not yet been known to any European we call it Anthony 先頭 Diemen's Land, in honour of the 知事-General, our master. The islands 一連の会議、交渉／完成する about, as many as were known to us, we 指名するd in honour of the 会議 of India." They skirted the newly discovered land and on December 1 錨，総合司会者d in a bay on the east coast. On December 3 they sailed north to St. Patrick's 長，率いる, from whence an east course was 形態／調整d. On the eighth day land was seen and Tasman 指名するd it Staten Land, thinking it might be part of the southern continent and joined to Staten Land, east of Tierra del Fuego. When this supposition was shown, in 1643, to be an error through Brouwer's voyage 一連の会議、交渉／完成する Cape Horn, the 指名する was changed to that of New Zealand.

After a 致命的な 遭遇（する） with the Maoris, Tasman' sailed along the west coast to Cape Maria 先頭 Diemen. Taking from thence a north-east course he discovered Amsterdam and other islands, and after sailing north-west and then skirting the north coast of New Guinea he returned to Batavia.

In 1644 Tasman sailed a second time from Batavia and 調査するd the south coast of New Guinea, the 湾 of Carpentaria and the north and north-West coasts of Australia. Thus, in the two voyages, though he left the question of the 存在 of a southern continent 未解決の, he had made the first 完全にする circumnavigation of Australia and New Guinea.

It is 一般に 明言する／公表するd that the first land sighted by Tasman was 近づく Point Hibbs, and his little chart of 先頭 Diemen's land appears to favour this opinion, but an examination of his 定期刊行物 leads to a different 結論.

{Page: 116}

From the 入ること／参加（者）s referred to it is evident that his position on November 24, when he first saw the land, is not laid 負かす／撃墜する on the chart. The latitude entered for noon of that day is 42 deg. 25 minutes. As the 天候 was （疑いを）晴らす this was probably the 観察するd latitude, and making allowance for the usual error we may place it some miles more to the north. From noon he sailed four hours E. by N. before he sighted land 耐えるing E. by N. 40 English miles distant. Some three hours later this course would have brought him to a latitude a little to the northward of Cape Sorell (42 deg 12 min). The position would agree with his description of the land he saw, viz. "very high." に向かって evening he saw three high mountains, to the E.S.E. and to the N.E. He also saw two mountains N.E., but not so high as those to the southward. Flinders in his circumnavigation of the island identified the two mountains to the N.E. as those 指名するd by him Heemskirk and Zeehan after Tasman's ships.

When the shades of evening fell over the strange shore they had just discovered, it was みなすd 慎重な to run out to sea during the night. When morning broke the 微風 had died away and it was noon before they had enough 勝利，勝つd to run in again. By five in the evening they were within 12 miles of the land and they kept on their course until within 4 miles of what was without 疑問 Point Hibbs. Next day the ships sailed south-east in 厚い 霧がかかった 天候, in which only glimpses of the coast were 得るd. Tasman took some of the high 長，率いる-lands and mountains about Point Davey for islands, calling them De Witt and Sweers Islands. Then he 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd the South West Cape, and 指名するd Maatsuyker Islands, passing の近くに to a small island (about 12 miles from the 本土／大陸) which in 外見 似ているd a lion and which was afterwards identified by Flinders as the 激しく揺する 指名するd by Furneaux, The Mewstone. Thence he passed between the 本土／大陸 and a 激しく揺する which he 指名するd Pedra Branca (White 激しく揺する) from its resemblance to Pedra Branca off the coast of 中国, sailed past the 入り口 to D'Entrecasteaux Channel, and on November 29 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd the Friars, (which he 指名するd Boreels 小島s); 耐えるing up for a large bay, ーするつもりであるing to 錨，総合司会者 there. He had almost reached his ーするつもりであるd 船の停泊地 when a 激しい 嵐／襲撃する arose and he was driven out so far to sea that next morning he could hardly discern the land. It was from this 出来事/事件 that 嵐／襲撃する Bay got its 指名する. (The 船の停泊地 Tasman 試みる／企てるd to reach is that at which Furneaux 錨，総合司会者d in 1773 and which he 指名するd Adventure Bay.) When the 勝利，勝つd 穏健なd he

{Page: 117}

continued his easterly course, and 一連の会議、交渉／完成するing Tasman's Island (The 中心存在) he turned northward along the east coast of Tasman and Forestier's 半島s until on Dec. 1, an hour after sunset, he 錨，総合司会者d in a good port, in 22 fathoms, the 底（に届く） 罰金 light-grey sand. "Wherefore," says Tasman piously, "we せねばならない 解除する up thankful hearts to Almighty God." The position of this 船の停泊地, as shown on Tasman's chart, is north-west of the rocky islet now called Green Island; just north of the basaltic cliffs of Cape Frederick Henry.

On December 2, 早期に in the morning, the boat was sent to 調査する a bay some four miles to the north-west (Blackman's Bay). The boat returned in the evening. The 乗組員 報告（する）／憶測d that they had 列／漕ぐ／騒動d some miles after passing through the 入り口 to the bay (now known as the 狭くするs). They had heard human 発言する／表明するs but had not seen anyone.

The next day, December 3, the boats went to the south-east corner of the bay in which the ships were 錨，総合司会者d, ーするために get fresh water, but, though they 設立する a lagoon, the shore was so low that the waves had broken through and the water was too brackish to use. In the afternoon when an 試みる／企てる was made to land, the sea ran so high that one boat was 強いるd to return to the ship. The other, a larger one, under the 命令（する） of Tasman, made for a little bay W.S.W. of the ships but the sea was too rough to 許す of 上陸. The carpenter, Peter Jacobsen, volunteered to swim 岸に with a 政治家 on which was the Prince's 旗, which he 工場／植物d on the shore of the bay. Thus Tasman took 所有／入手 of the island for the Dutch.

On December 4 they 重さを計るd 錨，総合司会者 and stood to the northward passing Maria and Schouten Islands, the latter 存在 so 指名するd, by Tasman, after his fellow-townsman of the Port of Hoorn. On the に引き続いて morning he sailed from opposite a high 一連の会議、交渉／完成する hill (St. Patrick's 長，率いる) and stood away eastward to make その上の 発見s.

Of the localities associated with the 発見 of Tasmania, the 長，指導者 利益／興味 大（公）使館員s to Frederick Henry Bay, and its neighbourhood. The 指名する has been dislocated from its rightful position on the 地図／計画する, and has been transferred to another part of the coast, where it is now 直す／買収する，八百長をするd by long usage. Tasman never saw what is now known as Frederick Henry Bay. The bay to which he gave the 指名する of the Stadtholder of Holland was in the 即座の 周辺 of his 船の停泊地 on the north-east

{Page: 118}

coast of Forestier's 半島. Its exact locality the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the voyage leave a little doubtful. The 定期刊行物 含む／封じ込めるs no 指名するs of places, but the account of the 工場／植物ing of the 旗 would lead to the inference that the Prince's 指名する was given to the bay in which the ships lay at 錨，総合司会者, and which is now known as Marion Bay. The charts, however, lead rather to the 結論 that it is the inner port, or arm of the sea, now Blackman's Bay. The copy of the 地図／計画する in Burney leaves the point doubtful, the 指名する 存在 written on the land between the two ports. But in the chart as 再生するd by Vallentyn, and 明言する／公表するd to have been copied by him from the 初めの 定期刊行物, the 指名する is distinctly written in Blackman's Bay.

For more than a century after Tasman 錨，総合司会者d off Green Island no 航海士 投機・賭けるd to follow him into the 嵐の seas that wash the dark cliffs of the 広大な／多数の／重要な South Land.

The first of the moderns who sighted the coast of 先頭 Diemen's Land was the French Captain Marion du Fresne in 1772. Marion made the west coast a little to the south of Tasman's land-落ちる, and, に引き続いて almost the same course as the earlier 航海士, his ships, the Mascarin and Marquis de Castries , 錨，総合司会者d on March 5, 1772, at a 位置／汚点／見つけ出す somewhat to the north west of the Hemskerk's 船の停泊地 in 1642. Marion took this to be the Frederick Henry Bay of Tasman, but, as has already been shown, this was almost certainly an error, and since the visit of the Mascarin the outer bay, as distinguished from the inner, has borne on the charts the more appropriate 任命 of Marion Bay. The description in the narrative of the voyage is not 十分に exact to enable one to 決定する the 正確な 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where the French landed, but it appears to have been on the Two-mile Beach (North Bay of our 現在の 地図／計画するs). On this beach it was that the aborigines of Tasmania first （機の）カム into 接触する with Europeans. The 会合 was an ill-omened one; the 黒人／ボイコットs resisted the 上陸, and attacked Marion's party with 石／投石するs and spears. The French, in 報復, 解雇する／砲火／射撃d upon them, 殺人，大当り one man and 負傷させるing others. The ships lay in the bay for six days, during which time the French 調査するd the country for a かなりの distance, searching for fresh water, and 木材／素質 for spars, but they saw nothing more of the natives after the first 致命的な 遭遇（する）. 存在 unable to find either good water or 木材／素質 suitable for his needs, Marion sailed on March 10 for New Zealand, where he met his death in a 背信の attack on his people by the Maoris.

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The next 航海士 who visited Tasmania was Captain Tobias Furneaux--Cook's second in 命令（する） on his second voyage of 発見. It is to Furneaux's 失敗s that the 混乱 尊敬（する）・点ing Frederick Henry Bay is 予定. The two ships (the 決意／決議 , 462 トンs, and the Adventure , 336 トンs) were separated by a 嵐／襲撃する in latitude 50 degrees south, between the Cape and Australia. Cook, in the 決意／決議 kept on his course for New Zealand; Furneaux in the Adventure , 存在 short of water, bore up for the land laid 負かす／撃墜する by Tasman as 先頭 Diemen's Land. On March 9, 1773, Furneaux sighted the land at a point which he took to be Tasman's South Cape. The point was, in fact, South West Cape, and from this 初期の error the whole course of その後の 失敗s arose.

From South West Cape he sailed eastward, ーするつもりであるing to make Tasman's 船の停泊地 in Frederick Henry Bay. Reaching the South Cape, he mistook it for the Boreel Islands, south of Bruny, and mistook the 入り口 of D'Entrecasteaux Channel for Tasman's 嵐／襲撃する Bay. The south point of Bruny he mistook for Tasman's Island (the 中心存在) and called it Tasman's 長，率いる. 一連の会議、交渉／完成するing Bruny Island he stood north, under the impression that he was sailing along the east coast of 先頭 Diemen's Land, and in the evening 錨，総合司会者d in a bay of which he says:--

"We at first took this bay to be that which Tasman called Frederick Henry Bay, but afterwards 設立する that it is laid 負かす／撃墜する five leagues to the northward of this." Furneaux 指名するd his 船の停泊地 Adventure Bay, the point to the north be called Cape Frederick Henry--believing that Tasman's Frederick Henry Bay lay to the north of this cape--and the opposite shore, of Tasman's 半島, he laid 負かす／撃墜する on his chart as Maria's 小島s. After five days' stay in Adventure Bay, he sailed out and 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd the 中心存在, under the impression that he was 一連の会議、交渉／完成するing the south point of Maria Island. Then he proceeded north as far as the Furneaux Group, and bore away for New Zealand to 再結合させる Cook.

Cook, on his third voyage, cast 錨，総合司会者 in Adventure Bay on January 24, 1777, without （悪事，秘密などを）発見するing Furneaux's mistake or 訂正するing his charts.

In 1789, Captain J. H. Cox, in the brig 水銀柱，温度計 錨，総合司会者d in the 海峡 between Maria Island and the 本土／大陸, but, misled by the charts of Furneaux and Cook, never 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd that he was within a few miles of Tasman's Frederick Henry Bay.

In April, 1792, 海軍大将 D'Entrecasteaux with the ships Recherche and Esperance , sighted the Mewstone, and bore

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up for the 本土／大陸, ーするつもりであるing to make Cook's 船の停泊地 in Adventure Bay. Through an error of his 操縦する, instead of 一連の会議、交渉／完成するing Bruny Island, he stood to the west of it, and 設立する he was not in Adventure Bay, but in the 入り口 of the Channel, which he (like Cook) believed to be the 嵐／襲撃する Bay of Tasman. D'Entrecasteaux 調査するd the channel which 耐えるs his 指名する, 上がるd the river, which he 指名するd Riviere du Nord , and 調査するd the wide bay to the north-east, which he 指名するd Baie du Nord . This bay he thought communicated with Tasman's Frederick Henry Bay on the east coast, and under this impression the land which Cook had erroneously laid 負かす／撃墜する as Maria Island he 指名するd Ile d'Abel Tasman .

In 1794, Captain John Hayes in the ships Duke of Clarence and Duchess , visited 嵐／襲撃する Bay--although the 指名する does not appear on his charts. He evidently had only Cook's chart since he placed Adventure Bay, Tasman's 長，率いる and Maria's 小島s as they are laid 負かす／撃墜する by Cook. Captain Hayes 改名するd all the other localities in 嵐／襲撃する Bay, and it is to him we 借りがある the 指名する of the River Derwent. The Baie du Nord of D'Entrecasteaux he called Henshaw's Bay.

In December, 1798, Flinders and Bass, in their first circumnavigation of the island in the Norfolk , sailed up 嵐／襲撃する Bay, 調査するd and 調査するd the Baie du Nord. Flinders says he was at the time やめる ignorant that this bay had ever been entered before, and, misled by the errors of Furneaux and Cook, he laid it 負かす／撃墜する on his first sketch chart as Frederick Henry Bay.

In January, 1802, the French 発見 探検隊／遠征隊 under 海軍大将 Baudin, in the ships Geographe and Naturaliste , arrived in D'Entrecasteaux Channel. During a stay of some weeks they 完全にするd the 調査するs of 海軍大将 D'Entrecasteaux and 調査するd and 調査するd the Baie Nord. They then sailed for the east coast and 錨，総合司会者d in the passage between Maria Island and the 本土／大陸. From this point Freycinet (Baudin's 中尉／大尉／警部補) made the first 徹底的な examination of Tasman's Frederik Hendrik Bay. He 調査するd it as far as East Bay Neck, and was thus enabled to 訂正する the mistakes of former 航海士s. He 設立する that D'Entrecasteaux had been mistaken in supposing that there was a channel between Frederick Henry Bay, and the Baie du Nord, and that the supposed Ile d'Abel Tasman was a 二塁打 半島, to which he gave the 指名するs of Forrestier's and Tasman's 半島. He also 証明するd that Flinders had been in error in 適用するing the

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指名する Frederick Henry to the Baie du Nord. The charts of Baudin's 探検隊／遠征隊, 建設するd by Faure, were the first to show the coast 正確に; in them, for the first time, the outer port was laid 負かす／撃墜する as Baie Marion, and the inner one as Baie Frederik Hendrik. Many years later (after his 解放（する） from his long 捕らわれた in Mauritius) Flinders （機の）カム to 令状 his Voyage to Terra Australis [and] he had the 適切な時期 to compare his 調査するs (of 15 years before) with the French charts and 訂正する his errors. In his Atlas, therefore, the Bale du Nord is 正確に 指名するd North Bay, and the 指名する of Frederick Henry Bay is 回復するd to its proper place on the east coast; though he 適用するs it to the outer port and not the inner, which 耐えるs the 指名する in Tasman's 地図／計画する.

The 初めの error of Furneaux (perpetuated as it was by Cook and Flinders' first chart) had 得るd too 会社／堅い a 持つ／拘留する to be 追い出すd.

After the 出版（物） of Flinders' Atlas some of the 早期に 地図／計画する-製造者s endeavoured to 回復する the 指名するs to their proper localities. Thus in a chart 収集するd by G. W. Evans (Surveyor-General), and published in London in 1821, and also in a chart published in London by Cross in 1826, North Bay is 正確に placed and the 指名する Frederick Henry is in the first 地図／計画する 適用するd to the outer bay, and in the second more 正確に to the inner one. In Assistant-Surveyor Scott's 地図／計画する, published in Hobart by Ross in 1830, the 指名する Frederick Henry appears in 嵐／襲撃する Bay, but in Arrowsmith's 地図／計画する published in London in 1842, the 代案／選択肢 指名するs are given, viz., Frederick Henry Bay, or North Bay; while the 指名する Frederick Henry also appears, 正確に, in the inner bay.

There still remains another memorable voyage of 発見 to 記録，記録的な／記録する, undertaken by Bass and Flinders conjointly in the year 1798. The 反対する of this 探検隊／遠征隊 was to 論証する the 存在 of the probable 海峡 and the consequent insularity of 先頭 Diemen's Land. The way it was 提案するd to 遂行する this 二塁打 反対する was to sail through the channel and circumnavigate the island. Bent on this adventure, Bass and Flinders left Sydney Cove on the 7th October 1798, in the Norfolk , 25 トンs. Their 巡航する in the channel 公表する／暴露するd a large number of islands. The circumnavigation of 先頭 Diemen's Land 開始するd at the northern point, known as Cape Portland; nothing 特に remarkable occurred till a point was reached which they 指名するd Low 長，率いる, すぐに after which the Norfolk entered an arm of the sea more than a mile in

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width. This appeared to be a 発見 of 十分な importance to 充てる sixteen days to its 探検. It 証明するd to be the embouchure of what is now known as the River Tamar, on which Launceston, the second town of the island, is built. After a short sail to the 西方の they 設立する themselves 一連の会議、交渉／完成するing the north-west cape and could perceive the shore 傾向ing to the south. The problem was already 事実上 solved. "Mr Bass and myself," says Flinders, "あられ／賞賛するd it with joy and 相互の congratulations, as 発表するing the 完成 of our long-wished for 発見 of a passage into the Southern Indian Ocean." This fortunate 問題／発行する of their hours 示すd an 時代 both in the history of 発見 and the 進歩 of international 商業. By January 6 they had brought their work to an end. The heroic 航海士s (as they were then and are still 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d) returned to Sydney bringing the welcome 知能 that there was no longer 疑問 as to the insularity of Tasmania. The 長所 of the latter 発見 is almost 平等に 予定 to both 航海士s, but with a generosity which 反映するs credit, (and is as noble as it is rare) Flinders 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd on 知事 Hunter to 指名する it Bass' 海峡s.

Previous 航海士s had 扱う／治療するd the 領土 as 部分 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な South Land. It was left to Flinders and Bass to 証明する さもなければ.

Lives of 広大な／多数の／重要な men oft remind us
We can make our lives sublime
And 出発／死ing leave behind us
足跡s on the sands of time.

THE END

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