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肩書を与える:      Since Yesterday (1939)
Author:     Frederick 吊りくさび Allen
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SINCE YESTERDAY

THE 1930s IN AMERICA

September 3, 1929--September 3,1939

Frederick 吊りくさび Allen

1939

To

LETITIA CUNNINGHAM ROGERS

who has a wise 長，率いる and a warm heart

CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

PREFACE

Ever since, in Only Yesterday, I tried to tell the story of life in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs during the nineteen-twenties I have had it in the 支援する of my mind that some day I might make a 類似の 試みる／企てる for the nineteen-thirties. I definitely began work on the 事業／計画（する） late in 1938 and had it three-４半期/4分の1s done by the latter part of the summer of 1939, though I did not yet know how the story would end. The 突発／発生 of war in Europe 供給するd an obvious 結論, since it 約束d to end an 時代 perhaps as definitely as the Panic of 1929 had ended one. By an 半端物 chance, the 宣言 of war upon Germany by the British and French 政府s took place ten years to a day after that September 3, 1929, which I had already made the 支配する of my first 一時期／支部. It gave me a turn to realize how 正確に the course of events had 供給するd me with a １０年間 to chronicle.

The （期間が）わたる of time covered in Only Yesterday was from the Armistice of November 11, 1918, to the Panic of October-November, 1929, with a 結論するing 一時期／支部 which recited the course of events between the Panic and the spring of 1931 and tried to 示唆する how the temper of the country had altered during that 地位，任命する-Panic interval. (The 調書をとる／予約する was published in December, 1931.) When I （機の）カム to 計画（する） the 現在の 容積／容量 it was （疑いを）晴らす that some overlapping would be necessary, for 明白に the story of the nineteen-thirties should start before the Panic and give some idea of the high place from which the country fell during the 経済的な 崩壊（する） of 1929-32. Hence my 決定／判定勝ち（する） to begin with a 熟考する／考慮する of things as they were on September 3, 1929 (which I had written in somewhat different form as an article in Harper's Magazine in 1937), and in a second 一時期／支部 to cover the Panic and the course of events up to the spring of 1931. The story of the Panic itself, however, I have abbreviated in this 調書をとる／予約する, since I told it in かなりの 詳細（に述べる） in Only Yesterday.

The problem of 選択 and 強調, always difficult, is of course doubly difficult when one is 令状ing so の近くに to the event. In Only Yesterday I brought into sharp 救済 manners and customs, fads and follies, and everyday circumstances of life. In the 現在の 容積／容量 I have done the same thing to some degree, but not やめる as much; for the heart of the story of America in the nineteen-thirties was 明白に the enormous 経済的な and political 変形 which took place, and such trivialities as had been of the essence of life in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in the nineteen-twenties were now, it seemed to me, いっそう少なく 重要な. 未来 events may make my 選択 and 評価 of 構成要素 look very 時代遅れの; in that 事例／患者 I can only hope my very miscalculations may have a 確かな paradoxical value as 示すing the sort of 落し穴 into which one readily fell in 1939, even if one were conscientiously 意図 upon 現在のing a fair 評価.

F. L. A.

一時期／支部 One

PRELUDE: SEPTEMBER 3, 1929

ｧ 1

Do you remember what you were doing on September 3, 1929?

Probably not--unless you have an altogether exceptional memory.

Let me refresh your recollection. For if we are to understand the changes in American life during the nineteen-thirties, we must first 解任する what things were like before this period began--before the Panic which introduced the 不景気. Perhaps the most convenient way of doing this is to imagine ourselves re-living a 選び出す／独身 day in 1929: seeing what things look like, listening to the talk, ちらりと見ることing at the newspapers and magazines and 調書をとる／予約するs, noticing what are the 最大の関心事s and 仮定／引き受けることs and 期待s in people's minds--and doing all this with the 注目する，もくろむs and ears and 知識人 視野 of today.

I have chosen September 3, 1929, as the day to re-visit, for it was then that the Big Bull Market reached its 頂点（に達する）: that the ダウ平均 of 在庫／株-market prices, which had been rising so long and so furiously, made its high 記録，記録的な／記録する for all time. If there was any 選び出す／独身 day when the wave of 繁栄--and of 憶測--which characterized the nineteen-twenties may be said to have 達成するd its 最大の 高さ before it curled over and 衝突，墜落d, September 3, 1929, was that day.

So let us go 支援する and look about us.

ｧ 2

It is a very hot day, this first Tuesday in September, 1929. Not everywhere, to be sure: in the Far West and South the 気温s are 穏健な. But from the coast of Maine to the wheatfields of Nebraska the sun （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域s 負かす／撃墜する implacably.

Yesterday was Labor Day; and last night, as the long holiday week end （機の）カム to its の近くに, the 郊外の 主要道路s approaching the larger American cities were nightmares of congestion as endless lines of cars 十分な of sunburned, sweltering vacationists and week-enders crept cityward through the night, インチ by angry インチ. On the New Jersey 主要道路s 主要な to New York the tie-up was so 完全にする that people by the thousands, hopeless of reaching the Holland Tunnel for hours, parked their cars in Newark or Hoboken and finished the 旅行 to New York by tube. The 鉄道／強行採決する 駅／配置するs, too, were jammed with people--not only vacationists and week-enders but boy and girl campers returning to town 一団となって／一緒に; never had Labor Day traffic been so 圧倒的な, or the 集団の／共同の 不快 of Labor Day travel been greater. (There were, of course, no 空気／公表する-条件d cars.)

As you get up on Tuesday morning, September 3, after an airless night, the 天候 予測 in the morning paper 申し込む／申し出s you no 救済. "Fair and continued warm today and tomorrow," it says. You are in for it: for a 気温 of 94.2ｰ in New York; 90ｰ in Chicago, Detroit, and Kansas City; 92ｰ in St. Louis; 94ｰ in Minneapolis; 97ｰ in Boston.

After breakfast you go out on the street. The men you see there do not look so very different from those of a １０年間 later, though more of them are wearing starched collars and waistcoats than in その後の years, and not nearly so many of them are going hatless. But the women are different indeed. The 流行の／上流の 人物／姿／数字 is straight up and 負かす／撃墜する--no breasts, no waist, no hips; and if few of the women you see can even approximate this ideal, at least they are visibly making the 成果／努力. Not yet have Mae West's curves become a 国家の 影響（力）. The waistline--if it can be called one--is 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the hips. The skirts are short, reaching only two or three インチs below the 膝: shorter than they will be again until 1939. (The new evening dresses--backless and sleeveless--have パネル盤s, godets, or drapery hanging about the ankles, but the dresses themselves are still short.) Every dress has a v-neck, almost every sweater even. If this were a wintry day, instead of one of the hottest days of summer, you would see every woman hugging herself energetically to 持つ／拘留する in place her straight wraparound coat. The women's hats are small helmets that fit tightly 権利 負かす／撃墜する to the nape of the neck and so closely surround the 直面する that a profile 見解（をとる） of a woman shows hardly more than an 注目する，もくろむ, the nose, mouth, and chin, a lock or two of hair to decorate the cheek--and the helmet. Not all women wear their hair short, but the 認可するd style is to shingle it in the 支援する and draw it 今後 over the ears.

Even in a large city you may see one or two backless dresses の中で the shoppers and a few pairs of stockingless 脚s, for the sun-tan craze is in the 十分な 紅潮／摘発する of novelty. As the 宣伝s in the Ladies Home 定期刊行物 宣言する, "This is a sun-worshipping year . . . all the world has gone in for sun-tan." You will have to look long and hard to （悪事，秘密などを）発見する any 色合いd nails, however; that style is still in the 未来.

The automobiles 殺到するing by you are angular; there isn't a 簡素化する の中で them. 水平の and perpendicular lines; square 最高の，を越すs, with the upper 後部 angle hardly 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd at all; perpendicular or almost perpendicular windshields; perpendicular, flat radiator 前線s. No pointed or 一連の会議、交渉／完成するd prows, no sloping 後部s, no 草案 ventilators.

You will not be able to go far, in the central part of any of the big cities, without 審理，公聴会 the deafening clatter of riveters, for although the Florida にわか景気 went to pieces in 1926, and the にわか景気 in 郊外の 開発s--which has been filling up the open spaces in the 郊外s of the cities with Cotswold Terraces and Rosemont Groves and Woodmere 運動s--has been lagging a bit since 1937, the にわか景気 in apartment-house construction and 特に in office-building construction is still going 十分な 攻撃する. Not in the poorer 地区s are the riveters noisiest, but at the 中心s of big 商売／仕事 and of 居住の wealth, for it is the 支えるもの／所有者s and manipulators of 安全s who are the 長，指導者 受益者s of this last 思索的な 段階 of Coolidge-Hoover 繁栄. That 網状組織 of steel girders which you see rising so high above the street is going to be a luxurious 協同組合 apartment house; that place where the sidewalk is roofed over and the steam shovels are gobbling up an 巨大な 穴掘り is the 場所／位置 for a new 超高層ビル for 仲買人s' offices and 投資-信用 offices and mortgage-社債 salesmen.

In New York they are 涙／ほころびing 負かす／撃墜する the old Waldorf-Astoria to make room for a 超高層ビル to end 超高層ビルs, the Empire 明言する／公表する Building. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., has architects 静かに at work making 予選 計画（する）s for a big 中央の-town 開発 which he hopes will have a new オペラ House as its central feature (he doesn't know yet that the オペラ will 拒絶する／低下する to come in and that his colossal 投資 will have to take new 形態／調整 in a 無線で通信する City). The Chrysler Building and several other major 超高層ビルs are still 狙撃 上向き. Most of the other cities of America are doing their best to emulate New York's frenzy for monuments of steel and 石／投石する ever loftier, more ambitious, and more expressive of the 時代 of 確信して 思索的な 財政／金融.

As you walk on, a man passes you whistling "Singin' in the Rain," which at the moment 競争相手s "The Pagan Love Song" and "Vagabond Lover" in 人気.

Here is a movie theatre advertising Al Jolson in "Say It with Songs"; across the street another one advertises "Our Modern Maidens," with Joan Crawford (still in her harum-scarum 段階) and 棒 La Rocque. A little その上の Ronald Colman may be seen in "Bulldog Drummond." The fact that this is advertised as Mr. Colman's "first all-talking picture" 耐えるs 証言，証人／目撃する that the 侵略 of the movies by sound is not yet 完全にする. Even in the big cities there are still silent pictures competing with the talking ones. The 移住 of Broadway 行う／開催する／段階 celebrities to Hollywood has been under way for some time, as movie 生産者s search for actors who can speak their parts acceptably, but still the studios are fumbling uncertainly with the new medium, and still the critics regard the "talkie" as something of an ぎこちない parvenu. When your 地元の theatre, succumbing to the 傾向 of the times, gets itself wired for sound, the noises which blare 前へ／外へ are いつかs wonderful indeed. The actors lisp absurdly; the 爆発s of song, coming after "silent sequences," are often cacophonous; and as Gilbert Seldes 発言／述べるs in an article in the 現在の Harper's, "The tinkle of a glass, the 発射 of a revolver, a footfall on a hardwood 床に打ち倒す, and the noise of a pack of cards 存在 shuffled, are all about alike."

刻々と, however, the medium is 存在 改善するd; and indeed there are many people in this 時代 of 早い 工学 前進する and bold 商売／仕事 企業 who are wondering whether the talking picture will not soon be superseded in its turn by television. "Within twelve months--eighteen months at the 最新の--the talkies will have to 会合，会う the 競争 of the talkie-projector in the home," 令状s Mr. Seldes. ". . . And within another year we shall probably have the simple and comparatively 安価な 機械装置s, now 存在 perfected, which will throw on a small 審査する 始める，決める up beside the home 無線で通信する 始める，決める a moving picture 事業／計画（する）d from a central broadcasting 駅／配置する."

If you are to be in New York this evening, perhaps the 行う／開催する／段階 will be more to your taste than the movies. "Street Scene" is having a long run there, and so is that grim reminiscence of war, "旅行's End," which you may prefer if you have liked the 現在の best-selling novel, All 静かな on the Western 前線. Eddie Cantor is on the 行う／開催する／段階 in "Whoopee," you can see Bert Lahr in "持つ／拘留する Everything!" If you enjoy 開始 nights, you can go to the first 業績／成果 of a new musical show called "甘い Adeline," which exemplifies a budding 傾向 to turn 支援する in nostalgic mood to the 感情s of the gay nineties. If you had rather sit 静かに at home on such a hot night and listen to the 無線で通信する, you can hear the Fada Symphony Orchestra, the Pure Oil 禁止（する）d, Whiteman's Old Gold Orchestra, or the 解放する／自由なd Orchestradians. Not yet has the technique of the 無線で通信する variety show been perfected, nor can you listen in on a world-wide broadcast, but the crooners--led by Rudy Vallee--are on the 空気／公表する in 十分な 軍隊. The 普通の／平均（する） price of a 無線で通信する 始める，決める is still as high as $135, for the low-定価つきの small 始める，決めるs have not yet come on the market. In these 繁栄する times, however, 無線で通信するs are 存在 bought in 量 にもかかわらず their size and price, and already some twelve million American families own them.

ｧ 3

Let us look at the newspapers. They may help us to orient ourselves. What will tomorrow morning's headlines say about today's events?

They will agree that the most exciting and important events of September 3, 1929, aside from the 熱波 and 純粋に 地元の happenings, are a speech by the 総理大臣 of England, a ゴルフ tournament, and two 出来事/事件s in 航空.

The 総理大臣 is Ramsay MacDonald; his speech is 配達するd at Geneva before the 議会 of the League of Nations. (Yes, the League, in 1929, is an important--though hardly 決定するing--factor in 国際関係.) MacDonald 発表するs in his speech that 交渉s between 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs for the 制限 of 海軍の 軍備s are 進歩ing 好意的に, and that 十分な 協定 seems 近づく. He hopes すぐに to visit the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to その上の that 協定. (He will come, a little later, and he and 大統領 Hoover will sit and talk on a スピードを出す／記録につける by the Rapidan River 近づく Hoover's 田舎の （軍の）野営地，陣営.)

These 軍備 交渉s of 1929 are 出来事/事件s in the long 戦後の struggle for 協定--and for 国家の advantage--in a Hitlerless world. Germany is a 共和国 and a member of the League of Nations; the Dawes 計画（する） of collecting 賠償s from Germany is about to be 後継するd by the いっそう少なく oppressive Young 計画（する）; フラン, the most powerful nation on the Continent, still 占領するs the Rhineland. Japan has not yet gone into Manchuria, let alone into 中国, nor Italy into Ethiopia; Spain is not yet torn by civil war; and Adolf Hitler is the little-regarded leader of a noisy 少数，小数派 of German Brown Shirts, his 指名する やめる unknown to most Americans.

There is plenty of 緊張, to be sure. 国家の feelings run high, and for years past the attentive students of international 事件／事情／状勢s have been 断続的に 予報するing a major war. At this very moment there is a 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な 脅し of war between Russia and 中国. Mussolini is 心にいだくing dreams of empire; there are Arab 暴動s in パレスチナ; and Gandhi is giving trouble to the British in India. But still in the main the lines drawn at Versailles in 1919 are 持つ／拘留するing, and the 民主的に 治める／統治するd nations are on 最高の，を越す.

Much more exciting than Ramsay MacDonald's 演説（する）／住所, to most Americans, is another 前線-page event of September 3: the 国家の Amateur ゴルフ 選手権 at Pebble Beach, California. The incomparable Bobby Jones is there, tying for first place with 遺伝子 Homans in the qualifying 一連の会議、交渉／完成する. Will Jones go on victoriously to 勝利，勝つ his fifth American amateur 肩書を与える? (He will not; he will be beaten tomorrow by young Johnny Goodman, who in turn will be beaten by nineteen-year-old Lawson Little. Not till next year will Jones be able to 成し遂げる the feat of taking the British amateur and open 肩書を与えるs, and the American amateur and open, all in one season.) 一方／合間 the question whether Jones will 勝利，勝つ is in millions of people's minds all over the country; for ゴルフ is in its heyday as the 商売／仕事 man's game. For years past, aspiring (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs have been 演習d in the idea that afternoons spent in 加える-fours 供給する not only enjoyment but useful 商売／仕事 接触するs, and country clubs have been becoming more palatial, more expensive, and more ひどく mortgaged with 会員の地位 社債s.

Of the two headlined 出来事/事件s in 航空, one is a 勝利, the other a 災害. The 勝利 belongs to the 広大な／多数の／重要な German dirigible, the Graf Zeppelin. Having 首尾よく circled the world, it is now on its way home across the 大西洋 from Lakehurst to Friedrichshafen; by the evening of the third of September it has 完全にするd the ocean crossing, and 観察者／傍聴者s in little Spanish towns see it floating 総計費, its cabins brilliantly lighted against the sky. So impressive has been the Graf Zeppelin's demonstration of the 可能性s of はしけ-than-空気／公表する 飛行機で行くing that the designers of the Empire 明言する／公表する Building are about to build a mooring mast on 最高の，を越す of the 超高層ビル; they will 発表する their 決定／判定勝ち（する） on December 11 with this somewhat premature prophecy: "The directors of Empire 明言する／公表する, Inc., believe that in a comparatively short time the Zeppelin airships will 設立する transatlantic, transcontinental, and transpacific lines, and かもしれない a 大勝する to South America from the port of New York. Building with an 注目する，もくろむ to the 未来, it has been 決定するd to 築く this mooring tower."

In striking contrast to the Graf Zeppelin's 勝利 is the 空気／公表する 災害 of September third: the 衝突，墜落 of a Transcontinental 空気／公表する 輸送（する） 計画（する） in New Mexico during a 雷雨, with the loss of eight lives: a 厳しい 後退 to heavier-than-空気／公表する 飛行機で行くing.

One might be misled by the word "Transcontinental." There is no coast-to-coast 乗客 service by 空気／公表する in 1929. During the summer the T.A.T., with 陸軍大佐 Lindbergh as its 助言者, has begun a 開拓する service in 合同 with the Pennsylvania and Santa Fe 鉄道／強行採決するs: 乗客s take an 夜通し train from New York to Columbus, Ohio; 飛行機で行く by day from Columbus to Waynoke, Oklahoma; take another 夜通し train to Clovis, New Mexico; and then continue by 空気／公表する to the Coast. In newspaper 宣伝s you may see Lionel Barrymore as he alights from the "航空路 限られた／立憲的な," which has 減ずるd the 旅行 from New York to Los Angeles to the 記録，記録的な／記録する-breaking time of forty-eight hours. No night 飛行機で行くing is permitted. Yet now, before the first summer is over, one of the big Ford trimotor 計画（する）s has gone 粉砕するing into 開始する Taylor in New Mexico. The 災害 is an ugly blow to the fledgling 空気／公表する-輸送（する） 産業. Since Lindbergh's flight to Paris in 1927 the adventurers of the 空気／公表する have been crossing oceans boldly, airplane 在庫／株s have been 急に上がるing, and the 地位，任命する Office Department has been 首尾よく 飛行機で行くing the mail across the country; but 乗客 飛行機で行くing in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs is still in its 危険な and uncertain 幼少／幼藍期.

The newspapers which 記録，記録的な／記録する the events of September 3, 1929, 含む／封じ込める other items of 利益／興味. You will learn in them that in Gastonia, North Carolina, a 陪審／陪審員団 has been chosen for the 裁判，公判 of sixteen strikers and 申し立てられた／疑わしい 共産主義者s for the 殺人，大当り of the 長，指導者 of Police. (Yes, there is occasionally a bitter 産業の 衝突 in the nineteen-twenties, even though unionism is weak, the 会員の地位 of the American 連合 of Labor has dwindled, and radicalism is almost ごくわずかの. There is, of course, no CIO.) You will learn that 指揮官 Byrd--not yet an 海軍大将--is waiting in the snows of Little America for his flight over the South 政治家. Babe Ruth, you will discover, is still 最高の，を越す man in baseball: though he has made no ホームラン on September 3, his 記録，記録的な／記録する for the season, so far, stands at 40 ホームランs as against 31 for Jimmy Foxx and 29 for Lou Gehrig. 法案 Tilden is 推定する／予想するd to 勝利，勝つ the amateur tennis 選手権 at Forest Hills (and will do so--for the seventh time), but his 時代 of 最高位, like Bobby Jones's and Babe Ruth's, has not long to run. (His seventh 選手権 will be his last.) From the social columns of the newspaper you may learn that Alfred E. Smith has wandered far enough from the torrid sidewalks of New York to be the guest of 栄誉（を受ける） at a 昼食 at 流行の／上流の Southampton. Having been 敗北・負かすd by Herbert Hoover in the 国家の 選挙 of 1928, Smith is now 準備するing himself for a loftier if narrower 大統領／総裁などの地位--that of the Empire 明言する／公表する Building.

ｧ 4

But the event for which September 3, 1929, will probably be longest remembered in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, you will not find 記録，記録的な／記録するd in the newspapers at all. No headlines will 発表する tonight that the Big Bull Market has reached its 最高潮; for no headline writers--nor anybody else for that 事柄--can see into the 未来. The 財政上の reporters will 発言／述べる, to be sure, that bullish enthusiasm has resulted in "another in the long 一連の 連続した new high 記録，記録的な／記録するs 設立するd by the 株 market," but the comment will be casual. Men do not whip themselves into frenzies over the usual. 非，不，無 of us is aware, on September 3, 1929, that the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs are crossing one of the 広大な／多数の／重要な divides of 国家の history. The way ahead is hidden, as always, by 霧. Surely, we imagine, there is higher ground just ahead. Yet at this very moment the path under our feet is about to turn downward.

Suppose we go into a 仲買人's office this morning. It is （人が）群がるd with men and women; every seat is taken, men are standing against the 塀で囲むs, and during the lunch hour there will be a dense cluster at the door as 商売／仕事 men on their way to lunch stop by to see how their fortunes are faring. All 注目する，もくろむs are riveted on the trans-lux 審査する, across which runs an endless 行列 of letters and 人物／姿／数字s--the 記録，記録的な／記録する of sales taking place on the New York 在庫／株 交流. The tickers are having a hard time to keep up with the 貿易（する）ing today, for the 容積／容量 of 処理／取引s, though not phenomenal for 1929, is large: the day's total will run to nearly four and a half million 株. Probably half the people in this room have bought 在庫／株s on 利ざや; in the whole 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, probably 井戸／弁護士席 over a million people are thus 推測するing with borrowed money, while several millions more are keeping a 希望に満ちた 注目する，もくろむ upon the daily fluctuations in market prices. The 財政／金融ing of all these 思索的な borrowings has sucked into the 株式市場 a 抱擁する 量 of credit; at this very moment the total of 貸付金s to 仲買人s--貸付金s by the banks, and by 商売／仕事 会社／団体s 事実上の／代理 through the banks--comes to over eight billion dollars; yet still the 需要・要求する so far 越えるs the 供給（する） that the 利益／興味 率 for 貸付金s to 仲買人s stands today at nine per cent.

If you can 解釈する／通訳する the symbols as they hurry across the lighted 審査する, notice the prices they 記録，記録的な／記録する. 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Steel is 辛勝する／優位ing up to 261 ³/₄; Anaconda 巡査 is at 130 ⁷/₈; American Telephone, at 302; General Electric, at 395; General モーターs, at 71 ⁷/₈; and 無線で通信する 会社／団体, which recently 分裂（する） its 株 five for one, is 引用するd on the new basis at 99 (which would be 495 on the old basis). Absurdly high, these prices? Not in the opinion of most of the men in this room. Wherever men of 所有物／資産／財産 gather these days--in 商売／仕事 offices, in the 郊外の club cars, at the downtown lunch （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs, in the country-club locker rooms--you will hear that this is a new 時代, that the 未来 of the blue-略章 在庫／株s is dazzling, that George F. パン職人 never sells anything, that you can't go far wrong if you are a Bull on America. "These new 投資 信用s are taking the best 在庫／株s out of the market; better buy them now, while they're still within reach." "Prices too high? But look at the 人物／姿／数字s that the Blue 山の尾根 会社／団体 has just 発表するd that it'll 支払う／賃金! Those fellows know what they're doing." "One of the biggest men in the Street told me yesterday that he 推定する／予想するs to see General Electric go to a thousand." "I tell you, Electric 社債 and 株 at 183 is dirt cheap when you consider what's ahead for the public 公共事業（料金）／有用性s."

It is not only in the places where the 豊富な congregate that one hears discussion of the market. In these days when 管理人s have put their 貯金 into Montgomery 区, when cowboys have 利ざや accounts in American Can, and when nursemaids have just bought 300 株 of Cities' Service, 在庫／株-market talk is 頻発する at dinner parties, in streetcars, on 減刑する／通勤するing trains, の中で filling-駅／配置する 従業員s, の中で bookkeepers lunching at the automat. The stories about big winnings, the conjectures about foolproof methods of 在庫／株-market 予測（する）ing, the gossip about Packard's 現在の 収入s, form the leitmotif of the times.

In every 時代 young 知識人s tend to be 反抗的な. Do they, in 1929, 反逆者／反逆する against the 思索的な frenzy of 財政／金融 capitalism? Very few of them do. If most of them look askance at American 商売／仕事 and American 商売／仕事 men, it is only because they regard them as vulgar and 商業の-minded. The heaven of the young 知識人s of 1929 is not Moscow but Montparnasse; their gods are not 過激な 経済学者s or 小説家s of proletarian 反乱, but Proust, Cezanne, Jung, Mencken, Hemingway (as a Left Bank author of terse disillusionment), and T. S. Eliot.

In Chicago, Samuel Insull is now at the 首脳会議 of his career; he is watching the 在庫／株 of Insull 公共事業（料金）／有用性s 投資s--that 在庫／株 which was 配達するd to him only a few months ago at いっそう少なく than $8 a 株--reach a high price for the day of $115 a 株; and he is 準備するing to 開始する，打ち上げる yet another 最高の-最高の-会社／団体, and to 証言，証人／目撃する the 市民の オペラ's first season in the mammoth building which he has 供給するd for it. In Cleveland, men of 見通し are betting their shirts on those wonder-boys of 鉄道／強行採決するing, the brothers 先頭 Sweringen, who have so piled 持つ／拘留するing company upon 持つ／拘留するing company that they now 支配（する）／統制する six 鉄道／強行採決するs and are acquiring 支配（する）／統制する of a seventh. In Detroit the big 銀行業者s and automobile (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs, succumbing to the 流布している fever for 財政上の 集中, are discussing a movement to 連合させる dozens of Michigan banks into 抱擁する groups. On the 太平洋の Coast, the 現在の 財政上の sensation is Amadeo Giannini's Bank of America, which seems 井戸／弁護士席 on its way to swallow up all California 商売／仕事, if not to 支配する a large part of American banking. Charlie Mitchell's salesmen from the 国家の City Company in New York are selling South American 社債s to the little 十字路／岐路 bank, and Anaconda 巡査 在庫／株 to the bank's 大統領，／社長. The 楽観主義 of 繁栄 is everywhere.

井戸／弁護士席, not やめる everywhere. The 農業者s of America are not 栄えるing: hard times have been almost incessant on the farms since the 戦後の 崩壊（する） of 農業の prices in 1921. The 織物 towns of New England are in a bad way. In the 深い South and the uplands of the Alleghenies, and in the 削減（する）-over 地域s of northern Michigan, there is much privation. Nor can it be 否定するd that there is 失業. To paraphrase the words of F. C. Mills in his 経済的な 傾向s in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, the 排水（気）量 of men by machines, the turnover of men within 産業s, and the 転換ing of men from 産業 to 産業, are making men いっそう少なく 安全な・保証する in their 職業s, and 特に are making it harder for men past the prime of life to get 支援する into new 職業s once they are 追い出すd. The rewards for 雇うd men are often high, but mechanical 改良s and a faster pace of work are making it harder to 持つ／拘留する on. And it must be 認める, too, that when one uses the word 繁栄 one is using a 親族 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語. によれば the Brookings 見積（る）s, even in this 旗，新聞一面トップの大見出し／大々的に報道する year of 1929 no いっそう少なく than seventy-eight per cent of the American 全住民 have family incomes of いっそう少なく than $3,000 or individual incomes of いっそう少なく than $1,500, and something like forty per cent have family incomes of いっそう少なく than $1,500 or individual incomes of いっそう少なく than $750. Certainly such a 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s is far from Utopian. Yet by all 現在の 基準s どこかよそで in the world, and by all remembered 基準s in America, the 普通の／平均（する） of 井戸／弁護士席-存在 is high; and の中で the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do it is glittering.

大統領 Hoover has just returned to the blinding heat of Washington from a week end at his Rapidan （軍の）野営地，陣営, and this morning he 会合，会うs with his 閣僚 from 10:30 till 12. No 記録，記録的な／記録する will be kept of what goes on at that 会合, but one may hazard a reasonable guess as to some of the topics under discussion. The talk may turn to the 軍備 交渉s with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, or to some 厄介な questions of 関税 調整, or to the danger of a Russo-Chinese war over the Chinese Eastern 鉄道／強行採決する. Mr. Hoover may 協議する his 閣僚 as to whether he should 公然と非難する the shipbuilding companies which 保持するd William B. Shearer as an "観察者／傍聴者" at the Geneva 武器 会議／協議会, 推定では to 妨げる 海軍の 削減. (He will 公然と非難する them, three days hence.) There are also ぎこちない questions relating to 禁止, farm 救済, and Mexican 政策 which may come before the 会合. Are those men gathered about the long （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する in the White House offices turning their attention today to the question whether 繁栄 can be 持続するd? It is possible, but ありそうもない.

Not that Herbert Hoover 株 the 普及した belief that the 思索的な debauch in the 株式市場 is a happy and healthy 現象. On the contrary, he has been supporting the 連邦の Reserve Board in its unavailing 成果／努力s to check the flow of credit into 憶測, and he has done his 株 of worrying over the possible consequences of a 崩壊（する） of prices. But by this time the にわか景気 is 井戸／弁護士席 beyond 支配（する）／統制する, except by some 激烈な 手段 which might bring on the very 衝突，墜落 it was ーするつもりであるd to 回避する. さもなければ the 経済的な skies seem （疑いを）晴らす. 商売／仕事 is undeniably にわか景気ing. Perhaps the 思索的な 嵐／襲撃する will manage to blow itself out and all will be 井戸／弁護士席. 繁栄, these days, has come to be taken for 認めるd; and busy men whose desks are piled with problems 圧力（をかける）ing for 解答 do not borrow trouble by 審議ing just when and how it might come to an unimaginable end.

Besides, the 維持／整備 of general 繁栄 is not, in 1929, 一般に regarded as a 大統領の 責任／義務. The New York 先触れ（する） Tribune is going to 圧力（をかける） tonight with a laudatory review of Hoover's first six months in office, and nowhere in that review will there be a word about the 株式市場 or so much as a hint that the 維持／整備 of general 経済的な 安定 is the 政府's 事件／事情／状勢. In every political 選挙, of course, the party in 力／強力にする, as a 事柄 of 決まりきった仕事, takes all credit for whatever good times have been enjoyed, and the party out of 力／強力にする excoriates it for whatever hard times have been 苦しむd; but the most that is really 推定する／予想するd of the 政府 from month to month, in relation to the 進歩 of the 国家の economy, is that its 政策s of 課税, 規則, 補助金, and the like, shall if possible be helpful to 商売／仕事 rather than hurtful, and 特に shall be helpful to those 商売／仕事 利益／興味s which are able to 令状 their wishes into 法律制定. さもなければ the 政府 is 推定する／予想するd to keep its 手渡すs off. Insofar as the 経済的な 機械／機構 does not run of its own （許可，名誉などを）与える, automatically, the 国民s look いっそう少なく to the political 長，指導者s in Washington for 経済的な leadership than to the 財政上の 長，指導者s in 塀で囲む Street. Not Herbert Hoover and his 閣僚 but the 銀行業者s and industrialists and 持つ／拘留するing-company promotors are the architects and custodians of this 繁栄.

ｧ 5

But if the 維持／整備 of 繁栄 is not considered a 現在の problem, 禁止 emphatically is. The Eighteenth 改正 is in 十分な 軍隊, and so are the bootleggers and rumrunners. Al Capone, as it happens, is serving a year's 宣告，判決 in Philadelphia for carrying a ピストル, but he will be out soon; 一方／合間 his Chicago ギャング（団） and 類似の ギャング（個々） groups in other cities are taking an enormous （死傷者）数 from the illicit アルコール飲料 商売／仕事. Very few people believe that 廃止する of the Eighteenth 改正 is a reasonable 可能性; any 井戸／弁護士席-知らせるd student of politics will tell you that a few 乾燥した，日照りの 明言する／公表するs could 封鎖する it 無期限に／不明確に. Moralists are せいにするing the prevalence of 罪，犯罪 to the 悲惨な 影響（力）s of the speakeasy.

If your rambles this afternoon should take you through midtown New York, you may notice 井戸／弁護士席-dressed men and women descending the steps to the 地階 入り口s of 確かな brownstone houses. They are not calling on the cook, but making a 決まりきった仕事 入り口 to a speakeasy: standing 根気よく at the door till Tony or Mino, within, has appraised them through a little 閉めだした window and decided to unbolt the door. The man-about-town carries in his wallet a collection of autographed speakeasy cards, certifying to 会員の地位 in this or that "club," in 事例／患者 he should wish to go for a drink to some place where he is not already 井戸／弁護士席 known by sight as a patron or can identify himself as a "friend of Mr. Jones's."

大統領 Hoover has 任命するd a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 to 熟考する／考慮する the whole question of 法律 施行 and 罪，犯罪; and this very day its chairman, George W. Wickersham, is on a train from New York to Washington, going over the 協議事項 for tomorrow's 会合. 禁止 is only one of the topics which this （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 will 調査／捜査する; indeed, though the minutes of tomorrow's 会合 will cover five pages, only two lines will を取り引きする アルコール飲料 法律制定. But to the general public nothing in the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限's program really 事柄s except 禁止. For the wet-or-乾燥した，日照りの 問題／発行する is the hottest one in American politics.

ｧ 6

At any moment some 現在のs in the 広大な／多数の／重要な stream of history are 減らすing, and other 現在のs are 伸び（る）ing in 容積／容量 and strength. At any moment there are things ending, waves of popular excitement 沈下するing, men moving into the twilight of their careers; and there are also things beginning, 未来 events 存在 静かに 用意が出来ている for, men and women walking about unknown whose 指名するs will soon be on everybody's lips.

On this September day of 1929, the last 生き残るing 退役軍人 of the Mexican War is dying. . . . Ex-大統領 William Howard Taft, now the 長，指導者 司法（官） of the 最高裁判所, is in 拒絶する／低下するing health, and has but a few months more to live. . . . Thomas A. Edison's 業績／成就s as an inventor are behind him, for he is in his eighty-third year. On this hot day he is convalescing from an attack of 肺炎, but is sitting up in a 議長，司会を務める and 宣言するing that he 推定する／予想するs to go to Dearborn in a few weeks to celebrate the fiftieth 周年記念日 of his incandescent light. (The 期待 is 正当化するd, for he still has two 十分な years to live.) . . . Calvin Coolidge's life-work is behind him, too. Last March he left the White House for his simple duplex apartment on Massasoit Street, Northampton, where the rent is $36 a month; and although he is said to have made a hundred thousand dollars 令状ing magazine articles since March 4, he still uses a little second-story office with a desk, two 議長，司会を務めるs, and a bookcase filled with old 法律 調書をとる／予約するs. Life is 静かな for him, these days, too 静かな; he longs for the days that are done. . . . In the day's news there is an echo of the oil スキャンダル of the 行政 which に先行するd Coolidge's: Harry F. Sinclair, serving a 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 in the 地区 of Columbia 刑務所，拘置所 for contempt of the 上院 during the oil 調査s, has been 否定するd 許可 to leave the 刑務所，拘置所 on errands as the 刑務所，拘置所 内科医's "製薬の assistant."

It has been said that coming events cast their 影をつくる／尾行するs before. But if this is true, the 影をつくる／尾行するs are not 認めるd as such. On September 3, 1929, 知事 Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York 明言する／公表する, who ran for the 知事／長官の職 last year at the 緊急の 招待 of his old friend Al Smith, is を待つing replies to a questionnaire which he has just sent out to 市長s and village 大統領，／社長s throughout the 明言する／公表する. The questionnaire asks them on what basis their communities buy electric 力／強力にする--from 私的な 公共事業（料金）／有用性s or from 地方自治体の 工場／植物s? and at what cost? This 調査 might seem prophetic, but to mortals 否定するd the gift of prophecy it does not seem 特に 重要な. The men who are 押し進めるing up the prices of public-公共事業（料金）／有用性 在庫／株s to Himalayan levels are not 大いに 乱すd. For anybody in Albany will tell you that Roosevelt is just collecting （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） which he thinks he needs ーするために carry out Al Smith's 力／強力にする 政策.

If you follow the 自由主義の 週刊誌s carefully, you will see 時折の caustic 言及／関連s to that 独裁的な reactionary, that stubborn member of the A F of L 官僚主義, the leader of the 部隊d 地雷 労働者s, John L. 吊りくさび. . . . Father Coughlin of 王室の Oak, outside Detroit, is 井戸／弁護士席 known within the 範囲 of the 選び出す／独身 broadcasting 駅／配置する which 送信する／伝染させるs his sermons but almost unknown beyond them. . . . In Long Beach, California, there is an 年輩の practicing 内科医 指名するd Francis E. Townsend, やめる unknown save to his 患者s and personal friends: the time for the Townsend 年金 計画（する） is still far away. . . . Huey Long is in the 中央 of a 嵐の 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 as 知事 of Louisiana, but Northerners have heard little of him yet. . . . The people who are accustomed to sitting in a Greenwich Village speakeasy and occasionally 審理，公聴会 young Howard Scott--a 非，不，無-too-successful engineer--expound his curious 経済的な theories, would be amazed if they were told that within four years Technocracy will be the talk of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.

放送者s take a day off every week, and so on this September 3 Freeman F. Gosden and Charles J. Correll are getting a 残り／休憩（する） after their first fortnight on the NBC 網状組織 as "Amos 'n' Andy." In two months their program will be changed from a late evening hour to 7 p.m., Eastern 基準 Time, and within a year their 人気 will be so 巨大な that one will hardly be able to walk a 封鎖する in an American town at that hour without 審理，公聴会 "I'se regusted" and "Dat's de propolition" 問題／発行するing from open window after window. Have they any inkling of what is ahead for them? Does Garnet Carter of 警戒／見張り Mountain, Tennessee, who is today 搭乗 a train for Miami to 任命する／導入する the first miniature ゴルフ course in Florida, dream that by next summer miniature ゴルフ courses will be springing up by every 主要道路 all over the land? Does Walt Disney, who, after years of adversity, is at last finding a public for his Mickey Mouse pictures and has just brought out his first Silly Symphony, 予知する his fame and fortune as the creator of "Three Little Pigs" and "Snow White"?

As the heat of the day begins to 病弱な in Cazenovia, New York, a young writer 指名するd Hervey Allen sits 負かす／撃墜する to work at the second 一時期／支部 of a 抱擁する novel which will not be published for nearly four years: Anthony 逆の. . . . In the John Day publishing house in New York, the editors are making up their minds to publish a novel called East 勝利，勝つd, West 勝利，勝つd, which has been 拒絶する／低下するd already by so many publishers that its author has not even bothered to tell her スパイ／執行官s that she has left 中国 for a visit to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. In her mind is taking 形態／調整 another novel; who guesses that this yet unwritten 調書をとる／予約する, The Good Earth, will 勝利，勝つ for Pearl Buck the Nobel Prize? . . . Who, for that 事柄, would ever 選ぶ a freckle-直面するd, fourteen-year-old boy in Oakland, California, 指名するd Donald Budge, as the 未来 world's tennis 支持する／優勝者? The boy hasn't even touched a ゆすり since he was eleven. . . . 最近の 卒業生（する）s of Cushing 学院 at Ashburnham, Massachusetts, remember 井戸／弁護士席 their schoolmate Ruth Elizabeth Davis, but not in 関係 with Hollywood; for not until 1930 will she begin her 審査する career. (Later they will see her often as Bette Davis.) . . . In one of the Middle Western cities, if you 減少（する） into a theatre on the Orpheum vaudeville 回路・連盟 tonight, you may be amused by a young ventriloquist 指名するd Edgar Bergen talking to a 模造の that he calls Charlie McCarthy. . . . If you are in New York and the heat 運動s you to a roof garden for the evening, and you happen to choose the Park Central Hotel, you may 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる the nimbleness of a twenty-year-old clarinetist in the 禁止（する）d; but his 指名する will be as unfamiliar to you as those of Bergen and McCarthy: it is Benny Goodman. Does anybody think of him--does he think of himself--as the 未来 King of Swing?

Everybody who follows the newspapers at all closely in 1929 can identify for you 即時に Bishop 大砲, Texas Guinan, 上院議員 Heflin, Jimmy Walker, Hugo Eckener, 脚s Diamond, Mabel Walker Willebrandt, Dolly Gann, or "Doug and Mary." But even your 地元の newspaper editor, who prides himself on knowing the 指名するs of public characters, will probably have to go to 調書をとる／予約するs of 言及／関連 to identify General Hugh S. Johnson, Alf M. Landon, Harry Hopkins, Thomas E. Dewey, or Eleanor Roosevelt. And not in any 調書をとる／予約する of 言及／関連 will he find Joe Louis, Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Robert Taylor, the WPA, or the New 取引，協定.

In all the country there is no such thing as a 簡素化するd train, a 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 operating 率直に and 合法的に, or a man living on 連邦の 救済. Shirley 寺 is a baby いっそう少なく than five months old, and the Dionne quintuplets are unborn.

And so, for that 事柄, is the 不景気. In fact, if you wished to be 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する as the craziest of prophets by any of the men and women whom you have watched going about their 事件／事情／状勢s in the glaring sunlight of September 3, 1929, you would only have to tell them that within two months they are to 証言，証人／目撃する the greatest 財政上の panic in American history, and that it will 勧める in a 長引かせるd and desperate 経済的な 危機.

一時期／支部 Two

EXIT PROSPERITY

ｧ 1

After September 3, 1929, the 株式市場 dropped はっきりと, 殺到するd up again, dropped again--and did not 殺到する 支援する. Instead, as September （機の）カム to an end, it sagged lower and lower.

Even so, there was not at first much uneasiness. Again and again, during the Big Bull Market of the two 先行する years, there had been sharp breaks 継続している several days, thousands of injudicious and unfortunate 相場師s had been shaken out, and yet prices had 回復するd and climbed on to new 高さs. Why worry now? Why not take advantage of these 取引 prices? And so 利ざや 仲買人s, large and small, who had 以前 sold out at big 利益（をあげる）s （機の）カム floating in again, 火刑／賭けるing their previous winnings on the chance that Steel would climb 支援する from 230 to 260, or General Electric from 370 to 395, and beyond; and accordingly the 容積／容量 of 仲買人s' 貸付金s rose to a new--and final--頂点（に達する） of over eight and a half billion dollars. 一方／合間 the chorus of 財政上の prognosticators 保証するing all and sundry that nothing was amiss, and that prices were 苦しむing only a 一時的な 後退, rose louder than ever.

Yet still the market sagged. Foreign 基金s were 存在 孤立した from it, partly as a result of the 崩壊（する） of Hatry's 思索的な 泡 in England, partly, perhaps, because 憶測 in New York had seemed from the first a 危険な 商売／仕事 to European 投資家s and many of them were now having qualms. Some American 投資家s, too, were prudently 身を引くing as they noticed that the 容積／容量 of 産業の 生産／産物 was 拒絶する／低下するing a little. All the time, as prices ebbed, insecurely 利ざやd 仲買人s were 存在 軍隊d to sell. As October continued and there was no smart 回復, a 公式文書，認める of 不確定, of 緊急, of stridency even, （機の）カム into the clamor that all was 井戸／弁護士席. Perhaps, after all, it was not. . . . The 拒絶する／低下する became more 早い. Surely this must be the 底（に届く）, the last chance to buy cheap. Or was it the beginning of the end?

The short 開会／開廷／会期 of Saturday, October 19, was a bad one, such volatile 在庫／株s as Auburn and 事例／患者 losing 25 points and 40 points それぞれ in two hours of 貿易（する）ing, and even General Electric losing 9 ¹/₄. Monday, October 21, was worse, for by this time more and more 仲買人s were reaching the end of their 資源s and 存在 sold out; the 容積／容量 of 貿易（する）ing reached six million 株. Tuesday was better: did not the 広大な／多数の／重要な Charles E. Mitchell of the 国家の City Bank, returning from Europe, radiate 保証／確信? But on Wednesday the 嵐／襲撃する broke もう一度 and the losses were 前例のない: Adams 表明する lost 96 points during the day, Auburn lost 77, Westinghouse lost 25, and the 在庫／株-market page of the late afternoon papers showed a startling 行列 of minus 人物／姿／数字s 負かす／撃墜する the column of "逮捕する change": -6 ¹/₂, -3, -14 ³/₈, -7, -2 ¹/₂, -16 ¹/₄, -12 and so on. By this time the 容積／容量 of selling was so 広大な／多数の／重要な that the 恐らく almost instantaneous ticker service was left far behind; at three o'clock, when the 交流 was の近くにing for the day, the 人物／姿／数字s running across the trans-lux 審査するs in 仲買人s' offices all over the country were 報告（する）／憶測ing 処理／取引s which had taken place at sixteen minutes past one--an hour and forty-four minutes before!

And on Thursday, October 24. . . .

That Thursday morning the selling （機の）カム in a roaring and presently incredible deluge. How much of it was short selling will never be known, for no 統計に基づく 記録，記録的な／記録する of the total was kept, but 明らかに the 量 was not very 広大な／多数の／重要な. Some of it, of course, was 脅すd selling, even at the 手始め: already men and women had discovered, to their 広大な／多数の／重要な alarm, that the slow 伸び（る）s of weeks and months could be swept away in a few precipitous hours. But even in the first hour on Thursday the greater part of the selling was surely 軍隊d selling. In a market so honeycombed with credit, the beautifully contrived system whereby the 在庫／株 gambler whose 利ざや was exhausted by a 落ちる in market prices was automatically sold out, became a beautifully contrived system for 難破させるing the price structure. In 注ぐd the selling orders by hundreds and thousands; it seemed as if nobody 手配中の，お尋ね者 to buy; and as prices melted away, presently the 仲買人s in the howling melee of the 在庫／株 交流 were fighting to sell before it was too late. The 広大な／多数の／重要な Panic was on.

By noon that day, 狼狽d （人が）群がるs of men and women in 仲買人s' 支店 offices everywhere saw the ticker 記録，記録的な／記録するing unbelievable prices, and realized その上に that it was so hopelessly behind the market as to be 井戸／弁護士席-nigh useless as a 手がかり（を与える） to what was 現実に taking place in the maelstrom of 塀で囲む Street, where Montgomery 区 was 落ちるing headlong from 83 to 50, 無線で通信する from 68 ³/₄ to 44 ¹/₂, even 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Steel from 205 ¹/₂ to 193 ¹/₂.

To the 救助（する） （機の）カム the big 銀行業者s. A few minutes after noon, five of them--Messrs. Lamont of J. P. Morgan & Co., Mitchell of the 国家の City Bank, Potter of the Guaranty 信用, Wiggin of the Chase 国家の, and Prosser of the 銀行業者s 信用--met at the House of Morgan and formed a pool to support prices. So high was the 信用／信任 of the 財政上の world in their sagacity and 力／強力にする that even before they had decided upon anything, when 簡単に the news went about that they were 会合, prices 安定したd, 決起大会／結集させるd; and by the time Richard Whitney, as the 代表者／国会議員 of the 銀行業者s' pool, went on the 床に打ち倒す of the 在庫／株 交流 at half past one to 企て，努力，提案 for 在庫／株s, he hardly had to do more than go through the 動議s: when he 申し込む／申し出d to buy 10,000 株 of Steel at 205, he 設立する only 200 株 for sale at that price. The gods of 塀で囲む Street still could make the 嵐／襲撃する to 中止する.

Not till eight minutes past seven that evening, when night had darkened the windows of the 仲買人s' offices, did the tickers stop chattering out prices from the 交流 床に打ち倒す. Nearly thirteen million 株 had changed 手渡すs. Wild 噂するs had been going about all day--that 交流s had been の近くにd, that 軍隊／機動隊s had been called out in New York, that eleven 相場師s had committed 自殺. Panic this was, and no 疑問 about it. But the 銀行業者s, it was hoped, had saved the day.

For two more days the market, struggling, nearly held its own, while the lights 燃やすd all night in 塀で囲む Street as the 仲買人s' clerks struggled to get their 記録，記録的な／記録するs straight, and the 電報電信s calling for more 利ざや went out by hundreds and thousands. Then the 雪崩／（抗議などの）殺到 began again; and this time the 銀行業者s could not conceivably have stopped it if they had tried. All they tried to do was to 供給する 企て，努力，提案s for 在庫／株 where there were no 企て，努力，提案s at all: to give to the 大勝する a 外見 of order.

On Tuesday, October 29, （機の）カム the 最高潮. The 公式の／役人 統計（学） of the day gave the 容積／容量 of 貿易（する）ing as 16,410,030 株, but no one knows how many sales went unrecorded in the yelling 緊急発進する to sell: there are those who believe that the true 容積／容量 may have been twenty or even twenty-five million. Big and small, insiders and 部外者s, the high-riders of the Big Bull Market were 存在 cleaned out: the erstwhile millionaire and his chauffeur, the all-powerful pool 操作者 and his suckers, the chairman of the board with his two-thousand-株 持つ／拘留するing and the assistant bookkeeper with his ten-株 持つ／拘留するing, the bank 大統領，／社長 and his stenographer. Here are a few of the losses for that 選び出す／独身 day in individual 在庫／株s--and remember that they （機の）カム on 最高の，を越す of a long succession of previous losses: American Telephone and General Electric, 28 points apiece; Westinghouse, 19 points; 連合した 化学製品, 35 points; North American, 271 ¹/₂ points; Auburn, 60 points; Columbian 炭素, 38 ³/₄ points--and these にもかかわらず a sharp 決起大会／結集させる at the の近くに!

Said the sober 商業の & 財政上の Chronicle in its 問題／発行する of November 2, "The 現在の week has 証言，証人／目撃するd the greatest 在庫／株-market 大災害 of all the ages."

Now at last there （機の）カム a turn in the tide, as old John D. Rockefeller 発表するd that his son and he were buying ありふれた 在庫／株s, and two big 会社／団体s 宣言するd extra （株主への）配当s as a gesture of stubborn 信用／信任. The 交流 宣言するd a holiday and 縮めるd the hours of 貿易（する）ing to give the haggard 仲買人s and sleepless clerks a chance to begin to dig themselves out from under the 集まり of 蓄積するd work. Then prices went 負かす／撃墜する once more, and again 負かす／撃墜する. Day after day the 退却／保養地 continued. Not until November 13 did prices reach their 底（に届く） for 1929.

The 災害 which had taken place may be summed up in a 選び出す／独身 statistic. In a few short weeks it had blown into thin 空気／公表する thirty billion dollars--a sum almost as 広大な／多数の／重要な as the entire cost to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of its 参加 in the World War, and nearly twice as 広大な／多数の／重要な as the entire 国家の 負債.

ｧ 2

大統領 Hoover went into 活動／戦闘. He 説得するd 長官 Mellon to 発表する that he would 提案する to the coming 議会 a 削減 in individual and 法人組織の／企業の 所得税s. He called to Washington groups of big 銀行業者s and industrialists, 鉄道／強行採決する and public-公共事業（料金）／有用性 (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs, labor leaders, and farm leaders, and 得るd 保証／確信s that 資本／首都 支出s would go on, that 行う-率s would not be 削減（する）, that no （人命などを）奪う，主張するs for 増加するd 給料 other than those in 交渉 would be 圧力（をかける）d. He 勧めるd the 知事s and 市長s of the country to 拡大する public 作品 in every practicable direction, and showed the way by arranging to 増加する the 連邦の public-buildings 支出 by nearly half a billion dollars (which at that time seemed like pretty 激しい 政府 spending). Hoover and his associates began at every 適切な時期 to 宣言する that 条件s were "fundamentally sound," to 予報する a 復活 of 商売／仕事 in the spring, to 主張する that there was nothing to be 乱すd about.

Thereupon the 銀行業者s and 仲買人s and 投資家s and 商売／仕事 men, and 国民s 一般に, caught their breath and looked about them to take 在庫／株 of the new 状況／情勢. Outwardly they became 積極性 確信して, however they might be gnawed inwardly by worry. Why, of course everything was all 権利. The newspapers and magazines carried 宣伝s radiating 元気づける: "塀で囲む Street may sell 在庫／株s, but Main Street is still buying goods." "All 権利, Mister--now that the 頭痛 is over, LET'S GO TO WORK." It was in those days soon after the Panic that a new song rose to quick 人気--a song copyrighted on November 7, 1929, when the 株式市場 was still reeling: "Happy Days Are Here Again!"

But it was useless to 宣言する, as many men did, that nothing more had happened than that a lot of gamblers had lost money and a preposterous price-structure had been salutarily deflated. For in the first place the individual losses, whether 支えるd by millionaires or clerks, had 即座の repercussions. People began to economize; indeed, during the worst days of the Panic some 商売／仕事s had come almost to a 行き詰まり as 買い手s waited for the ハリケーン to blow itself out. And if the rich, not the poor, had been the 長，指導者 即座の 犠牲者s of the 衝突，墜落 (it was not アイロンをかける-労働者s and sharecroppers who were throwing themselves out of windows that autumn, but 仲買人s and promoters), にもかかわらず trouble spread 急速な／放蕩な as servants were 発射する／解雇するd, as 宝石類 shops and high-定価つきの dress shops and other 高級な 商売／仕事s 設立する their 貿易（する） ebbing and threw off now idle 従業員s, as worried (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs decided to 延期する building the 拡張 to the factory, or to abandon this or that 無益な department, or to 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する on 生産／産物 till the sales prospects were clearer. Quickly the ripples of 不確定 and retrenchment 広げるd and 失業 spread.

Moreover, the 崩壊（する） in 投資 values had 土台を崩すd the credit system of the country at innumerable points, 危うくするing 貸付金s and mortgages and 法人組織の／企業の structures which only a few weeks 以前 had seemed as 安全な as bedrock. The 連邦の Reserve 公式の／役人s 報告（する）／憶測d to Hoover, "It will take perhaps months before readjustment is 遂行するd." Still more serious was the fact--not so 明らかな then as later--that the 粉砕する-up of the Big Bull Market had put out of 商売／仕事 the powerful bellows of インフレーション which had kept 産業 roaring when all manner of things were awry with the 国家の economy. The 思索的な にわか景気, by continually 注ぐing new 基金s into the 経済的な bloodstream, had enabled Coolidge-Hoover 繁栄 to continue long after its natural time.

Finally, the Panic had come as a shock--a first shock--to the illusion that American capitalism led a charmed life. Like a man of rugged health 苦しむing his first 激烈な／緊急の illness, the American 商売／仕事 man suddenly realized that he too was a possible prey for 軍隊s of 破壊. Nor was the shock 限定するd to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. All over the world, America's 明らかに unbeatable 繁栄 had served as an 宣伝 of the advantages of political 僕主主義 and 経済的な 財政／金融 capitalism. Throughout Europe, where the nations were 負担d 負かす／撃墜する with war 負債s and struggling with 逆の 予算s and snarling at one another over their 各々の 株 of a 貿易（する） that would not 拡大する, men looked at the news from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and thought, "And now, perhaps, the jig is up even there." . . .

But if 商売／仕事 was so shaken by the Panic that during the winter of 1929-30 it 答える／応じるd only languidly to the 約束-傷をいやす／和解させるing 治療 存在 定める／命ずるd for it by the 行政, the 在庫／株 market 設立する its feet more readily. Presently the old game was going on again. Those pool 操作者s whose 資源s were at least half 損なわれていない were 押し進めるing 在庫／株s up again. 相場師s, big and little, 納得させるd that what had caught them was no more than a 下降 in the 商売／仕事 cycle, that the 底（に届く） had been passed, and that the 繁栄 禁止（する）d wagon was getting under way again, leaped in to recoup their losses. Prices leaped, the 容積／容量 of 貿易（する）ing became as 激しい as in 1929, and a Little Bull Market was under way. That zeal for 合併s and combinations and 持つ／拘留するing-company empires which had inflamed the rugged individualists of the nineteen-twenties reasserted itself: the 先頭 Sweringers 完全にするd their 購入（する） of the Missouri 太平洋の; the 過程 of amalgamation in the 航空 産業 and in 非常に／多数の others was 再開するd; the Chase 国家の Bank in New York 吸収するd two of its competitors and became the biggest bank in all the world; and the 投資 salesmen 得るd a new 収穫 selling to the suckers five hundred million dollars' 価値（がある） of the very 最新の thing in 投資s--株 in 直す／買収する，八百長をするd 投資 信用s, which would buy the very best 在庫／株s (as of 1930) and 持つ／拘留する on to them till hell froze.

Who noticed that there was more zeal for 強固にする／合併する／制圧するing 商売／仕事s than for 拡大するing them or 始めるing them? In the favorite phrase of the day, 繁栄 was just around the corner.

But a new day was not 夜明けing. This light in the 経済的な skies was only the afterglow of the old one. What if the 在庫／株 ticker--記録，記録的な／記録するing Steel at 198 ³/₄, Telephone at 274 ¹/₄, General モーターs at 103 ⁵/₈, General Electric at 95 ³/₈, 基準 Oil of New Jersey at 84 ⁷/₈--約束d 好天? Even at the 高さ of the Little Bull Market there were breadlines in the streets. In March 行方不明になる フランs Perkins, 産業の Commissioner for New York 明言する／公表する, was 宣言するing that 失業 was worse than it had been since that 明言する／公表する had begun collecting 人物／姿／数字s in 1914. In several cities, 失業 men by the hundreds or thousands were forming pathetic 行列s to dramatize their 苦境--only to be savagely 粉砕するd by the police. In April the 商売／仕事 索引 turned 負かす／撃墜する again, and the 株式市場 likewise. In May and June the market broke 厳しく. While Hoover, grimly fastening a smile on his 直面する, was 発表するing, "We have now passed the worst and with continued まとまり of 成果／努力 we shall 速く 回復する," and 予報するing that 商売／仕事 would be normal by 落ちる--in this very season the long, grinding, heart-breaking 拒絶する／低下する of American 商売／仕事 was beginning once more.

ｧ 3

Not yet, however, had the 不景気 sunk very 深く，強烈に into the general public consciousness. Of the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do, in particular, few were 厳粛に 乱すd in 1930. Many of them had been grievously 傷つける in the Panic, but they had tried to laugh off their losses, to grin at the jokes about 仲買人s and 相場師s which were going the 一連の会議、交渉／完成するs. ("Did you hear about the fellow who engaged a hotel room and the clerk asked him whether he 手配中の，お尋ね者 it for sleeping or jumping?" "No--but I heard there were two men who jumped 手渡す-in-手渡す because they'd held a 共同の account!") As 1930 wore on, they were aware of the 不景気 主として as something that made 商売／仕事 slow and uncertain and did terrible things to the prices of 安全s. To 商売／仕事 men in "Middletown," a 代表者／国会議員 small 中央の-Western city, until 1932 "the 不景気 was おもに something they read about in the newspapers"--にもかかわらず the fact that by 1930 every fourth factory 労働者 in the city had lost his 職業. In the country 捕まらないで, nearly all (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 職業s still held 損なわれていない; （株主への）配当s were 事実上 as large as in 1929; few people guessed that the 経済的な 嵐／襲撃する would be of long duration. Many men and women in the upper income brackets had never seen a 明白な 調印する of this 失業 that they kept reading about until, in the 落ちる of 1930, the International Apple Shippers' 協会, 直面するd with an oversupply of apples, had the 有望な idea of selling them on credit to 失業した men, at 卸売 prices, for resale at 5 cents apiece--and suddenly there were apple-salesmen shivering on every corner.

When the 相当な and 井戸／弁護士席-知らせるd 国民s who belonged to the 国家の 経済的な League (an organization whose (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 会議 含むd such 著名なs as John Hays Hammond, James Rowland Angell, Frank O. Lowden, David Starr Jordan, Edward A. Filene, George W. Wickersham, and Nicholas Murray Butler) were 投票d in January, 1930, as to what they considered the "最高位の problems of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs for 1930," their 投票（する） put the に引き続いて problems at the 長，率いる of the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）: 1. 行政 of 司法（官）; 2. 禁止; 3. Lawlessness, Disrespect for 法律; 4. 罪，犯罪; 5. 法律 施行; 6. World Peace--and they put 失業 負かす／撃墜する in eighteenth place! Even a year later, in January, 1931, "失業, 経済的な 安定化" had moved up only to fourth place, に引き続いて 禁止, 行政 of 司法（官）, and Lawlessness.

These 投票s 示唆する not only how 井戸／弁護士席 絶縁するd were the "best 国民s" of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs against the 経済的な troubles of 1930, and how 傾向がある--as Thurman Arnold later 発言／述べるd--to 答える／応じる to public 事件／事情／状勢s with "a 始める，決める of moral reactions," but also how 深い and 普及した had become the public 関心 over the egregious 失敗 of 禁止 to 禁じる, and over the manifest 関係 between the illicit アルコール飲料 traffic and the ギャング（個々）s and 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者s.

Certainly the 禁止 法律s were 存在 侮辱する／軽蔑するd more 一般に and more 率直に than ever before, even in what had 以前は been comparatively sober and puritanical communities. As a "Middletown" 商売／仕事 man told the Lynds, "Drinking 増加するd markedly here in '27 and '28, and in '30 was 激しい and open. With the 不景気, there seemed to be a 崩壊（する） of public morals. I don't know whether it was the 不景気, but in the winter of '29-'30 and in '30-'31 things were roaring here. There was much drunkenness--people 持つ／拘留するing bathtub gin parties. There was a 広大な／多数の／重要な 増加する in women's drinking and drunkenness." In Washington, in the 落ちる of 1930, a bootlegger was discovered to have been plying his wares even in the 厳格な，質素な 管区s of the 上院 Office Building. In New York, by 1931, 施行 had become such a mockery that the choice of those who 手配中の，お尋ね者 a drink was no longer 簡単に between going to a speakeasy and calling up a bootlegger; there were "cordial and （水以外の）飲料 shoppes" doing an open 小売 商売／仕事, their only 譲歩 to 外見s 存在 that 瓶／封じ込めるs were not ordinarily on 陳列する，発揮する, and the show windows 明らかにする／漏らすd nothing more embarrassing to the policeman on the （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 than 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of little plaster figurines. By the winter of 1930-31, steamship lines operating out of New York were introducing a new attraction for the wholeheartedly bibulous--week-end 巡航するs outside the twelve-mile 限界, some of them with no 目的地 at all except "the freedom of the seas."

With every item of ギャング（個々） news--the 殺人，大当り of "Jake" Lengle of the Chicago Tribune; the repeated 狙撃s of 脚s Diamond in a New York ギャング（団） war; the 血まみれの 競争 between Dutch Schultz and Vincent Coll in the New York アルコール飲料 ゆすり; the 逮捕（する） of "Two-gun" Crowley (a 青年 who had been emulating ギャング（個々） ways) after an exciting 包囲, by the police, of the house in which he was hiding out in New York's upper West 味方する; the ability of Al Capone, 仮釈放（する）d from 刑務所，拘置所 in Pennsylvania, to remain 捕まらないで にもかかわらず the 全世界の／万国共通の knowledge that he had long been the 独裁者 of 組織するd 罪，犯罪 in Chicago--with every such item of news the public was freshly reminded that the ギャング（個々）s were on the rise and that it was beer-running and "alky-cooking" which 供給するd them with their most reliable 歳入. Preachers and 開始／学位授与式 orators and after-dinner （衆議院の）議長s inveighed against the "罪，犯罪 wave." 地区 弁護士／代理人／検事 Crain of New York said the 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者s "have their 手渡すs in everything from the cradle to the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な--from babies' milk to funeral coaches"; and 大統領 Hoover said that what was needed to 戦闘 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者ing was not new 法律s, but 施行 of the 存在するing ones.

一方／合間 感情 against 禁止 was 明らかに rising: when the Literary Digest, 早期に in 1930, took a straw 投票（する） of almost five million people, only 30 ¹/₂ per cent 好意d continuance and strict 施行 of the Eighteenth 改正 and Volstead 行為／法令／行動する; 29 per cent were for modification, and 40 ¹/₂ per cent for 廃止する. Nor was the 原因（となる） of righteous 施行 補佐官d when Bishop James 大砲, Jr., of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, who had been one of the most active of 乾燥した，日照りの leaders, was discovered--to the glee of the wets--to have been 推測するing in the 株式市場 under the 後援 of a New York bucket shop.

Perhaps the Wickersham （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, when it （機の）カム out of its long 密談する／（身体を）寄せ集める over the 法律-施行 problem, would throw a （疑いを）晴らす beam of light into this 混乱? On the 19th of January, 1931, it 報告（する）／憶測d upon 禁止--and the 混乱 was その為に worse confounded. For, in the first place, the 団体／死体 of the Wickersham 報告（する）／憶測 含む／封じ込めるd explicit and 納得させるing 証拠 that 禁止 was not working; in the second place, the eleven members of the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 （機の）カム to eleven separate 結論s, two of which were in general for 廃止する, four for modification, and five--いっそう少なく than a 大多数, it will be 公式文書，認めるd--for その上の 裁判，公判 of the 禁止 実験. And in the third place, the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 as a whole （機の）カム out, paradoxically, for その上の 裁判，公判.

直面するd by this welter of 不一致 and contradiction, the puzzled 国民 could be sure of only one thing: that the 恐らく enlightened 装置 of collecting innumerable facts and trying to 推論する／理由 from them to an 必然的な 結論 had been turned into a farce. The 頭痛 of the 禁止 problem remained to 悩ます him.

ｧ 4

There were other 転換s aplenty to take people's minds off the 不景気. There was, for instance, the $125,000,000 にわか景気 in miniature ゴルフ. People had been 説 that what the country needed was a new 産業; 井戸／弁護士席, here it was--in travesty. Garnet Carter's （選挙などの）運動をする to 設立する miniature ゴルフ in Florida during the winter of 1929-30 had been so sensationally successful that by the summer hundreds of thousands of Americans were parking their sedans by half-acre 道端 courses and 真面目に knocking ゴルフ balls along cottonseed greenswards, through little mouse 穴を開けるs in 木造の バリケードs, over little 橋（渡しをする）s, and through drainpipes, while the proprietors of these new playgrounds listened happily to the tinkle of the cash 登録（する） and decided to go in for even bigger 商売／仕事 in 1931--to 賃貸し（する） the field across the way and 設立する a 運動ing 範囲, with buckets of balls and a squad of 地元の boys as retrievers (武装した with beach umbrellas against the white あられ／賞賛する of slices and hooks).

There was the incredible 人気 of Amos 'n' Andy on the 無線で通信する, which made the 発言する／表明するs of Freeman F. Gosden and Charles J. Correll the most familiar accents in America, 始める，決める millions of people to に引き続いて, evening by evening, the fortunes of the Fresh 空気／公表する Taxicab Company and the 進歩 of Madam Queen's 違反-of-約束 控訴 against Andy--and gave the rambunctious Huey Long, running for the 上院 in Louisiana, the notion of styling himself the "Kingfish" as he careened about the 明言する／公表する with two sound-トラックで運ぶs to advertise him to the unterrified 僕主主義. (Long won the 選挙, incidentally, though he had to 誘拐する and 持つ／拘留する incommunicado on Grand 小島, till 最初の／主要な day was past, two men who had been 脅すing him with embarrassing 訴訟s.)

There was Bobby Jones's quadruple 勝利 in ゴルフ--the British and American amateur and open 選手権s--which 奮起させるd more words of cabled news than any other individual's 偉業／利用するs during 1930, and やめる outshone Max Schmeling's 敗北・負かす of Jack Sharkey, the World's Series victory of the Philadelphia 運動競技のs, the success of 企業 in defending the America's Cup at Newport against the last of Sir Thomas Lipton's Shamrocks, and the winnings of Gallant Fox, Whichone, and Equipoise on the turf. Always the fliers could 命令（する） excitement: Lindbergh, the prince charming of American aviators, 就任するd the 空気／公表する-mail 大勝する to the Canal Zone (and soon afterward became the father of a son 運命にあるd for a 悲劇の end); in September, 1930, Costes and Bellonte made the first successful 西方の point-to-point flight across the 大西洋, taking off at Paris in the "Question 示す" and 上陸 at Long Island.

There was the utterly fantastic 疫病／流行性の of tree-sitting, which impelled thousands of publicity-crazy boys to roost in trees by day and night in the hope of 逮捕（する）ing a "記録，記録的な／記録する," with 時折の misadventures: a boy in Fort 価値（がある） fell asleep, 攻撃する，衝突する the ground, and broke two ribs; the owner of a tree at Niagara 落ちるs 告訴するd to have a boy 除去するd from its 支店s, その結果 the boy's friends 削減（する） a 支店 from another tree, carried him to a new perch, and enabled him to continue his 徹夜; a boy in Manchester, New Hampshire, stayed aloft till a bolt of 雷 knocked him 負かす／撃墜する. To this impressive 結論 had come the mania for flagpole-sitting and マラソン-dancing which had characterized the latter nineteen-twenties.

As the winter of 1930-31 drew on, there were other things to talk about than the 開始するing 失業 救済 problem and the 崩壊（する） of the speculatively managed Bank of 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in New York. Some of the new automobiles were equipped for "解放する／自由な wheeling." (If you pulled out a button on the dashboard, the car would coast the moment you took your foot off the throttle. When you stepped on it again there was a small whirring sound and the engine took up its labor once more without a 揺さぶる.) The 装置 was good for endless discussions: was it a help? did it save gas? was it 安全な? A lively backgammon craze was bringing 慰安 to department-蓄える／店 経営者／支配人s: however 不正に things might be going さもなければ in the Christmas season, at least backgammon boards were moving. While the 長，率いる of the house sat at his desk miserably 熟視する／熟考するing the 明言する／公表する of his 財政／金融s, his eighteen-year-old son was humming "団体／死体 and Soul" and trying to screw up his courage to fill his hip flask with the old man's gin for the evening's dance, where he dreamed of 会合 a girl with platinum-blonde hair like ジーンズ Harlow's in "Hell's Angels."

Not everybody was worrying about the 不景気--yet.

ｧ 5

But Herbert Hoover worried, and worked doggedly at the 大統領／総裁などの地位, and saw his prestige 刻々と 拒絶する／低下するing as the downward turn in the 商売／仕事 索引 mocked his cheerful 予測s, and thereupon worried and worked the harder. Things were not going 井戸／弁護士席 for the 広大な／多数の／重要な 経済的な engineer.

The London 武器 会議／協議会, にもかかわらず the most careful 準備--during which Ramsay MacDonald had come to Washington to 会談する--had produced a 非，不，無-too-impressive 協定: it 始める，決める "制限s" which the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs could not have 達成するd without spending a billion dollars on new construction.

議会, 適用するing itself to 関税 改正, had got out of 手渡す and had produced, not the 限られた／立憲的な changes which Hoover had half-heartedly 支持するd, but a new sky-high 関税 法案 which (in the words of Denna Frank Fleming) was 事実上 "a 宣言 of 経済的な war against the whole of the civilized world," giving "notice to other nations that 報復の 関税s, 割当s, and 出入港禁止s against American goods were in order . . . notice to our war debtors that the dollar 交流 with which they might make their 支払い（額）s to us would not be 利用できる." It had been obvious to anybody beyond the 幼児 class in 経済的なs that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs could neither have a 繁栄するing 輸出（する） 貿易（する） nor collect the 抱擁する sums 借りがあるing it from abroad unless it either lent foreign countries the money with which to 支払う／賃金 (which it had been doing in the nineteen-twenties--and had now stopped doing) or else permitted 輸入するs in 量. Over a thousand American 経済学者s, finding themselves in 協定 for once (and for the last time during the nineteen-thirties) had 抗議するd against any general 関税 増加する. Hoover was no 経済的な 無学の. But he was by nature and training an 行政官／管理者 rather than a 政治家，政治屋, and he had been so outmaneuvered 政治上 during the long 関税 口論する人 that when the Hawley-Smoot 関税 法案 was finally laid on his desk in June, 1930, he 調印するd it--推定では with an inward groan.

His Farm Board had been trying to 支える the prices of wheat and cotton by buying them on the market, and had 後継するd by the end of the 1930 season in 蓄積するing sixty million bushels of wheat and a million and a third bales of cotton, without doing any more than slow up the price 拒絶する／低下する. As if the farm 状況／情勢 were not bad enough already, a terrific 干ばつ had developed during the summer in the belt of land running from Virginia and Maryland on the Eastern seaboard out to Missouri and Arkansas (a precursor of other and more dreadful 干ばつs to come); and when 井戸／弁護士席s failed and 刈るs withered in the fields, new lamentations arose to 疫病／悩ます the man in the White House. Nor had these lamentations 中止するd when it became 明らかな that the continuing 収縮過程 of 商売／仕事 脅すd an ugly winter for the 失業した, whose numbers, by the end of 1930, had 増加するd from the three or four millions of the spring to some five or six millions.

Since Hoover's first fever of activity after the Panic, he had been leery of any direct 政治の 不快な／攻撃 against the 不景気. He had preferred to let 経済的な nature take its course. "経済的な 不景気," he 主張するd, "cannot be cured by 法律を制定する 活動／戦闘 or (n)役員／(a)執行力のある pronouncement. 経済的な 負傷させるs must be 傷をいやす／和解させるd by the 活動／戦闘 of the 独房s of the 経済的な 団体／死体--the 生産者s and 消費者s themselves." So he stood aside and waited for the 傷をいやす／和解させるing 過程 to 主張する itself, as によれば the hallowed 原則s of laissez-faire 経済的なs it should.

But he was not idle 一方／合間. For already there was a 猛烈な／残忍な 激しい抗議 for 連邦の 援助（する）, 連邦の 利益s of one sort or another; and in this 激しい抗議 he saw a 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な 脅し to the 連邦の 予算, the self-依存 of the American people, and the tradition of 地元の 自治 and 地元の 責任／義務 for charitable 救済. He 解決するd to 敗北・負かす this 脅し. Although he 始める，決める up a 国家の 委員会 to look after the 失業 救済 状況／情勢, this 委員会 was not to 手渡す out 連邦の 基金s; it was 簡単に to co-ordinate and encourage the 明言する／公表する and 地元の 試みる／企てるs to 供給する for the 失業 out of 明言する／公表する （資金の）充当／歳出s and 地元の charitable 運動s. (Hoover was やめる 権利, said those 井戸／弁護士席-to-do people who told one another that a "施し物" like the one in England would be "soul-destroying.") He hotly …に反対するd the war 退役軍人s' （人命などを）奪う，主張する for a 特別手当--only to see the "Adjusted 補償（金）" 法案 passed over his 拒否権. He 拒否権d 年金 法案s. To 会合，会う the privation and 苦しめる 原因（となる）d by the 干ばつ he 勧めるd a Red Cross （選挙などの）運動をする and recommended an （資金の）充当／歳出 to enable the Department of 農業 to 貸付金 money "for the 目的 of seed and 料金d for animals," but fought against any handouts by the 連邦の 政府 to 料金d human 存在s.

In all this Hoover was 猛烈に sincere. He saw himself as the 監視者 not only of the 財務省, but of America's "rugged individualism." "This is not an 問題／発行する," he said in a 声明 to the 圧力（をかける）, "as to whether people shall go hungry or 冷淡な in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. It is 単独で a question of the best method by which hunger and 冷淡な shall be 妨げるd. It is a question as to whether the American people, on one 手渡す, will 持続する the spirit of charity and 相互の self-help through voluntary giving and the 責任／義務 of 地元の 政府 as distinguished, on the other 手渡す, from （資金の）充当／歳出s out of the 連邦の 財務省 for such 目的s. . . . I have . . . spent much of my life in fighting hardship and 餓死 both abroad and in the Southern 明言する／公表するs. I do not feel that I should be 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with 欠如（する） of human sympathy for those who 苦しむ, but I 解任する that in all the organizations with which I have been connected over these many years, the 創立／基礎 has been to 召喚する the 最大限 of self-help. . . . I am willing to 誓約（する） myself that if the time should ever come that the voluntary 機関s of the country, together with the 地元の and 明言する／公表する 政府s, are unable to find 資源s with which to 妨げる hunger and 苦しむing in my country, I will ask the 援助（する） of every 資源 of the 連邦の 政府 because I would no more see 餓死 amongst our countrymen than would any 上院議員 or 下院議員. I have 約束 in the American people that such a day will not come."

Such were Hoover's 有罪の判決s. But to hungry 農業者s in Arkansas the 大統領 who would lend them 連邦の money to 料金d their animals, but not to 料金d their children, seemed callous. 失業 men and women in hard-攻撃する，衝突する 産業の towns were unimpressed by Hoover's 尊敬の印s to self-依存.

Even the 繁栄する 保守的なs failed him as wholehearted 同盟（する）s. 商売／仕事 was bad, the 大統領 seemed to be doing nothing 建設的な to help them, and though they did not know themselves what せねばならない be done or were hopelessly divided in their counsels, they craved a leader and felt they were not 存在 given one. They groused; some of them called Hoover a spineless jellyfish. 一方／合間 Charles Michelson, the Democratic party's publicity director, was laying 負かす／撃墜する a diabolically 井戸／弁護士席-目的（とする）d 一斉射撃，（質問などの）連発／ダム of 圧力（をかける） 解放（する）s and speeches for 連邦議会の use, taking advantage of every Hoover 証拠不十分 to 強化する the Democratic 対立; and the 大統領, 苦しむing from his 無（不）能 to charm and cajole the Washington 特派員s, was getting a bad 圧力（をかける）. The 連邦議会の and 明言する／公表する 選挙s of November, 1930, brought Democratic victories, 直面するing Hoover with the prospect, ere long, of a definitely 敵意を持った 議会.

Those 選挙s brought, incidentally, a 粉砕するing victory in New York 明言する／公表する to 知事 Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was re-elected by the 突然に large plurality of 725,000. The afternoon に引き続いて the 選挙, Roosevelt's 明言する／公表する chairman, an ex-ボクシング commissioner 指名するd James A. Farley, produced with the 援助（する） of Roosevelt's political 助言者, Louis McHenry Howe, a 声明 which he was afraid the 知事 might not like. It said: "I do not see how Mr. Roosevelt can escape 存在 the next 大統領の 指名された人 of his party, even if no one should raise a finger to bring it about." Having 問題／発行するd the 声明 at the Hotel Biltmore in New York, Farley telephoned the 知事 in Albany to 自白する what he had done. Roosevelt laughed and said, "Whatever you said, Jim, is all 権利 with me." Here too, had Hoover but known it, was another portent for him. But things were bad enough even without borrowing trouble from the 未来. In midwinter there was an encouraging 上昇傾向 in 商売／仕事, but as the spring of 1931 drew on, the 退却／保養地 began once more. Hoover's 有罪の判決s were 存在 outrun by events.

ｧ 6

During all this time, many men were 真面目に 特記する／引用するing the hardships 苦しむd in the 不景気s of 1857 and 1875 and 1893 as proofs that nothing ailed America but a downswing in the 商売／仕事 cycle. The argument looked very reasonable--but these men were wrong. Something far more 深遠な than that was taking place, and not in America alone.

The nineteenth century and the first few years of the twentieth century had 証言，証人／目撃するd a remarkable combination of changes which could not continue 無期限に／不明確に. の中で these were:--

1. The 早い 進歩 of the 産業の 革命--which brought with it steam 力／強力にする, and then ガソリン and electric 力／強力にする and all manner of 科学の and inventive 奇蹟s; brought factory 生産／産物 on a bigger and bigger 規模; drew the 全住民 off the farms into bigger and bigger cities; transformed large numbers of people from 独立した・無所属 経済的な スパイ／執行官s into jobholders; and made them ますます 扶養家族 upon the successful working of an ますます コンビナート／複合体 economy.

2. A 抱擁する 増加する in 全住民. によれば Henry Pratt Fairchild, if the 全住民 of the world had continued to grow at the 率 at which it was growing during the first １０年間 of the 現在の century, at the end of 10,000 years it would have reached a 人物／姿／数字 beginning with 221,848 and followed by no いっそう少なく than 45 無s.

3. An 拡大 of the peoples of the Western world into 空いている and いっそう少なく civilized parts of the earth, with the British Empire setting the pattern of 帝国主義, and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs setting the pattern of 国内の 開拓するing.

4. The 開始 up and using up of the natural 資源s of the world--coal, oil, metals, etc.--at an 前例のない 率, not 無期限に／不明確に continuable.

5. A 早い 改良 in communication--which in 影響 made the world a much smaller place, the さまざまな parts of which were far more 扶養家族 on one another than before.

6. The 早い 開発 and refinement of capitalism on a bigger and bigger 規模, as new 法人組織の／企業の and 財政上の 装置s were invented and put into practice. These new 装置s (such as, for example, the 持つ／拘留するing company), coupled with the 装置s 追加するd to mitigate the cruelties of untrammeled capitalism (such as, for example, labor unionism and labor 法律制定), profoundly altered the working of the 国家の economies, making them more rigid at 非常に／多数の points and いっそう少なく likely to behave によれば the 法律s of laissez-faire 経済的なs.

Which of these phenomena were 原因（となる）s, and which were 影響s, of the changes in the 経済的な world during the century which に先行するd 1914, is a 事柄 of opinion. Let us not 関心 ourselves with which （機の）カム first, the 女／おっせかい屋 or the egg. The point is that an 巨大な 拡大 and 複雑化 of the world economy had taken place, that it could not have continued 無期限に／不明確に at such a pace, and that as it reached the point of 減らすing returns, all manner of 強調する／ストレスs developed. These 強調する／ストレスs 含むd both international 競争s over 植民地s (now that the best ones had been 偉業／利用するd--and were incidentally no longer 支払う／賃金ing their mother countries so 井戸／弁護士席) and 内部の social 衝突s over the 分割 of the fruits of 産業 and 商業. The World War of 1914-18, brought about by the international 競争s, had left Europe 弱めるd and embittered, with hitherto strong nations internally divided and staggering under colossal 負債s.

Presently there were ominous 調印するs that the 広大な／多数の／重要な age of 必然的な 拡大 was over. The 全住民 増加する was slowing up. The 空いている places of the world were 大部分は 先買権によって獲得するd. The natural 資源s were 限られた／立憲的な and could hardly be 偉業／利用するd much longer so quickly and cheaply. As the 経済的な horizons 狭くするd, the struggle for monopoly of what was visibly profitable became more 激しい. Nations sought for 国家の monopoly of world 資源s; 法人組織の／企業の and 財政上の groups sought for 私的な monopoly of 国家の 資源s and 国家の 産業s. 一方／合間 each 国家の economy became more コンビナート／複合体, いっそう少なく 柔軟な, and more 支配する to the hazards of 破産 by 推論する／理由 of unbearable 負債s.

One way of 拡大 still remained open. 発明 did not stop; the 可能性s of 増加するd 慰安 and 安全 through ますます efficient mechanical 生産／産物 (and through 改良 in the means of communication) remained almost limitless. But the 経済的な apparatus which was at 手渡す, and men's mental habits and 見通し, were adjusted to the age of 開拓するing 拡大 rather than to 依存 on 増加するing efficiency alone; and what sort of 経済的な apparatus the new age might 要求する no one knew.

During the nineteen-twenties the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, comparatively 損なわれない by the war and adept at 発明 and mechanization, had continued to 急ぐ ahead as if the age of 開拓するing 拡大 were not over. Still, however, it was a 犠牲者 of the 副／悪徳行為s of its 開拓するing 青年--an 楽観的な 準備完了 to pile up 負債s and credit 義務s against an 拡大するing 未来, a zest for 憶測 in real 広い地所 and in 在庫／株s, a 傾向 toward 財政上の and 法人組織の／企業の monopoly or quasi-monopoly which tended to 強化する a 非，不，無-too-柔軟な economy. These 副／悪徳行為s 連合させるd to undo it. As Roy Helton 発言／述べるs in this 関係, when one is grown up one can no longer indulge with impunity in the follies of 青年. While the bellows of 憶測 and credit インフレーション blew, the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s of 繁栄 燃やすd brightly; but once the bellows stopped blowing, the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s dimmed. And when they dimmed in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, they dimmed all the more 速く in Europe, where since the war they had 燃やすd only feebly.

As the 収縮過程 of one 国家の economy after another 始める，決める in, men became frantic. The 伝統的な 経済的な 法律s and customs no longer seemed to work; the men of learning were as baffled as anybody else; nobody seemed to know the answer to the 経済的な riddle. Russia 申し込む／申し出d an 代案／選択肢 始める，決める of 法律s and customs, but enthusiasm for the Marxian way as exemplified in Russia was 限られた／立憲的な. What else was there for men to fasten their hopes upon? Nobody knew, for this 緊急 was 前例のない. So it happened that the world entered upon a period of bewilderment, 相互の 疑惑, and 準備完了 for desperate 対策.

Nor was the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, 落ちるing from such a pinnacle of 明らかな 経済的な success, to escape the 混乱 and 狼狽 of readjustment.

一時期／支部 Three

DOWN, DOWN, DOWN

ｧ 1

June, 1931: twenty months after the Panic.

The department-蓄える／店 宣伝s were beginning to 陳列する，発揮する Eugenie hats, 先触れ（する）ing a fashion enthusiastic but 簡潔な／要約する; Wiley 地位，任命する and Harold Gatty were 準備するing for their flight 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the world in the monoplane "Winnie Mae"; and newspaper readers were agog over the finding, on Long Beach 近づく New York, of the dead 団体／死体 of a pretty girl with the singularly lyrical 指名する of Starr Faithfull.

On the New York 行う／開催する／段階, in June, 1931, Katharine Cornell was languishing on a sofa in "The Barretts of Wimpole Street," de 法律d was walking the earth in "The Green Pastures," and the other 統治するing successes 含むd "Grand Hotel" and "Once in a Lifetime." At the movie theatres one might see African lions and hear native tom-toms in "仲買人 Horn," or watch Edward G. Robinson in "Smart Money" or Gloria Swanson in "Indiscreet." As vacationists packed their 捕らえる、獲得するs for the holidays, the novel that was most likely to be taken along was Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth, which led the best-販売人 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s. The 冒険的な heroes of the nineteen-twenties had nearly all passed from the scenes of their 勝利s: Bobby Jones had turned professional the 先行する 落ちる; Tilden had lost the tennis 選手権 the 先行する summer; Dempsey and Tunney had long since 放棄するd their 栄冠を与えるs, and ボクシング was 落ちるing into uncertain repute; Knute Rockne, the Notre Dame football coach, had recently been killed in an airplane 衝突，墜落; and even Babe Ruth was no longer the undisputed 暴君 of Swat: Lou Gehrig was now matching him ホームラン for ホームラン.

During that month of June, 1931, there was a foretaste--and a sour one--of many a 財政上の スキャンダル to come, when three officers of the Bank of 部隊d 明言する／公表するs were 罪人／有罪を宣告するd by a 陪審／陪審員団 in New York, after shocking 公表，暴露s of the mismanagement of the bank's 基金s during the 思索的な saturnalia of 1928 and 1929. There was the inception of a romance that was to shake an empire to its 創立／基礎s: on June 10 a young American woman living in London, a Mrs. Ernest Simpson, was 現在のd at 法廷，裁判所 and met for the first time the Prince of むちの跡s. At Hopewell, New Jersey, the scene was 存在 unwittingly 始める，決める for the most 悲劇の 罪，犯罪 of the １０年間: 陸軍大佐 Lindbergh's new house--述べるd in newspaper captions as "A Nest for the 孤独な Eagle"--was under construction, the scaffolding up, the first 床に打ち倒す partly 完全にするd.

During that month a young man from St. Louis （機の）カム on to New York, with 手はず／準備 all made, as he supposed, for the 移転 to him of a seat on the New York 在庫／株 交流. But one 詳細（に述べる） had been neglected: the 交流 was 事実上 a club, and a 候補者 for 会員の地位 must have a proposer and seconder. There was some 延期する before the young man from St. Louis, whose 指名する was William McC. ツバメ, Jr., could be 提案するd and seconded, for he did not know anybody on the 交流. The gentlemen of 塀で囲む Street, having no inkling of the changes in 蓄える／店 for them during the next few years, would have been thunderstruck if they had been told that before the １０年間 was out, this unknown 青年 would be 大統領 of an 交流 operating under の近くに 政治の 監督. The 大統領 in 1931 was Richard Whitney, hero of the 銀行業者s' foray against the Panic; on April 24, 1931, Mr. Whitney had made an impressive 演説（する）／住所 before the Philadelphia 議会 of 商業 on "商売／仕事 Honesty." Prices on the 交流 had been going 負かす／撃墜する 不正に and 仲買人s were pulling long 直面するs, but there was still a little gravy left for those who knew what the next move would be in 事例／患者 Threshing or Auburn 自動車.

On a Sunday morning in June, 1931, two men spent some busy hours in a small room in a very big house in Hyde Park, New York, poring over 地図／計画するs of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and 鉄道／強行採決する 時刻表／予定表s and 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s of 指名するs. They were the 知事 of New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had been so impressively re-elected the 先行する November, and the Chairman of his Democratic 明言する／公表する 委員会, James A. Farley. Mr. Farley had conceived the idea of …に出席するing the 来たるべき Elks' 条約 at Seattle, and he and 知事 Roosevelt were planning how he might make the most of the 探検隊／遠征隊, covering eighteen 明言する／公表するs in nineteen days and talking with innumerable Democratic leaders, with most of whom he had already been corresponding profusely and cordially. The 反対する of this prophetic 旅行, needless to say, was to sound out Democratic 感情 in the West and to 示唆する as disarmingly as possible that the leaders might do 井戸／弁護士席 to 部隊 behind 知事 Roosevelt in 1932.

And it was during that month of June, 1931, that 大統領 Hoover gave up waiting for 経済的な 条件s to 改善する of their own （許可，名誉などを）与える and began his real 不快な／攻撃 against the 不景気--began it with a statesmanlike 一打／打撃 in international 財政／金融 which seemed 簡潔に to be 勝利を得た, and which failed in the end only because the 過程s of 経済的な 破壊 were too powerful and too far developed to be 打ち勝つ by any 武器 in the Hoover armory. On the hot afternoon of Saturday, June 20, Hoover 提案するd an international 支払い猶予／一時停止 in war 賠償s and war 負債s.

ｧ 2

For a long time past, as 商売／仕事 slowed up in Europe, a sort of creeping paralysis had been afflicting European 財政／金融. 負債s--国家の and 私的な--which had once seemed bearable 重荷（を負わせる）s had now become intolerably 激しい; new 財政上の credits were hardly 存在 延長するd except to shore up the old ones; prices fell, 苦悩 spread, and the whole system slowed almost to a 行き詰まり. During the spring of 1931 the paralysis had become 激烈な／緊急の.

It is ironical, in retrospect, to 公式文書，認める that what made it 激烈な／緊急の was an 試みる／企てる on the part of Germany and Austria to 連合させる for 限られた／立憲的な 経済的な 目的s--to 達成する a customs union--and the 猛烈な／残忍な 対立 of the French to any such 計画／陰謀. Anything which might bring Germany and Austria together and 強化する them was anathema to the French, who little realized then the possible consequences of Central European 破産.

Already the biggest bank in Austria, the Credit Anstalt, had been in a tight 直す／買収する，八百長をする. When the altercation over the customs union still その上の 増加するd the general 不確定, the Credit Anstalt had been 強いるd to 控訴，上告 to the 非，不，無-too-solvent Austrian 政府 for 援助（する）. すぐに panic was under way. Quickly it spread to Germany. In May and June, 1931, 資本／首都 was 逃げるing both countries, foreign 貸付金s were 存在 孤立した, and a general 崩壊（する） seemed 切迫した--a 崩壊（する） which might 原因（となる） the downfall of Germany's democratic 政府. For that cloud on the German horizon which in 1929 had seemed no bigger than a man's 手渡す was now growing 急速な／放蕩な: Hitler's Brown Shirts were becoming more and more powerful.

On the sixth of May, 1931, when few Americans had the faintest idea of how 批判的な the European 財政上の 状況／情勢 was becoming, the American 外交官／大使 to Germany had dined with 大統領 Hoover at the White House; and since then the 大統領, 恐れるing that a 崩壊（する） in Europe might have 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な consequences to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, had been turning over in his mind the idea of an international 支払い猶予／一時停止--of 延期するing for a year all 支払い（額）s on の間の-政治の 負債s, 含むing the 賠償s which Germany was then 強いるd to 支払う／賃金 and the war 負債s 借りがあるd to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs by her former European 同盟（する）s. Mr. Hoover had then begun a long period of 協議--with members of his 閣僚, with 連邦の Reserve 公式の／役人s, with 外交官／大使s, with 銀行業者s. Always a terrific 労働者--at his desk before eight-thirty, taking only fifteen minutes for lunch unless he had White House guests, and often 燃やすing the lights in the Lincoln 熟考する／考慮する late into the night--he now concentrated all the more ひどく. Before long he had 草案d 試験的に a 支払い猶予／一時停止 声明, laboring over it so grimly that he broke pencil point after pencil point in the 令状ing.

Yet he had 延期するd 問題／発行するing it. The dangers of the 計画／陰謀 were 明らかな. 議会 might 反対する, and this would be 致命的な. Other nations, 特に proud and jealous フラン, might 反対する. The 予算-balancing on which he had 始める，決める his heart might be imperiled by cutting off the 負債 支払い（額）s to America. その上に such a 提案, by calling attention to the international panic, might accentuate rather than 緩和する it. 一方／合間 the 嵐／襲撃する in Europe spread. Hoover's 助言者s were pleading with him to 行為／法令／行動する, but still he would not. He waited. In 中央の-June he was scheduled to go on a speaking trip through the Middle West (which 含むd the somewhat 疑わしい 楽しみ of speaking at the dedication of a 記念の to 大統領 Harding); he went off with the 提案 yet unmade, while almost hourly the inside news was relayed to him from Washington: the European 崩壊（する） was 加速するing.

By the time he got 支援する to Washington it was （疑いを）晴らす that he must 行為／法令／行動する at once or it would be much too late. He began telephoning 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s to get their 前進する 是認. 議会 was not sitting, and the telephone 操作者s had to catch for him men 広範囲にわたって 分散させるd all over the country, on speaking trips, on モーター trips, on ゴルフ courses, on fishing trips 深い in the 支持を得ようと努めるd; one 国会議員, 審理，公聴会 that the White House 手配中の，お尋ね者 him, called it from a Canadian drugstore; another was reached just as he was about to rise for an after-dinner speech. Hour after hour the indefatigable Hoover sat at the telephone explaining to man after man what he 手配中の，お尋ね者 to do--and 恐れるing that the news would 漏れる before he could 行為／法令／行動する. At last, on that broiling Saturday, June 20, the news was already 漏れるing and he had to give out the 告示--with フラン still unconsulted.

He called the newspaper men to the White House and read them a long 声明 which 含む／封じ込めるd both his 提案 for an international 支払い猶予／一時停止 and the 指名するs of 21 上院議員s and 18 代表者／国会議員s who had already 認可するd it. The newspaper men grabbed their copies and 急ぐd for the telephones.

When the news was flashed over the world a chorus of wild enthusiasm arose. The 株式市場 in New York leaped, 在庫／株 markets in Europe 決起大会／結集させるd, 銀行業者s 賞賛するd Hoover, 編集（者）の writers 元気づけるd; the sedate London 経済学者 （機の）カム out with a panegyric する権利を与えるd "The Break in the Clouds" which called the 提案 "the gesture of a 広大な／多数の／重要な man"; and millions of Americans who had felt, however ばく然と, that the 政府 せねばならない "do something" and who had 非難するd Hoover for his inactivity, joined in the 賞賛. Little as they might know about the international 財政上の 状況／情勢 (which had been getting nowhere 近づく as much space in the 圧力（をかける） as the Starr Faithfull mystery), this was 活動／戦闘 at last and they liked it. To the worried 大統領's surprise, he had made what seemed to be a ten-strike. It was the high moment of his 大統領／総裁などの地位.

Only the French demurred. Hoover sent his seventy-seven-year-old 財務長官, Andrew Mellon, to 推論する／理由 with them, and exhausted the old man with constant 協議s by transatlantic telephone. After a long 延期する--over two weeks--the French agreed to the 計画（する） with modifications, and the day appeared to have been saved.

ｧ 3

But it was not saved at all.

Presently panic in Germany became 強めるd; the big Danat Bank was の近くにd. The panic spread to England. The 続けざまに猛撃する 英貨の／純銀の was now in danger. A new 国家の 政府, 長，率いるd by the Laborite MacDonald but composed mostly of Tories, took office to save the 続けざまに猛撃する--and presently abandoned it. When England went off the gold 基準, every nation still on gold felt the shock, and most of them followed England into the new adventure of a managed 通貨.

In the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs this new shock of September, 1931, was sharp. The archaic American banking system, which had never been too strong even in more 繁栄する days, was 厳粛に 影響する／感情d; all over the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs banks were 崩壊（する）ing--banks which had 投資するd ひどく in 社債s and mortgages and now 設立する the prices of their foreign 社債s cascading, the prices of their 国内の 社債s 事情に応じて変わる 負かす／撃墜する in the general 急ぐ of liquidation, and their mortgages frozen solid. In the month of September, 1931, a total of 305 American banks の近くにd; in October, a total of 522. 脅すd 資本主義者s were hoarding gold now, lest the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs too should go off the gold 基準; 安全な-deposit boxes were 存在 crammed 十分な of coins, and many a mattress was stuffed with gold 証明書s.

American 商売／仕事 was 弱めるing faster than ever. In September the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Steel 会社／団体--whose 大統領, James A. Farrell, had hitherto 確固に 辞退するd to 削減（する） the 行う-率--発表するd a ten-per-cent 削減（する）; other 会社／団体s followed; during that autumn, all over the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, men were coming home from the office or the factory to tell their wives that the next 支払う／賃金 check would be a little smaller, and that they must think up new economies. The 階級s of the 失業した received new 新採用するs; by the end of the year their numbers were in the 近隣 of ten millions.

So far, in a few months, had the ripples of panic and 新たにするd 不景気 spread from Vienna.

Again Hoover 行為／法令／行動するd, and again his 活動／戦闘 was 財政上の. Something must be done to save the American banking system, and the 銀行業者s were not doing it; the spirit of the day was sauve qui peut. Hoover called fifteen of the overlords of the banking world to a secret evening 会合 with him and his 財政上の 補佐官s at 長官 Mellon's apartment in Washington, and 提案するd to them that the strong banks of the country form a credit pool to help the weak ones. When it became （疑いを）晴らす that this would not 十分である--for the strong banks were taking no chances and this pool, the 国家の Credit 会社／団体, lent almost no money at all--Hoover recommended the 形式 of a big 政治の credit 機関, the 再建 財政／金融 会社／団体, with two billion dollars to lend to banks, 鉄道／強行採決するs, 保険 companies.

As the winter of 1931-32 arrived and the run on the country's gold continued, and it seemed as if the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs might presently be 軍隊d off the gold 基準, Hoover 問題／発行するd a public 控訴，上告 against hoarding and then 提案するd an alteration in 連邦の Reserve 必要物／必要条件s which--具体的に表現するd in the Glass-Steagall 行為／法令／行動する--緩和するd this 状況／情勢. Again with the idea of 改善するing credit 条件s, he 勧めるd, and 安全な・保証するd, the 創造 of a chain of home-貸付金 割引 banks, and the 準備／条項 of 付加 資本／首都 for the 連邦の Land Banks. 刻々と he fought against those 対策 which seemed to him iniquitous: he appeared before the American Legion and 控訴，上告d to the members not to ask for the 即座の cash 支払い（額） of the 残り／休憩（する） of their 特別手当 money; he 拒否権d a 法案 for the 配当 of direct 連邦の 救済; and again and again he made （疑いを）晴らす his 対立 to any 提案s for インフレーション or for (in his own words) "squandering ourselves into 繁栄."

Still the 不景気 深くするd.

Already the 圧力 of events had 押し進めるd the apostle of rugged individualism much その上の toward 明言する／公表する 社会主義 than any previous 大統領，／社長 had gone in time of peace. Hoover's 再建 財政／金融 会社／団体 had put the 政府 深く，強烈に into 商売／仕事. But it was 明言する／公表する 社会主義 of a very 限られた／立憲的な and special sort. What was happening may perhaps be summed up in this way:--

Hoover had tried to keep 手渡すs off the 経済的な 機械／機構 of the country, to 許す a 恐らく 柔軟な system to make its own 調整s of 供給（する） and 需要・要求する. At two points he had 介入するd, to be sure: he had tried to 停止する the prices of wheat and cotton, unsuccessfully, and he had tried to 停止する 行う-率s, with 部分的な／不平等な and 一時的な success; but さもなければ he had おもに stood aside to let prices and 利益（をあげる）s and 給料 follow their natural course. But no natural 調整 could be reached unless the 重荷（を負わせる）s of 負債 could also be 自然に 減ずるd through 破産s. And in America, as in other parts of the world, the 経済的な system had now become so コンビナート／複合体 and interdependent that the possible consequences of 普及した 破産--to the banks, the 保険 companies, the 広大な／多数の／重要な 持つ／拘留するing-company systems, and the multitudes of people 扶養家族 upon them--had become too appalling to 熟視する／熟考する. The theoretically necessary 調整 became a 事実上 unbearable 調整. Therefore Hoover was driven to the point of 介入するing to 保護する the 負債 structure--first by 緩和 一時的に the 圧力 of international 負債s without 取り消すing them, and second by buttressing the banks and big 会社／団体s with 連邦の 基金s.

Thus a theoretically 柔軟な 経済的な structure became rigid at a 決定的な point. The 負債 重荷（を負わせる） remained almost 衰えていない. 屈服するing under the 負わせる of 負債--and other rigid costs--商売／仕事 thereupon slowed still その上の. As it slowed, it 発射する／解雇するd 労働者s or put them on 減ずるd hours, その為に 減ずるing 購入（する）ing 力／強力にする and 強めるing the 危機.

It is almost useless to ask whether Hoover was 権利 or wrong. Probably the method he was driven by circumstances to 可決する・採択する would have brought 回復 very slowly, if at all, unless 平価切下げ of the 通貨 had given a fillip to 回復--and 平価切下げ to Hoover was 考えられない. It is also almost useless to ask whether Hoover was 事実上の／代理 with a tory heartlessness in permitting 財政上の (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs to come to Washington for a 法人組織の／企業の 施し物 when men and women on the 辛勝する／優位 of 餓死 were 否定するd a personal 施し物. What is 確かな is that at a time of such 普及した 苦しむing no democratic 政府 could seem to be 補佐官ing the financiers and seem to be 同時に 無視（する）ing the 苦境 of its humbler 国民s without losing the 信用／信任 of the public. For the days had passed when men who lost their 職業s could take their working 道具s どこかよそで and contrive an 独立した・無所属 living, or cultivate a garden patch and thus keep 団体／死体 and soul together, or go West and begin again on the frontier. When they lost their 職業s they were helpless. 猛烈に they turned for 援助（する） to the only 機関 responsible to them for 権利ing the wrongs done them by a blindly operating 経済的な society: they turned to the 政府. How could they 是認する a 政府 which gave them--for all they could see--not bread, but a 石／投石する?

The 資本主義者 system had become so altered that it could not 機能（する）／行事 in its accustomed ways, and the consequences of its 失敗 to 機能（する）／行事 had become too cruel to be borne by 解放する／自由な men. Events were marching, and Herbert Hoover was to be の中で their 犠牲者s, along with the 伝統的な 経済的な theories of which he was the obstinate and 悲劇の 広報担当者.

ｧ 4

As the second year of the 不景気 drew to an end and the third one began, a change was taking place in the mood of the American people.

"不景気," as Peter F. Drucker has said, "shows man as a senseless cog in a senselessly whirling machine which is beyond human understanding and has 中止するd to serve any 目的 but its own." The worse the machine behaved, the more were men and women driven to try to understand it. As one by one the 恐らく 直す／買収する，八百長をするd 原則s of 商売／仕事 and 経済的なs and 政府 went 負かす／撃墜する in 廃虚s, people who had taken these 直す／買収する，八百長をするd 原則s for 認めるd, and had shown little 利益／興味 in politics except at 選挙 time, began to try to educate themselves. For not even the comparatively 繁栄する could any longer 否定する that something momentous was happening.

The 循環／発行部数 departments of the public libraries were 報告（する）／憶測ing an 増加するd 商売／仕事, not only in the anodyne of fiction, but also in 調書をとる／予約するs of solid fact and discussion. As a 商売／仕事 man of "Middletown" later told the Lynds, "Big things were happening that were upsetting us, our 商売／仕事s, and some of our ideas, and we 手配中の，お尋ね者 to try to understand them. I took a lot of 調書をとる／予約するs out of the library and sat up nights reading them." Ideas were in flux. There was a sharp 沸き立つ of 利益／興味 in the ロシアの 実験. Lecturers on Russia were in 需要・要求する; Maurice Hindus's Humanity Uprooted and New Russia's Primer were thumbed and puzzled over; Ray Long, editor of Hearst's usually frivolous Cosmopolitan magazine, had gone to Moscow to 調印する up Soviet writers and gave a big dinner to a ロシアの 小説家 at the massively capitalistic 主要都市の Club in New York; gentle 自由主義のs who prided themselves on their open-mindedness were 保証するing one another that "after all we had something to learn from Russia," 特に about "planning"; many of the more forthright 自由主義のs were 宙返り／暴落するing 長，率いる over heels into 共産主義.

For more 正統派の men and women, the 消費 of Walter Lippmann's daily 分析 of events--written for the New York 先触れ（する） Tribune and 企業連合（する）d all over the country--was becoming a matutinal 儀式 as 必然的な as coffee and orange juice. When the New York World--famous for its liberalism and the wit of its columnists--had 中止するd 出版（物） in February, 1931, Lippmann, its editor, had gone over to the 先触れ（する） Tribune and to sudden 国家の fame. （疑いを）晴らす, 冷静な／正味の, and 整然とした in his thinking, he seemed to be able to 減ずる a senseless sequence of events to sense; he brought first 援助（する） to men and women groping in the dark for opinions--and also to men and women who foresaw themselves else tongue-tied and helpless when the conversation at the dinner party should turn from the 広大な／多数の／重要な Lenz-Culbertson 橋（渡しをする） match to the 再建 財政／金融 会社／団体 and the gold 基準.

The autumn of 1931 brought also an 爆発 of laughter. When old certainties 倒れる, when old prophets are discredited, one can at least enjoy their downfall. By this time people had reached the point of laughing at Oh, Yeah, a small 調書をとる／予約する in which were collected the glib prophecies made by 銀行業者s and statesmen at the onset of the 不景気; of relishing the gossipy irreverence of Washington Merry-Go-一連の会議、交渉／完成する, which deflated the 評判s of the dignified statesmen of Washington; of getting belly-laughs from a new magazine, Ballyhoo, whose 循環／発行部数 ロケット／急騰するd to more than a million as it ridiculed everything in 商売／仕事 and politics, even the sacred cow of advertising; and of applauding wildly the new musical comedy, "Of Thee I Sing," which made a farce of the political scene, 代表するd a 副／悪徳行為-大統領，／社長 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, Alexander Throttlebottom, as getting lost in a sight-seeing party in the White House, 代表するd a 大統領の 候補者 as （選挙などの）運動をするing with Love as his 壇・綱領・公約, and garbled the favorite 商売／仕事 スローガン of 1930 into a スローガン for newly-結婚するs: "Posterity is just around the corner."

As Gilbert Seldes has 公式文書，認めるd, when Rudy Vallee, at the 開始 of George White's "スキャンダルs" on September 13, 1931, sang softly

"Life is just a bowl of cherries.
Don't make it serious.
Life's too mysterious. . . ."

he summed up both the disillusionment and bewilderment of 不景気, and the 願望（する） to take them, if possible, lightly.

ｧ 5

統計（学） are 無血の things.

To say that during the year 1932, the cruelest year of the 不景気, the 普通の／平均（する） number of 失業した people in the country was 12 ¹/₂ million by the 見積（る）s of the 国家の 産業の 会議／協議会 Board, a little over 13 million by the 見積（る）s of the American 連合 of Labor, and by other 見積（る）s (異なって arrived at, and defining 失業 in さまざまな ways) anywhere from 8 ¹/₂ to 17 million--to say this is to give no living impression of the 失業 men going from office to office or from factory gate to factory gate; of the disheartening inevitability of the phrase, "We'll let you know if anything shows up"; of men thumbing the want 広告s in 冷淡な tenements, spending fruitless hours, day after day and week after week, in the sidewalk （人が）群がるs before the 雇用 offices; using up the money in the 貯金 bank, borrowing on their life 保険, selling whatever 所有／入手s could be sold, borrowing from 親族s いっそう少なく and いっそう少なく able to lend, tasting the bitterness of inadequacy, and at last swallowing their pride and going to 適用する for 救済--if there was any to be got. (救済 money was 不十分な, for charitable organizations were hard beset and cities and towns had either used up their 利用できる 基金s or were on the point of doing so.)

A few 統計に基づく facts and 見積（る）s are necessary, however, to an understanding of the 範囲 and 衝撃 of the 不景気. For example:--

Although the 量 of money paid out in 利益／興味 during the year 1932 was only 3.5 per cent いっそう少なく than in 1929, によれば the computations of Dr. Simon Kuznets for the 国家の Bureau of 経済的な 研究, on the other 手渡す the 量 of money paid out in salaries had dropped 40 per cent, （株主への）配当s had dropped 56.6 per cent, and 給料 had dropped 60 per cent. (Thus had the 負債 structure remained comparatively rigid while other elements in the economy were 支配するd to 猛烈な／残忍な デフレ.)

Do not imagine, however, that the 延長／続編 of 利益／興味 支払い（額）s and the 部分的な／不平等な 延長／続編 of （株主への）配当 支払い（額）s meant that 商売／仕事 as a whole was making money. 商売／仕事 as a whole lost between five and six billion dollars in 1932. (The 政府 人物／姿／数字 for all the 会社／団体s in the country--451,800 of them--was a 逮捕する 赤字 of $5,640,000,000.) To be sure, most of the larger and better-managed companies did much better than that. E. D. Kennedy's 人物／姿／数字s for the 960 関心s whose 収入s were 一覧表にするd by 基準 統計（学）--mostly big ones whose 在庫／株 was active on the 在庫／株 交流--show that these 960 leaders had a 集団の／共同の 利益（をあげる） of over a third of a billion. Yet one must 追加する that "better managed" is here used in a special sense. Not only had labor-saving 装置s and 速度(を上げる）-ups 増加するd the 生産（高） per man-hour in 製造業の 産業s by an 概算の 18 per cent since 1929, but 従業員s had been laid off in 量. Every time one of the 巨大（な）s of 産業, to keep its 財政上の 長，率いる above water, threw off a new group of 労働者s, many little 会社／団体s roundabout sank その上の into the red.

While 存在するing 商売／仕事s shrank, new ones were not 存在 undertaken. The total of 国内の 法人組織の／企業の 問題／発行するs--問題／発行するs of 安全s floated to 供給する 資本／首都 for American 会社／団体s--had dropped in 1932 to just about one twenty-fourth of the 1929 人物／姿／数字.

But these 冷淡な 統計（学） give us little sense of the human realities of the 経済的な paralysis of 1932. Let us try another approach.

Walking through an American city, you might find few 調印するs of the 不景気 明白な--or at least 目だつ--to the casual 注目する，もくろむ. You might notice that a 広大な／多数の／重要な many shops were untenanted, with dusty plate-glass windows and 調印するs 示すing that they were ready to 賃貸し（する）; that few factory chimneys were smoking; that the streets were not so （人が）群がるd with トラックで運ぶs as in earlier years, that there was no uproar of riveters to 攻撃する，非難する the ear, that beggars and panhandlers were on the sidewalks in 前例のない numbers (in the Park Avenue 地区 of New York a man might be asked for money four or five times in a ten-封鎖する walk). Traveling by 鉄道／強行採決する, you might notice that the trains were shorter, the Pullman cars より小数の--and that より小数の freight trains were on the line. Traveling 夜通し, you might find only two or three other 乗客s in your sleeping car. (By contrast, there were more filling 駅／配置するs by the モーター 主要道路s than ever before, and of all the 小売 商売／仕事s in "Middletown" only the filling 駅／配置するs showed no large 減少（する） in 商売／仕事 during the 黒人／ボイコット years; for although few new automobiles were 存在 bought, those which would still stand up were 存在 used more than ever--to the 狼狽 of the 鉄道／強行採決するs.)

さもなければ things might seem to you to be going on much as usual. The major phenomena of the 不景気 were mostly 消極的な and did not 攻撃する，非難する the 注目する，もくろむ.

But if you knew where to look, some of them would begin to appear. First, the breadlines in the poorer 地区s. Second, those 荒涼とした 解決／入植地s ironically known as "Hoovervilles" in the 郊外s of the cities and on 空いている lots--groups of 一時しのぎの物，策 shacks 建設するd out of packing boxes, 捨てる アイロンをかける, anything that could be 選ぶd up 解放する／自由な in a diligent 徹底的に捜すing of the city 捨てるs: shacks in which men and いつかs whole families of 立ち退かせるd people were sleeping on automobile seats carried from 自動車-graveyards, warming themselves before 解雇する／砲火／射撃s of rubbish in grease 派手に宣伝するs. Third, the homeless people sleeping in doorways or on park （法廷の）裁判s, and going the 一連の会議、交渉／完成するs of the restaurants for leftover half-eaten 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器s, piecrusts, anything to keep the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s of life 燃やすing. Fourth, the vastly 増加するd number of thumbers on the 主要道路s, and 特に of freight-car transients on the 鉄道／強行採決するs: a 抱擁する army of drifters ever on the move, searching half-aimlessly for a place where there might be a 職業. によれば Jonathan Norton Leonard, the Missouri 太平洋の 鉄道／強行採決する in 1929 had "taken 公式の／役人 cognizance" of 13,745 migrants; by 1931 the 人物／姿／数字 had already jumped to 186,028. It was 概算の that by the beginning of 1933, the country over, there were a million of these transients on the move. Forty-five thousand had passed through El Paso in the space of six months; 1,500 were passing through Kansas City every day. の中で them were large numbers of young boys, and girls disguised as boys. によれば the Children's Bureau, there were 200,000 children thus drifting about the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. So 抱擁する was the number of freight-car hoppers in the 南西 that in a number of places the 鉄道／強行採決する police 簡単に had to give up trying to 除去する them from the trains: there were far too many of them.

の中で the comparatively 井戸／弁護士席-to-do people of the country (those, let us say, whose pre-不景気 incomes had been over $5,000 a year) the 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数 were living on a 減ずるd 規模, for salary 削減（する）s had been 広範囲にわたる, 特に since 1931, and （株主への）配当s were dwindling. These people were 発射する／解雇するing servants, or cutting servants' 給料 to a 最小限, or in some 事例／患者s "letting" a servant stay on without other 補償（金） than board and 宿泊するing. In many pretty houses, wives who had never before--in the 明らかにする／漏らすing 現在の phrase--"done their own work" were cooking and scrubbing. Husbands were wearing the old 控訴 longer, 辞職するing from the ゴルフ club, deciding, perhaps, that this year the family couldn't afford to go to the beach for the summer, 支払う／賃金ing seventy-five cents for lunch instead of a dollar at the restaurant or thirty-five instead of fifty at the lunch 反対する. When those who had flown high with the 株式市場 in 1929 looked at the 在庫／株-market page of the newspapers nowadays their only consoling thought (if they still had any 在庫／株 left) was that a judicious sale or two would result in such a 資本／首都 loss that they need 支払う／賃金 no 所得税 at all this year.

と一緒に these men and women of the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do classes whose fortunes had been 単に 減ずるd by the 不景気 were others whose fortunes had been 粉々にするd. The （人が）群がる of men waiting for the 8:14 train at the 繁栄する 郊外 含むd many who had lost their 職業s, and were going to town as usual not 単に to look stubbornly and almost hopelessly for other work but also to keep up a bold 前線 of activity. (In this latter 成果／努力 they usually 後継するd: one would never have guessed, seeing them chatting with their friends as train-time approached, how の近くに to desperation some of them had come.) There were architects and engineers bound for offices to which no （弁護士の）依頼人s had come in weeks. There were doctors who thought themselves lucky when a 患者 paid a 法案. Mrs. Jones, who went daily to her stenographic 職業, was now the 経済的な 主要な支え of her family, for Mr. Jones was 失業 and was doing the cooking and looking after the children (with singular distaste and inefficiency). Next door to the Joneses lived Mrs. Smith, the 未亡人 of a successful lawyer: she had always had a comfortable income, she prided herself on her "nice things," she was pathetically unfitted to earn a dollar even if 職業s were to be had; her 資本／首都 had been 投資するd in South American 社債s and 部隊d 創立者s 在庫／株 and other 類似して misnamed "安全s," and now she was 完全に 扶養家族 upon 手渡す-outs from her 親族s, and didn't even have carfare in her 輸入するd pocketbook.

The Browns had 退却／保養地d to their "farmhouse" in the country and were trying to raise 刈るs on its stony acres; they talked 温かく about primal 簡単s but couldn't help longing いつかs for electric light and running hot water, and couldn't 対処する with the potato bugs. (Large numbers of city dwellers thus moved to the country, but not enough of them engaged in real farming to do more than 部分的に／不公平に check the long-称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 movement from the farms of America to the cities and towns.) It was 存在 whispered about the community that the Robinson family, though they lived in a $40,000 house and had always spent money 自由に, were in desperate straights: Mr. Robinson had lost his 職業, the house could not be sold, they had realized on every 資産 at their 命令（する）, and now they were 現実に going hungry--though their house still looked like the abode of affluence.

その上の 負かす／撃墜する in the 経済的な 規模, 特に in those 産業の communities in which the factories were running at twenty per cent of capacity or had の近くにd 負かす／撃墜する altogether, 条件s were infinitely worse. Frederick E. Croxton's 人物／姿／数字s, taken in Buffalo, show what was happening in such communities: out of 14,909 persons of both sexes willing and able to work, his house-to-house canvassers 設立する in November, 1932, that 46.3 per cent were fully 雇うd, 22.5 per cent were working part time, and as many as 31.2 per cent were unable to find 職業s. In every American city, 量s of families were 存在 立ち退かせるd from their 不十分な apartments; moving in with other families till ten or twelve people would be 株ing three or four rooms; or shivering through the winter in heatless houses because they could afford no coal, eating meat once a week or not at all. If 雇用者s いつかs 設立する that former 従業員s who had been 発射する／解雇するd did not seem eager for re-雇用 ("They won't take a 職業 if you 申し込む／申し出 them one!"), often the 推論する／理由 was panic: a dreadful 恐れる of inadequacy which was one of the 不景気's commonest psycho-pathological results. A woman clerk, 申し込む／申し出d piecework after 存在 失業 for a year, 自白するd that she almost had not dared to come to the office, she had been in such terror lest she wouldn't know where to hang her coat, wouldn't know how to find the washroom, wouldn't understand the boss's directions for her 職業.

For perhaps the worst thing about this 不景気 was its inexorable continuance year after year. Men who have been sturdy and self-尊敬（する）・点ing 労働者s can take 失業 without flinching for a few weeks, a few months, even if they have to see their families 苦しむ; but it is different after a year . . . two years . . . three years. . . . の中で the 哀れな creatures curled up on park （法廷の）裁判s or standing in dreary lines before the soup kitchens in 1932 were men who had been 失業 since the end of 1929.

At the very 底（に届く） of the 経済的な 規模 the 条件s may perhaps best be 示唆するd by two 簡潔な／要約する quotations. The first, from Jonathan Norton Leonard's Three Years 負かす／撃墜する, 述べるs the 苦境 of Pennsylvania 鉱夫s who had been put out of company villages after a blind and hopeless strike in 1931: "Reporters from the more 自由主義の 主要都市の papers 設立する thousands of them 密談する／（身体を）寄せ集めるd on the 山腹s, （人が）群がるd three or four families together in one-room shacks, living on dandelions and wild 少しのd-roots. Half of them were sick, but no 地元の doctor would care for the 立ち退かせるd strikers. All of them were hungry and many were dying of those providential 病気s which enable 福利事業 当局 to （人命などを）奪う，主張する that no one has 餓死するd." The other quotation is from Louise V. Armstrong's We Too Are the People, and the scene is Chicago in the late spring of 1932:--

"One vivid, gruesome moment of those dark days we shall never forget. We saw a （人が）群がる of some fifty men fighting over a バーレル／樽 of garbage which had been 始める，決める outside the 支援する door of a restaurant. American 国民s fighting for 捨てるs of food like animals!"

Human 行為 under unaccustomed 条件s is always さまざまな. One thinks of the 会社／団体 (n)役員／(a)執行力のある to whom was 委任する／代表d the 職業 of 発射する／解雇するing several hundred men: he 主張するd on seeing every one of them 本人自身で and taking an 利益／興味 in each man's predicament, and at the end of a few months his hair had turned 未熟に gray. . . . The Junior League girl who 報告（する）／憶測d with pride a 不景気 economy: she had 削減（する） a piece out of an old fur coat in the attic and bound it to serve as a bathmat. . . . The 銀行業者 who had been 急落（する），激減（する）d 深く，強烈に into 負債 by the 崩壊（する） of his bank: he got a $30,000 職業 with another bank, lived on $3,000 a year, and honorably paid $27,000 a year to his creditors. . . . The 豊富な family who lost most of their money but 発表するd bravely that they had "solved their 不景気 problem" by 発射する／解雇するing fifteen of their twenty servants, and showed no 調印するs of curiosity as to what would happen to these fifteen. . . . The little knot of 会社／団体 公式の／役人s in a magnificent 超高層ビル office doctoring the 調書をとる／予約するs of the company to dodge 破産. . . . The （人が）群がる of Chicago Negroes standing tight-packed before a tenement-house door to 妨げる the landlord's スパイ／執行官s from 立ち退かせるing a neighbor family: as they stood there, hour by hour, they sang hymns. . . . The onetime clerk carefully cutting out pieces of cardboard to put inside his shoes before setting out on his endless 職業-追跡（する）ing 一連の会議、交渉／完成する, and telling his wife the shoes were now better than ever. . . . The man in the little apartment next door who had given up 追跡（する）ing for 職業s, given up all 利益／興味, all activity, and sat hour by hour in 星／主役にするing apathy. . . .

It was a strange time in which to 卒業生（する） from school or college. High schools had a larger 出席 than ever before, 特に in the upper grades, because there were few 職業s to tempt any one away. Likewise college 卒業生（する）s who could afford to go on to 卒業生（する） school were continuing their 熟考する／考慮するs--after a hopeless 追跡（する） for 職業s--rather than be idle. Look, for example, at a 見本 page of the first 報告（する）／憶測 of the Harvard College Class of 1932, made up in the spring of 1933. At first ちらりと見ること it would seem to 証言する to a remarkable かわき for その上の knowledge (I 引用する it verbatim, omitting only the 指名するs):

--does not give his 占領／職業

--is 熟考する／考慮するing abroad

--is a student at the Harvard 法律 School, 1st year

--is at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.

--is a student in the Harvard 医療の School, 1st year

--has not been heard from

--is a student in the Harvard 工学 School, 4th year

--is 利益／興味d in the 共産主義者 movement

--is a student in the Harvard 法律 School, 1st year

--is a student in Harvard College

--is a student in the Harvard School of Architecture, 1st year

--is with the Cleveland 新たな展開 演習 Co.

--is a student in the Harvard School of 商売／仕事 行政, 1st year

--is 製造業の neckwear

--is a student in the Harvard 卒業生（する） School of Arts and Sciences, 1st year

--is a student in the Harvard 法律 School, 1st year

--is a student in the Harvard 卒業生（する） School of 商売／仕事 行政, 1st year

--is a student in Manhattan College

The 影響s of the 経済的な dislocation were ubiquitous. Not 商売／仕事 alone was 乱すd, but churches, museums, theatres, schools, colleges, charitable organizations, clubs, 宿泊するs, sports organizations, and so on （疑いを）晴らす through the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of human 企業s; one and all they felt the 影響s of dwindling gifts, 拒絶する／低下するing 会員の地位s, 減少（する）ing box-office returns, uncollectible 法案s, 歳入 insufficient to 支払う／賃金 the 利益／興味 on the mortgage.

その上に, as the tide of 商売／仕事 receded, it laid 明らかにする the 証拠 of many an unsavory 出来事/事件 of the past. The political スキャンダルs which were 存在 調査／捜査するd in New York City by Samuel Seabury, for instance, （機の）カム to light only partly as a result of a new crusading spirit の中で the citizenry, a wave of disgust for machine 汚職，収賄; it was the 不景気, bringing 失敗s and defaults and then the examination of 法人組織の／企業の 記録，記録的な／記録するs, which had begun the 発覚s. The same sort of thing was happening in almost every city and town. As banks went under, as 会社／団体s got into difficulties, the accountants learned what さもなければ might never have been discovered: that the 尊敬（する）・点d family in the big house on the hill had been 手渡す-in-手渡す with ギャング（個々）s; that the benevolent company 大統領，／社長 had been living in such style only because he placed company orders at fat prices with an associated company which he 本人自身で controlled; that the 会社／団体 lawyer who passed the plate at the Presbyterian church had been falsifying his income-税金 returns. And with every such 公表，暴露 （機の）カム a new disillusionment.

ｧ 6

On the evening of the first of March, 1932, an event took place which 即時に thrust everything else, even the grim 過程s of 不景気, into the background of American thought--and which seemed to many 観察者／傍聴者s to epitomize cruelly the demoralization into which the country had fallen. The baby son of 陸軍大佐 and Mrs. Charles A. Lindbergh was kidnapped--taken out of his bed in a second-story room of the new house at Hopewell, New Jersey, never to be seen again alive.

Since Lindbergh's flight to Paris nearly five years before, he had 占領するd a unique and 前例のない position in American life. Admired almost to the point of worship by millions of people, he was like a sort of uncrowned prince; and although he ひどく shunned publicity, everything he did was so 必然的に news that the harder he tried to dodge the limelight, the more surely it 追求するd him. Word that he had been seen anywhere was enough to bring a （人が）群がる running; he was said to have been driven at times to disguise himself ーするために be 解放する／自由な of mobbing admirers. He now 占領するd himself as a 顧問 in 航空; late the 先行する summer he and his wife, the former Anne Morrow, had made a "flight to the Orient" which Mrs. Lindbergh later 述べるd in lovely prose; and since his 会合 with Dr. Alexis Carrel late in 1930 he had begun 実験s in the construction of perfusion pumps which were to bring him a high 評判 as a 生物学の 専門家技術者. His new house at Hopewell, remote and surrounded by 支持を得ようと努めるd, had been built 大部分は as a 退却／保養地 in which the Lindberghs could be at peace from an intrusive world.

And now, suddenly, this peace was 粉々にするd. Within a few hours of the 発見 that the Lindbergh baby's bed was empty--the 一面に覆う／毛布s still held in place by their safety pins--a 群れている of police and newspaper men had reached the house and were trampling about the muddy grounds, obliterating 手がかり（を与える）s. And when the news broke in the next morning's newspapers, the American people went into a long paroxysm of excitement.

More police and reporters arrived; the nearest 鉄道／強行採決する 駅／配置する was transformed into a newspaper （警察，軍隊などの）本部; news from Hopewell （人が）群がるd everything else to the 支援する pages of the papers; 大統領 Hoover 問題／発行するd a 声明, the 知事 of New Jersey held police 会議／協議会s, anti-kidnapping 法案s were 用意が出来ている by 立法議員s in several 明言する／公表するs, the New York Times 報告（する）／憶測d the 領収書 on a 選び出す／独身 day of 3,331 telephone calls asking for the 最新の news. Bishop Manning of New York sent his clergy a special 祈り for 即座の use, 宣言するing, "In a 事例／患者 like this we cannot wait till Sunday." William Green asked members of the American 連合 of Labor to 援助（する） in the 追跡（する） for the 犯罪の. 指揮官 Evangeline Booth 勧めるd all 命令（する）ing officers of the 救済 Army to help, and referred to "the miraculous 業績／成就s with which God has 栄誉（を受ける）d our movement along these very lines through our lost and 設立する bureau." Clergymen of three denominations prayed over the 無線で通信する for the baby's deliverance. Wild 噂するs went about. Babies 似ているing the Lindbergh child were 報告（する）／憶測d seen in automobiles all over the country. The proprietor of a cigar 蓄える／店 in Jersey City brought the police on the run by 報告（する）／憶測ing that he had heard a man in a telephone booth say something that sounded like a kidnapper's message. And the Lindberghs received endless letters of advice and suggestion--the total running, in a few weeks, to one hundred thousand.

From day to day the 演劇 of the search went on--the Lindberghs 申し込む／申し出ing 免疫 to the kidnapper in a 調印するd 声明, giving out the pathetic 詳細（に述べる）s of the baby's accustomed diet, asking two 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者ing bootleggers 指名するd Spitale and Bitz to serve as intermediaries with the 暗黒街; and soon the 長，指導者 actors in the Hopewell 演劇 became as familiar to the American newspaper-reading public as if the whole country had been engaged in reading the same 探偵，刑事 story. Mr. and Mrs. Oliver Whateley, the butler and his wife; Betty Gow, the nurse; Arthur Johnson, her sailor friend; 陸軍大佐 Schwarzkopf of the New Jersey 明言する／公表する Police; Violet Sharpe, the maid at the Morrows' house, who committed 自殺; and Dr. John F. Condon ("Jafsie"), the old gentleman in the Bronx who made the first personal 接触する with the kidnapper--these men and women became the 支配するs of endless conjectures and theorizings. When a stranger asked one, "Have they 設立する the baby?" there was never an instant's 疑問 as to what baby was meant, whether the question was asked in New Jersey or in Oregon. One would hear a hotel elevator man 説 out of the blue, to an 上がるing guest, "井戸／弁護士席, I believe it was an inside 職業"--to which the guest would reply heatedly, "Nonsense, it was that ギャング（団） in Detroit." If the American people had needed to have their minds taken off the 不景気, the kidnapping had 簡潔に done it.

On March 8, a week after the 罪，犯罪, old Dr. Condon--college lecturer and 福利事業 労働者 in "the most beautiful borough in the world," as he called the Bronx--conceived the 半端物 idea of putting an 宣伝 in the Bronx Home News, to the 影響 that he would be glad to serve as an intermediary for the return of the Lindbergh child. The next day he received a letter, misspelled in an 半端物 Germanic way, 含む／封じ込めるing an enclosure 演説（する）／住所d to 陸軍大佐 Lindbergh. He called up the house at Hopewell, was asked to open the enclosure, 述べるd some curious 場内取引員／株価s on it, and at once was asked to come and see 陸軍大佐 Lindbergh--for those 場内取引員／株価s were 同一の with the code symbols on a 身代金 公式文書，認める which had been left on the window sill of the baby's room! On March 12, Dr. Condon received a 公式文書，認める which told him to go to a hot-dog stand at the end of the Jerome Avenue elevated 鉄道／強行採決する. He 設立する there a 公式文書，認める directing him to the 入り口 of Woodlawn 共同墓地. He presently saw a man in the shrubbery of the 共同墓地, and he went with this man to a （法廷の）裁判 近づく by, where they sat and talked. The kidnapper had a German or Scandinavian accent, called himself "John," and said he was only one of a ギャング（団）.

その上の 交渉s--which left no 疑問 that "John" was indeed the kidnapper, or one of the kidnappers--led to the 支払い（額） of $50,000 in 法案s to "John" by Dr. Condon (…を伴ってd by 陸軍大佐 Lindbergh) in St. Raymond's 共同墓地 in the Bronx on April 2--その結果 "John" 手渡すd Dr. Condon a 公式文書，認める which said that the baby would be 設立する 安全な on a "boad" (meaning boat) 近づく Gay 長，率いる on Martha's Vineyard. The 陸軍大佐 made two flights there by 計画（する） and 設立する no "boad"; 明確に the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） given was 誤った.

Then on the evening of May 12, 1932, about six weeks after the kidnapping, the newsboys 詠唱するd extras in the streets once more: the child's 団体／死体 had been 設立する by chance in a thicket 近づく a road five and a half miles from the Lindbergh place. Whether he had been killed deliberately or accidentally would never be known; in any event, the kidnapper had chosen that 位置／汚点／見つけ出す to half-bury the little 団体／死体.

"BABY DEAD" 発表するd the tabloid headlines: those two words 十分であるd.

A 広大な／多数の／重要な many Americans whose memories of other events of the １０年間 are vague can 解任する just where and under what circumstances they first heard that piece of news.

The story seemed to have reached its end, but still the reverberations of horror continued. Soon it was （疑いを）晴らす, not only that the kidnapper had 追加するd the cruelty of Lindbergh's hopeless search by 計画（する） to the barbarity of the 初めの 罪，犯罪; not only that Gaston B. Means had wangled $100,000 out of Mrs. McLean of Washington on the 有罪に 誤った pretense that he could get the child 支援する; but also that John Hughes Curtis of Norfolk, Virginia, who had induced 陸軍大佐 Lindbergh to go out on a boat in Chesapeake Bay to make 接触する with the kidnappers, had concocted--for whatever 推論する／理由--one of the most contemptible hoaxes ever conceived. These 発覚s, coming on 最高の，を越す of the shock of seeing the Lindberghs 軍隊d to を取り引きする 代表者／国会議員s of the 暗黒街 (as if the 暗黒街 were やめる beyond the 法律), brought 雷鳴s of 狼狽 from preachers, orators, 編集（者）の-writers, columnists: there was something very rotten indeed in the 明言する／公表する of Denmark. And the 悲劇の sense that things were awry was 深くするd.

There the Lindbergh 事例／患者 残り／休憩（する）d in 1932. But we must go ahead of our history to recount the sequel. It （機の）カム over twenty-eight months later, on September 19, 1934, when the kidnapper was 逮捕（する）d. Ironically, one of the things which 容易にするd his 逮捕（する） was that in the 合間 the New 取引，協定 had come in, the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had gone off the gold 基準, and the gold 証明書s which had been 手渡すd over to the kidnapper had become noticeable rarities.

The kidnapper 証明するd to be not a member of the 組織するd 暗黒街 but a 孤独な 犯罪の--a 逃亡者／はかないもの felon from Germany, 不法に in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs--one Bruno Richard Hauptmann. He was 逮捕（する）d in the Bronx, was tried at the beginning of 1935 at the Hunterdon 郡 法廷，裁判所 House at Flemington, New Jersey, was 罪人／有罪を宣告するd, and--after an 不成功の 控訴，上告 and a 延期する brought about by the inexplicable 不本意 of 知事 Harold Hoffman of New Jersey to believe in his 犯罪--was 電気椅子で死刑にするd on April 3, 1936.

The 証拠 against Hauptmann was 圧倒的な. Leaving aside the かもしれない debatable 身元確認，身分証明s of him and other 疑わしい bits of 証拠, consider these items alone: 1. Hauptmann lived in the Bronx, where Dr. Condon's 宣伝 had appeared, where Dr. Condon had met "John" and where "John" had received the 身代金 money. 2. The numbers of the 身代金 法案s had been 記録，記録的な／記録するd: many of these 法案s had been passed in parts of New York City accessible to a 居住（者） of the Bronx; it was the passing of one by Hauptmann in a Bronx garage which led to his 逮捕（する）. 3. When 逮捕（する）d, Hauptmann had a $20 身代金 法案 on his person. 4. No いっそう少なく than $14,600 in 身代金 法案s was 設立する secreted in his garage. 5. He was a German, his tricks of speech corresponded 概略で to those in the 身代金 letters, he had once used in an account 調書をとる／予約する the （一定の）期間ing "boad," and he used other misspellings and foreign locutions like those in the 身代金 公式文書，認めるs. 6. His handwriting was 類似の to those in the 公式文書，認めるs. 7. He had had no 正規の／正選手 means of support after March 1, 1932, but had にもかかわらず spent money 自由に and had had a 仲買業 account of some dimensions (with which he was やめる 不成功の). 8. His story of how he got his money, through an 申し立てられた／疑わしい 共同 in a fur 商売／仕事 with one Frisch, and how he kept it in a shoe box on a shelf, was vague and unconvincing. 9. その上に, the kidnapper had left behind, at Hopewell, a ladder of 半端物 construction. An 専門家 from the Department of 農業, Arthur Koehler, not only 設立する, from the sort of 支持を得ようと努めるd used in the making of this ladder and from peculiarities in its cutting, that it had been a part of a 出荷／船積み to a Bronx 会社／堅い, but also that 不正行為s in the 計画（する）ing of it corresponded to 不正行為s in a 計画（する） in Hauptmann's 所有／入手. 10. Finally, one piece of the 支持を得ようと努めるd used in the ladder fitted 正確に a piece 行方不明の from a 床に打ち倒す board in Hauptmann's attic, even the old nail 穴を開けるs in it matching to a fraction of an インチ!

ｧ 7

負かす／撃墜する, 負かす／撃墜する, 負かす／撃墜する went 商売／仕事.

Calvin Coolidge, who had been the 長，指導者 patron saint of the 繁栄 of the nineteen-twenties, paced in unhappy bewilderment about the lawn at "The Beeches," his Northampton 広い地所. One day he dropped in at his barber's for his 月毎の haircut. "Mr. Coolidge," said the barber deferentially, "how about this 不景気? When is it going to end?" "井戸／弁護士席, George," said the ex-大統領, "the big men of the country have got to get together and do something about it. It isn't going to end itself. We all hope it will end, but we don't see it yet."

Andrew Mellon, who had been shunted into the Ambassadorship to the 法廷，裁判所 of St. James's to give Ogden Mills, a younger and livelier man, a chance to run the 財務省, no longer wore the halo in 塀で囲む Street which had once been his; when he left the 財務省 the 株式市場--which in other years would have 表明するd itself はっきりと--never wavered; yet Mellon had been one of those "big men" of the country to whom Coolidge 推定では referred, a man of 広大な wealth, 財政上の acumen, 財政上の prestige. What did he have to say? In the spring of 1932 he spoke in London. "非，不，無 of us has any means of knowing," said he, "when and how we shall 現れる from the valley of 不景気 in which the world is traveling. But I do know that, as in the past, the day will come when we shall find ourselves on a more solid 経済的な 創立／基礎 and the onward march of 進歩 will be 再開するd." And again, before the International 議会 of 商業: "I do not believe in any quick or みごたえのある 治療（薬）s for the ills from which the world is 苦しむing, nor do I 株 the belief that there is anything fundamentally wrong with the social system under which we have 達成するd, in this and other 産（工）業化するd countries, a degree of 経済的な 井戸／弁護士席-存在 前例のない in the history of the world. . . ."

Not much satisfaction there for men and women in trouble!

A few months later another 広大な／多数の／重要な man of 財政／金融 spoke in London--Montagu Norman, 知事 of the Bank of England. Even making allowance for the 希望に満ちた passages in his 演説（する）／住所, and for British self-deprecation, those who read his cabled 発言／述べるs got a shock from them. Speaking of the world-wide 経済的な 危機, he said: "The difficulties are so 広大な, the 軍隊s so 制限のない, so novel, and precedents are so 欠如（する）ing, that I approach this whole 支配する not only in ignorance but in humility. It is too 広大な／多数の／重要な for me."

Didn't he know either?

Nor did 塀で囲む Street seem to have any answer. The men of 塀で囲む Street were complaining that the trouble lay in a "欠如（する） of 信用／信任" (how often had we all heard, how often were we all to hear those hoary words parroted!); and that this 欠如（する） of 信用／信任 arose from 恐れる of インフレーション and from the 予測できない and dangerous 行為 of 議会, which was all-too-lukewarm about balancing the 連邦の 予算 and was 十分な of unsound notions. The defenders of the old order seemed as bewildered as any one else; they didn't know what had 攻撃する，衝突する them. Said a 銀行業者 公式文書，認めるd for his astuteness, in a newsreel talk, "As for the 原因（となる） of the 不景気, or the way out, you know as much as I do." And Charles M. Schwab of Bethlehem Steel, who had once been unfailingly 楽観的な, was 引用するd as 説 at a 昼食 in New York, ". . . . I'm afraid, every man is afraid. I don't know, we don't know, whether the values we have are going to be real next month or not."

The astrologers and fortunetellers were in clover; Evangeline Adams and Dolores were getting letters by the basketful--and from financiers 同様に as from those of humbler 駅／配置する. When all other prophets failed, why not try the 星／主役にするs?

The spring of 1932 was a bad season for 財政上の 評判s. On that very March 12 when "Jafsie" met Hauptmann and talked with him beside Woodlawn 共同墓地, a strange thing happened in Paris: one of the supposed 奇蹟 労働者s of international 産業 and 財政／金融, the Swedish match king, Ivar Kreuger, carefully drew the blinds of the bedroom in his apartment in the Avenue 勝利者 Emmanuel III, smoothed the covers of the unmade bed, lay 負かす／撃墜する, and 発射 himself an インチ below the heart. During the に引き続いて weeks, out trickled the story behind the 自殺: that Kreuger's 操作／手術s had been fraudulent, and that he had readily deceived with 誤った 人物／姿／数字s and airy lies the honorable members of one of the most esteemed American 財政上の houses. On April 8 Samuel Insull, 建設業者 of a lofty pyramid of public-公共事業（料金）／有用性 持つ／拘留するing companies--that same Insull of whom it had been said, only a few years before, that it was 価値（がある） a million dollars to anybody to be seen talking with him in 前線 of the 大陸の Bank--went to Owen D. Young's office in New York, 直面するd there Mr. Young and a group of New York 銀行業者s, was told that the jig was up for him, and said sadly, "I wish my time on earth had already come"; Insull's house of cards, too, had gone 負かす／撃墜する. A 上院 調査 was beginning to show up the 冷淡な-血d 巧みな操作s by which 在庫／株s had been 押し進めるd up and 負かす／撃墜する in the 株式市場 by 法人組織の／企業の insiders of wealth and prominence and supposed 責任／義務. The 大統領，／社長 of Hoover's 再建 財政／金融 会社／団体, Charles G. Dawes, had to 辞職する and hurry to Chicago in order that the 会社／団体 might 権限を与える the lending of ninety million dollars to save his bank, caught in a Chicago banking panic. 噂するs of all sorts of 切迫した 崩壊（する）s were going about. Of whom and of what could one be sure?

By the middle of 1932 産業 was operating at いっそう少なく than half its 最大限 1929 容積／容量, によれば the 連邦の Reserve Board's Adjusted 索引 of 産業の 生産／産物: the 人物／姿／数字 had fallen all the way from 125 to 58. Cotton was selling below 5 cents, wheat below 50 cents, corn at 31 cents; 社債 prices had taken a headlong 宙返り／暴落する; and as for the 株式市場, once the harbinger of so many 経済的な blessings, it had plumbed such depths as to make the prices reached at the end of the Panic of 1929 look lofty by comparison. Here are a few comparisons in tabular form:--

*Adjusted to take account of a 分裂（する）-up in the 合間. The actual price was 8 ¹/₂.

Thus spoke the 株式市場, that "極度の慎重さを要する 晴雨計" of the country's 経済的な prospects. Thus had 出発／死d the hopes of yesteryear. Was there no savior anywhere in sight?

一時期／支部 Four

A CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT

ｧ 1

It began to look as if the 職業 of saving the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs would 落ちる into the willing 手渡すs of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

早期に in June, 1932, the 共和国の／共和党のs held a dull 条約 with their Old Guard in 十分な 支配（する）／統制する, wrote a dull and verbose 壇・綱領・公約, and 指名するd Herbert Hoover for re-選挙 because they had to. Considering what was going on in the world, the general 面 of the 共和国の／共和党の 審議s was ichthyosaurian.

When the 民主党員s went to Chicago for their 条約--to a Chicago still reeling from a 地元の panic in which nearly forty banks had gone under and the Dawes bank had been hard 攻撃する，衝突する--Roosevelt had a long lead for the Democratic 指名／任命. For his 補佐官s had been doing hard and 効果的な work. Jim Farley--large, amiable, energetic, shrewd in the politics of friendships and 好意s--had been 急ぐing about the country with glad 手渡す outstretched and had been using to the 最大の his incredible capacity for 集まり 生産／産物 of personal correspondence. He いつかs called in six stenographers at a time, spent eight 連続した hours 調印 letters in green 署名／調印する; at night, when 安全な from interruption, he could 調印する at the 率 of nearly two thousand letters an hour. While Farley 命令（する）d the Roosevelt 軍隊s in the field, the Roosevelt 長，指導者-of-staff was Louis McHenry Howe, a little wizened 無効の with protruding 注目する，もくろむs and unkempt 着せる／賦与するs who worshipped Roosevelt and lived to その上の his career. Remaining in a shabby office in Madison Avenue, New York, sitting at a desk littered with newspapers and 小冊子s, or lying on an old day bed when his chronic 喘息 exhausted him, Howe 熟考する／考慮するd the political 地図／計画する and gave Farley 下落する advice. "Louis would sit in 前線 of me in his favorite 提起する／ポーズをとる," 令状s Farley, "his 肘s 残り／休憩（する）ing on his 膝s, and his 直面する cupped in his 手渡すs so that 事実上 nothing was 明白な of his features except his 注目する，もくろむs." A 熟達した strategist of politics, Howe thought out the 計画（する） of （選挙などの）運動をする.

While these men gathered 委任する／代表s for Roosevelt, others gathered ideas for him. In March, 1932--the month of the Lindbergh kidnapping and the Kreuger 自殺--Roosevelt's friend and 助言者 Samuel I. Rosenman had 示唆するd to him that it might be a good idea to get a group of university professors to help him 明確に表す his program; and, when Roosevelt smilingly agreed that it might, Rosenman had 招待するd Professor Raymond Moley of Columbia to dinner and had thrashed the 事柄 out with him over coffee and cigars. Moley had been working with Roosevelt for months on さまざまな New York problems and thus 自然に became the 新採用するing officer and 非公式の chairman of a group of 助言者s which 含むd (in 新規加入 to Moley and Rosenman) Rexford Guy Tugwell and Adolph A. Berle, Jr., both of Columbia, and Basil O'Connor, Roosevelt's 法律 partner. Roosevelt at first dubbed the group his "privy 会議"; in July, James Kieran of the New York Times christened it the "brains 信用"; the general public took over this 指名する but 必然的に changed the ぎこちない plural into a singular and spoke of the "brain 信用." Members of the group would go to Albany, dine with 知事 Roosevelt, talk with 広大な excitement for hours, and return to New York to 熟考する／考慮する and 報告（する）／憶測 on 国家の problems for the 候補者 and to 草案 覚え書き and rough out speeches for him.

But at first Roosevelt was very 用心深い in his use of such 構成要素 or in taking a 限定された position upon anything. He was handsome, friendly, attractive; he had the smiling magnetism, the agreeable 発言する／表明する which Hoover so dismally 欠如（する）d; he had not only had political and 行政の experience as 知事 of New York, but knew Washington as a former Assistant 長官 of the 海軍. With Farley and Howe to help him, and with 委任する／代表s flocking to him because of his political "availability," all he 明らかに needed ーするために 勝利，勝つ the 指名／任命--and the 選挙, for that 事柄--was to 演習 his charm, look just 保守的な enough to 落ちる 相続人 to the 投票（する）s of 共和国の／共和党のs who were sick of Hoover, look just 過激な enough to keep the 反抗的な from turning 社会主義者 or 共産主義者, and not make enemies. So he spoke kindly of "the forgotten man at the 底（に届く） of the 経済的な pyramid" but failed to 明示する 正確に／まさに how this man should be remembered; he said that "the country 需要・要求するs bold, 執拗な experimentation" but engaged, in his speeches, 主として in the sort of experimentation practiced by the chameleon. So gentle was he with the Tammany 汚職，収賄 存在 公表する／暴露するd by Samuel Seabury, and so 試験的な was he in 表明するing 経済的な ideas, that Walter Lippmann 警告するd those Western 民主党員s who regarded Roosevelt as a 勇敢な 進歩／革新的な and an "enemy of evil 影響（力）s" that they did not know their man.

"Franklin D. Roosevelt," wrote Lippmann, "is an amiable man with many philanthropic impulses, but he is not the dangerous enemy of anything. He is too eager to please. . . . Franklin D. Roosevelt is no 改革運動家. He is no tribune of the people. He is no enemy of 堅固に守るd 特権. He is a pleasant man who, without any important 資格s for the office, would very much like to be 大統領."

On the first 投票（する） for the 指名／任命, taken in the Chicago Stadium in a sweltering all-night 開会／開廷／会期 after interminable 指名するing speeches, Roosevelt already had a 大多数 of the 委任する／代表s. The only 障害s now remaining were the 古代の 支配する which 要求するd a two-thirds 投票（する） for the 指名／任命, and the 可能性 that the 対立 軍隊s of John Nance 獲得する of Texas or of Roosevelt's former friend and 助言者, Al Smith, might be unbreakable. Two more 投票（する）s followed without important change as night gave way to day, and at 9:15 on the morning of July 1st the 委任する／代表s--"stupefied by oratory, 厚かましさ／高級将校連 禁止（する）d, bad 空気／公表する, perspiration, sleeplessness, and soft drinks," as Walter Lippmann said--つまずくd out of the Stadium into the 日光 with no 決定／判定勝ち（する） taken.

Only Huey Long, the Louisiana Kingfish, had seemed unwilted during that exhausting night: Heywood Broun saw him dash 負かす／撃墜する to the aisles to soothe a swaying 代表, pause to 迎える／歓迎する a blonde stenographer with "How are you, baby?" and continue energetically on his political errand. When Farley got 支援する to Louis Howe's room to 報告（する）／憶測, he 設立する Howe lying on the 床に打ち倒す in his shirt sleeves, his 長，率いる on a pillow, two electric fans blowing on him; Farley sprawled on the carpet beside him to 会談する on the 戦略 of the hour. The two men decided that Farley should look for Sam Rayburn of Texas and see if the Texas 代表 could be 説得するd to forsake 獲得する for Roosevelt, in return for 援助（する） in getting 獲得する the 副／悪徳行為-大統領の 指名／任命. Farley then dragged himself to Pat Harrison's rooms in search of Rayburn; and when he 設立する that Rayburn had not yet arrived, Farley sat 負かす／撃墜する to wait and presently was snoring in his 議長，司会を務める. Under such 条件s do our statesmen make their 決定的な choices.

But soon it was all over. Rayburn arrived at the Harrison 控訴. He did not commit himself definitely but said, "We'll see what can be done"; and Farley felt that victory was on the way. That afternoon 獲得する telephoned from Washington to recommend that his leaders should 解放（する） their 代表s. (What part Hearst, who had been 支援 獲得する, had in this 降伏する is uncertain.) When that night, the 委任する／代表s 組み立てる／集結するd once more, the 対立 lines had broken. On the first 投票（する） that night--the fourth for the 指名／任命--Roosevelt was chosen. 獲得する thereupon got the 副／悪徳行為-大統領の 指名／任命.

劇的な, Roosevelt 辞退するd to wait weeks for a notification 儀式. Throwing aside tradition, he 借り切る／憲章d a 計画（する）, flew to Chicago, and made an 即座の speech of 受託 約束ing a "new 取引，協定." (This was the first public 外見 of the phrase. Moley, perhaps thinking of Stuart Chase's 調書をとる／予約する, A New 取引，協定, had used it in a memorandum to Roosevelt six weeks before, and Roosevelt had 掴むd upon it.)

The origin of this 受託 speech was a little 演劇 in itself. For weeks Roosevelt and the Brain 信用 had been working on a 草案 of the 演説（する）／住所. During the 計画（する） trip Roosevelt had made a few last-minute 改正s. But at the airport at Chicago he was met by Louis Howe, who thrust another manuscript into his 手渡す. Howe, in Chicago, had been shown a copy of the Brain 信用 草案 by Moley, had disliked it, and had written a 改訂するd 見解／翻訳／版: it was this new 見解／翻訳／版 which he was now 手渡すing to the 指名された人. As Roosevelt 棒 to the Stadium through roaring （人が）群がるs he had no chance to compare the two 文書s; not until he was on the 壇・綱領・公約, 直面するing the 条約, could he lay them 味方する by 味方する. During the 元気づける he ちらりと見ることd them over. Then he began to speak. The beginning of his 演説（する）／住所 was his faithful Howe's first page; the 残り／休憩（する） was the 初めの Brain 信用 草案!

Nothing in the speech was as bold as Roosevelt's flight to make it. "Taking 公式文書，認める, 明らかに, of the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s of またがるing that had been flung at him," wrote Elmer Davis, "he 約束d to make his position （疑いを）晴らす; and he did--upon the 禁止 plank [需要・要求するing 廃止する] which the party had 可決する・採択するd by a 投票（する） of five to one. For the 残り／休憩（する）, you could not quarrel with a 選び出す／独身 one of his generalities; you seldom can. But what they mean (if anything) is known only to Franklin D. Roosevelt and his God."

In the speech there were many passages which foreshadowed the その後の vigorous 対策 of his 大統領／総裁などの地位, but they were vague in phrasing. In only one place, where he 示唆するd that a 軍隊 of 失業した men be put at 自然保護 work, did he seem to have a really novel 計画（する） (this was the germ of the CCC). He 是認するd some ideas which he was later to forsake, as when he said that 政府 "costs too much" and that the 連邦の 政府 should 始める，決める an example of solvency. And he 受託するd "one hundred per cent" the new Democratic 壇・綱領・公約: a short 明確な／細部 文書 which, though it called for 財政上の 改革（する）s such as Roosevelt was later to 押し進める through 議会, and called also for "支配（する）／統制する of 刈る 黒字／過剰s," 代表するd in the main an old-fashioned liberalism--a return to the days of small and simple 商売／仕事 部隊s and modest and frugal 政治の 部隊s--and certainly gave no hint of any 意向 to 拡大する enormously the 連邦の 力／強力にする.

Events were moving 急速な／放蕩な in that summer of 1932, ideas were boiling, and counsels were divided. The Democratic 候補者 was astute: he had いっそう少なく to lose by 直面するing two ways than by standing 急速な／放蕩な; by talking about candor than by 演習ing it.

ｧ 2

Not only were ideas boiling; the country was losing patience with adversity. That instinct of desperate men to 反逆者／反逆する which was swelling the 過激な parties in a dozen 不景気-攻撃する，衝突する countries and was 集会 stormily behind Hitler in Germany was working in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs also. It was anything but 統一するd, it was as yet little 組織するd, and only in scattered places did it assume the customary European 形態／調整 of 共産主義. It had been slow to develop--partly because Americans had been used to 繁栄 and had 推定する／予想するd it to return automatically, partly because when 職業s were 消えるing those men who were still 雇うd were too 脅すd to be 反抗的な, and 簡単に hung on to what they had and waited and hoped. (It is not usually during a 崩壊（する） that men 反逆者／反逆する, but after it.) There had been 暴動s and hunger-marches here and there but on the whole the orderliness of the country had been striking, all things considered. Yet men could not be 推定する／予想するd to sit still forever in the 期待 that an 経済的な system which they did not understand would 権利 itself. The ferment of 不満 was working in many places and taking many forms, and here and there it was beginning to break はっきりと through the 整然とした surface of society.

In the summer of 1932 the city of Washington was to see an exciting example of this ferment--and a みごたえのある demonstration of how not to を取り引きする it.

All through June thousands of war 退役軍人s had been streaming into Washington, coming from all over the country by boxcar and by トラックで運ぶ. These 退役軍人s 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 政府 to 支払う／賃金 them now the "adjusted 補償（金）" which 議会 had already 投票（する）d to 支払う／賃金 them in 1945. They 始める，決める up a （軍の）野営地，陣営--a shanty-town, a sort of big-規模 "Hooverville"--on the Anacostia flats 近づく the city, and they 占領するd some 空いている land with disused buildings on it on Pennsylvania Avenue just below the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂. More and more of them straggled to Washington until their number had reached fifteen or twenty thousand.

の中で such a 広大な／多数の／重要な （人が）群がる there were 必然的に men of many sorts. The Hoover 行政 later 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d that many had had 前科s, or were 共産主義者s. But unquestionably the 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数 of them were 本物の 退役軍人s; though there was one small 共産主義者 group, it was regarded with 敵意 by the 残り／休憩（する）; in the main this "特別手当 Expeditionary 軍隊" consisted of ordinary Americans out of luck. They were under at least a 外見 of 軍の discipline and were on the whole 井戸／弁護士席-behaved. Many brought their wives and children along, and as time went on the Anacostia （軍の）野営地，陣営 took on an 空気／公表する half 軍の and half 国内の, with the family wash hanging on the line outside the 哀れな shacks, and 芸能人s getting up impromptu vaudeville shows.

General Pelham D. Glassford, the Washington superintendent of police, sensibly regarded these invaders as 国民s who had every 権利 to 嘆願（書） the 政府 for a 是正する of grievances. He helped them to get 器具／備品 for their （軍の）野営地，陣営 and 扱う／治療するd them with unfailing consideration. But to some Washingtonians their presence was ominous. A group of the 退役軍人s--under a leader who wore a steel neck-を締める and a helmet with ひもで縛るs under the chin, to support a broken 支援する--picketed the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 for days while the 特別手当 法案 was 存在 considered; and on the evening when the 法案 was to come to a 投票（する）, the 広大な／多数の／重要な plaza before the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 was packed with 退役軍人s. The 上院 投票（する）d No. What would the men do? There were people looking out the windows of the brightly lighted 上院 wing who wondered breathlessly if those thousands of ragged men would try to 急ぐ the building. But when their leader 発表するd the news, a 禁止（する）d struck up "America" and the men 分散させるd 静かに. So far, so good.

Some of them left Washington during the next few days, but several thousand stayed on, hopelessly, obstinately. (Where had they to go?) Officialdom became more and more uneasy. The White House was put under guard, its gates の近くにd and chained, the streets about it （疑いを）晴らすd, as if the man there did not dare 直面する the 不安 の中で the least fortunate of the citizenry. It was decided to （疑いを）晴らす the 退役軍人s out of the disused buildings below the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 (to make way for the 政府's building program); and on the morning of July 28, 1932, General Glassford was told that the 避難／引き上げ must be 即座の. He 始める，決める about his 仕事.

It began 平和的に, but at noon somebody threw a brick and there was a scuffle between the 退役軍人s and the police, which quickly 沈下するd. Two hours later there was more serious trouble as a policeman at whom the 退役軍人s had thrown 石／投石するs pulled his gun; two 退役軍人s were killed before Glassford could get the police to stop 狙撃. Even this 戦う／戦い 沈下するd. All Glassford 手配中の，お尋ね者 was time to 完全にする the 避難／引き上げ 平和的に and without needless affront. But he was not to get it.

Earlier in the day he had told the 地区 Commissioners that if the 避難／引き上げ was to be carried out speedily, 軍隊／機動隊s would be 要求するd. This 声明 had been needlessly 解釈する／通訳するd as a request for 軍の 援助（する）, which Glassford did not want at all. 大統領 Hoover had ordered the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army to the 救助（する）.

負かす／撃墜する Pennsylvania Avenue, late that hot afternoon, （機の）カム an impressive parade--four 軍隊／機動隊s of cavalry, four companies of infantry, a machine-gun 騎兵大隊, and several 戦車／タンクs. As they approached the 論争d area they were met with 元気づけるs from the 退役軍人s sitting on the 抑制（する） and from the large （人が）群がる which had 組み立てる／集結するd. Then suddenly there was 大混乱: cavalrymen were riding into the （人が）群がる, infantrymen were throwing 涙／ほころび-gas 爆弾s, women and children were 存在 trampled and were choking from the gas; a （人が）群がる of three thousand or more 観客s who had gathered in a 空いている lot across the way were 存在 追求するd by the cavalry and were running wildly, pell-mell, across the uneven ground, 叫び声をあげるing as they つまずくd and fell.

The 軍隊／機動隊s moved slowly on, scattering before them 退役軍人s and homegoing 政府 clerks alike. When they reached the other end of the Anacostia 橋（渡しをする） and met a （人が）群がる of 観客s who booed them and were slow to "move on," they threw more gas 爆弾s. They began 燃やすing the shacks of the Anacostia （軍の）野営地，陣営--a 仕事 which the 退役軍人s themselves helped them 遂行する. That evening the Washington sky glowed with 解雇する／砲火／射撃. Even after midnight the 軍隊／機動隊s were still on their way with 銃剣 and 涙／ほころび-gas 爆弾s, 運動ing people ahead of them into the streets of Anacostia.

The 特別手当 Expeditionary 軍隊 had been 分散させるd, to 合併する itself with that greater army of homeless people who were drifting about the country in search of an ever-退却／保養地ing fortune. The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army had 完全にするd its 操作／手術 "首尾よく" without 殺人，大当り anybody--though the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 負傷させるd was long. The 出来事/事件 was over. But it had left a bitter taste in the mouth. 銃剣 drawn in Washington to 大勝する the dispossessed--was this the best that American statesmanship could 申し込む／申し出 hungry 国民s?

ｧ 3

The 農業者s were 反抗的な--and no wonder. For the 甚だしい／１２ダース income of American 農業 had 拒絶する／低下するd from nearly 12 billion dollars in 1929--when it had already for years been 苦しむing from a 拒絶する／低下する in 輸出（する） sales--to only 5 ¹/₄ billions in 1932. While most 製造業の 商売／仕事s dropped their prices only a little and met slackened 需要・要求する with slackened 生産／産物, the 農業者 could not do this, and the prices he got went 権利 負かす／撃墜する to the cellar. Men who 設立する themselves utterly unable to 会合，会う their costs of 生産／産物 could not all be 推定する／予想するd to be philosophical about it.

Angry Iowans, 組織するd by Milo Reno into a 農業者s' Holiday 協会, were 辞退するing to bring food into Sioux City for thirty days or "until the cost of 生産／産物 had been 得るd"; they 封鎖d the 主要道路s with spiked telegraph 政治家s and スピードを出す／記録につけるs, stopped milk トラックで運ぶs and emptied the milk into 道端 溝へはまらせる／不時着するs. Said an 年輩の Iowa 農業者 with a white mustache to Mary Heaton Vorse, "They say 封鎖ing the 主要道路's 違法な. I says, 'Seems to me there was a Tea Party in Boston that was 違法な too.'"

どこかよそで 農業者s were taking the obvious direct means to stop the 高潮，津波 of mortgage foreclosure sales. All through the prairie country there were 量s of 農業者s who not only had 激しい mortgages on their 所有物／資産／財産 but had gone 深く，強烈に into 負債 for the 購入（する） of farm 機械／機構 or to 会合，会う the 緊急s of years of 落ちるing prices; when their corn and wheat brought to even the most industrious of them not enough money to 会合，会う their 義務s, they lost patience with the 法律s of 破産. If a man sees a neighbor of his, a 以前は successful 農業者, a 相当な, hard-working 国民 with a family, coming out of the office of the 審判（をする） in 破産 stripped of everything but an old team of horses, a wagon, a few dogs and hogs, and a few sticks of furniture, he is likely to see red. Marching to the scene of the next foreclosure sale, these 農業者s would 運動 off 見込みのある 入札者s, gather 密集して about the auctioneer, 企て，努力，提案 in horses at 25 cents apiece, cows at 10 cents, fat hogs at a nickel--and the next morning would return their 購入（する）s to the former owner.

In a 静かな 郡 seat, handbills would appear: "農業者s and 労働者s! Help 保護する your neighbors from 存在 driven off their 所有物／資産／財産. Now is the time to 行為／法令／行動する. For the past three and a half years we have waited for our masters, who are 責任がある the 状況／情勢, to find a way out. . . . On Friday the 所有物／資産／財産 of ------ is to be sold at a 軍隊d auction at the courthouse. . . . The 農業者s 委員会 has called a 集まり 抗議する 会合 to stop the above-について言及するd sale." And on Friday the トラックで運ぶs would 運動 up to the courthouse and men by the hundreds, 静かな, grim-直面するd, would fill the 回廊（地帯）s outside the 郡保安官's office while their leaders 需要・要求するd that the sale be not held.

They 脅すd 裁判官s in 破産 事例／患者s; in one 事例／患者 a 暴徒 dragged a 裁判官 from his courtroom, （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 him, hanged him by the neck till he fainted--and all because he was carrying out the 法律.

These 農業者s were not revolutionists. On the contrary, most of them were by habit 保守的な men. They were 簡単に striking 支援する in 激怒（する） at the impersonal 軍隊s which had brought them to their 現在の pass.

All through the summer and autumn of 1932--when the Olympic Games were 存在 held with high pageantry at Los Angeles, when people were 集会 in the open fields of Maine and New Hampshire to 証言，証人／目撃する as much of a total （太陽，月の）食／失墜 of the sun as drifting clouds would 許す, when 市長 Jimmy Walker of New York was 存在 tried before 知事 Roosevelt for 不品行／姦通 in office and was 辞職するing to 捜し出す a 一時的な 追放する in the south of フラン, when the 報告（する）／憶測 that a nudist （軍の）野営地，陣営 had been 設立するd anywhere was enough to bring the reporters on the dead run, and when Roosevelt was （選挙などの）運動をするing against Hoover--all through that summer and autumn the ferment of ideas, 計画（する）s, notions for 敗北・負かすing the 不景気 増加するd.

In July and August, 物々交換する 計画／陰謀s were going into 影響 in Dayton and Yellow Springs, Ohio, and soon they were 存在 始める，決める up in 非常に／多数の communities: men and women were 組織するing the dispossessed to pool their さまざまな abilities and make goods for one another--only to discover, after months or even years of heroic 成果／努力, that "相互の 交流s" and 試みる／企てるs to 始める，決める up little systems of 生産／産物 within the 存在するing system could be only 一時しのぎの物，策s at best. Towns from which money had almost disappeared were 可決する・採択するing scrip 通貨--問題／発行するing 地元の money good in the 地元の shops. Huey Long, who had arrived in Washington as a 上院議員 in January and had electrified the gentlemen of the 圧力（をかける） by receiving them in lavender pajamas, had 提案するd a 株-our-Wealth 計画／陰謀 in March; and although Huey now 占領するd an ostentatious position on the Roosevelt 禁止（する）d wagon, he had not forgotten his スローガン: the time was 熟した for it. Father Coughlin's big 無線で通信する audience heard him excoriating both the New York financiers and the Hoover 行政 and calling Morgan, Mellon, Meyer, and Mills the "Four Horsemen"; the 無線で通信する priest was getting ready to come out for revaluation of the 通貨.

Magazine editors were 存在 inundated with manuscripts explaining how the 不景気 could be ended--manuscripts 提案するing 抱擁する 社債 問題／発行するs for public 作品, recommending インフレーション, recommending all sorts of other expedients, 合理的な／理性的な or ridiculous: "hot money" which would 拒絶する／低下する in value if unspent; the Douglas credit 計画（する）; other コンビナート／複合体 改良s in the banking and credit system; 計画／陰謀s for the general 削減 of 負債s; "work-株ing" 計画／陰謀s for shorter hours of labor to soak up 失業; 提案s for the seizure and 操作／手術 of 産業s by the 政府. 共産主義 was 顕著に 伸び（る）ing strength, both の中で the 失業した 労働者s and--more 速く--の中で the 都市の 知識人s: Edmund Wilson, John Dos Passos, Malcolm Cowley, V. F. Calverton, Theodore Dreiser, and other able writers were fighting the good fight for Marx, and young 小説家s by the dozens were sitting 負かす／撃墜する to 令状 proletarian fiction.

The yeast was slowly working, and with the advent of winter it suddenly produced an astonishing and 重要な 現象: the frenzy of 利益／興味 in Technocracy.

ｧ 4

To nobody was this frenzy more bewildering than to Howard Scott, the father of the Technocratic idea. He was an eccentric, boastful, haphazard young man who （人命などを）奪う，主張するd to have had an important career in 工学 and certainly had 行為／行うd a small paint and 床に打ち倒す-wax 商売／仕事. For years he had been buttonholing people at The 会合 Place or 先頭's Place or other Greenwich Village speakeasies and restaurants to expound his strange 経済的な theories--and had been finding it difficult to get people to listen. But when the 不景気 大勝するd 経済的な orthodoxy, heterodox notions began to look いっそう少なく crazy; Scott got enough 支援 to put a squad of 失業した architects to work at Columbia University on an "Energy 調査する of North America." Then the Living Age （機の）カム out with an article about Technocracy; and then, 突然の--in December, 1932--the thing was everywhere: in the newspapers, in the magazines, in sermons, in 無線で通信する-actors' gags, in street-corner conversation. The amazed Scott, who a little while before had been jubilant when a newspaper gave a few lines to Technocracy, was now 追求するd by interviewers ready to hang upon his lightest word.

Scott's theory--developed partly from the writings of Veblen and Soddy--had a basis of good hard sense. He argued that it was not necessary for our 経済的な system to 滞る and slow 負かす／撃墜する; our enormous 科学の and technical 進歩 and the 広大な potentialities of machine 力／強力にする 申し込む／申し出d a basis for unparalleled 繁栄--if only our money and credit 手はず／準備 could be 妨げるd from jamming the 作品. The trouble with the system, argued Scott, was that 発見s and 改良s which should 原因（となる） us to be able to enjoy the affluence of plenty did not do so, but 追加するd to the 負債 重荷（を負わせる） and 立ち往生させるd the 経済的な 機械／機構.

At this point the argument became more difficult. What was wrong, 主張するd Scott, was the price system. What we needed was a price system based on energy--in 部隊s like ergs and joules. And the people who could put such a system into 影響 and operate it were the technologists--the scientists and engineers.

To try to put into 影響 a new price system seemed a 十分に 危険な 訴訟／進行--considering the 広大な number of changes it would necessitate in everyday 処理／取引s--even if Scott and his disciples had been able to explain how this very difficult change was to be brought about. (No 適する explanation was 来たるべき.) Practical men boggled at such a 提案. Practical men also smiled at putting the 決定的な 決定／判定勝ち（する）s in a society into the 手渡すs of 科学の specialists. They remembered that 政治家，政治屋s are always needed in the making of social 決定／判定勝ち（する）s, because they know how to take account of human nature. Other critics of Technocracy pointed out that Scott's 声明s about the 広大な／多数の／重要な potentialities of new 工学 装置s like the electric 注目する，もくろむ were 楽観的な at best. Still others were irritated by the abstruse language and the 複雑にするd mathematical 決まり文句／製法 in which the 技術家出身の管理職者s 表明するd themselves: when Scott himself wrote for 出版（物） he said of Technocracy that "its methods are the result of a synthetic 統合，差別撤廃 of the physical sciences that 付随する to the 決意 of all 機能の sequences of social phenomena," and he defined science as "the methodology of the 決意 of the most probable."

But the Technocratic idea fitted 正確に the American mood of the moment. It 申し込む／申し出d an answer to the 普及（する） riddle of the times. This answer was new; it did not--as did 共産主義--run 長，率いる on into ingrained prejudices and emotional 衝突s. It seemed to be 科学の, and thus commended itself to a people who venerated science as the source of 進歩. As a new fad, it was as much fun as a 一連の会議、交渉／完成する-the-world flight or Amos 'n' Andy. The very fact that it was abstruse, that it broke clean away from the world of practical problems and intelligible 声明s, gave it a mystical irresistibility to a nation searching for a 魔法 重要な to 回復, for something which would both bring 繁栄 and serve as a 宗教. Technocracy was 希望に満ちた, too, looking 今後 as it did to an 時代 of possible plenty; this fact helped to make it palatable to a public of habitual 楽天主義者s. And its vogue （機の）カム at the moment when millions of Americans had decided that they were sick of the old order and were ready for a new one--they didn't know what.

During the last month of 1932 and the first month of 1933 America took up the idea with a whoop. The columns of newspapers and magazines were 十分な of it; 銀行業者s and taxi drivers alike argued its 長所s and fallacies; The ABC of Technocracy leaped into the best-販売人 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s, half-forgotten 容積／容量s by Soddy and Veblen suddenly met a lively 需要・要求する, and several new 調書をとる／予約するs on Technocracy were hurriedly 発表するd. When ship-news reporters boarded an 後継の liner, the first question they asked a returning 銀行業者 or movie 星／主役にする was "What do you think of Technocracy?" Howard Scott was 招待するd by the largest apartment house in New York to 行為／法令／行動する as Santa Claus at its Christmas tree 祝賀, やめる as if he were a Channel swimmer or a nonstop flyer. A 不和 between Scott and his Columbia associates became a 前線-page news sensation.

Then the 利益／興味 almost as quickly 病弱なd. Technocracy was too far 除去するd from the practical 問題／発行するs of the day to remain in the 最前部 of attention. By the time the New 取引，協定 arrived, it was already vieux jeu to most Americans--like a memory of a half-forgotten folly.

Yet in the 合間 it had 申し込む／申し出d an 反対する-lesson in the 準備完了 of the American people for a new messiah and a new credo. In a lesser degree they were 展示（する）ing the same emotional 乗り気 to get up and go, they knew not where, that was 存在 展示（する）d in Germany by multitudes of men and women who were not 納得させるd by Hitler but followed him because he was marching and seemed sure of his 目的地, and because they could 直面する a hopeless 未来 no longer.

ｧ 5

Poor Hoover!

In June he had made a bold 軍備縮小 提案 in the hope of ending a long European 行き詰まる over 武器 制限s, a 行き詰まる which was 深くするing the bitterness in Germany--but French and British 対立 brought it to nought, and the move had come too late anyhow. He labored with a recalcitrant 議会 in the 熱烈な hope of balancing the 予算--and won only a 部分的な／不平等な victory. 苦悩 sat 激しい upon him. As he hurried from his desk to a quick 昼食 and 支援する again, he hardly spoke to members of the White House staff in the 回廊（地帯）s, but passed them half-unseeing, a frown upon his 直面する. 民主党員s like 獲得する who gave him scant co-操作／手術 he regarded with wrath; the White House 特派員s 設立する him 怪しげな, unwilling to 持つ／拘留する 圧力（をかける） 会議／協議会s, resentful of attacks upon him in the 圧力（をかける）. No man in the White House had ever struggled harder and seen his 成果／努力s so scantily rewarded.

In August things seemed to be looking better. The 特別手当 Army--that hateful 思い出の品 of a bitterness and 苦しめる of which he was already painfully conscious--had been driven from the city. Better still, the 商売／仕事 索引 had turned 上向き. A 会議／協議会 in Lausanne, which had ended German 賠償s, appeared to have 緩和するd the 財政上の 緊張 in Europe. Gold was no longer leaving the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs; indeed, by the end of August over a third of the gold that had been 脅すd away in the latter months of 1931 and the 早期に months of 1932 had returned. The RFC had slowed up the 率 of bank 失敗s. And once again the 株式市場 was showing healthy 加える 調印するs. Perhaps at last the corner to 繁栄 had been turned, and even if Hoover lost the 選挙 he might go 負かす／撃墜する in history as the man who had seen the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs through the 危機.

Already, however, the （選挙などの）運動をする was upon him, and to the terrific 重荷（を負わせる）s of the 大統領の office he had to 追加する the 重荷（を負わせる） of 草案ing long speeches in self-弁護--dictating them in the Lincoln 熟考する／考慮する to relays of stenographers, 訂正するing the typewritten copy, 急ぐing it to the printer, and then laboriously going over the proofs 宣告，判決 by 宣告，判決 with his 助言者s. Every 統計に基づく 証拠 of 改良 in the 経済的な 状況／情勢 must be used to the 最大の; every Hoover move against the 不景気 must be dramatized as a 戦う／戦い in a winning war; he must defend even the Smoot-Hawley 関税 and 警告する his audience that if a Democratic 関税 were put into 影響 "the grass will grow in the streets of a hundred cities" and "少しのd will 侵略（する）／超過（する） the fields of millions of farms."

いつかs, on his speech-making 小旅行するs, he was heartened by roars of vigorous 賞賛--but again there would be 証拠s of 敵意, as when a group of jeering デモ参加者／実演宣伝者s gathered opposite a 駅／配置する when his train stopped and threw into a group of his 補佐官s a 150-ワット electric-light bulb which 爆発するd with a startlingly bomblike sound. So 近づく was Hoover to 完全にする exhaustion that on one of the last nights of the （選挙などの）運動をする, when he was on his way across the country to 投票（する） at Palo Alto, he lost his place 繰り返して in his 演説（する）／住所 at St. Paul, and throughout the 演説（する）／住所 a man sat behind him gripping the 武器 of a 議長，司会を務める and ready to 押し進める it under the 大統領 if he should 崩壊（する）.

More debonair was Roosevelt as he went about the country preaching his New 取引，協定. The Democratic 候補者 was いっそう少なく vague, now, than he had been. For his Brain 信用, now much 大きくするd and 設立するd in a 控訴 in the Roosevelt Hotel in New York, was strenuously 一連の会議、交渉／完成するing out a program for him--or rather, a 一連の programs which いつかs 衝突d with the 計画（する）s of his more 保守的な 助言者s, if not with one another.

Roosevelt was explicit in his 約束 of 財政上の 改革（する）s such as the 規則 of 安全s and 商品／必需品 交流s, the 規則 of 持つ／拘留するing companies, the 分離 of 商業の and 投資 banking, the 保護 of 投資家s through 需要・要求するs for 十分な publicity about 問題／発行するs of 安全s. He was explicit about the need for a "競争の激しい 関税" and for 相互の 関税 交渉s. He 需要・要求するd that the 連邦の 政府 develop 力／強力にする 事業／計画（する）s on the Columbia and Tennessee Rivers, and どこかよそで, and use them as "基準s" with which to 手段 the service given by 私的な 公共事業（料金）／有用性s. Calling for 支配（する）／統制する of 刈る 黒字／過剰s, he defined the 客観的なs of what was later to be the AAA, and he 約束d that the 連邦の 政府 would lighten the 負担 of farm mortgages. He 主張するd that it 借りがあるd its 国民s the 肯定的な 義務 of stepping into the 違反 when the 明言する／公表するs were unable to 会合，会う the 重荷（を負わせる）s of 救済. He （機の）カム out for old-age 保険 and 失業 保険. At the 連邦／共和国 Club in San Francisco he gave a real 指示，表示する物 of the 態度 he was to take during his 大統領／総裁などの地位 when he 主張するd that "私的な 経済大国 is . . . a public 信用," and that "continued enjoyment of that 力／強力にする by any individual or group must depend upon the fulfillment of that 信用." Yet at the instance of his more 保守的な 助言者s he （機の）カム out also for a "限定された balancing of the 予算," berated the Hoover 行政 for its extravagance, and 約束d 激烈な 連邦の economies. その上に, he said definitely, when questioned, that he was for "sound money"--which was 一般に taken to mean the gold 基準; he said that "no responsible 政府 would have sold to the country 安全s payable in gold if it knew that the 約束--yes, the covenant-具体的に表現するd in these 安全s was . . . 疑わしい. . . ." Needless to say, he was explicit about 廃止する of the 禁止 改正; on this point opinion had so 明確に swung his way that there was next to no danger in 存在 肯定的な.

Those critics who had earlier been uneasy at Roosevelt's light-footedness were still uneasy. There were still ambiguities and contradictions in the program: how, for example, could a 連邦の 政府 assume so many 義務s and 義務s and 同時に 減ずる expenses? And just what did "sound money" mean? It was difficult to 裁判官 the real significance of a program which 含む／封じ込めるd so many 可能性のある contradictions. But Roosevelt's 信用／信任 was 感染性の, his smile was winning, and the times were on his 味方する. The 商売／仕事 上昇傾向 which had so encouraged Hoover in the late summer was flattening out, the 株式市場 was definitely turning 負かす／撃墜する after its sally, and with every month of continued hard times the general 願望（する） for change became more 激しい.

選挙 Day （機の）カム--and that night the rejoicing was not in Palo Alto but at the Democratic （警察，軍隊などの）本部 at the Biltmore Hotel in New York, where Roosevelt and Farley and one or two others heard the good news in a secluded room while happy （人が）群がるs of 民主党員s milled about outside. For Roosevelt had won 472 選挙（人）の 投票（する）s to Hoover's 59--had carried every 明言する／公表する but Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.

So Franklin D. Roosevelt was to be 大統領. But what sort of 大統領? That depended upon events to come 同様に as upon himself--upon circumstances which neither he nor anybody else could 予知する.

ｧ 6

There followed a strange interregnum. 商売／仕事 回復 was 立ち往生させるd again (from 恐れるs of what Roosevelt might do, （人命などを）奪う，主張するd the 共和国の／共和党のs). 議会, 会合 in December, was more definitely 謀反の than ever, and turned a deaf ear to the 敗北・負かすd 大統領. Nor was the 大統領-elect co-operative. Hoover wished to make 準備s for a world 経済的な 会議／協議会, and also to 始める，決める up a 負債-基金ing （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 to を取り引きする European requests for 改正 of the war 負債s, and he felt that he could not 公正に／かなり do either of these things without the 是認 of 知事 Roosevelt as the 後継の 大統領. He 招待するd Roosevelt to a 会議／協議会; Roosevelt politely （機の）カム to the White House, where he and Hoover sparred conversationally, each man 存在 …に出席するd by a second as if for a 言葉の 戦う／戦い. But nothing （機の）カム of the 会議／協議会, nor of a second one, nor of other Hoover suggestions for 共同の 活動／戦闘 in "回復するing 信用／信任." Hoover 示唆するd that Roosevelt 問題／発行する a 声明 保証するing the country that "there will be no tampering or インフレーション of the 通貨," and Roosevelt--after a long 延期する--replied that he 疑問d if a mere 声明 would do much good. The 大統領-elect wouldn't play ball.

To Hoover it seemed perfectly （疑いを）晴らす that a 回復 which he had helped to start was 存在 dissipated through Roosevelt's 拒絶 to co-operate. And his 怒り／怒る was all the more vehement because he believed that the bank panic which was developing was 予定 to Roosevelt's silence (now that the （選挙などの）運動をする was over) about インフレーション of the 通貨, and to a general 恐れる of what the wild men of the 僕主主義 might do after March 4. There were explicit stories going about to the 影響 that Roosevelt had said he 好意d インフレーション. Hoover was told that Professor Tugwell had spoken jauntily of the danger of a general bank の近くにing and had said, "We should worry about anything except rehabilitating the country after March 4," 追加するing that one of the first Roosevelt moves might be "reflation if necessary." ("Reflation" was a 現在の euphemism for インフレーション.) This was too much: Hoover wrote furiously to his informant that Tugwell "breathes with 悪名高い politics devoid of every 原子 of patriotism." The unhappy 大統領 believed that Roosevelt was irresponsibly ready to see the country go to マリファナ ーするために get the credit for 救助（する）ing it.

On the other 手渡す, Roosevelt felt that as a 私的な 国民 until March 4, he himself must not join in 大統領の 活動／戦闘; and also that it was 不当な to 推定する／予想する him to tie himself to the 政策s of an 冷淡な and already discredited 行政--特に when the 状況／情勢 was changing 急速な／放蕩な and his own 計画（する）s, different from Hoover's at many points, were still in flux. Both positions were natural under the circumstances; one need only 追加する that the real villain of the piece was the 古風な political 協定 by which an 行政 had to remain in 名目上の 力／強力にする for nearly four months after it had been 拒絶するd at the 投票s.

Slowly and uncertainly the 演劇 of 大統領の 失望／欲求不満 proceeded--and then suddenly, about the middle of February, 1933, when Hoover's 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of office had いっそう少なく than three weeks to run, it went into 二塁打-quick time. The banking system gave way.

Again and again during the 先行する year or two there had been 地元の bank panics; the 連邦の Reserve had come to the 救助（する）, RFC money had been 注ぐd in, and a total 崩壊（する） had been 回避するd. Now a new panic was beginning, and it was beyond the 力／強力にする of these 機関s to stop. Perhaps the newspaper 出版（物） of the facts about RFC 貸付金s was a factor in bringing about this panic--though to say this is to beg the question whether a banking system 扶養家族 upon secret 貸付金s from a democratic 政府 is not already in an indefensible position. Probably the banks would have 崩壊（する）d anyhow, so 広範囲にわたって had their 基金s been 投資するd in 疑わしい 社債s and mortgages, so 広範囲にわたって had they been mismanaged through 持つ／拘留するing companies and through affiliation with 投資 companies, so lax were the 基準s 課すd upon them in many 明言する／公表するs, and so 広大な／多数の／重要な was the 緊張する upon the 国家の economy of 支えるing the 負わせる of 義務s which 残り／休憩（する）d in their 手渡すs. At any 率, here at the heart of the 国家の 負債-and-credit structure a 広大な／多数の／重要な 不和 appeared--and quickly 広げるd.

On the 14th of February the 条件 of some of the banks in and about Detroit had become so 批判的な that 知事 Comstock of Michigan ordered an eight-day bank holiday for the 明言する／公表する. All over the country there began a whispering, barely audible at first, then louder and louder: "Trouble's coming. They say there's a run on the 信用 company 負かす／撃墜する the street. Better get your money out of the bank." The murmur ran の中で the 銀行業者s: "Trouble's coming. Better sell some 社債s and get cash before it's too late. Better 身を引く your balances on deposit in New York." It ran の中で the men of wealth: "Better put everything into cash. Get gold if you can." It spread to Europe: "Better get gold out of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. Better sell the dollar." The 財政上の 機械／機構 of the country began to 凍結する into rigidity, the 産業の and 商業の 機械／機構 to slow 負かす／撃墜する. Nor was there anything that Hoover could do to stop the panic. Laboring ceaselessly, sleeping no more than five hours a night, he saw all the ground he had 伸び（る）d since June 存在 lost.

ｧ 7

Faster moved the clock of history.

On the 15th of February--the day after the Michigan bank の近くにing--the whole course of events in America was nearly altered by an 暗殺者. In Miami a man 指名するd Zangara 解雇する／砲火／射撃d several 発射s at Roosevelt in a （人が）群がる, 行方不明になるd him, fatally 負傷させるd 市長 Cermak of Chicago.

The next day--the 16th--the 上院 投票（する）d to 廃止する the 禁止 改正. Four days later--on the 20th--the House followed, and the 問題／発行する of 廃止する went to the 明言する／公表するs for their 活動／戦闘, which by the に引き続いて December was to make the country 合法的に wet again. (This change in the 憲法 要求するd not only a two-thirds 投票（する） in both 上院 and House--which had been 安全な・保証するd--but the 是認 of 条約s in three-４半期/4分の1s of the 明言する／公表するs.) The 恐らく impossible was happening, with consequences to be felt in every American community; another 目印 was 存在 quickly swept away by the tide of change.

During all these days there were continuous and feverish 試みる／企てるs to 始める，決める the Michigan banking 状況／情勢 straight. In Detroit the 銀行業者s and モーター 製造業者s labored over 救助（する） 計画（する）s; the wires between Detroit and New York and Washington hummed with anxious talk between the 大統領, the RFC 公式の／役人s, the 連邦の Reserve 公式の／役人s, Ford and Chrysler and Sloan, 上院議員 Couzens, and the Michigan 銀行業者s and 公式の／役人s--and no 解答 was 設立する. 一方／合間 装甲の トラックで運ぶs were running by night from city to city, carrying cash for beleaguered banks. The 連邦の Reserve 人物／姿／数字s were showing sharp 増加するs in hoarding, sharp losses of gold by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, as the panic became 強めるd.

On Tuesday, February 21, Roosevelt 発表するd that his 長官 of 明言する／公表する would be Cordell 船体 of Tennessee and his 長官 of the 財務省 would be the smiling little 製造業者, William H. Woodin of New York. (Roosevelt had 手配中の，お尋ね者 Carter Glass for the 財務省, but Glass had realized that Roosevelt was ready if necessary to leave the gold 基準 and inflate the 通貨, and would not 受託する; Woodin, a comparatively unknown man, was a second choice.)

On the same day began the 公表，暴露, by 証言，証人／目撃するs before a 上院 委員会, of some of the most 乱すing facts yet 明らかにする／漏らすd about the 行為 of the lords of American 財政／金融 during the 先行する years. Charles E. Mitchell, chairman of the big 国家の City Bank in New York, 認める under the 尋問 of Ferdinand Pecora that he had received 特別手当s totaling over three million dollars from his bank and its (v)提携させる(n)支部，加入者s during 1927, 1928, and 1929--and yet, by selling some bank 在庫／株 to a member of his family at a loss, he had 避けるd 支払う／賃金ing any 所得税 in 1929, even though he later repurchased the 在庫／株. The next day it was learned that after the Panic of 1929 the bank had 保護するd its high 公式の／役人s who had been 貿易（する）ing in its own 在庫／株, but that underlings in the bank's 雇う had had to 支払う／賃金 in 十分な, in 分割払いs, for 在庫／株 which had 一方／合間 lost most of its value. Though there was nothing 犯罪の about these 操作／手術s--there were worse things brought out by Pecora later--they were peculiarly infuriating to the sense of democratic fair play. The 影響 of such 公表，暴露s as these, at such a time, upon the 態度 of the country toward the big 銀行業者s was 深遠な; it was as if a smouldering 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of 不信 and 不賛成 had burst suddenly into 炎上.

On Friday, the 24th, there were runs on Baltimore banks and 知事 Ritchie 宣言するd a Maryland bank holiday. On Saturday and Sunday the panic became serious in three Ohio cities. On Monday, the 27th, Mitchell 辞職するd from the （議長，司会の）地位，能力 of the 国家の City Bank; the 支持する／優勝者 of bull market banking had abdicated before a rising public opinion. The panic was now spreading through Ohio and Indiana into Kentucky and Pennsylvania.

Nor were the only 劇の changes in America. On the evening of the 27th the Nazis 燃やすd the German Reichstag, せいにするing the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 to the 共産主義者s; in that conflagration German 僕主主義 was 効果的に destroyed. The new （ドイツなどの）首相／（大学の）学長, Adolf Hitler, was now 速く on his way to 最高の 独裁政治. At the other 味方する of the world, the Japanese 政府, which had 侵略するd Manchuria in 1931 when the Western world was distracted with 財政上の panic, was marching on into Jehol in 完全にする 反抗 of the 不賛成 of the League of Nations. 国祭的な 同様に as within the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, an old order was giving place to new.

Faster, faster.

On Wednesday, the first of March, two more 明言する／公表するs 宣言するd 明言する／公表する bank holidays; that evening another four were 追加するd to the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）. On March 2, ten more fell in line. In 非常に／多数の cities outside the bank-holiday 明言する／公表するs, banks were by this time remaining open only on a 制限するd basis. That same day Roosevelt went by special train from New York to Washington--and spent most of the 旅行 talking with Farley about men's need of 宗教 in the crises of their lives. Jaunty and carefree as he seemed, he knew that he was riding into a ハリケーン which would presently 直面する him with the 責任／義務, not only for making instant and 前例のない 決定／判定勝ち（する）s, but also for directing in America that 暴動 which, the world over, was に引き続いて upon 経済的な 崩壊（する）. The 不安 which was spreading の中で the 農業者s and the 失業した; the 怒り／怒る which was rising against the 財政上の overlords; the longing for a 魔法 決まり文句／製法, manifested in the excitement over Technocracy--these 憤慨s and hopes were his to 満足させる. If he could not 満足させる them . . .

By March 3--the eve of 就任（式）／開始--the 財政上の 嵐／襲撃する was 乱打するing at Chicago and New York, the 財政上の 要塞／本拠地s of the country. The tie-up was almost 完全にする. Hoover was making desperate last-minute 成果／努力s to work out a 解答, but they were unavailing. And at 4:30 in the morning of March 4, the 要塞／本拠地s 降伏するd: 知事 Lehman of New York 布告するd a 明言する／公表する bank holiday, and almost 同時に 知事 Horner 布告するd one in Illinois. At 6 o'clock a worn and haggard Hoover got up to 成し遂げる the last 決まりきった仕事 仕事s of his 大統領／総裁などの地位. He was told that on his last morning of office the banking system of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had stopped 機能（する）／行事ing.

"We are at the end of our string," said he. "There is nothing more we can do."

The 行う／開催する／段階 経営者／支配人 of history had been too cruelly 正確な. For all Hoover's asperities, his awkwardness, his political ineptitudes, he had been a resourceful and resolute 兵士 of a doomed order, and deserved no such personal humiliation. But now the curtain was coming 負かす／撃墜する and he could do no more.

一時期／支部 Five

NEW DEAL HONEYMOON

ｧ 1

Saturday, March 4, 1933.

Turn on the 無線で通信する. It's time for the 就任（式）／開始.

There is a 緊張 in the 空気／公表する today--a sense of momentousness and of 期待. When you went downtown this morning you 設立する the banks shut; if you lived in New York 明言する／公表する or in Illinois this may have been your first inkling of the general bank の近くにing, since the の近くにing orders in those 明言する／公表するs had come too late for the 早期に 版s of the morning papers of March 4. On the door of each bank was pasted a little typewritten notice that it had been の近くにd at the 知事's order; people by twos and threes went up and read the 調印する and walked away. Your first thought, perhaps, was that you had only a little money in the house--five dollars, was it? ten dollars?--and you wondered how you would manage when this was used up, and what would happen next. Then you began to realize the significance of this 財政上の 停止.

井戸／弁護士席, it's come at last, you thought. Here is that day of doom that people have been dreading. Just now it isn't so bad; there is a tingle of excitement, the sort of thrill you get from a three-alarm 解雇する／砲火／射撃. But what next? This may be only the beginning of the 割れ目-up. The one thing you want to hear, that everybody wants to hear, is the 就任の 演説（する）／住所. All over the country people are 密談する／（身体を）寄せ集めるd 一連の会議、交渉／完成する their 無線で通信するs, wondering what Roosevelt's answer to 災害 will be.

Here's the 発言する／表明する of a 無線で通信する reporter 述べるing the 準備s for the 就任（式）／開始 儀式 at the east 前線 of the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 in Washington--the 著名なs coming to their places on the 壇・綱領・公約, the dense （人が）群がるs flooding the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 square below under a 冷気／寒がらせる, cloudy sky. The reporter is talking with all the synthetic good 元気づける of his 肉親，親類d--耐えるing 負かす／撃墜する hard on the 公式文書，認める of 楽観主義, in fact, for he knows that worried and 脅すd people are listening to him. He 述べるs Hoover coming alone, 厳粛に, to his place on the 壇・綱領・公約; then Roosevelt coming up a ramp on the arm of his son James. The 儀式 begins. You hear 長，指導者 司法（官） Hughes 治める the 誓い of office; you hear Roosevelt's reply, phrase by phrase, uttered 明確に and 堅固に. Then comes the 就任の.

The new 大統領's 発言する／表明する is resolute. It comes into your living room はっきりと.

"大統領 Hoover, Mr. 長，指導者 司法（官）, my friends," the 発言する／表明する begins. "This is a day of 国家の consecration, and I am 確かな that my fellow Americans 推定する／予想する that on my induction into the 大統領／総裁などの地位 I will 演説（する）／住所 them with a candor and a 決定／判定勝ち（する） which the 現在の 状況／情勢 of the nation impels. This is pre-eminently the time to speak the truth, 率直に and boldly. Nor need we 縮む from honestly 直面するing 条件s in our country today. This 広大な／多数の／重要な nation will 耐える as it has 耐えるd, will 生き返らせる and will 栄える. So, first of all, let me 主張する my 会社／堅い belief that the only thing we have to 恐れる is 恐れる itself--nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which 麻ひさせるs needed 成果／努力s to 変える 退却／保養地 into 前進する."

This doesn't sound like "繁栄 is just around the corner" talk. It sounds like real 信用／信任.

The 発言する／表明する goes on to 非難する "the 支配者s of the 交流 of mankind's goods" for the troubles of the country. "True, they have tried, but their 成果／努力s have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. . . . The money changers have fled from their high seats in the 寺 of our civilization." Through the 無線で通信する comes a burst of 賞賛: after the bank 粉砕する-ups and スキャンダルs, this 激しい非難 of the big financiers 表明するs the mood of millions of Americans.

The 発言する／表明する speaks of the 最初の／主要な need of putting people to work; of the need for "making income balance outgo"; of the need for an "適する but sound 通貨" (sharp 賞賛 for that!); 約束s a "good neighbor" 政策 in 外務, but says 国内の 事件／事情／状勢s must come first. Most striking of all, however, is the constant 強調 upon the need for 活動／戦闘. Again and again comes the word "活動／戦闘." And after the new 大統領 has said he believes that the sort of 活動／戦闘 which is needed may be taken under the 憲法, the loudest 賞賛 of all comes for his 宣言 that if the occasion 令状s he will not hesitate to ask for "幅の広い (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 力／強力にする to 行う a war against the 緊急, as 広大な／多数の／重要な as the 力／強力にする that would be given to me if we were in fact 侵略するd by a foreign 敵."

A ten-strike, this 宣言. For the people have been sick of watching an (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 充てる his strongest energies to …に反対するing 活動／戦闘, however 疑わしい: they want a 肯定的な 政策.

"We do not 不信 the 未来 of 必須の 僕主主義," the 大統領 continues. "The people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs have not failed. In their need they have 登録（する）d a 委任統治（領） that they want direct, vigorous 活動／戦闘. They have asked for discipline and direction under leadership. They have made me the 現在の 器具 of their wishes. In the spirit of the gift I take it."

You can turn off the 無線で通信する now. You have heard what you 手配中の，お尋ね者 to hear. This man sounds no longer 用心深い, evasive. For he has seen that a 拷問d and bewildered people want to throw overboard the old and welcome something new; that they are sick of waiting, they want somebody who will fight this 不景気 for them and with them; they want leadership, the thrill of bold 決定／判定勝ち（する）. And not only in his words but in the challenge of the very accents of his 発言する／表明する he has 約束d them what they want.

If only the 業績／成果 対策 up to the 約束!

ｧ 2

活動／戦闘 there was, in 豊富; and it （機の）カム 急速な／放蕩な.

On Sunday, March 5, the day after the 就任（式）／開始, the new 大統領 not only called 議会 to 会合，会う in special 開会／開廷／会期 on Thursday, but also 問題／発行するd a 布告／宣言 putting the bank holiday on a 国家の basis and 禁じるing the 輸出（する） of gold and all 取引 in foreign 交流. (Thus the country went at least part way off the gold 基準--on a 一時的な basis.)

On Thursday 議会 met and passed with a whoop a 法律 実証するing everything that the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある had done to date and 強化するing still その上の its 支配（する）／統制する over banking 操作／手術s, gold, silver, 通貨, and foreign 交流.

On Friday the 大統領 asked 議会 for 即座の 活動／戦闘 to 削減（する） 連邦の expenses to the bone--and 議会 急ぐd at the 仕事, にもかかわらず the political distastefulness of 削除するing the 退役軍人s' allowances.

On Saturday--after a week of furious activity at the 財務省, during which 規則s were 工夫するd and altered, 計画（する）s for the 問題／発行する of （疑いを）晴らすing-house 証明書s were made and abandoned, 計画（する）s for the 問題／発行する of new 通貨 were promulgated, and a rough 分類 of banks into more and いっそう少なく sound was made with the 援助（する） of advice from 連邦の Reserve Banks and 長，指導者 国家の bank examiners--the 大統領 発表するd that most of the banks of the country would open the に引き続いて Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday.

On Sunday night the 大統領, in his first "fireside 雑談（する）," explained to the people of the country with admirable 簡単, clarity, and persuasiveness just how the re-開始 of the banks would be managed and how his hearers could help to make the 過程 整然とした.

On Monday, the 13th of March, the banks began to open. And on the same day the 大統領 asked 議会 to 合法化する beer--thus の近くにing his tremendous first ten days of office on a 公式文書，認める of festivity.

Such were the 明らかにする facts of those ten days. But the mere 目録 of them gives little idea of their overtones of significance, or of what those ten days were like to the American people.

The predicament of the 後継の 行政 was staggering. A new 大統領 and new 閣僚, unaccustomed even to the ordinary 決まりきった仕事 of their positions, 大部分は unacquainted with their staffs, and 軍隊d to rely ひどく upon the services of Hoover 公式の／役人s who stayed on to help them, had to を取り引きする an 前例のない 緊急 which 直面するd them with unforeseen problems. Everything had to be done at 最高の，を越す 速度(を上げる）. Nobody could tell what might be the 未来 cost of mistakes made under such 圧力. Nobody could be sure, for that 事柄, that this was not just the first of a 進歩／革新的な 一連の 緊急s which would bring 条件s infinitely worse. Never did a green 行政 seem to be walking into such a 可能性のある hornet's nest of difficulties.

But other circumstances 補佐官d them. In the first place, the 事故 of 運命／宿命 which had been so cruel to Hoover gave the country an 行政 which could start from scratch in its race against panic, unhandicapped by memories of previous 失敗s. It is 伝統的な for the American people to feel kindly toward a new 行政 and support its first moves; in this 事例／患者 the friendly feeling was not only ready-made but 激しい. An enormous 大多数 of the 全住民 猛烈に 手配中の，お尋ね者 the New 取引，協定 to 後継する. Even the 塀で囲む Street 銀行業者s were ready to give Roosevelt 十分な 力／強力にするs and wish him 井戸／弁護士席, wince though they might at 存在 called money changers who had "fled from their high seats in the 寺." They were 不正に 脅すd, their 会・原則s were demoralized, their 集団の／共同の 評判 was besmirched anyhow, their only hope lay in Roosevelt's success. The newspapers, too, were loud now with enthusiasm. For weeks they had been burying bank-panic news in the 支援する pages; now they could let go--and out 噴出するd, on the news pages and in the 編集（者）のs, all that zest for whooping it up, for 上げるing, for 配達するing 楽観的な fight 会談, that was innate and habitual in the American temperament. 議会, usually divided in opinion and intractable, became almost as 全員一致の and enthusiastic as a 元気づける section--because public opinion told them to. The Congressmen's mail was 激しい, and the 重荷（を負わせる） of it was "Support the 大統領." It was as if a people rent by discords suddenly 設立する themselves marching in step.

There was another 都合のよい circumstance. In The Folklore of Capitalism, Thurman W. Arnold tells of a conversation he had, before the bank panic, with a group of 銀行業者s, lawyers, and 経済学者s. They were one and all aghast at the 可能性 of a general bank の近くにing. "My mind," said one of them, "fails to 機能（する）／行事 when I think of the extent of the 大災害 that will follow when the Chase 国家の Bank の近くにs its doors." Mr. Arnold told his friend Professor Edward S. Robinson about this conversation, and 設立する him unaccountably cheerful. "Do you think," asked Professor Robinson, "that when the banks all の近くに people will climb trees and throw coconuts at each other?" Mr. Arnold replied that this seemed to him a little ありそうもない but that a bank 衝突，墜落 of such magnitude 示唆するd to him 暴動ing and perhaps 革命. その結果 Professor Robinson said, "I will 投機・賭ける a 予測. . . . When the banks の近くに, everyone will feel relieved. It will be a sort of 国家の holiday. There will be general excitement and a feeling of 広大な／多数の／重要な 利益／興味. Travel will not stop; hotels will not の近くに; everyone will have a lot of fun, though they will not 収容する／認める that it's fun at the time."

にもかかわらず the fact that 間接に the bank holiday brought new 苦しめる, through new curtailments of 商売／仕事 and new layoffs, and 強めるd the 苦しむing of many people who were already hard 攻撃する，衝突する, Professor Robinson was essentially 権利. The 大多数 of Americans felt a sense of 救済 at having the lid of secrecy blown off. Now everything was out in the open. They felt that this trouble was 一時的な. They felt no shame now in 存在 short of money--everybody seemed to be. They were all in the same boat. And they 答える／応じるd to one another's difficulties good-naturedly.

The grocer lent credit (what else could he do?), most hotels were glad to 栄誉（を受ける） checks, shops were cordial about 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 accounts. The 減らすd advertising columns of the newspapers 含む／封じ込めるd such cheerful 告示s as "IN PAYMENT FOR PASSAGE WE WILL ACCEPT CHECKS OR PROPERLY AUTHORIZED SCRIP" (this was in the 早期に days of the bank holiday, when the 問題／発行する of （疑いを）晴らすing-house scrip appeared likely); "RADIO CITY HAS CONFIDENCE IN AMERICA AND ITS PEOPLE--until scrip becomes 利用できる our box offices will 受託する checks"; "WE WILL TAKE YOUR CHECK DATED THREE MONTHS AHEAD for a three months' 供給（する） of Pepsodent for yourself and your family."

True, the shopping 地区s were half 砂漠d; on the upper 床に打ち倒すs of department 蓄える／店s, clerks were standing about with no 顧客s at all; there was a Saturday 空気／公表する about the 商売／仕事 offices, trains were sparsely filled, 在庫／株 交流s and 商品／必需品 交流s were の近くにd. But in the talk that buzzed everywhere there was いっそう少なく of foreboding than of eager and friendly excitement. "Are they going to put out scrip?--and how do we use it?" "What's a 'conservator'--is that a new word?" "You say you had thirty dollars on you when the banks の近くにd? 井戸／弁護士席, you're in luck. I had only three-fifty--I'd planned to go to the bank that morning." "They say the Smiths 在庫／株d their cellar with canned goods last week--three months' 供給（する）; they thought there was going to be a 革命!" "Did you see those pictures of the gold hoarders bringing 捕らえる、獲得するs 十分な of gold 支援する to the 連邦の Reserve Bank? Those birds are getting off 平易な, if you ask me." "Mrs. Dodge （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 the bank holiday all 権利--overdrew her account last Friday. No, not 故意に. Just a mistake, she says. 発射 with luck, I call it." "Stop me if you've heard this 銀行業者 story: it seems that a 銀行業者 died and when he got to the gates, St. Peter said. . . ."

To this public mood 大統領 Roosevelt's first fireside 雑談（する） was perfectly attuned. 静かな, uncondescending, （疑いを）晴らす, and 確信して, it was an incredibly skillful 業績／成果. (によれば Raymond Moley's After Seven Years, the first 草案 of this 雑談（する） was written by Charles Michelson of the Democratic publicity staff; Arthur Ballantine, Under 財務長官 for Hoover, 完全に rewrote it; Roosevelt 改訂するd it.) The banks opened without any such 新たにするd panic as had been 恐れるd. They might not have done so had people realized that it was impossible, in a few days, to separate the sound banks from the unsound with any certainty, and that errors were bound to be made. The story goes that one bank had been in such bad 形態／調整 that its directors decided not even to put in an 使用／適用 to 再開する; through a clerical slip this bank was put on the wrong 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）, received a clean 法案 of health, and opened with 飛行機で行くing colors! In some places, to be sure, there were bank runs even after the 開始--runs which had to be met unquestioningly with 連邦の 基金s, lest the whole trouble begin over again. And so many banks had to be kept shut anyhow that ten per cent or more of the deposits of the country were still tied up after March 15, and the 国家の 経済的な 機械／機構 thus remained 部分的に／不公平に 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なうd. On the whole, however, the 開始 was an 巨大な success. 信用／信任 had come 支援する with a 急ぐ; for the people had been captivated and 説得するd by a 大統領 who seemed to believe in them and was giving them 活動／戦闘, 活動／戦闘, 活動／戦闘.

The New 取引，協定 had made a brilliant beginning.

ｧ 3

The next few months in Washington 供給するd a spectacle 前例のない in American history. The pace at which the New 取引，協定 had started its career slackened hardly at all. The 行政の hopper produced 法案 after 法案, the 大統領 passed the 法案s on to 議会 with terse 推薦s for passage, and 議会--almost as if mesmerized--passed them, often with scant 審議, いつかs without an 適切な時期 for all the members to read them, much いっそう少なく comprehend their 十分な significance. Never before except in 戦時 had the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある been so 支配的な over 議会. Never before, even in 戦時, had a 法律を制定する program been 押し進めるd through with such terrific 速度(を上げる） and daring.

The very 空気／公表する of Washington crackled. Suddenly this city had become unquestionably the 経済的な 同様に as the political 資本／首都 of the country, the 焦点（を合わせる） of public attention. The 圧力（をかける） 協会s had to 二塁打 their staffs to fill the 需要・要求する for explanatory 派遣（する）s about the New 取引，協定 法案s. And into Washington descended a multitude of men and women from all over the country.

First there were 銀行業者s by the thousands, thronging the 回廊（地帯）s of the 財務省, buttonholing their 上院議員s to explain just why their banks should be permitted to re-open, and converging upon an 緊急 office 始める，決める up in the Washington Building by the 事実上の／代理 Comptroller of the 通貨--an office in which four men 設立する themselves the bottleneck of communication between the banking system and the 政府. まっただ中に the 大打撃を与えるing of workmen putting up partitions, these men were trying 同時に to 雇う stenographers and clerks, to 草案 規則s and letters, to interview importunate 銀行業者s, and to を取り引きする 後継の telephone calls which were 支援するd up two and three days by the congestion of 控訴，上告s from all over the country. Every 銀行業者 had his own story to tell--his own account of how his mortgages had been undervalued by the bank examiners, or an entire community was 扶養家族 upon his 会・原則. Some of them brought their directors along. Who could を取り引きする these men? So terrific was the 緊張する of those first days that on at least two nights the 事実上の／代理 Comptroller of the 通貨 went home only to take a にわか雨, change his 着せる／賦与するs, and go 支援する to work; when he did snatch a few hours' sleep, his wife had to sit by a 絶えず （犯罪の）一味ing telephone and explain that he might not be 乱すd. Another high 公式の／役人 would 嘘（をつく） 負かす／撃墜する on a couch in the office of the 財務長官, go to sleep, be awakened by a question, answer it, and 減少（する） off to sleep again.

In that GHQ at the 財務省 during the bank holiday there was an almost continuous (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 会議／協議会, day and night. Woodin and Moley, 民主党員s; Mills, Ballantine, and Awalt, 共和国の／共和党のs, were the 核 of a group which labored without thought of party. Even in their 簡潔な／要約する intervals of 残り／休憩（する） the problems remained with them; at breakfast on the Tuesday morning after the 就任（式）／開始 little Woodin 報告（する）／憶測d to Moley how he had solved the knotty question of whether and how to 問題／発行する scrip: "I played my guitar a little while and then read a while and then slept a little while and then awakened and then thought about this scrip thing and then played some more and read some more and slept some more and thought some more. And, by gum, if I didn't 攻撃する，衝突する on the answer that way! . . . We don't have to 問題／発行する scrip!" The ordeal of twenty-hour days was too much for 長官 Woodin; his health had not been good, and there are those who think that it was the labor and 責任／義務 of those weeks in March which killed him; he died the に引き続いて year.

Droves of Democratic office-探検者s, too, were descending upon Washington: so many of them that Postmaster-General Farley, whom they knew to be the 長，指導者 patronage dispenser of the 行政, 設立する them haunting the 回廊（地帯）s of his hotel; he "事実上 had to slip 支援する and 前へ／外へ to his office like a man dodging a 郡保安官's 令状," and he 設立する that the only way to get rid of the hordes that packed his 歓迎会 room at the Old 地位，任命する Office Building was to make the 一連の会議、交渉／完成するs of the room five or six times a day with his 長官, taking 負かす／撃墜する the 指名する of each individual and a 簡潔な／要約する description of the sort of 職業 he sought.

専門家s and specialists of all sorts were coming into town to help in the でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるing of new 法律s and 規則s and in the setting up of new 政府 機関s. Financiers and their lawyers and 簡潔な／要約する-事例／患者-こどもing assistants were coming to take the 証人席 in Ferdinand Pecora's 断続的に sensational 調査 of the スキャンダルs of the banking world. Special 特使s from 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, Canada, フラン, Italy, Argentina, Germany, Mexico, 中国, Brazil, Japan, and Chile arrived in quick succession, each with his 側近, to 協議する with the 大統領 and his 助言者s on 経済的な and 外交の problems; from 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain （機の）カム Ramsay MacDonald, the 総理大臣; from フラン （機の）カム Edouard Herriot, the 首相; there were 歓迎会s, 会議／協議会s, dinners, long discussions between groups of 専門家s, in endless and 疲労，（軍の）雑役ing succession.

To Washington as by a magnet were drawn, too, innumerable idealists, 熱中している人s, 過激な 国家の-planners, world-savers of all degrees of hard- and soft-headedness, each with his infallible prescription for ending the 不景気.

一方／合間 into the White House 注ぐd thousands of 計画（する）s for 回復, for the 広大な／多数の／重要な American public 手配中の，お尋ね者 to help. They 範囲d, these 計画（する）s, from 半分-literate scrawls on 支配するd paper to 175-page mimeographed booklets with graphs and 統計に基づく （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs, and they 陳列する，発揮するd a touching 信用／信任 that the 大統領 himself would carefully consider their suggestions. (All these 計画（する）s were read, considered, and politely 定評のある--but not by him.) "In the 現在の 国家の 緊急," began a characteristic letter, "surely I will be 容赦d if it is presumptuous to bring 見解（をとる）s to your attention. If the ideas are in the least 有益な then the end will 正当化する the beginning." And another: "存在 one of those Americans who love their country and having a sort of an idea which may have some 長所, I am taking the presumptuous liberty of passing it along to you in this letter." 商売／仕事 men, 銀行業者s, students, housewives, 失業した 労働者s, they had ideas and threw them into the hopper.

Furious work was 存在 done in Washington in that spring of 1933. The lights 燃やすd late in 政府 offices as the architects of the New 取引，協定, 公式の／役人 and 非公式の, 草案d 法案s and 規則s and 覚え書き, tore their 草案s to pieces and began all over again, and then 急ぐd off to 協議する other groups and 改訂する and 改訂する again. In the 広大な new office buildings along the 商店街 there was sublime 混乱 as new jobholders arrived and began searching for their offices, for desks, for people who could tell them what they were supposed to do. 政府 departments were 洪水ing into office buildings everywhere; and the streets were 十分な of apartment-hunters, while the real-広い地所 men of Washington rubbed their 手渡すs at the sudden にわか景気 in the 住宅 market.

ｧ 4

Out of all this pandemonium 現れるd in short order an 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の array of new 法律を制定する 対策. To 要約する the 長，指導者 ones very 簡潔に:--

1. 平価切下げ.

After the banks opened there was a 誘発する 改良 in 商売／仕事, but during the first few weeks it was only 穏健な. The 大統領 became impatient; and 議会, likewise impatient, became so enamoured of the idea of inflating the 通貨 that a 法案 sponsored by 上院議員 Wheeler of Montana, 供給するing for the 解放する／自由な coinage of silver on the old Bryan basis of 16 to 1, almost passed the 上院 にもかかわらず Roosevelt's 対立. Under these circumstances Roosevelt took the 急落（する），激減（する） off the gold 基準. Half 納得させるd that some sort of インフレーション was necessary anyhow as a 発射 in the arm for the American economy; unwilling to let 議会 take the 率先 away from him and 軍隊 the country into some ill-工夫するd インフレーション 計画／陰謀; and 納得させるd that if it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere 井戸／弁護士席 it were done quickly, Roosevelt on April 19th placed an 出入港禁止 on gold--thus serving notice that the gold 基準 had been definitely abandoned. Then he laid before 議会 a 法案--which was passed--giving him permissive 当局 to inflate in any one of five ways if he saw the need to do so.

すぐに afterward there followed a 法律 which forbade the 問題／発行する of 社債s, 政治の or 法人組織の／企業の, payable in gold, and which 廃止するd all 存在するing contractual 義務s to 支払う／賃金 社債s in gold. Still later, when the World 経済的な 会議／協議会, 組み立てる／集結するing in London, turned to the international 安定化 of 通貨s as its first important 仕事, Roosevelt heaved a bombshell into it--with 苦しめるing 損失 to the prestige of his own 代表--by 辞退するing to let the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs be a party to even a vague and general 安定化 協定 at that juncture. And from time to time, while these moves were going on, he 宣言するd his 意向 to raise American prices "to such an extent that those who have borrowed money will, on the 普通の／平均（する）, be able to 返す that money in the same 肉親，親類d of dollar which they borrowed." (It was not until later in 1933 that he 平価を切り下げるd the American dollar progressively to 59.06 cents, ーに関して／ーの点でs of its former gold value, through the amazing--and 非，不，無 too successful--計画／陰謀 of progressively raising the price which the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs would 企て，努力，提案 for gold.)

The result of these さまざまな orders, 法律s, and 声明s in the spring of 1933 was to bring about a quick jump in prices, a burst of 上向き activity on the 在庫／株 交流s and 商品／必需品 交流s, a hurried buying of 供給（する）s by 商売／仕事 men for their 在庫s in 期待 of その上の rises in prices, and a much 詐欺師 回復 of 商売／仕事 than had 以前 seemed likely. It is difficult to disentangle 原因（となる）s and 影響s when a 政府 is doing everything at once, but the 証拠 would seem to show that the 発射 in the arm 治めるd in the spring of 1933 had a definitely 刺激するing 影響. (In fact, there would seem to be room for the somewhat 冷笑的な comment that of all the 経済的な 薬／医学s 適用するd to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs as a whole during the nineteen-thirties, only two have been of 証明するd general 有効性, and both of these have a habit-forming 傾向 and may be lethal if too often repeated: these two 薬／医学s are 平価切下げ and spending.)

2. 刈る 支配（する）／統制する.

The New 取引，協定 （機の）カム to the 救助（する） of the farm 全住民 with a 法案 which 目的（とする）d to raise the prices of the major American farm 刈るs by 申し込む／申し出ing 支払い（額）s to 農業者s to leave part of their acreage unplanted. The money for the 支払い（額）s was to be raised by a 過程ing 税金, which in 影響 was a light 物品税 on the 消費 of these 刈るs--penalizing everybody a little in order to help the hard-攻撃する，衝突する farm 全住民. (With cotton the method was different: the 刈る having already been 工場／植物d, rewards were 申し込む／申し出d for 骨折って進むing up part of it.) The 複雑にするd 商売／仕事 of 治めるing this 行為／法令／行動する was ゆだねるd to an 農業の 調整 行政--AAA for short.

The 約束 of the AAA program, along with the 約束 of インフレーション, 解除するd farm prices はっきりと in the spring of 1933, and thus brought 早期に and 相当な 救済 to the 農業者s; the 影響 of the AAA after it went into 十分な 操作／手術 in 1934 was more debatable, and was obscured anyhow by その後の 干ばつs.

3. 刺激するing 雇用.

Roosevelt's pet 計画／陰謀 for putting a ４半期/4分の1 of a million young men into the 支持を得ようと努めるd for 自然保護 work was quickly 認可するd by 議会, and presently the young men of the CCC were off to army （軍の）野営地，陣営s and then to the forests. There was also passed a 法案 供給するing $3,300,000,000 for public 作品--a staggering sum by Hoover 基準s. (Roosevelt's heart was not in the public-作品 program, it was difficult to spend any large 量 of money quickly and yet wisely on dams, 橋（渡しをする）s, and other major 作品, and therefore slow 進歩 was made; a good 取引，協定 of the $3,300,000,000 was コースを変えるd into 救済 and 国家の 弁護.)

4. 連邦の 救済.

To 援助（する） the 失業した--whose 条件 was desperate--the 連邦の 政府 went for the first time on a large 規模 into the 配当 of 救済 基金s. These, in the 早期に months of the New 取引，協定, were mostly dispensed through 明言する／公表する and 地元の 機械／機構; but the new 仮定／引き受けること of 責任／義務 was にもかかわらず 重要な.

5. The Tennessee Valley 実験.

Not only did a 法案 passed in May, 1933, 供給する for the 連邦の 操作／手術 of that 支配する of long previous argument, the dam at Muscle Shoals; it 供給するd also for an ambitious 開発 of the whole Tennessee Valley through the building of other 連邦の dams, through the sale of 力／強力にする from them at low prices, and through 連邦の 補助金を支給するing of 自然保護 対策 in the Valley. This 法案--which went かなり beyond Roosevelt's （選挙などの）運動をする 提案s--was perhaps the most 革命の 手段 of the 早期に New 取引，協定 in its long-称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 significance, for it put the 政府 直接／まっすぐに into 産業 and into a 支配するing position in developing a whole section of the country.

6. Lightening the 負債 重荷（を負わせる）.

連邦の 機関s were 始める，決める up to refinance farm and home mortgages, lowering the 利益／興味 率 on them and putting a 連邦の 保証（人） behind them, thus 緩和 the 支援する-breaking 圧力 of 負債 on 農業者s and other householders--and, incidentally, その上の 氷点の the 負債-structure of the country.

7. 財政上の 改革（する）s.

A 安全s 行為／法令／行動する was passed which 供給するd that those who 問題／発行するd 安全s must 供給する the 政府 with 十分な--in fact voluminous--（警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） about the 企業s to be 財政／金融d. And a banking 行為／法令／行動する was passed which, though it did not grapple with the knotty problem of 統一するing the banking system of the country, struck at 確かな 目だつ 乱用s: it 供給するd that no banking house might both 受託する deposits and 問題／発行する 安全s, and it forbade 商業の banks to have 安全s (v)提携させる(n)支部，加入者s. (These 改革（する）s were the forerunners of others to come.)

Last in our 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）, but far from least, there was 始める，決める up

8. The NRA.

The genesis and 動機づけ of the NRA 供給する a beautiful example of the wild 混乱 of those honeymoon days of the New 取引，協定, and deserve special について言及する. The NRA's paternity was 多重の, to say the least.

Soon after the bank holiday 上院議員 Hugo 黒人／ボイコット (of その後の 最高裁判所 fame) 押し進めるd through the 上院 a 法案 法令ing a thirty-hour week in all 商売／仕事s engaged in interstate 商業; and although the 手段 was held up by a 動議 to 再考する, the size of the 上院 投票（する） and the fact that the House was giving a 都合のよい 歓迎会 to a 類似の 手段 (the Connery 法案), showed that 議会 meant 商売／仕事. (Here was NRA idea No. 1: spread 雇用 by 縮めるing hours of labor.) Thereupon 長官 of Labor フランs Perkins 主張するd any such 法案 must 含む／封じ込める a 最小限-行う 準備／条項. (Here was idea No. 2: "put a 床に打ち倒す under 給料.") By this time the 大統領 and さまざまな members of his 行政 had become worried over the 可能性 that 卸売 and inflexible 法律制定 on hours and 給料 might 証明する a Pandora's box of troubles, and had begun to 格闘する with ideas for a more 柔軟な and 包括的な 行政 手段, which could be 代用品，人d somewhat as the discretionary インフレーション 法案 had been 代用品，人d for the Wheeler 法案.

A number of 商売／仕事 men also swung into 活動／戦闘. For a long time the 議会 of 商業 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had been …に反対するing what it called "削減（する）-throat 競争" and had 手配中の，お尋ね者 the Sherman Anti-信用 行為／法令／行動する 修正するd so that 貿易（する） 協会s might 始める，決める 給料 and 可決する・採択する "codes of practice" with 政治の 許可. Hoover had きっぱりと …に反対するd any such 計画／陰謀 as 独占主義的な--as 許すing 設立するd companies to 連合させる to 妨げる, not only "cutthroat 競争," but all real 競争 of any sort. Roosevelt seemed to have no such 恐れるs--and the 商売／仕事 men saw their 適切な時期. (Thus arose idea No. 3: "self-政府 for 商売／仕事," with the 貿易（する） 協会s doing the 治める／統治するing under 政府 後援.)

一方／合間 there was also much enthusiasm の中で the young 自由主義のs in Washington for the idea of "国家の planning" for 産業. Impressed by the ロシアの Five-Year 計画（する）, they 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 政府 to 規制する the 機能（する）／行事ing of the helter-skelter American 商売／仕事 system. (Here was idea No. 4.) There was a 普及した hope, too, 主として の中で these same 自由主義のs, that 購入（する）ing 力／強力にする might be 拡大するd by a 一致した raising of 給料--on the theory that if the raising were general no 商売／仕事 would 苦しむ and all would 利益. (Idea No. 5.)

Each of these ideas was 代表するd in the でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるing of the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する.

After 非常に／多数の 会議／協議会s of さまざまな groups of men of diverse 経済的な philosophies, there 現れるd as the 主要な／長／主犯 artificer of the 事業／計画（する） a man whose own central 利益／興味 was in the 議会 of 明言する／公表する. And there 現れるd a 法案 which 供給するd that each 産業, through its 貿易（する） 協会, would 令状 for itself a "code" 定める／命ずるing 最大限 hours and 最小限 給料 and 支配するs of fair 競争 for that 産業, 支配する to the 是認 of the 政府. What was thus 定める／命ずるd and 認可するd might be done 関わりなく the Sherman 行為／法令／行動する, and in fact might not be transgressed under 刑罰，罰則 of the 法律. Since the men who were thus to be 許すd to 組織する and 令状 their own codes were the 雇用者s, the Department of Labor 主張するd that their 従業員s should also be permitted to 組織する; and so was written into the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する the famous Section 7a, which 明言する／公表するd that "従業員s shall have the 権利 to 組織する and 取引 collectively through 代表者／国会議員s of their own choosing, and shall be 解放する／自由な from the 干渉，妨害, coercion, or 抑制 of 雇用者s of labor or their スパイ／執行官s." For その上の 保護 for labor and for 消費者s there were (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する 準備／条項s for setting up Labor （a）忠告の／（n）警報 Boards and 消費者s' （a）忠告の／（n）警報 Boards, to make sure that every 利益／興味 was 協議するd.

On June 16, 1933, the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する was 調印するd まっただ中に much ファンファーレ／誇示. Said 大統領 Roosevelt, "History probably will 記録，記録的な／記録する the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する as the most important and far-reaching 法律制定 ever 制定するd by the American 議会." On that same day General Johnson was 指名するd 行政官／管理者 of the NRA. And it became obvious that this 前例のない organization was to be the 焦点の point of the whole New 取引，協定 program of 1933.

Having produced the NRA, 議会 延期，休会するd, bringing to an end what was indeed an 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 開会／開廷／会期.

ｧ 5

The contrasts between this 1933 New 取引，協定 program and the Hoover program were sharp. It was not a program of 弁護 but of 多重の and headlong attack. In most of the 法律s and certainly in the 意図 behind them there was a new 強調 on the 福利事業 of the ありふれた man; a new 試みる／企てる, as was often said, to build 繁栄 from the 底（に届く） up rather than from the 最高の，を越す 負かす／撃墜する. There was a new 乗り気 to 拡大する the 範囲 of 政府 操作／手術s; for a long time past these had been 拡大するing out of sheer political and 経済的な necessity, as the 必然的な long-称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 傾向 toward centralization took 影響 upon 政府 同様に as upon 商売／仕事, but now the ブレーキs were 除去するd and the 拡大 was abrupt. Also in contrast was the 明白な 不信 by Roosevelt of the 銀行業者s and 法人組織の／企業の insiders of 塀で囲む Street; Hoover had leaned upon them for advice and 援助 (which was not always 来たるべき), Roosevelt 無視（する）d them. He preferred the 援助 of 恐らく impartial (if impractical) professors to that of 恐らく practical (if 部分的な／不平等な) 商売／仕事 men. There was a new 激励 of labor unions, a new 歓待 to 自由主義の and 過激な ideas which would 減ずる the 力／強力にする of the owning class. The 政治の 中心 of gravity had moved to the left.

At the same time the program 代表するd a strange jumble of theories. For example, the Economy 行為／法令／行動する--and to a 確かな extent the 財政上の 改革（する） 対策--had a deflationary 影響; 反して 平価切下げ--and to a 確かな extent the public-作品 計画（する） and the 連邦の 救済 計画（する）--had an inflationary 影響. The AAA 法案 tried to bring 回復 by inducing scarcity--as did much of the NRA as it later developed; 反して the public-作品 and TVA 計画（する）s operated on the 豊富 theory. The 会議／協議会s with foreign 特使s and the 計画（する）s for international 経済的な 協調 ran 長，率いる on into the 平価切下げ 政策--with a resounding 爆発 in London. The 財政上の 改革（する） 対策 sought to discourage 集中s of 経済大国; the NRA--in practice--tended to encourage them.

In 新規加入 to these 衝突s of theory, there were 非常に／多数の 衝突／不一致s between 政治の organizations trying to do the same thing, between organizations trying to do opposite things, between old 政策s 存在 追求するd as a 事柄 of habit and new ones 存在 introduced.

Some of these 衝突s were 予定, of course, to the sheer impossibility of 達成するing 法律を制定する and 行政の perfection at a 手渡す gallop. Some were 予定 to the fact that Washington was 十分な of able and eager men with contrasting ideas: in a multitude of 助言者／カウンセラーs there is 混乱. Some were 予定 to the political necessity of 工夫するing 対策 which could 勝利，勝つ the support of diverse 利益／興味s. And some were 予定 to the fact that the New 取引，協定 program of those first few months was like a 地質学の 形式 built up in several 層s. At the 底（に届く） were the old-fashioned 自由主義の 対策, the economy and 改革（する） 対策, of the 1932 壇・綱領・公約. On 最高の，を越す of these were the more ambitious programs adumbrated by the Brain 信用 during the （選挙などの）運動をする and after, and other 対策 hustled into 活動／戦闘 when the bank panic produced a much graver 危機 than had been foreseen in 早期に 1932. Then there were the 対策 which grew, perforce, out of the bank panic itself--含むing, if you wish, 平価切下げ. On 最高の，を越す were the 有望な ideas that bloomed in the fertile spring of 1933; 長，指導者 の中で these was the NRA, which was a whole plum pudding of contrasting elements in itself. Yet even if one took account of all these 推論する／理由s for inconsistency, there remained something in Roosevelt's try-everything 態度 which reminded one of the man who, feeling unwell, took in quick succession all the tonics on the shelf.

But if the 大統領 preferred bold 活動／戦闘 to careful 審議, so too did the country. The sickness of the 経済的な system was infinitely 複雑にするd and little understood. Now a 内科医 had come along who had a lot of 薬／医学s in his 捕らえる、獲得する, who had an 空気／公表する of 当局 and an agreeable 病人の枕元 manner; and the American people あられ／賞賛するd him with delight. His 薬／医学s were better than most which were 現在／一般に 示唆するd, and certainly the 患者's 意気込み／士気 was 改善するd by having a friendly 内科医 who was willing to do something and not just wait for nature to 影響 a cure. In the spring and summer of 1933 the American 経済的な system took its new 薬／医学s cheerfully, sat up in bed, and said, "I feel better already."

ｧ 6

What a flood tide of returning hope was running in those first six months of the New 取引，協定!

That was the season when the Chicago Fair opened--that Fair whose 意向 to chronicle "A Century of 進歩" had seemed only a few months before so unmitigatedly ironical. What did Chicagoans care if Sally ランド stole the show with her fan dance? She too had been a 犠牲者 of the 不景気, 収入 a 不安定な living dancing in smalltime cabarets in Western cities, and her fortunes had sunk low in 1932; in her own 報告（する）／憶測d words, she had "never made any money until she took off her pants"; but now the （人が）群がるs 殺到するd to see her come 負かす／撃墜する the velvet-covered steps with her waving fans (and 明らかに nothing else) before her, and Chicago 利益（をあげる）d. General Balbo's armada of Italian airplanes flew to the fair; and in that same summer of 1933 Charles and Anne Lindbergh, leaving behind them for a time the scenes of their 悲劇, flew to Greenland, to proceed thence to Europe and Africa and--Listen! The 勝利，勝つd--toSouth America.

That was the season when the 上院 Banking 委員会 drew from the Morgan partners the story of the "preferred 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s" of 加入者s to the 在庫／株 of their 会社／団体s; and when the 整然とした 過程s of 財政上の exemplification were interrupted, to everybody's 狼狽, by a circus promoter who placed a midget in J. P. Morgan's （競技場の）トラック一周. It was the season when the country first became wonderingly aware of the extent to which the amiable First Lady of the land 具体的に表現するd the 法律 of perpetual 動議; and when her husband, after putting his 指名する to the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する, climbed 船内に the little Amberjack II, put on his oilskins, and went sailing up the New England coast to Campobello.

That was the season when Max Baer knocked out Schmeling in the tenth, and the 大規模な Primo Camera knocked out 支持する／優勝者 Jack Sharkey in the sixth, and an 身元不明の man almost knocked out Huey Long in the Sands Point washroom, and Glenn Cunningham began breaking the running 記録，記録的な／記録するs for the mile, and Anthony 逆の began breaking 記録，記録的な／記録するs for fiction sales as it enthralled lovers of vicarious adventure on thousands of summer porches.

Once more the 商売／仕事 men of the country began to know hope. The 連邦の Reserve Board's adjusted 索引 人物／姿／数字 for 産業の 生産／産物 in the bank-holiday month of March, 1933, had been 59 (as against 58 for the 先行する July, the month of the 特別手当 March). In April it jumped from 59 to 66; in May it jumped to 78; in June, to 91; in July, to 100 (as against a 1929 high of 125). There was no such proportionate 伸び（る） in 雇用, to be sure; for as the pace of 商売／仕事 増加するd, there was much slack to be taken up 簡単に by working factories 十分な time that had been working part time, by working office clerks overtime, by keeping shopgirls on the run. Still there remained millions of 失業した men, whose poverty was as yet unrelieved by any 連邦の 支出s for their 援助（する）. So 大いに had the 不景気 刺激するd working efficiency and the 取り付け・設備 of labor-saving 装置s that a far 詐欺師 増加する in 生産／産物 than this would be needed to give 職業s to those men. Nor were the men who went 支援する to work any too tractable. They had 苦しむd, they had become embittered, and as hope returned, 怒り／怒る rose with it: strikes began to 増加する in number. The mood of the farm 全住民 was still 反抗的な, for until their 刈るs were 収穫d the rise in farm prices would do them little good; the 相場師s would get the money. There were still 暴動s and disorders in the farm belt. But the prospects were 約束ing. "Give us just a few months more of this 改良 . . ." men said to themselves.

The 相場師s leaped into 活動／戦闘. As the 株式市場 spurted, out of the 主要道路s and byways （機の）カム the little 在庫／株 gamblers. For three and a half years they had been telling themselves--if they had any money left--that 憶測 was no more for them. During the past few months they had been in the 支配する, most of them, of a 開始するing 不信 of 塀で囲む Street 銀行業者s in particular and all 銀行業者s in general, and had been telling and re-telling derisive anecdotes in which 銀行業者s 人物／姿／数字d. But when they began to see the 加える 調印するs の中で the 在庫／株 quotations, 支援する to the 仲買人s' offices they thronged, ready to 火刑／賭ける their last 貯金 on 商業の Solvents and 基準 Brands and the alcohol 在庫／株s; and 一方／合間 as 冷淡な-血d a lot of pool 操作者s as had ever been seen in the unregenerate days of 1929 manipulated and 荷を降ろすd, manipulated and 荷を降ろすd. The 安全s 行為／法令／行動する had been 調印するd, 改革（する） was the order of the New 取引，協定 day, one might have 推定する／予想するd these gentry to be newly 用心深い; but all such considerations 明らかに meant nothing to them. So violently did the 株式市場 boil, so frequently were there five- and six-million-株 days, that the total 容積／容量 of 貿易（する）ing in the month of June, 1933, and again in the month of July, 1933, was greater than it had been in any 選び出す／独身 month in the Big Bull Market of 1929--with the 単独の exception of the Panic month of October. 一方／合間 the 穀物 market and the other 商品／必需品 markets boiled too. Who could lose? argued the little 相場師s. "If we don't have 繁栄 we'll at least have インフレーション." (In 1932 the thought of インフレーション had 誘発するd selling, now it 誘発するd buying: the mood had changed.)

Late in July the 在庫／株 and 商品／必需品 markets broke 不正に, and day after day the 相場師s' favorites 宙返り／暴落するd; one of these favorites, American 商業の Alcohol, 現実に 崩壊（する）d from 89 ⁷/₈ to 29 ¹/₈ in four days. But at that very moment the 大統領 was having 分配するd to 商売／仕事 men all over the country the 一面に覆う／毛布 NRA code that would "start the wheels turning." It was difficult to find a daily paper which did not 含む／封じ込める somebody's glowing 尊敬の印 to the NRA. It had "廃止するd child labor," it was introducing "a new 時代 of co-操作／手術 between 産業 and 政府," it was "an 試みる／企てる to 代用品，人 建設的な co-操作／手術 for destructive 競争," it would 原因（となる） "管理／経営 and labor to join 手渡すs," it would "end the flat-wallet 時代," and it held out "the 約束 of a new day." The break in the markets checked 信用／信任 a bit; but was it not 予報するd that millions of men would go 支援する to work "before the snow 飛行機で行くs"?

In Washington the excitement was still feverish. 議会 had 延期，休会するd, but now the 商売／仕事 men were there by the bewildered thousands to draw up NRA codes. Up and 負かす／撃墜する the interminable 回廊（地帯）s of the 商業 Building they tramped, buttonholing any hatless man to ask their way, under the impression that he must be a high 公式の／役人. They 手配中の，お尋ね者 their own codes, 産業 by 産業, and each of them had his own idea of what せねばならない go into his code to stop the particular 肉親，親類d of "削減（する）-throat 競争" that his company hated. But first these men had to find out what 産業 they belonged to. Was candlewick-bedspread-making a part of the cotton-織物 産業, or should it have a code of its own? Shouldn't the dog-food 産業 主張する on special 治療? And where should the academic 衣装 men go to solve their code problems? And the 飛行機で行く-swatter 製造業者s? Where was General Johnson's office? And who was this "Robbie" whose ear it was considered so 価値のある to get? And might it not be better to go 支援する to the Mayflower and 会談する there, even though the hotel telephone service was so jammed that you couldn't get a 関係?

In the 中心 of this wild 混乱--as Jonathan Mitchell wrote--General Johnson "sat at 緩和する, coat off, blue shirt open at the neck, red-直面するd, and looking uncannily like Captain Stagg in Stallings and Anderson's 'What Price Glory.' Like 逮捕（する）d 小作農民s, squads of sweating 商売／仕事 men . . . were led in before him." Part cavalry officer, part 退役軍人 商売／仕事 man, part 経済的な seer, part 政府 行政官／管理者 (he could assume any of these 役割s at will, said Mitchell), the General 説得するd or prophesied or wisecracked or 雷鳴d as the occasion seemed to 令状, and the 商売／仕事 men would go 前へ／外へ obediently--or so they felt at the moment--to do his bidding. So 完全に did the General captivate the Washington newspaper men that they began to regard the NRA as the 中心 of the 政府 展示（する） and the White House as a 味方する show. His vehement oratory, his 言及／関連s to "割れ目ing 負かす／撃墜する on the chiselers" and to the "dead cats" of 批評, his 激しい enthusiasm, held the country spellbound. General Johnson had become the personification of 回復.

When you went to the movies to see "Cavalcade" (that life-preserver with TITANIC on it!), or "M臈chen in Uniform," or "再会 in Vienna," you would see also a short picture, …を伴ってd by a 発言する／表明する thrilling with patriotism, telling how America was marching on to 繁栄 under the スローガン "We do our part." The Blue Eagle appeared in shop windows, in 宣伝s. There were splendid NRA parades, with thousands marching and airplanes droning 総計費. Grover Whalen 組織するd a New York 同意／服従 （選挙などの）運動をする enlivened by the 外見 of 行方不明になる Nira (short for 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する) and 行方不明になる Liberty; 150 women from the Bronx marched to NRA （警察，軍隊などの）本部 耐えるing 250,000 誓約（する）s and …を伴ってd by a 厚かましさ／高級将校連 禁止（する）d; it was 概算の that a ４半期/4分の1 of a million people marched in New York and a million and a half looked on, and it cost $4,980.70 to clean up the streets afterwards.

Yes, America was on its way. Though the 株式市場 looked ragged as the summer （機の）カム to an end, and the 商売／仕事 indices had slipped 支援する from the pinnacle of July, and 疑問s and 不一致s were beginning to cloud the brightness of the 経済的な and political skies, still the 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing mood of the general public was aptly 反映するd in the song of the three little pigs in Disney's new picture, then going the 一連の会議、交渉／完成するs of the movie houses: America had learned to sing "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?"

一時期／支部 Six

A CHANGE OF CLIMATE

ｧ 1

The 過程s of social change are continuous and endlessly コンビナート／複合体. To contrast the manners and morals and customs of one historical "period" with those of another is surely to over-簡単にする and almost surely to 誇張する. Yet the social 気候 does alter, just as the seasons do change--even though the 転換s in 気温 from day to day may be 高度に spasmodic and Detroit may be enjoying its "first day of spring" while Philadelphia is 存在 swept by a blizzard. Looking 支援する, one notices さまざまな contrasts between the social 気候 of the nineteen-twenties and that of the nineteen-thirties; and one notices, too, that most of these changes did not become 明確に 示すd until about the year 1933, when the New 取引，協定 （機の）カム in and the Eighteenth 改正 was 廃止するd. It is almost as if the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had walked backward into the 不景気, 持つ／拘留するing for dear life to the customs and ideals and 仮定／引き受けることs of the time that was gone, even while these were one by one slipping out of reach; and then, in 1933, had given up their vain 成果／努力, turned about, and walked 直面する-今後 into the new world of the nineteen-thirties.

The 戦後の １０年間 had brought to America a sharp 革命 in manners and morals--a 革命 the shock 軍隊／機動隊s of which were a younger 世代 （麻薬）常用者d to 膝-length skirts, hip flasks, mixed drinking in the speakeasy, petting in the parked car, uninhibited language, a secondhand knowledge of Freudian コンビナート／複合体s, and a disposition to 反抗する their more puritanical parents and ridicule the whole Puritan tradition. Already by the end of the nineteen-twenties the 革命 was playing itself out, at least in the 中心s of 全住民 where Puritanism had been most readily 土台を崩すd. The older 世代 were 徐々に becoming accustomed to the outlandish ways of their progeny and relaxing somewhat their own codes of 行為／行う, and the younger 世代 were getting older and learning the practical advantages of moderation. By the time of the Panic, the "炎上ing Mamie" of the coeducational campus, though she still won admirers, was a little いっそう少なく likely to be regarded as a portent of the 未来 than as a 遺物 of the past. As the nineteen-thirties got under way, the change in the 気候 became 明確に discernible.

Not that there was any measurable 増加する in abstinence, continence, or modesty; indeed there were some areas--some Middle-Western towns, many country villages--where the proprieties of an earlier day had been only slowly broken 負かす／撃墜する and the sound of breakage was still loud; where the 行為 of the "young married 始める，決める" at the Saturday night 大勝する at the 地元の country club was more abandoned than ever, and where parents were comparing horrified 公式文書，認めるs about that appalling "new" 現象, the 傾向 of girls of fifteen and sixteen to come 支援する from high-school parties smelling of gin and disturbingly rumpled. Said the Lynds of their findings in "Middletown," ". . . one got in 1935 a sense of sharp, 解放する／自由な 行為 between the sexes (patterned on the movies), and of いっそう少なく disguise の中で the young. A high-school 卒業生（する） of eight years ago, now in の近くに touch professionally with the young people of the city, was emphatic as regards the change: 'They've been getting more and more knowing and bold. The fellows regard necking as a taken-for-認めるd part of a date. We fellows used occasionally to get slapped for doing things, but the girls don't do that much any more.'"

Yet in the country 捕まらないで there was a change of mood, a change of 強調. The 革命 was 存在 強固にする／合併する／制圧するd. The shock 軍隊／機動隊s were digging in in the positions they had won.

A neat 手段 of this change was 申し込む／申し出d in Hornell Hart's 熟考する／考慮する of social 態度s in 最近の Social 傾向s, which appeared at the beginning of 1933. Mr. Hart 始める，決める 前へ／外へ the results of a careful 統計に基づく 熟考する／考慮する of the beliefs and points of 見解（をとる） 反映するd in the magazines of the country at さまざまな times. This 熟考する／考慮する showed that the 反乱 against the 伝統的な code of sex morals--or, to put it another way, the 急ぐ of 感情 in 好意 of sex freedom--had reached its 頂点（に達する） in the years 1923-1927; and although the magazines 含む／封じ込めるd more discussions of family and sex problems during 1930 and 1931 than at any time during the 先行する years, the トン was on the whole more 保守的な. In the year 1930 the magazines 表明するd more 是認 of marriage and family life, more 是認 of "comradeship, understanding, affection, sympathy, facilitation, accommodation, 統合，差別撤廃, co-操作／手術" than in 1920.

If the change of mood became more striking as the years rolled by and the 不景気 深くするd, one may ascribe this to a number of 原因（となる）s: the fact that any idea 棺／かげりs after a time, any 有望な new 革命 begets 疑問s and 尋問s; the fact that young Mr. X, whose アル中患者 and amorous verve had seemed so brilliantly daring in 1925, was now beginning to show not altogether attractive 調印するs of wear and 涙／ほころび; the fact that Mrs. Y, who had so stoutly believed in her 権利 to sleep where she pleased and had been sure that she didn't care with whom Mr. Y slept, had 設立する she couldn't take it after all and had marched off to Reno; the fact that the Z children were having nightmares which the school psychiatrist せいにするd to the broken home from which they （機の）カム; and the fact that the younger brothers and sisters of the X's and Y's and Z's were tired of seeing their 年上のs carom against the furniture and make passes at one another, and 結論するd that these old people were a messy lot. But the most important 推論する／理由 for the change was probably the 不景気.

Hundreds of thousands of young people who 手配中の，お尋ね者 to get married could not afford to. The song "I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby" 時代遅れの from 1928, but it might 井戸／弁護士席 have been the 主題-song of the nineteen-thirties. The marriage 率 per thousand 全住民 fell from 10.14 in 1929 to 7.87 in 1932. (Likewise the birth 率 per thousand 全住民 also fell, from 18.9 in 1929 to 17.4 in 1932 and 16.5 in 1933--the 1933 人物／姿／数字 反映するing, of course, 大部分は the 経済的な 条件s of 1932.) When it was so difficult to marry, an 増加する in pre-結婚の／夫婦の sex relations was almost 必然的な. "A confidential check-up of one group of more than two dozen young 商売／仕事-class persons in their twenties," 報告（する）／憶測d the Lynds, "showed seven out of every ten of them, 平等に balanced as to sex, to have had 性の relations 事前の to marriage." The 抱擁する sales of contraceptives--totaling, 毎年, によれば さまざまな 当局, from an eighth to a ４半期/4分の1 of a billion dollars, and transacted not only in drugstores but in filling 駅／配置するs, タバコ 蓄える／店s, and all sorts of other 設立s--were certainly not made only to the married.

Yet the new 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s was hardly 役立つ to a frivolous or 冷笑的な 態度 toward marriage and the family; and it 押し進めるd into the 最前部 of attention a 比較して new problem: what was to be the 未来 of the 失業 young man and his girl, who loved each other 深く，強烈に and really 手配中の，お尋ね者 to marry? Were they to 延期する marriage and live resolutely apart? Or 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる upon their families to support them, perhaps letting them live in the spare room or the attic or some other corner of a parental home?

Often the 年上のs could ill afford to 料金d another mouth; and many a father who had slaved and scrimped for years, dreaming of 退職, and who now wondered how long his own 職業 would last, 炎d with 怒り／怒る to hear that young Harry had brought home a bride to 消費する the family 貯金. There were other 年上のs who could 井戸／弁護士席 afford to 避難所 a young couple but who had been brought up to believe that no self-尊敬（する）・点ing young man married until he could support a wife, and who would 粘着する to this idea, talk about a spoiled 世代, tell how they hadn't thought of marrying till they were making forty dollars a week, and 辞退する to countenance any such nonsense. As a result, many young couples 受託するd as an 代案／選択肢 to 即座の marriage an 時折の night in a cheap hotel room or an 自動車-tourist cabin (many of these tourist cabins 受託するd, knowingly or innocently, a large 割合 of 地元の traffic). Hating the furtiveness of such 会合s, hating the 条約s which made them furtive, these young couples にもかかわらず felt their 行為 was 権利--a 返答 to necessity.

To many others, even いっそう少なく fortunate, the 失業 children of 失業 parents, the wandering nomads of the 不景気, hitch-引き上げ（る）ing through the country, riding the freight cars, sex became something that you took when you could; marriage was too remote to think about. Yet even here there was something new about the mood. There was little sense of a change in the moral code 存在 willfully made, little sense that stolen love was "modern" adventure. The 窮地 was practical. One managed as best one could, was continent or incontinent によれば one's individual need and one's individual code, whether of morals or aesthetics or prudence or convenience. If the 条約s were in （一時的）停止, it was 簡単に because the times were out of 共同の and no longer made sense; but that did not mean that one might not long for wedded 安全.

の中で the hatless and waistcoatless young men of the college campuses, with their tweed coats and flannel slacks, and の中で the college girls in their sweaters and tweed skirts and ankle socks, there was little of the 反抗的な talk about sex and marriage that had characterized the nineteen-twenties, little of the buzz of excitement that had …を伴ってd the discussion of Freud and Havelock Ellis and Dora Russell. Whether there was いっそう少なく actual promiscuity is doubtful: a 熟考する／考慮する of 1364 juniors and 上級のs in 46 colleges and universities of all types from coast to coast--made by Dorothy Dunbar Bromley and Florence Haxton Britten--showed that half the young men and a ４半期/4分の1 of the girls had had pre-結婚の／夫婦の sex intercourse. The striking thing was that there was いっそう少なく to-do about sex. One's personal 事件／事情／状勢s were one's personal 事件／事情／状勢. As the editors of Fortune said in their account of the college 青年 of 1936: "As for sex, it is, of course, still with us. But the campus takes it more casually than it did ten years ago. Sex is no longer news. And the fact that it is no longer news is news."

The 不景気 also 削減（する） the 離婚 率 はっきりと: it dropped from 1.66 per thousand 全住民 in 1929 to only 1.28 per thousand 全住民 in 1932. 離婚s cost money; and besides, in times of 強調する／ストレス the fancy is likely to be いっそう少なく 解放する／自由な. There was a good 取引，協定 of pious talk about the way in which couples were re-部隊d in love by hardship, but it is likely that in most 事例／患者s what the hardship did was to subordinate everything to the stark necessity for getting along, love or no love. After the worst years the 離婚 率 rose again; no 広大な／多数の／重要な 改革（する） had been 影響d; people who couldn't get on still separated when they must and could. Yet here again there was a change in 強調: a more 普及した sense of the 損失 必然的に done by a 難破させるd marriage to the children and to the separated partners themselves. It was perhaps 重要な that a public-opinion 投票 taken by Fortune in 1937 showed a 大多数 against 平易な 離婚. A 類似の 投票 in 1936 showed 63 per cent in 好意 of the teaching and practice of birth 支配（する）／統制する, and in 1937 as many as 22.3 per cent 認可するd of pre-結婚の／夫婦の experience for both men and women: there was no return to the old Puritan code. Yet there was a strong disposition to 保護する going marriages.

In short, although there was かなりの public 受託 of pre-結婚の／夫婦の sex relations as 必然的な and not sinful, and a 傾向 to 認可する of what one 観察者／傍聴者 had called "a 選び出す／独身 基準, and that a low one," にもかかわらず marriage seemed to have become more 高度に prized as an 会・原則 than in the nineteen-twenties. The family seemed to have become more 高度に prized as an 会・原則. "Sixty per cent of the college girls and fifty per cent of the men would like to get married within a year or two of 卒業, and fifty per cent of each sex would like to have children soon after marriage," 報告（する）／憶測d the editors of Fortune in their 1936 調査する. The fact that the college girls of the nineteen-thirties were more eager for 早期に marriage than those of the nineteen-twenties was 公式文書，認めるd by many college 行政官／管理者s. These same undergraduates and their 同時代のs were on the whole いっそう少なく scornful of their parents and of parental ideas, いっそう少なく likely to feel that family life was a mockery, than the young people of ten years before.

Not only had the 不景気 made them more respectful of a meal ticket and of 安全; they had become preoccupied with other things besides intimate personal 関係s, as we shall presently see.

ｧ 2

The vagaries of fashion are so haphazard and are 影響（力）d by so many 商売／仕事 expediencies that one cannot ascribe them wholly to changes in the social 気候. Yet in their main 輪郭（を描く）s they at least 供給する suggestions 価値（がある） correlating with other 証拠s of the social 傾向.

If, for example, the women's fashions of the nineteen- twenties called for short skirts, a 広大な／多数の／重要な 削減 in the 負わせる and cumbersomeness of 着せる／賦与するs, a long-waisted, flat-前線d 人物／姿／数字, and short hair 削減（する） in a Dutch （頭が）ひょいと動く or shingled almost like a boy's, surely here was a hint that women had become tired of the 制限s and 責任／義務s of 従来の 成熟 and 手配中の，お尋ね者 a freedom and gaiety that they associated with immaturity: not the freedom of an old-fashioned little girl, 避難所d and innocently pretty, but of an 積極性 "modern" one--hard-boiled, "sophisticated" (to use a favorite complimentary 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of that day), and ready to carry on with the boys. If the mannikins in the shop-windows and the sketches in the department-蓄える／店 宣伝s gave the 井戸／弁護士席-dressed woman a hard, blank, world-疲れた／うんざりした 表現, here again was a hint as to the feminine ideal of the nineteen-twenties: she was a girl who, even before her 人物／姿／数字 had ripened, had become old in experience, had passed beyond the 可能性 of shock or 耐えるing enthusiasm. And if, during the 早期に years of that １０年間, the tail coat was a rarity の中で men and the dinner jacket was the 基準 wear even for the most formal occasions, here was a hint that the men, as 井戸／弁護士席 as the women, were in 反乱 against dignity and 形式順守. In the nineteen-twenties, Americans 手配中の，お尋ね者 to be boys and girls together, equipped for a wild party but 辞退するing to let it be thought that even the wildest party would 誘発する in them more than a (n)艦隊／(a)素早いing excitement.

Now notice what happened later. Already before the end of the nineteen-twenties the tail coat was coming in again, with all the dignity that it 伝えるd. By 1929 the women's evening dresses were 試験的に reaching for the 床に打ち倒す--and for an 影響 of graciousness impossible to 達成する with a 膝-length gown. By 1930 they definitely were long--to remain thus, 現実に or 事実上 広範囲にわたる the 床に打ち倒す, for the 残り／休憩（する） of the １０年間. And the women's daytime dresses 徐々に lengthened too until by 1933 they reached to within a foot or even nine インチs of the ground. The 厳しい helmet hat of 1929, pulled 負かす／撃墜する on the 支援する of the 長，率いる, gave way to a variety of styles all of which sought at prettiness, pertness, a gentler or more whimsical 影響 than had been 目的（とする）d at in the 'twenties. Women's hair, too, became いっそう少なく 厳しい, was curled at the 支援する of the 長，率いる more gaily. Ruffles （機の）カム in, 屈服するs, furbelows, with nostalgic hints of the prettiments of long-dead days. Gone was the little-girl long-waisted 影響; the waist returned where it belonged.

As for the flat 人物／姿／数字, that was abandoned too. Said Vogue in April, 1932, "Spring styles say 'CURVES'!" By 1933, when the amply contoured Mae West was packing the 動議-picture theatres in "She Done Him Wrong," Lily of フラン was advertising "the new boneless 二人組-Sette," 説, "It beautifully 強調するs the uplift 破産した／（警察が）手入れする," and Formfit, illustrating a new 創造 with pictures of young women whose breasts were 分かれて and はっきりと 目だつ, was calling attention to "the youthful, pointed, uplifted lines it will give you." The flat-breasted little girl of the nineteen-twenties had 達成するd 成熟 and was proud of it; indeed so striking was the change between the ideal 人物／姿／数字 of 1929 and that of 1933 that one might almost have thought a new anatomical 種類 had come into 存在.

There was a subtle change, too, in the 認可するd type of femininity as 代表するd in the department-蓄える／店 宣伝s and the shop-window mannikins. The new type of the 早期に nineteen-thirties was 警報-looking rather than bored-looking. She had a pert, uptilted nose and an agreeably intelligent 表現; she appeared alive to what was going on about her, ready to make an 成果／努力 to give the company a good time. She 伝えるd a sense of competence. This was the sort of girl who might be able to go out and get a 職業, help shoulder the family 責任／義務s when her father's or husband's income stopped; who would remind them, in her hours of 緩和する, of the good old days before there were all-決定するing にわか景気s and 不景気s, the sentimental old days which 廃止する itself reminded them of; and who would look, not hard, 需要・要求するing, difficult to move 深く，強烈に, but piquantly pretty, gentle, amenable, thus 回復するing their shaken masculine pride.

Nothing stands still, and as the years went on new changes took place. So many more women of the upper and middle classes were working now than had worked in the pre-不景気 years that in their daytime 衣装s 簡単 and practicality were in 需要・要求する. The 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing style of hairdress for younger women (a shoulder-length or almost shoulder-length page-boy or curled （頭が）ひょいと動く) was likewise simple--and incidentally very lovely: in years to come it may be that one of the most charming recollections of the nineteen-thirties will be of hatless girls striding along like young blond goddesses, their hair 投げ上げる／ボディチェックするing behind them. (One 解任するs the （民事の）告訴 of a young man that almost every girl appeared good-looking from behind: it was only when he overtook her that disillusionment （機の）カム.) When in the 落ちる of 1938 an 試みる／企てる was made to get women to put their short hair up, it only half-後継するd: it was too hard to manage.

Yet the impulse toward old-fashioned decoration, frivolity, and impractical eccentricity was all the time at work. There were 試みる／企てるs to re-introduce, in evening dresses, such 古代の encumbrances as the bustle and the hoop skirt. Ruffled and pleated shirtwaists--with jabots--再現するd. The sandal idea, winning a 合理的な／理性的な 是認 for evening wear, was carried over irrationally into daytime wear, so that during the latter years of the １０年間 half the younger women in the country were equipped with shoes with a small 穴を開ける in 前線, which 現在のd a stockinged toe to the 注目する，もくろむ and 申し込む／申し出d 平易な 入り口 to dust, gravel, and snow. As for the hats of those same latter years, here the modern 原則 of 標準化するd 機能の 公共事業（料金）／有用性 降伏するd utterly to the modern 原則 of surrealist oddity.

There were 抱擁する hats, tiny hats, hats with 広大な brims and microscopic 栄冠を与えるs, hats which were not hats at all but 花冠s about the hair; high fezzes perched 頂上に the 長，率いる; flat hats, dinner-plate size, which 明らかに had been thrown at the wearer from somewhere out in 前線 and had been 攻撃するd where they landed with a sort of halter about the 支援する of the 長，率いる; straw birds' nests 十分な of spring flowers, hats with a 選び出す／独身 long feather pointing anywhere--but why continue the interminable 目録 of variations? It was characteristic of the times that a woman lunching at a New York tearoom in 1938 took the bread-basket off the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, inverted it on her 長，率いる, and attracted no attention whatever.

成熟, too, began to 棺／かげり. 徐々に the skirts became shorter and shorter (except in the evening); by 1939 they had 退却／保養地d almost to the 膝s. "Little-girl" 衣装s, "girlish ginghams," "swing" outfits "adapted from skating skirts" were bidding for attention, and the 大規模な 大統領，／社長 of the woman's club was wondering whether she should try to 挿入する herself into a bolero 控訴 and put one of those 屈服するs in her hair. 明らかに the old-fashioned little girl was becoming the 基準 type of the new day--unless the fashion 製造者s should 後継する in their 試みる／企てる, late in 1939, to make her a grown-up old-fashioned woman (at least after nightfall), with a bustle, a wasp waist, and a boned corset startlingly like that in which her grandmother had 苦しむd. Whether the new fashions would last or not, and just what they 示す, it was still too 早期に to 予報する.

ｧ 3

At thirty-two and a half minutes past three (Mountain Time) in the afternoon of the 5th of December, 1933, the roll call in the 批准 条約 in Utah was 完全にするd, and Utah became the 36th 明言する／公表する to 批准する the Twenty-first 改正 to the 憲法, 廃止するing the 禁止 改正. A 電報電信 went off to Washington, and presently the 事実上の／代理 国務長官 and the 大統領 宣言するd that 禁止 was at an end, after a 統治する of nearly fourteen years.

（人が）群がるs of men and women thronged the hotels and restaurants waiting for the word to come through that the lid was off, and when at last it did, drank happily to the new 時代 of 合法的な アルコール飲料. They thronged, too, to those 都市の speakeasies which had 後継するd in getting licenses, and 発言／述べるd how readily the 前線 door swung open wide at the touch of the doorbell. But the 祝賀 of the coming of 廃止する was no 暴動, if only because in most places the 供給（する） of アルコール飲料 was speedily exhausted: it took time for the 過程s of 配当 to get into 動議. And as for the 過程s of 合法的な 製造（する）--which for distilled アルコール飲料s are supposed to 含む a long period of 高齢化--these were so 準備ができていない that an anomalous 状況／情勢 developed. The 利用できる アルコール飲料 was mostly in the 手渡すs of bootleggers; even the 合法的な アルコール飲料 was mostly immature. の中で the people who, during the first days and months of 廃止する, rejoiced in at last 存在 able to take a respectable drink of "good アルコール飲料" instead of depending upon "this bootleg stuff," thousands were 消費するing whisky which consisted 簡単に of alcohol acceptably 色合いd and flavored. To a public whose taste had been 条件d for years by bootleg アルコール飲料, good bush needed no ワイン.

Drinking, to be sure, did not become 合法的な everywhere. Eight 明言する／公表するs remained 乾燥した，日照りの--all of them Southern except North Dakota, Kansas, and Oklahoma. (These 明言する／公表するs received--at least in the years すぐに に引き続いて 廃止する--very little 援助 from the 連邦の 政府 in 保護するing their aridity.) Fifteen 明言する／公表するs made the selling of アルコール飲料 a 明言する／公表する monopoly--though seven of these permitted 私的な sale under 変化させるing 規則s, most of which, in a 決定するd 成果／努力 to 妨げる "the return of the saloon," forbade perpendicular drinking and 主張するd--at least for a time--that drinkers be seated at restaurant （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs.

にもかかわらず these 資格s, the change in the American mores which began in 1933 was tremendous.

Hotels and restaurants blossomed with cocktail lounges and taprooms and 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, replete with chromium fittings, mirrors, 有望な-colored modern furniture, Venetian blinds, bartenders taken over from the speakeasies, and bartenders who for years had been serving at the oyster 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 or waiting on （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, and now, 回復するd to their youthful 占領／職業, 説得するd the 管理／経営 to put on the ワイン 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） such half-forgotten 勝利s of their 古代の 技術 as Bronx and Jack Rose cocktails. So little building had been going on during the 不景気 that the architects and decorators had had almost no chance for years to try out the new 原則s of 機能の design and 有望な color and 簡単にするd furniture; now at last they had it, in the designing of cocktail lounges--with the 半端物 result that throughout the nineteen-thirties most Americans instinctively associated modernist decoration with eating and drinking.

Hotels in cities which in days gone by would have frowned upon the very notion of a night club now somewhat hesitantly opened night clubs with 床に打ち倒す shows--and 設立する they were a howling success. Neat new アルコール飲料 蓄える／店s opened--in some 明言する／公表するs operated by 政府 当局, in others under 私的な 所有権. It took some time for 顧客s to realize that it was no longer necessary for a man carrying home a 一括 of rum to 行為／法令／行動する the part of a man carrying home a shoe box; and in some towns where the 乾燥した，日照りの 感情 was still strong, there were men who continued to patronize bootleggers rather than 支配する themselves to the 当惑 of walking into the 明言する／公表する アルコール飲料 shop.

Restaurants which in pre-禁止 days would never have dreamed of selling アルコール飲料 任命する／導入するd 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s and made prodigious sales; the tearoom proprietor 格闘するd with her 良心 and 適用するd for a license; and even the Childs' restaurants, unmindful of their 伝統的な consecration to 酪農場 製品s, pancakes, and calories, opened up 悪賢い circular 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s and sold Manhattans and old-fashioneds. And if most of the 主要都市の speakeasies withered and died, if the speakeasy tickets grew dog-eared in the pocketbook of the man-about-town and at last were thrown away, if the hip flask became a rarity, if the making of bathtub gin became a lost art in 主要都市の apartment houses, and the 商売／仕事 (n)役員／(a)執行力のある no longer sallied 前へ／外へ to the 貿易（する） 条約 with two 瓶／封じ込めるs of Scotch in his ゴルフ 捕らえる、獲得する, so many 有望な new 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s appeared along the city streets that drinking seemed to have become not only respectable but ubiquitous.

For a time there was a wishful thought の中で those of gentle tastes that when good ワインs became more accessible a good many Americans would acquire fastidious palates. G. Selmer Fougner, Julian Street, Frank Schoonmaker, and other 専門家s in the （犯罪，病気などの）発見 and savoring of rare vintages preached their gospel of deference to the 権利 ワイン of the 権利 year, and for a time ladies and gentlemen felt themselves to be nothing better than boors if they did not warm inwardly to the story of how somebody 設立する a little French inn where the Chateau Latour 1929 was incomparable. But the crass American nature 勝利d; pretty soon it was （疑いを）晴らす that even in the politest circles whisky was going to be the drink in greatest 需要・要求する.

Whether there was more drinking after 廃止する than before cannot be 決定するd statistically, 借りがあるing to the obvious fact that the illicit sale of アルコール飲料 was not 手段d. The 合意 of opinion would seem to be that drinking pretty surely 増加するd during the first year or two, and probably 増加するd in 量 thereafter, but that on the whole it 減少（する）d in stridency.

"いっそう少なく flamboyant drinking is the 現在の-day 支配する," said the Fortune 調査する of 青年 in college in 1936; "there is no 禁止 法律 to 反抗する, hence one can drink in peace." There were 調印するs here and there of a reaction against drinking の中で the boys and girls of college age; 観察者／傍聴者s 報告（する）／憶測d some of them, at least, to be いっそう少なく 利益／興味d in alcohol than their 年上のs, and were amazed at the 容積／容量 of their 消費 of Coca-Cola and milk (Coca-Cola, long the 基準 soft drink of the South, had followed its 侵略 of the campuses of the Middle West by 延長するing its 人気 の中で the young people in the Northeast 同様に). The American 学校／設ける of Public Opinion, taking a 投票 in 1936 as to whether 条件s were "better" or "worse" since 廃止する, or showed no 重要な change, arrived at a singularly 十分な説得力のない result: 36 per cent of the 投票者s thought things were better, 33 per cent thought they were worse, 31 per cent saw no 重要な change: not only was the 分割 almost even, but there was no way of knowing what each 投票者 may have meant in his heart by "条件s" 存在 "better."

One change was manifest: there was now more mixed drinking than ever, just as there was more smoking by both sexes. (In the six years from 1930 to 1936 the 生産／産物 of cigarettes went up from 123 billion to 158 billion, while the 生産／産物 of cigars 減少（する）d a little and that of smoking タバコ 増加するd a little.) In fact, a 現象 which had been 目だつ during the nineteen-twenties, when women smokers 侵略するd the club cars of trains and women drinkers 侵略するd the speakeasies, appeared to be continuing: there were より小数の and より小数の 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, restaurants, smoking cars, and other haunts 始める，決める apart for men only: on the whole men and women were spending more of their time in one another's company and いっそう少なく of their time segregated from one another. Perhaps it was not an altogether 関係のない fact that most men's clubs were still somewhat anxiously 捜し出すing members throughout the nineteen-thirties and that many of the 宿泊するs were in 悲惨な 海峡s. Was it not possible to infer that the male sex, for one, was enjoying mixed company too 井戸／弁護士席 to want very 緊急に to get away from it? かもしれない the 原因（となる） of feminism was 勝利ing in a way which the earnest suffragists of a 世代 before would never have 推定する／予想するd--and at which they might have been 狼狽d.

And what became of the bootleggers? Some of them went into the 合法的 アルコール飲料 商売／仕事 or other 合法的 占領／職業s, some of them went into 商売／仕事 ゆすりs and 賭事ing ゆすりs, some joined the 階級s of the 失業した--and a large number of them went 権利 on bootlegging. For one of the most curious facts about the 地位，任命する-廃止する 状況／情勢 was that the 製造（する） and 密輸するing and 卸売ing of illicit アルコール飲料 continued in 広大な／多数の／重要な 容積／容量. The 連邦の 政府 and the 明言する／公表するs, in their zeal to acquire 歳入 from the sale of アルコール飲料, had clapped upon it such high 税金s that the 誘導 to dodge them was 広大な／多数の／重要な. Year after year the 内部の 歳入 スパイ／執行官s continued to 掴む and destroy stills at the 率 of something like 15,000 a year, and straightway new ones sprang up. In his 報告（する）／憶測 for the 会計年度 ending June 30, 1938, the Commissioner of 内部の 歳入, 報告（する）／憶測ing that only 11,407 stills had been 掴むd, 公式文書，認めるd, "This is the first year since the （法の）制定 of the Twenty-first 改正 that there has been a 拒絶する／低下する in illicit distillery seizures." Likewise rumrunning--or, to be more 正確な, the 密輸するing of alcohol--continued to 供給する a 頭痛 for the customs officers and the Coast Guard; in February, 1935, more than a year after 廃止する, the Coast Guard 設立する twenty-two foreign 大型船s lying at sea at one time beyond our customs waters, waiting for a chance to こそこそ動く in.

So 平易な was it to operate illicit stills, to 蓄える／店 瓶／封じ込めるs and 偽造の labels and 偽造の 歳入 stamps and alcohol cans in separate places, 瓶／封じ込める the illicit アルコール飲料, 輸送（する） it in トラックで運ぶs or automobiles equipped with 罠（にかける）s, and 申し込む／申し出 a アルコール飲料 蓄える／店 or saloonkeeper a consignment of spurious アルコール飲料 at a 取引, that a year or two after 廃止する the best 専門家 opinion was that anywhere from fifteen to sixty per cent of the アルコール飲料 消費するd in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs was bootleg.

Were the American people glad that they had ended 禁止? 明らかに they were. A Fortune 年４回の 調査する made late in 1937 showed that only 15.1 per cent of the men of the country and 29.7 per cent of the women 手配中の，お尋ね者 完全にする 禁止 支援する again. Even 連合させるing with this 乾燥した，日照りの group those who were in 好意 of 禁止 of hard アルコール飲料s but would 許す the sale of ワイン and beer, there was still だいたい a two-thirds 大多数 in 好意 of a wet 政権. Americans might or might not think "条件s" were "better," but they did not--most of them--want to 再開する the question.

Here and there a new wave of 乾燥した，日照りの 感情 appeared to be forming. In Virginia, for instance, a scholarly 調書をとる／予約する on the 影響s of alcohol, which was to have been 分配するd to the schools as a public 文書, （機の）カム to the shocked attention of the WCTU at the end of 1937. Because the 調書をとる／予約する 含む／封じ込めるd such 声明s as, "It has been 証明するd that we cannot 廃止する drinking by 法律制定 nor 脅す a person into sobriety" and "small 量s [of alcohol] may 好意 digestive activities," the WCTU 発揮するd 圧力 on the 立法機関 and the whole 版 was solemnly 燃やすd in the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 furnace. In most communities, however, what had been a lively 問題／発行する till 1933 had dropped almost 完全に out of the 焦点（を合わせる） of general public attention, as if settled once and for all.

Could it really have been true, the men and women of 1939 asked themselves, that in 1929 禁止 had been the topic of hottest 審議 in American public life?

ｧ 4

We come now to a 一連の changes in everyday American life during the nineteen-thirties which might seem at first ちらりと見ること to have been 関係のない, but which 連合させる, perhaps, into a sort of pattern--a pattern of 緩和.

1. The five-day week. During 1931 and 1932, when factories and 商売／仕事 offices were short of work, there were very general 削減s in hours--ーするつもりであるd partly to "spread the work" and partly to appease 労働者s whose 支払う／賃金 must be 減ずるd. When the NRA codes （機の）カム into 存在 in 1933 and 1934 these 削減s were continued or 延長するd. After the NRA was 廃止するd most of them--though not all--were continued. The result was that millions of people, rich and poor, 設立する themselves with Saturdays 解放する／自由な during part of the year if not all of it. A 熟考する／考慮する made by the 国家の 産業の 会議／協議会 Board in 1937 showed the extent of the five-day week: out of 2,452 companies (mostly 製造業の companies) 報告（する）／憶測ing, 57.3 per cent had a five-day week for their 行う earners, 45.3 per cent had a five-day week for their clerical 労働者s, and 7.5 per cent 報告（する）／憶測d a five-day week but did not 明示する what types of 労働者s were 含むd. "While five years ago the five-day week was exceptional," 要約するd the 報告（する）／憶測, "it has now become やめる general." 商売／仕事 offices followed a 類似の pattern in the larger cities (特に New York); and although few shops were の近くにd on Saturdays, there was an 増加するing 傾向 の中で them to stagger the hours of their 従業員s.

Perhaps no change that took place during the １０年間 more はっきりと altered the 週刊誌 決まりきった仕事 of millions of men and women. It altered the pattern of automobile and train traffic too, 増加するing the Friday 急ぐ out of the cities, 減少（する）ing the Saturday 急ぐ. I 解任する a 確かな train which until the 不景気 used to leave New York for Westchester 郡 in two （人が）群がるd sections every Saturday noon; by 1933 it was running in one modest section, so thin was the Saturday traffic--and presently a second section was 追加するd to one of the Friday evening trains. The two-day week end was 取って代わるing the day-and-a-half week end. On Saturday mornings, 特に in summer, the 商売／仕事 地区s of the larger cities were coming to wear a Sunday 面. 量s of people had 伸び（る）d new leisure--やめる apart from those millions upon whom an unwelcome idleness had been thrust. The long slow 傾向 toward shorter work periods and longer play periods, a 傾向 which had been under way in America for as long as any living man could remember, had been はっきりと 加速するd.

2. A 民主化 of sport. To the 援助（する） of men and women who had more leisure and いっそう少なく money （機の）カム the 救済 and public-作品 機関s, putting millions of 失業した men to work building モーター parkways, public bathing beaches, playgrounds, and other conveniences for people who were looking for sport. （許可，名誉などを）与えるing to the 1935 Year 調書をとる／予約する of 国家の Recreation the number of public bathing beaches, public ゴルフ courses, ice-skating areas, and swimming pools in 2,204 communities had already 二塁打d since 1925. Some of these new 施設s were built on a modest 規模, but others were 抱擁する: Jones Beach on Long Island, for example, as magnificent an example of enlightened public planning as the １０年間 produced, could and did comfortably 融通する one hundred thousand people or more on a sunny Sunday in midsummer.

Consider what happened to the game of ゴルフ. The 不景気 攻撃する，衝突する the 私的な ゴルフ clubs hard. As many as 1,155 clubs had belonged to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs ゴルフ 協会 in 1930; by 1936 the number had been 減ずるd to 763--and this にもかかわらず frantic 運動s for new members, special summer-会員の地位 計画／陰謀s, and other 救助（する） 装置s. The ゴルフ clubs of the country were said to have lost something like a million members since 1929. But the number of 地方自治体の ゴルフ courses grew from 184 in 1925 to 576 in 1935, and there were over a thousand courses--most of them probably 私的な-club courses which had gone 破産者／倒産した--now operating on a daily-料金 basis. In short, expensive ゴルフ had lost ground; 安価な ゴルフ had 伸び（る）d.

In general the simpler and いっそう少なく pretentious sports made the best 前進. Although school and college basketball, professional baseball, and college football were still preeminent as sports to watch, にもかかわらず in the older colleges and schools they attracted a somewhat いっそう少なく devout 利益／興味 than in earlier years. Let the editors of Fortune (令状ing in 1936) 要約する one element in the change: "The football 星／主役にする, the 乗組員 captain, the 'muscular Christian' from the college Y.M.C.A., the smoothie from the big prep school who becomes 跡をつける 経営者／支配人, the socially graceful prom leader--these still have 栄誉（を受ける） and 尊敬（する）・点. But the intellectually curious person, who used to be considered queer or 'wet' unless he had extra-知識人 特徴 to recommend him, is climbing past the 従来の big man. Englishmen, long accustomed to spotting 未来 次官s of the Foreign Office . . . on visits to Cambridge and Oxford, have 発言／述べるd on this 突然変異 in American campus leadership, and are inclined to 始める，決める 1932 as the date at which the 突然変異 became 明らかな." 一方／合間 there was a 重要な 増加する, in many colleges and schools, in the 利益／興味 taken in playing games such as サッカー, lacrosse, rugby, squash racquets, and tennis, which 存在するd without 利益 of 大規模な stadia.

In the country 捕まらないで, the game which made the biggest 伸び（る） in 人気 was softball--that small-規模 見解／翻訳／版 of baseball which had once been known 主として as "indoor baseball." Coming into its own at about the beginning of the １０年間, it grew so 急速な／放蕩な that by 1939 there were said to be half a million teams and more than five million players of all ages; there were 非常に／多数の 半分-professional teams, there were world's series matches, and の中で the 半分-professionals were girls' teams, the members of which delighted the （人が）群がるs by wearing very abbreviated shorts but occasionally 事情に応じて変わる to bases nonetheless. The 不景気 also brought minor にわか景気s in such sports as bicycling and roller skating. The bicycling にわか景気 began as a fad in the Hollywood area in the winter of 1932-33 (when it gave California girls a 罰金 excuse for putting on "trousers like Dietrich's") and spread 広範囲にわたって during the next two or three years, 主として, perhaps, because it was 安価な.

The 同時の skiing craze was a more コンビナート／複合体 現象. For country dwellers who lived where the 地形 and winter 気温 were suitable it was 安価な; for city dwellers who had to carry their 器具／備品 long distances, it was not. Perhaps one secret of its rise was the 増加するing vogue of winter holidaying, which itself had a コンビナート／複合体 家系 (the 発見 of the delights of winter holidaying in the warmth of Florida or California, the rising 人気 of winter-巡航するing and of モーターing outside the country to escape from 禁止, the 縮めるing of the work week, the secularization of Sunday and the rise of the week-end habit, etc.). At any 率 the skiing craze grew 速く during the 不景気, 刺激するd in 1932 by the 持つ／拘留するing at Lake Placid, New York, of the winter Olympics. The Boston & Maine 鉄道／強行採決する had made such a success of the 実験 of running Sunday "snow trains" into the comparatively wide open spaces north of Boston that by 1937 snow trains or snow busses were running out of New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles; department 蓄える／店s were 輸入するing Norwegian specialists and building ski-slides; the Grand Central 駅／配置する in New York was 地位，任命するing prominently in its concourse the daily 気温 and snow data for a dozen skiing 中心s in New England and New York, and 田舎の hotelkeepers in icy latitudes were advertising their unequaled skiing 施設s and praying nightly throughout the winter for the 降雪 upon which their fortunes depended.

The skiing craze was beyond the means of the 都市の poor and was 地理学的に 限られた／立憲的な; にもかかわらず it 確認するd in one 尊敬（する）・点 the general 傾向. More Americans were getting out into the sun and 空気／公表する; learning to play themselves instead of 簡単に 支払う／賃金ing to see others play.

Women were 購入（する）ing strange new play 衣料品s, 範囲ing from shorts to beach pajamas, 全体にわたるs, slacks, and "play 控訴s." More and more men were going hatless in summer, to the anguish of the hatters. For that 事柄, more and more men were going waistcoatless and soft-collared and garterless and undershirtless; it is said that when Clark Gable, in the undressing scene in "It Happened One Night" (1935), 公表する／暴露するd that he wore no undershirt, the knitwear 製造業者s reeled from the shock to their sales. The bathing 控訴 最高の，を越す had been 一般に discarded. Men at play were even beginning to 勃発する into 有望な-colored play-shirts, slacks, and shorts. By 1939 one saw men of 保守的な taste strolling unabashed through summer-訴える手段／行楽地 villages in 衣装s whose greens and blues and reds would have drawn 星／主役にするs of amazement in 1929.

In short, so far as the 緊張 of the times would 許す, Americans were 明らかに learning to relax.

3. An 増加する in 橋（渡しをする） playing. If one superimposes upon a graph of 商売／仕事 条件s during the １０年間 a graph showing the 税金s collected on playing cards, one notices an 半端物 variation. While the 商売／仕事 索引 was 急落（する），激減（する）ing into the depths from 1929 to 1932, the 索引 of playing cards 製造（する）d, after dropping between 1929 and 1930, 現実に rose between 1930 and 1931, only to 下落する thereafter and never 回復する to its 1931 point. The year 1931, it will be 解任するd, was the year when Mr. and Mrs. Ely Culbertson played 契約 against Sidney S. Lenz and Oswald Jacoby in a green-and-rose 製図／抽選-room at the Hotel Chatham in New York, with 好意d 観客s peeking at them through a 審査する, 星／主役にする reporters clustering in a 隣接地の room to 熟考する／考慮する the play-by-play 公式発表s, and direct news wires flashing to an eager public the narrative of some rather indifferent play. Throughout the に引き続いて year Culbertson's 調書をとる／予約するs on 橋（渡しをする） 階級d high の中で the best 販売人s.

For a long time 橋（渡しをする） had been a 基準 after-dinner sport の中で the adult 繁栄する; but now its vogue was spreading. The Lynds 報告（する）／憶測d that in "Middletown" there was much more 橋（渡しをする） played in 1935 than in 1925; there was more playing for money; the game had reached 負かす／撃墜する through the high school to children in the sixth grade; and it was 侵略するing the working class, "spreading there first through the women's groups and then more slowly to a more 抵抗力のある group of men, who prefer their pinochle and poker."

4. An 増加する in 賭事ing. 連合した, perhaps, to the 増加する in 橋（渡しをする） playing was a 著名な 増加する in the number of 賭事ing 装置s made accessible to the American people. Most of these were 装置s for wagering a small 量 of money in the hope of a big return, and their rise may have been 予定 大部分は to 不景気 desperation--the wild hope of winning in a 賭事 what the ordinary 過程s of the 経済的な system stubbornly withheld. But they bore 証言，証人／目撃する also to that 弱めるing of the Puritan traditions which helped bring 廃止する, the week end of モーターing or sport, and the 橋（渡しをする） vogue.

によれば Samuel Lubell, the 商売／仕事 of 製造業の and operating slot machines, punchboards, ピンボール games, jar 取引，協定s, and other 類似の contrivances for separating the public from its nickels grew during the 不景気 to 巨大（な） 割合s, and in 1939 "its 年次の take was somewhere between one half and three ４半期/4分の1s of a billion dollars--between ten and fifteen billion nickels"--as much money as was spent 毎年 in the shoe 蓄える／店s. There was nothing new in 原則 about the slot machine, the 改善するd model of which looked like a cash 登録（する） and was known as a "one-武装した 強盗": the 創立者 of the 主要な company engaged in 製造業の them had begun 商売／仕事 in 1889 and had died in 1929, a millionaire. Slot machines had had a bad 評判, having been 広範囲にわたって in the 支配（する）／統制する of ギャング（団）s and 扶養家族 for 操作／手術 upon political "直す／買収する，八百長をする," yet they continued to 繁栄する 広範囲にわたって, いつかs one jump ahead of the police, いつかs with police 黙認. And in 1932 a new game, ピンボール, was introduced which could be played 簡単に for fun, at a nickel a turn, 同様に as with 賭事ing 意図, and it swept the country: ピンボール boards were to be 設立する in unmolested 操作／手術 in drugstores, タバコ 蓄える／店s, hotel 回廊（地帯）s, caf駸, and all sorts of other places. It was based upon the old game of bagatelle: the player 発射 marbles out of a chute and watched them run 負かす／撃墜する a slope into 穴を開けるs 部分的に／不公平に 保護するd by pins. The punchboard and jar games--the latter invented in 1933--also 栄えるd; between 1933 and 1939 some two million jar games were sold.

A やめる different 肉親，親類d of 賭事 was 代表するd in the tremendous American 参加 in the Irish Sweepstakes, a 宝くじ 就任するd in 1930 on に代わって of a group of Irish hospitals, and 行為／行うd with such honesty and efficiency that within five years it had become the most successful 宝くじ in the world. Although a 連邦の 法令 made 宝くじ （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） unmailable in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and this at first 妨げるd newspapers from printing accounts of the Sweeps in their mail 版s, the 禁止（する） on news 出版（物） was later relaxed, every Sweeps 製図／抽選 became a 前線-page story, and Americans grew used to reading of 管理人s and 失業した chefs into whose astonished 手渡すs a hundred and fifty thousand dollars had dropped. Many of the tickets sold in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs never reached Ireland; but if, in the 製図／抽選 for the 1933 Derby, over six and a half million tickets were in the 派手に宣伝する (as was 概算の) and 214 of the 2,404 勝利者s (or more than one in fifteen) were American, one may reasonably guess that there may have been over four hundred thousand Americans whose tickets 現実に got into that particular draw.

Nor should we forget, in any 調査する of the 傾向, the 緩和 in many 明言する／公表するs of the 法律s against race-跡をつける betting; the "Bank Night" 装置 of 製図／抽選 for cash prizes in the movie theatres--a 装置 introduced by Charles 都市の Yeager in the Egyptian Theatre at Delta, Colorado, and the Oriental Theatre at Montrose, Colorado, in the winter of 1932-33, and subsequently copyrighted by him as it spread to thousands of other theatres, which by 1937 were 支払う／賃金ing Yeager's 会社／堅い a total of $30,000 to $65,000 a week; the game of bingo (or beano, or keno), which became immensely popular as a money-making entertainment for churches, and in さまざまな forms was 広範囲にわたって played in movie theatres and どこかよそで, till in 1938 some people were referring to it as the most popular money game in the country; and かもしれない the pathetic 疫病／流行性の of chain-letter 令状ing which spread from Denver all over the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in 1934-35 ("Scratch out the 最高の，を越す 指名する and send a 薄暗い"). Nor has this 簡潔な／要約する 調査する taken account of さまざまな older 賭事ing 装置s which 固執するd, いつかs in new guises and under new 後援--as did the numbers ゆすり when Dutch Schultz, the アルコール飲料 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者, took over its 管理／経営 in the Harlem section of New York and systematized it during the last days of 禁止.

In 1938 a Gallup 投票 明らかにする／漏らすd that during the 先行する year an 概算の 29 per cent of the American people--meaning, one supposes, adults--had taken part in church 宝くじs (推定では 含むing bingo parties), 26 per cent had played punch boards, 23 per cent had played slot machines, 21 per cent had played cards for money, 19 per cent had bet on 選挙s, 13 per cent had taken sweepstakes tickets, 10 per cent had bet on horse races, and 9 per cent had indulged in numbers games. There were no Gallup 投票s in the 先行する １０年間, but one wonders if any 得点する／非難する／２０ even approaching that would have been made in the nineteen-twenties--unless, perhaps, playing the 株式市場 and buying Florida real 広い地所 had been 含むd in the 賭事s.

ｧ 5

Yet にもかかわらず all these manifestations of gaiety, 緩和, and sport there was a new 緊張, a disquiet. For the 不景気 had 難破させるd so many of the 仮定／引き受けることs upon which the American people had depended that millions of them were inwardly shaken.

Let us look for a moment at the pile of 難破. In it we find the 仮定／引き受けること that 井戸／弁護士席-好意d young men and women, coming out of school or college, could presently get 職業s as a 事柄 of course; the 仮定／引き受けること that ambition, hard work, 忠義 to the 会社／堅い, and the knack of salesmanship would bring personal success; the 仮定／引き受けること that poverty (outside of the farm belt and a few 苦しめるd communities) was pretty surely the result of 無資格／無能力, ignorance, or very special misfortune, and should be …に出席するd to 主として by 地元の charities; the 仮定／引き受けること that one could 投資する one's 貯金 in "good 社債s" and be 保証するd of a stable income thereafter, or 投資する them in the "blue-半導体素子" 在庫／株s of "our 主要な American 会社／団体s" with a dizzying chance of 評価; the 仮定／引き受けること that the big men of 塀で囲む Street were 経済的な seers, 商売／仕事 予報官s could 予測（する）, and 商売／仕事 cycles followed nice 整然とした rhythms; and the 仮定／引き受けること that the American 経済的な system was sure of a 広大な／多数の／重要な and 奮起させるing growth.

Not everybody, of course, had believed all of these things. Yet so many people had based upon one or more of them their personal conceptions of their status and 機能（する）／行事 in society that the shock of seeing them go to 粉砕する was terrific. Consider what happened to the pride of the 商売／仕事 (n)役員／(a)執行力のある who had instinctively valued himself, as a person, by his salary and position--only to see both of them go; to the 銀行業者 who 設立する that the advice he had been giving for years was made ridiculous by the turn of events, and that the code of 行為／行う he had lived by was now under attack as crooked; to the clerk or 労働者 who had given his deepest 忠義 to "the company"--only to be thrown out on the street; to the family who had saved their pennies, １０年間 after １０年間, against a "雨の day"--only to see a 激流 of rain sweep every penny away; to the housewife whose ideal picture of herself had been of a person who "had nice things" and was giving her children "advantages," 経済的な and social--and who now saw this picture 粉砕するd beyond 承認; and to the men and women of all 駅／配置するs in life who had believed that if you were virtuous and industrious you would of course be rewarded with plenty--and who now were driven to the 塀で囲む. On what could they now rely? In what could they now believe?

One might have 推定する／予想するd that in such a 危機 広大な／多数の／重要な numbers of these people would have turned to the なぐさみs and inspirations of 宗教. Yet this did not happen--at least in the sense in which the clergy, in innumerable sermons, had 予報するd it. The long slow 退却／保養地 of the churches into いっそう少なく and いっそう少なく significance in the life of the country, and even in the lives of the 大多数 of their members, continued almost unabated.

The 会員の地位 rolls of most of the larger denominations, to be sure, showed 増加するs. Between 1929 and 1937-38, for example, the Roman カトリック教徒 全住民 増加するd from 20,203,702 to 21,322,608--a modest 伸び（る）. The Methodist, Baptist, and Lutheran churches also grew in numbers. Yet 会員の地位 人物／姿／数字s are a 悪名高くも uncertain 手段 of 宗教的な vitality. As regards the large Protestant--or 名目上 Protestant--全住民 of the country, the 観察s of the Lynds, returning to "Middletown" in 1935 and contrasting the 宗教的な life of the city then with what it had been in 1925, 申し込む／申し出 probably a fairer 手段.

The Lynds 設立する some 課すing new churches in "Middletown"--製品s of the 希望に満ちた days of the Big Bull Market--but inside the churches they saw little 明白な change. "Here, scattered through the pews," they 報告（する）／憶測d, "is the same serious and numerically sparse Gideon's 禁止（する）d--two-thirds or more of them women, and few of them under thirty--with the same stark （犯罪の）一味 of empty pews '負かす／撃墜する 前線.'" The congregations seemed to the Lynds to be older than in 1925, the sermon topics interchangeable. 協議するing the 大臣s, they gathered such comments as these:--

"The 不景気 has brought a resurgence of earnest 宗教的な fundamentalism の中で the weak working-class sects . . . but the uptown churches have seen little 類似の 復活 of 利益／興味."

"There has been some turning to 宗教 during the 不景気, but it has been very slight and not 永久の."

From a 地元の editor they gleaned the かもしれない 明らかにする／漏らすing comment that "All the churches in town, save a few denominations like the Seventh Day Adventists, are more 自由主義の today than in 1925. Any of them will take you no 事柄 what you believe doctrinally." They 引用するd as typical of the 態度 of the "Middletown" young people toward formal 宗教 the comment of a college boy on Christianity: "I believe these things but they don't take a large place in my life." Their 分析 結論するd with the judgment that 宗教, in "Middletown," appeared to be "an emotionally 安定させるing スパイ／執行官, 放棄するing to other 機関s leadership in the defining of values."

The preponderance of 証拠 from other parts of the country would seem to 支える this judgment. Put on one 味方する of the balance such phenomena as the 沸き立つ of 激しい 利益／興味, here and there, in the 精製するd evangelism of the Oxford Groups led by Dr. Frank Buchman, and their "Moral Rearmament" （選挙などの）運動をする in 1938-39; put on the other 味方する the 強めるd 敵意 of 過激なs who regarded the churches as 会・原則s run for the 慰安 of the rich and the appeasement of the poor; 解任する how 簡潔に the stream of Sunday-楽しみing automobiles was 停止（させる）d by the men and women straggling at noontime out of the church on Main Street; compare the number of people to whom Sunday evening was the hour of vespers with the number of people to whom it was the evening when Charlie McCarthy was on the 空気／公表する--and one can hardly 否定する that the shock of the 不景気 did not find the churches, by and large, able to give what people thought they needed.

ｧ 6

Yet in the broader sense of the word 宗教--meaning the values by which people live, the 忠義s which 動かす them most 深く，強烈に, the aspirations which seem to them central to their 存在s--no such shock could have failed to have a 宗教的な 影響. One thinks of the 発言／述べる of a young man during the dark days of 1932: "If someone （機の）カム along with a line of stuff in which I could really believe, I'd follow him pretty nearly anywhere." That 発言／述べる was made, as it happens, in a speakeasy, and the young man was not thinking ーに関して／ーの点でs of puritan morality or even of Christian piety, but ーに関して／ーの点でs of 経済的な and political and social 政策. For such as he the times produced new creeds, new devotions.

But these were 世俗的な.

Their ありふれた denominator was social-mindedness; by which I mean that they were movements toward 経済的な or social 救済--whether conceived ーに関して／ーの点でs of 繁栄 or of 司法（官） or of mercy--not so much for individuals as such but for groups of people or for the whole nation, and also that they sought this 救済 through 組織するd 活動／戦闘.

In political complexion these 世俗的な religionists 範囲d all the way from the 共産主義者s at one end of the spectrum to the more 熱烈な members of the Liberty League at the other. They 含むd the ardent 充てるs of technocracy, Upton Sinclair's "Epic," Huey Long's "株-Our-Wealth," Father Coughlin's 経済的な program, the Townsend 計画（する）, the CIO, and, of course, the New 取引，協定. Of the way in which the 戦う／戦いs between them 激怒（する）d--and the whole 戦場 徐々に moved to the left, so to speak--we shall hear more in 一時期／支部s to come. At this point it need only be 発言／述べるd that most of the new 宗教s of social 救済 did not gather their 最大限 勢い until after the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon was over; or perhaps it is more 正確な to say that the New 取引，協定, during its Honeymoon, gathered up or 影を投げかけるd nearly all of them. It was during the next two or three years that the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s of zeal 燃やすd most intensely: that one man in three at a literary party in New York would be a 共産主義者 sympathizer, passionately ready to join 手渡すs, in proletarian comradeship, with the factory 手渡す or sharecropper whom a few years before he had 軽蔑（する）d as a member of Mencken's "booboisie"; that daughters of patrician families were defiantly marching to the 援助（する） of striking 衣料品 労働者s, or raising money for the 弁護 of Haywood Patterson in the long-drawn-out Scottsboro 事例／患者; that college 知識人s were nibbling at Marx, picketing Hearst newsreels, and--with a flash of humor--forming the "退役軍人s of 未来 Wars."

How 完全に the 焦点（を合わせる） of public attention had become political, 経済的な, and social, and how fully the rebelliousness of the 反抗的な had turned into these channels, may be 示唆するd by the fact that H. L. Mencken, whose American 水銀柱，温度計 magazine had been the darling of the young 知識人s of the 'twenties, lost ground as it became evident that Mr. Mencken, though 自由主義の in 事柄s of literature and morals, was a tory in 事柄s of politics and 経済的なs--until by 1933, when he 辞職するd his editorship, the new highbrows were 解任するing him airily as a 支援する number. Nor did the 知識人s rise in furious 弁護 of freedom of 表現 when the カトリック教徒 Legion of Decency 課すd a 検閲 upon the movies in 1934-35. They were tired of all that, and their 抗議するs were faint. They had turned to fresh 支持を得ようと努めるd and pastures new.

ｧ 7

Underneath the tumult and the shouting of argument, underneath the ardor for this 原因（となる） or that, there remained, however, gnawing 疑問s. The problems were so bewildering, so 抱擁する. The unsettlement of ideas had been so shaking. Things changed so frightfully 急速な／放蕩な. This 計画（する）, this social creed, looked all 権利 today--but would it 持つ／拘留する tomorrow? To many Americans, if not most, the 複雑さ of the problems, the hopelessness of arriving at sure 解答s, were so 広大な／多数の／重要な that no social ardor could really move them. While the social Salvationists marched in earnest 行列 toward their さまざまな goals of 革命 or 改革（する）s, these others stood silent and bewildered by the 道端. Something had gone wrong with the country but they didn't know what, couldn't 人物／姿／数字 it out, wondered if anybody could 人物／姿／数字 it out.

Toward the end of the １０年間, when Archibald MacLeish published his Land of the 解放する／自由な, through the poem he introduced the recurring words, "We don't know--we can't say--we're wondering. . . ." and 観察者／傍聴者s who had talked with numbers of the 干ばつ 難民s said that these very words were 絶えず on the 難民s' lips. So it was with innumerable others whose lives had been overturned by the 不景気, and with still others who had 苦しむd no bitter 傷つける themselves but realized that something queer and 理解できない was happening to the community. They didn't know; and they were likely to 落ちる 支援する into apathy or fatalism, into a longing for a 安全な 避難 from the 嵐／襲撃する of events.

To 引用する the editors of Fortune once more (speaking of the 大多数 of college students, not the 知識人 少数，小数派): "The 現在の-day college 世代 is fatalistic . . . the 捜査官／調査官 is struck by the 支配的な and 普及（する） color of a 世代 that will not stick its neck out. It keeps its shirt on, its pants buttoned, its chin up, and its mouth shut. If we take the mean 普通の／平均（する） to be the truth, it is a 用心深い, subdued, unadventurous 世代, unwilling to 嵐／襲撃する heaven, afraid to make a fool of itself, unable to dramatize its predicament. . . . 安全 is the summum bonum of the 現在の college 世代." This sort of 警告を与える was not 限定するd to the campuses. One saw it in 商売／仕事 men: "We used to feel pretty sure about what would happen. Now we don't know what will happen." One felt it in the constant iteration, in 経済的な discussions, of the word "信用／信任"--which enters the vocabulary only when 信用／信任 is 欠如（する）ing. One （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd it in the strength of the movements for old people's 年金s, in the 押し進める for social 安全. The sons and daughters of the 開拓するs might hazard their small change on bingo or the one-武装した 強盗, but they did not want life to be a 賭事.

Except during the 希望に満ちた interval of the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon, when hope suddenly and 簡潔に 棒 high, through the 転換ing moods of the American people ran an undercurrent of 恐れる. They 手配中の，お尋ね者 to feel certainty and 安全 会社／堅い as a 激しく揺する under their feet--and they did not, and were afraid.

一時期／支部 Seven

REFORM--AND RECOVERY?

ｧ 1

The New 取引，協定 Honeymoon ended in the latter months of 1933--not 突然の but (like many a 結婚の／夫婦の infatuation) in a 一連の annoyances and 失望s and discords.

The 沸き立つ of 商売／仕事, which in the spring of 1933 had carried the 連邦の Reserve Board's Adjusted 索引 of 産業の 生産／産物 all the way from 59 in March up to 100 in July, was followed by a bad 後退--the result of over-憶測 and over-購入（する）ing for 在庫s. In August the 索引 receded from 100 to 91; in September it slipped to 84, in October to 76; by November it had reached 72. Two-thirds of the ground which had been 伸び（る）d during that wonderful springtime rise had now been lost--and during the very months when the NRA, 乗り物 of so many high hopes, was 蓄積するing 勢い! No wonder people began to ask themselves whether this New 取引，協定 回復 had been just a flash in the pan; to 公式文書，認める how the hurriedly 工夫するd New 取引，協定 機械／機構 was creaking; to turn a more skeptical ear to the 大統領's 楽観的な 保証／確信s and to General Johnson's mighty tub-強くたたくing.

Already the NRA was producing 摩擦 and 回避. Henry Ford was 辞退するing to 調印する the automobile code. William Randolph Hearst, in 十分な-page newspaper 宣伝s, was attacking the 回復 行為／法令／行動する as "a 手段 of 絶対の 明言する／公表する 社会主義" and "a menace to political 権利s and 憲法の liberties," and was 布告するing that the letters NRA stood for "No 回復 許すd." As the さまざまな 産業の codes were at last worked out and 認可するd, after endless arguments and 混乱s, some 雇用者s were planning to 従う with their 準備／条項s 公正に／かなり and honorably; others were welcoming the chance given them to gather 一連の会議、交渉／完成する a （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する and 静かに 直す／買収する，八百長をする prices, but were 解決するing to 避ける the 行う and hour 条項s and to make a dead letter of Section 7a of the 回復 行為／法令／行動する, which 保証（人）d 集団の／共同の 取引ing. These companies were piously introducing company unions which looked like the real thing but weren't, or were deciding to have no トラックで運ぶ with unions at all and to 信用 to the 法廷，裁判所s to 支持する them in their 弁護 of their "liberties." 同時に the large-waisted 公式の／役人s of the American 連合 of Labor were 存在 stirred to unwonted activity, 借り切る／憲章ing new unions by the hundreds, and workmen who took Section 7a at its 額面価格 were striking ひどく for their 政府-保証（人）d 権利s. From 産業の 中心s （機の）カム 報告（する）／憶測s of 血まみれの fighting along the picket lines, of 涙／ほころび gas drenching angry （人が）群がるs, of 国家の Guardsmen marching to 活動／戦闘.

Late in the autumn of 1933, George R. Leighton, 調査／捜査するing for Harper's Magazine the facts behind the Blue Eagle ballyhoo in four Eastern 明言する／公表するs, （機の）カム 支援する with the 報告（する）／憶測 that "the spirit and 意図 of the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する and the codes are 存在 失望させるd, 率直に or in secret." He 設立する that the 政府's 目的（とする） to raise 給料 was 存在 敗北・負かすd, either by the sheer 拒絶 of 雇用者s to obey the 最小限-行う 準備／条項s of the 一面に覆う／毛布 code, or by their raising some 給料 up to the 最小限 and lowering others 負かす／撃墜する to it. He 設立する 従業員s too 脅すd to peep about what was happening. "For God's sake," cried one workman, "don't tell anybody that you've been here. . . . There are men in 固く結び付ける 工場／植物s 近づく here who have complained and now they're out in the 冷淡な." 同意／服従 boards--which were supposed to 施行する the codes--were いつかs, Mr. Leighton 設立する, packed with men who saw 注目する，もくろむ to 注目する，もくろむ with hard-boiled 雇用者s and had no notion of 保護するing labor or the 消費者s. He 設立する 地元の NRA 公式の／役人s timid in 取引，協定ing with powerful industrialists; one 公式の／役人 spoke of a big factory owner in his town in 明らかにする／漏らすing words: "It is so hard to get an audience with him."

The 証拠 was 急速な／放蕩な 蓄積するing: the 行政's 広大な／多数の／重要な 実験 in "商売／仕事 自治" had come into 十分な 衝突／不一致 with the ingrained 決意 of 商売／仕事 (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs to 持つ／拘留する 負かす／撃墜する their costs of doing 商売／仕事, to 押し進める up prices if they could, and in general to run their companies as they pleased, come hell, high water, or General Johnson. Where they could turn the 機械／機構 of the NRA to their own ends, they did so--and it was they, not labor or the 消費者s, who held the 率先 in でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるing the codes. Where they could not turn this 機械／機構 to their own ends, some of them 従うd, others fought the 法律 or 無効にするd it. 確かな 利益s accrued from the NRA 実験: a 事実上の ending of child labor; some 増加するs in 給料, 削減s of over-long hours, and 排除／予選 of demoralizing practices, 特に in the more enlightened 産業s; some 安定させるing of 商売／仕事. But there seemed to be no 増加する in 雇用 beyond what sprang 直接／まっすぐに from the 縮めるing of hours, and prices to the ultimate 消費者 tended to rise along with 給料--in some 事例／患者s faster than 給料. 一方／合間 as 商売／仕事 lagged and strike 脅しs multiplied, the 商売／仕事 community in general was becoming more and more antagonistic toward the new 免除.

Roosevelt himself was 深く，強烈に 関心d by the loss of 商売／仕事 勢い and by the downward drift of farm prices. He who had once referred to himself as the quarterback of the 不快な／攻撃 against the 不景気 now saw the game going against him and decided to try a 今後 pass. He had been listening to the advice of Professor George F. 過密な住居 of Cornell, who had 説得するd Farm Credit 行政官／管理者 Henry Morgenthau that if the 政府 deliberately raised the price at which it could buy gold, the dollar might be cheapened not only ーに関して／ーの点でs of gold, but ーに関して／ーの点でs of other goods as 井戸／弁護士席: in short, that prices should rise. William H. Woodin, the 財務長官, was 厳粛に ill, and Dean G. Acheson, who as Under 長官 was in active 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the 財務省 Department, had no use for the 過密な住居 gold-buying 計画／陰謀; but the 大統領, 十分な of his new idea, went ahead regardless, and on October 22, 1933, 発表するd that the 再建 財政／金融 会社／団体 was going to buy gold for the 政府.

So it happened that at nine o'clock each morning during the late autumn of 1933, two or three men gathered in the 大統領's bedroom at the White House: usually Professor 過密な住居, Henry Morgenthau, and 足緒 Jones of the 再建 財政／金融 会社／団体. While the 大統領 breakfasted in bed, they decided what the day's price for gold would be. The 大統領 would scribble a couple of "chits"--one for Jones, 権限を与えるing the day's gold price; the other for Acheson, breaking the news to the 財務省 Department. Presently Acheson left his untenable position at the 財務省 and Morgenthau took his place (to 後継する to the Secretaryship upon Woodin's 辞職); Professor O. M. W. Sprague, 財政上の 助言者 to the 政府, also left the 財務省 in indignation at such 通貨の high-jinks; Al Smith was heaping ridicule upon the 大統領's "baloney dollar"; and 塀で囲む Street resounded with angry cries: the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs was on its way to the sort of uncontrolled インフレーション which had run wild in Germany in 1923; over-spending and "rubber-dollar" experimentation would soon result in 廃虚ing the 政府's credit.

Not until the end of January, 1934, did the gold-buying episode come to an end. By that time the dollar had been 平価を切り下げるd (ーに関して／ーの点でs of gold) to 59.06 cents. Prices had risen somewhat, but nowhere 近づく proportionately. The 広大な／多数の／重要な 実験 was a 失敗. Moreover the 財政上の community--which had long since やめる 回復するd from its sheer panic of the 先行する spring, and now felt, with rising indignation, that it was 存在 made the scapegoat of the 不景気--had become an almost solid anti-Roosevelt phalanx.

(Footnote upon the prophecies of the wise men of 塀で囲む Street: Within the に引き続いて five and a half years there took place no uncontrolled インフレーション, no 崩壊（する） of the credit of the 政府. What did take place was an embarrassingly 抱擁する accumulation of gold in the 地下組織の 丸天井s of Fort Knox in Kentucky: over fourteen billion dollars' 価値（がある） of it, at the $35-an-ounce price which the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs was willing to 支払う／賃金 and others did not care to 支払う／賃金 because most of the nations of the world had gone off the gold 基準.)

As the winter of 1933-34 始める，決める in, the New 取引，協定's once-solid support was 落ちるing into fragments. Most of the 過激なs had become impatient with Roosevelt: he was moving too slowly, they 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d, he was 提案するing mere palliatives instead of 革命の 治療（薬）s. Thousands of 農業者s were angry at the 失敗 of the AAA thus far to bring them high prices for their 刈るs, and disorder still ゆらめくd along the 主要道路s of the corn belt and the wheat belt. Laboring men, though they credited the 政府 with an 意向 to let them 組織する and to be generous with 失業 救済, resented its 無（不）能 to 施行する Section 7a and the 逮捕（する） of the NRA 機械／機構 by the 雇用者s. 商売／仕事 men who had imagined that Roosevelt, after putting through his 早い-解雇する／砲火／射撃 program of 改革（する）s and 回復 対策 in the spring of 1933, would 残り／休憩（する） on his oars, were discovering to their 狼狽 that he had no such 意向; what wild 計画／陰謀, they asked one another, would this man hatch next?

Already he had 始める，決める up the Civil 作品 行政, a 広大な and unwieldy--and expensive--system of 連邦の work 救済 for the 失業した. In his 予算 message to 議会 at the beginning of 1934, he calmly 明言する／公表するd that during the 会計年度 1933-34 the 超過 of 政府 支出s over 政府 領収書s would be over seven billion dollars and that during the 会計年度 1934-35 it would probably be two billion dollars. "This 超過 of 支出s over 歳入s, 量ing to over nine billion dollars during two 会計年度s," 発表するd the 大統領, '"has been （判決などを）下すd necessary to bring the country 支援する to a sound 条件 after the unexampled 危機 which we 遭遇（する）d last spring. It is a large 量, but the immeasurable 利益s 正当化する the cost." The words were 確信して, but what economy-minded 商売／仕事 man struggling with his year-end accounts could fail to ask himself just how "immeasurable" the 利益s to him had turned out to be, or whether this man who 熟視する／熟考するd so coolly a nine-billion-dollar 増加する in the 連邦の 赤字 could be the same Franklin Roosevelt who in 1932 had berated the 共和国の／共和党のs for 甚だしい／１２ダース extravagance and in March, 1933, had introduced the Economy 法案?

The truth was that a major デフレ, if it should occur, would be even more 損失ing to Franklin Roosevelt than it would have been to Herbert Hoover. Under the 存在するing 負債 structure Roosevelt had now placed, at many new points, the credit of the 政府 itself. He had committed himself to 回復 through rising prices and large-規模 商売／仕事 拡大, rather than through 落ちるing prices and the 令状ing-off of 負債s. He must keep his foot 圧力（をかける）d 負かす／撃墜する on the accelerator, not on the ブレーキ. Dark though the road might look ahead, he must 運動 on. A 高くつく／犠牲の大きい course to take? Perhaps. But it was too late to turn 支援する now.

ｧ 2

断続的に throughout the year 1933 the 上院 委員会 on Banking and 通貨, with the 援助（する） of its inexorable counsel, Ferdinand Pecora, had been putting on one of the most 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の shows ever produced in a Washington 委員会 room: a sort of 長引いた 検死官's 検死 upon American 財政／金融. One by one, a long line of 財政上の overlords--商業の 銀行業者s, 投資 銀行業者s, 鉄道／強行採決する and public-公共事業（料金）／有用性 持つ／拘留するing-company promoters, stockbrokers, and big 相場師s--had とじ込み／提出するd up to the 証言，証人／目撃する （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する; and from these unwilling gentlemen, and from their office とじ込み／提出するs, had been 抽出するd a sorry story of public irresponsibility and 私的な greed. Day by day this story had been spread upon the 前線 pages of the newspapers.

The 調査 showed how pool 操作者s in 塀で囲む Street had manipulated the prices of 在庫／株s on the 交流, with the 援助 of men inside the companies with whose 安全s they toyed. It showed how they had made 抱擁する 利益（をあげる）s (which 代表するd the 演習 of no socially useful 機能（する）／行事) at the expense of the little 相場師s and of 投資家s 一般に, and had fostered a 思索的な mania which had racked the whole 経済的な system of the country--and this not only in 1928 and 1929, but as recently as the spring of 1933, when Roosevelt was in the White House and 塀で囲む Street had 恐らく been wearing the sackcloth and ashes of repentance. The 調査 showed, too, how powerful 銀行業者s had 荷を降ろすd 在庫／株s and 社債s upon the unwary through high-圧力 salesmanship and had made millions 貿易（する）ing in the 安全s of their own banks, at the expense of 株主s whose 利益／興味s they （人命などを）奪う，主張するd to be serving. It showed how the 問題／発行するing of new 安全s had been so 組織するd as to 産する／生じる rich fruits to those on the inside, and how 適切な時期s to taste these fruits had been 申し込む／申し出d to gentlemen of political 影響（力）. It showed how that modern engine of 財政上の 力／強力にする, the 持つ／拘留するing company, had been misused by promoters: how some of these promoters had piled company upon company till their structures of 法人組織の／企業の 影響（力） were seven or eight stories high; how these structures had become so コンビナート／複合体 that they were readily 略奪するd by unscrupulous men, and so 安定性のない that many of them （機の）カム 衝突，墜落ing 負かす／撃墜する during the 不景気. It showed how 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な could be the results when the 持つ／拘留するing-company technic was 適用するd to banking. It showed how men of wealth had used 装置s like the personal 持つ／拘留するing company and tricks like the sale of 在庫／株 (at a loss) to members of their families to dodge the 税金 collector--at the very moment when men of humbler 駅／配置する had been 支払う／賃金ing the 税金s which supported the 政府. Again and again it showed how men 占領するing fiduciary positions in the 財政上の world had been 誤った to their 信用.

自然に the 合成物 picture 封鎖するd out by these 発覚s was not fair to the financiers 一般に. The worst スキャンダルs got the biggest headlines. Yet the 量 of 黒人／ボイコット in the picture was shocking even to the most judicial 観察者／傍聴者, and the way in which the severity of the 不景気 had been 強めるd by greedy and shortsighted 財政上の practices seemed blindingly plain. So high did the public 怒り／怒る 開始する that the New 取引，協定 was sure of strong support as it drove on to new 対策 of 改革（する）.

The first move was into 塀で囲む Street. The 安全s 行為／法令／行動する of 1933 was followed by the 安全s and 交流 行為／法令／行動する of 1934, which put the 在庫／株 交流s of the country under 連邦の 規則, lest the next にわか景気 (if it ever （機の）カム) end in another 思索的な 衝突，墜落. This 行為／法令／行動する gave the 連邦の Reserve Board the 当局 to 限界 思索的な 利ざやs; 要求するd all directors, officers, and 主要な／長／主犯 株主s of big 会社／団体s to 報告（する）／憶測 all their 処理／取引s in the 安全s of their companies; and created a 安全s and 交流 （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限--to be known familiarly as the SEC--which was ーするつもりであるd to 行為／法令／行動する as chaperon and policeman of the 在庫／株 交流s and the 投資 market 一般に, and by slow degrees subdue them to the useful and the good.

The next year the New 取引，協定 moved against the misuse of the 持つ／拘留するing company in the area where its 業績／成果s had been most egregious--in the public 公共事業（料金）／有用性s. The Public 公共事業（料金）／有用性 持つ／拘留するing Company 行為／法令／行動する 供給するd that 持つ／拘留するing-company structures must not be more than two stories high, that they must be 簡単にするd, and that they must 限界 themselves to the 管理／経営 of economically 統合するd groups of operating companies.

Turning to the banking system of the country, the New 取引，協定 made no 試みる／企てる to 統一する it (bringing the 国家の banks and the forty-eight groups of 明言する／公表する banks into one system) but in 1935 増加するd the 監督上の 力／強力にする of the 連邦の Reserve Board over the さまざまな 連邦の Reserve Banks, 中心ing a more 効果的な 当局 in Washington, and incidentally made 永久の the 保険 by the 政府 of small bank deposits, as 一時的に arranged in 1933.

Other new 力／強力にするs of 規則 and compulsion were assumed by the 連邦の 政府. For example, the 力／強力にする of the Interstate 商業 （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 was 延長するd to cover not only 鉄道／強行採決するs, as of yore, but interstate bus and トラックで運ぶ traffic 同様に; and for the old 無線で通信する （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 was 代用品，人d a new Communications （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 which was not only to police the 空気／公表する waves but also to 監督する the telegraph and telephone systems. Not until September 2, 1935, did the 大統領 発表する--in a letter to Roy W. Howard of the Scripps-Howard newspapers--that the New 取引，協定's 法律を制定する program had "reached 相当な 完成" and that 商売／仕事 might 推定する／予想する a "breathing （一定の）期間."

Throughout a large part of the years 1934 and 1935 the hue and cry over these 改革（する） 対策 of the New 取引，協定 reverberated across the country.

No longer, to be sure, did the news from Washington still make the 前線 pages of the newspapers as automatically as it had in the first wild days of the new 行政. Other events, important and unimportant, now （人命などを）奪う，主張するd a fresher attention. During the winter of 1933-34--a piercingly 冷淡な winter in the North, when the 大西洋 Ocean was 封鎖するd with ice all the way from Nantucket Island to the 本土／大陸, and Army fliers, あわてて ordered to carry the 空気／公表する mails after Roosevelt's 誤った sudden termination of the 空気／公表する-mail 契約s, were 飛行機で行くing to their deaths in ice and 霧--there was foreign news to contest for 前線-page space with General Johnson's 最新の admonitions and expletives and with Roosevelt's 通貨の 実験s and 改革（する） 提案s. There were 暴動s in Paris which seemed for a time to presage civil war in フラン. Foreign excitements continued during the summer of 1934: there （機の）カム Hitler's 血 粛清する and the 暗殺 of little （ドイツなどの）首相／（大学の）学長 Dollfuss of Austria, which 脅すd a general European war (with Italy …に反対するd to Germany!). That spring there took place in a humble Canadian home an event which for sheer human 利益／興味 was the feature-editor's answer to 祈り: on May 28, Mrs. Oliva Dionne gave birth to five little girls--and incidentally to a major Canadian 産業, the 開発／利用 of the Quintuplets as five modern wonders of the world.

As the summer of 1934 drew to its の近くに the country supped on horror: the 区 Liner Morro 城 was 燃やすd, with a loss of 137 lives, off the coast of New Jersey. Men and women who were hardly aware what the letters SEC stood for could have told you in 詳細（に述べる） how the Morro 城 解雇する／砲火／射撃 was first discovered in a locker off the port-味方する 令状ing room; how 長，指導者 Officer William F. Warms had 設立する himself in 不安定な 命令（する） of the 大型船 借りがあるing to the death of the captain from indigestion a few hours 以前; how the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 could not be stopped and the 乗客s took to the boats--or to the open 大西洋; and how the red-hot hulk of the ship was later beached 権利 beside the 条約 hall at Asbury Park, where it にわか景気d 簡潔に a grim sight-seeing 貿易（する）.

While the 訪問者s to Asbury Park were still 星／主役にするing at the Morro 城, the most exciting 探偵，刑事-and-裁判，公判-scene story of the １０年間 began to 広げる itself, as Bruno Richard Hauptmann was 逮捕（する）d in the Bronx and was put on 裁判，公判 for the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby. The furiously ballyhooed 裁判，公判 at Flemington brought once again to everybody's lips the 指名するs of Dr. Condon and the Whateleys and Betty Gow, and 解除するd into 簡潔な／要約する public prominence new 指名するs such as those of 司法長官 Wilentz of New Jersey, 司法（官） Trenchard, counsel Reilly for the 弁護, and the mysterious German of Hauptmann's incredible 証言, Isidor Fisch.

It was during the に引き続いて summer--the summer of 1935--that public attention was コースを変えるd from the 審議 over the 持つ／拘留するing-Company 法案 and other 行政の 対策 by Jim Braddock's 逮捕（する） of the heavyweight ボクシング 選手権 from Max Baer; by the deaths of Will Rogers and Wiley 地位，任命する in an airplane 衝突，墜落 in Alaska; and by the slow 集会 of war clouds over unhappy Ethiopia. All through 1934 and 1935, その上に, an event of major importance to America--of which we shall hear more in the next 一時期／支部 of this 調書をとる／予約する--was taking place on the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains: the farms of the Dust Bowl were blowing away.

Yet never やめる inaudible, during all the time when these events were taking place, was the rumble of 戦う／戦い over the New 取引，協定 財政上の 改革（する）s. The 激しい抗議 of 抗議する from 塀で囲む Street--which was echoed 一般に in the 保守的な 圧力（をかける）--was terrific. The 安全s and 交流 法案, if passed, would end the liquidity of the 投資 markets and bring general 経済的な 廃虚! Roosevelt was taking the high road to 共産主義! Had not Dr. William A. Wirt of Gary, Indiana, told of 存在 at a "brain 信用" dinner party where, he 主張するd, 政府 従業員s had spoken of Roosevelt as 単に the Kerensky of a new American 革命? Did not Rexford Tugwell, the Assistant 農務長官, appear to be 事実上 a 共産主義者--特に to those newspaper proprietors who 恐れるd that his 提案するd 法案 to 規制する food and 麻薬 advertising might 削減（する） into their 歳入s? The 政府 was out to 廃虚 all 投資家s in public 公共事業（料金）／有用性s: it was 大きくするing the TVA's sphere of 競争 with Southern 私的な 公共事業（料金）／有用性s, it was 補助金を支給するing municipalities which 手配中の，お尋ね者 to have 地方自治体の 力／強力にする and light systems and take their 力／強力にする from the TVA, it was building new dams at Grand Coulee and Bonneville in the West, which would 大きくする the area served by public 力／強力にする--and now it was 提案するing, through the 持つ／拘留するing-Company 法案, to 適用する a "death-宣告，判決" to a lot of helpless 持つ／拘留するing companies! The 問題／発行する was （疑いを）晴らす, shouted the 保守的なs: it was 経済的な 独裁政治 versus 僕主主義.

支援する from the New 売買業者s （機の）カム the reply: 塀で囲む Street's 記録，記録的な／記録する of mismanagement had been spread upon the 調書をとる／予約するs of the 上院 委員会. "The people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs will not 回復する that 古代の order." The New 取引，協定 ーするつもりであるd to 保護する the 普通の／平均（する） man against "the selfish 利益／興味s of 塀で囲む Street."

Thus the 雷鳴 of 戦う／戦い rolled--while Franklin Roosevelt, still 圧倒的に in 命令（する） of 議会, 押し進めるd the 改革（する）s through to （法の）制定.

ｧ 3

Not only did the New 取引，協定 try to 回復する 繁栄 through the NRA, the AAA, 通貨 changes, and other 対策, and to 妨げる the 再発 of 経済的な 災害 through its 改革（する） 対策; it also tried to 保護する individual 国民s against the hardships of 経済的な adversity, past, 現在の, and 未来. It 始める，決める up so many 機関s to lend money to organizations and individuals that the mere 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）ing of them would be wearisome. Through an （法の）制定 of major importance in 1935, the Social 安全 行為／法令／行動する, it 始める，決める up a 広大な system of 失業 保険 and of old-age 援助 for the greater part of the working 全住民 of the country--税金ing 支払う／賃金 rolls to 始める，決める up a colossal 基金 out of which might be paid old-age 利益s in the long 未来. Year after year it struggled, too, with the problem of 失業 救済.

The attack upon this desperate problem threw into sharp 輪郭（を描く） the 必須の strength of the New 取引，協定, its 必須の 証拠不十分, and the 窮地 of the 国家の economy as a whole.

When in the spring of 1933 the 連邦の 政府 had assumed the 責任／義務 for seeing that men and women and children did not go hungry or shelterless in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, it had 始める，決める aside half a billion dollars out of the public-作品 基金 to 援助（する） the 明言する／公表するs in carrying the 重荷（を負わせる） of 失業 救済; and 大統領 Roosevelt had 任命するd as 連邦の 緊急 救済 行政官／管理者 a thin, 狭くする-直面するd, 警報-looking young Iowan 指名するd Harry Hopkins, who had been a 熱心な and idealistic social 労働者 and had served as 救済 行政官／管理者 in New York during Roosevelt's 知事／長官の職. The 配当 of this 基金 appeared to be 簡単に a 一時的な expedient, for in those 希望に満ちた days 回復 was seemingly on its way at the 二塁打-quick. Then （機の）カム the 下降 of the 落ちる of 1933, and the prospect of another dreadful winter. Most of the cities and 明言する／公表するs of the country were on the 瀬戸際 of 破産 and やめる unable to 耐える the 救済 重荷（を負わせる） unaided--and 失業 during the winter of 1933-34 was pretty surely going to be almost as 厳しい as during that of 1932-33! Another "一時的な" 計画（する） was needed, and on no niggardly 規模.

So the Civil 作品 行政 was 始める，決める up and Harry Hopkins 設立する himself in 命令（する） of a 抱擁する and 迅速な organization of mercy; and Roosevelt, as we have seen, asked 議会 for billions to 会合，会う this new need. Surely things would be better next year. In the spring of 1934 the Civil 作品 行政--which was 証明するing terrifically expensive--was abandoned, and the organization of 救済 was altered again.

But things did not 証明する much better the next year. And so once more the 大統領 called for billions of dollars and once more the organization was 精密検査するd: 早期に in 1935 the 作品 進歩 行政--the WPA--（機の）カム into 存在.

Although the WPA was 運命にあるd to remain throughout the 残り／休憩（する） of the １０年間, it was 運命にあるd also to be 支配する to constant 再組織 and 改正. In essence, the history of those first years was to be repeated again and again. Year after year the 行政 設立する the number of 失業した men 突然に large, 設立する its 基金s running out, 直面するd the new 危機 with a new 控訴，上告 to 議会 for more billions, and あわてて improvised new and glowing 計画（する）s. The 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing pattern was one of 行政の 一時しのぎの物，策.

The 原則 upon which 連邦の 救済 operated was magnificent. The 政府 said in 影響: "These millions of men who are out of work are not to be considered paupers. They are not to be 支配するd to any humiliation which we can spare them. They are to be regarded as 国民s and friends who are the 一時的な 犠牲者s of an unfortunate 経済的な 状況／情勢 for which the nation as a whole is responsible. Not only is it far too late in the day, now, to follow the Hoover 原則 that the 受託 of 連邦の money 土台を崩すs men's self-尊敬（する）・点; it is even too late in the day to be content with giving handouts. These men want to work for the money they receive. Very 井戸／弁護士席, we shall put them to work--as many of them as we かもしれない can. We shall put them at useful work which will not compete with 私的な 商売／仕事. They shall become 政府 従業員s, able to 停止する their 長，率いるs again. If putting them to work costs more than a cash 施し物, the 利益s in 意気込み／士気 回復するd will outweigh the expense."

But these things were easier said than done, on the 規模 on which the 政府 had to operate. Stop for a minute to feel the 衝撃 of these 人物／姿／数字s: The CWA at its 頂点（に達する） 雇うd over four million 労働者s--enough to man some twenty General モーターs 会社／団体s. The WPA began 操作／手術s with the 目的（とする） of 雇うing three and a half million. (The total number of people 扶養家族 upon 連邦の, 明言する／公表する, or 地元の 救済--含むing the families of those to whom 支払い（額）s were made--was variously 概算の at さまざまな times at from twenty to twenty-five million.) How to put this 広大な horde to work?

First of all, there was the difficulty of finding work that had value, and would not compete with 私的な 商売／仕事, and was fitted to the endlessly 変化させるd abilities and experience of millions of individuals. It was decided that the reliefers were not to work on 私的な 所有物／資産／財産, engage in 製造業の, or 始める，決める up 競争相手 商品／売買するing systems. The money went at first mostly into such 事業／計画（する）s as the 修理 and building of roads (特に farm-to-market roads), 修理s on public buildings and schools, the construction of parks and playgrounds; and--for the professional and clerical 労働者s, the white-collar class--into 研究 事業／計画（する）s for the 政府 and for universities, and into engaging reliefers who had some special 技術 or knowledge to teach it to others who did not have it. Some of the 職業s were trivial, or too many men were 割り当てるd to them, or these men were conspicuously inexpert; hence the 批評s one 絶えず heard of "leaf-raking" and of men idling on the 職業.

During an aldermanic 調査 into New York City 救済 早期に in 1935--in which it was discovered that money was 存在 spent for the teaching of tap dancing and the 巧みな操作 of 影をつくる／尾行する puppets, and for such academic 企業s as "a 熟考する／考慮する of the predominating 非，不，無-professional 利益／興味s of teachers in nursery schools, 幼稚園, and first grade" and "a 熟考する／考慮する of the 親族 有効性 of a 監督するd correspondence course in elementary Latin"--one Robert Marshall 証言するd that he was a "training specialist" who taught the reliefers "boon doggies," explaining that this was an old 開拓する 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 for useful everyday tricks of handicraft such as making belts by weaving ropes. The strange 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 入り口d newspaper-readers, and presently the 保守的な 圧力（をかける） everywhere was referring to 救済 事業／計画（する）s of 疑わしい value as "boondoggling."

Another 広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty was that of 入会させるing and 調査／捜査するing and 割り当てるing 労働者s. Should a 職業 go to the person who could do it best, or to the person in the direst need? If need was to be the criterion, how could any 基準s of work be 持続するd? The 決意 of 行う 規模s 申し込む／申し出d another 一連の 頭痛s. 推定では the 給料 should be lower than those for 私的な 商売／仕事--but what if 地元の 給料 were on the 餓死 level? These were only a few of the practical questions for which there seemed to be no possible answer which did not produce either 不正 or inefficiency.

Again, there was the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な difficulty of setting up a proper organization, of keeping the 支配（する）／統制する of 救済 out of the 手渡すs of grafters and political 切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセスs, of 解決するing the endless 衝突s between 連邦の and 地元の 機関s. Though the 分割 of 当局 between 連邦の and 明言する／公表する and 地元の 政府s 変化させるd bewilderingly in different places and at different times, the whip 手渡す was held in the main by the Hopkins organization in Washington, which was vigilant against 汚職，収賄 and--at least in the 早期に years--pretty 独立した・無所属 of politics. As time went on, the taint of politics became somewhat more noticeable: the 救済 system was all too 価値のある to the Democratic party, 救済 支出s had a way of rising to a 最大限 as 選挙 Day approached, and there was ugly 証拠 here and there of the 甚だしい／１２ダース misuse of 基金s, as in Pennsylvania; but on the whole the 記録，記録的な／記録する was astonishingly clean considering the vastness of the 基金s 支出するd and the 一般に low level of political 倫理学 in American 地元の 政府.

Beyond all these difficulties was the final, inescapable one. Try as Hopkins and his 補佐官s might to make the work 決定的な and prideworthy, the fact remained that it was made work, ill-paid, uncertain, undemanding of real 質 of workmanship; and that the reliefers became perforce, by degrees, a sort of pariah class, unwelcomed by 私的な 産業, dwelling in an 経済的な twilight.

That is a generalization. Against it should be 始める，決める some high 勝利s, 含むing 顕著に those of the 連邦の Theatre, Music, and Arts 事業／計画（する）s. Who would have believed, during the Hoover period, that within a few years, under the WPA, orchestras would be getting 救済 援助（する） for playing to enthusiastic audiences, 政府-補助金を支給するd theatre groups would be packing the playhouses with excellent shows, and able painters who had not sold a picture for months or even years would be getting 政府 assignments to paint 地位，任命する-office murals?

Of all the forms which 連邦の 救済 took there is not space here to speak. Yet a word at least should be said of the Transient （軍の）野営地，陣営s which 申し込む／申し出d 避難所 to those hundreds of thousands of Americans who were traveling about in search of work and could not qualify for 正規の／正選手 救済 after they left their home towns (who wants to support a 非，不，無-居住（者）?); of the 国家の 青年 行政, which helped to 支払う／賃金 for the education and training of young people who would さもなければ have gone without; and of the WPA's 購入（する） of 黒字／過剰 商品／必需品s--特に farm 製品s--and their 配当 to the 貧困の. (Nor should it be forgotten that the 広大な／多数の／重要な 企業s--橋（渡しをする）s, dams, public buildings, etc.--建設するd by the Public 作品 行政, and the forest-自然保護 work of the 非軍事の 自然保護 軍団, while not administratively a part of 連邦の 救済, 補足（する）d the 救済 system.)

Two more generalizations must be made, however, before we leave this twilight zone. The first is that, にもかかわらず all the inefficiencies of the 救済 system, its たびたび（訪れる） 激変s of organization, its 混乱, and its 時折の political subversion, it commended itself to the 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of the American people because of its 必須の friendliness, of the human decency of its 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing 態度 toward those whom the 不景気 had thrust into want. かもしれない those 特権d people who 公然と非難するd the system as a coddling and spoiling of the unfit may have 借りがあるd their 安全 from civil 革命 during the nineteen-thirties to the fact that the 政府 in 力／強力にする 扱う／治療するd the reliefers as 国民s worthy of 尊敬（する）・点.

The second generalization is that the terrific cost of such a 救済 system bore 負かす／撃墜する upon the working and income-receiving past of the 全住民, even while the 支出s were helping to keep 貿易（する） going; and that that part of the cost which was not met by 現在の 税金s remained, in the form of 連邦の 負債, to 耐える 負かす／撃墜する upon the 職業-持つ／拘留するing and income-receiving Americans for long years to come. Human decency （機の）カム very high.

Here was the 必須の 窮地 of the New 取引，協定. Just as it 手配中の，お尋ね者, reasonably enough, to 適用する the lessons of the 1929-33 d饕稍le and 改革（する） the 財政上の system, but 明らかに could not do this without setting up a 連邦の 監督上の 官僚主義, without （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるing upon the 財政上の world endless 支配するs and 規則s, endless 仕事s of questionnaire-answering, 報告（する）／憶測-令状ing, and prospectus-令状ing, and filling 塀で囲む Street with 麻ひさせるing 恐れるs, 合理的な／理性的な and irrational, thus 延期するing 回復; so also it 明らかに could not 取引，協定 humanely with the 失業した men and women of the country without 課すing 激しい 税金s, incurring 激しい 赤字s, raising very natural qualms as to its ability to carry on 無期限に／不明確に with a 開始するing 負債, and thus once again 延期するing 回復. It had to march toward its goal under a veritable Christian's pack--the 重荷（を負わせる） of the very inadequacies which it was trying to 解決する.

ｧ 4

早期に in the evening of July 22, 1934, a group of スパイ／執行官s of the 司法省, 武装した with ピストルs, gathered unobtrusively about a movie theatre on Lincoln Avenue, Chicago. The leader of the group, Melvin H. Purvis, parked his car 近づく the theatre door and carefully scanned the 直面するs of the men and women who entered. At length Purvis 認めるd the man he 手配中の，お尋ね者--though this man had dyed his hair, had had his 直面する 解除するd, had grown a mustache, and had put on gold-rimmed glasses.

For two hours Purvis waited in his car, until the man （機の）カム out of the theatre. Then Purvis signaled to his 補佐官s by thrusting an arm out of the car, dropping his 手渡す, and の近くにing it. The 補佐官s の近くにd in on the movie-goer, and when he started to draw an (a)自動的な／(n)自動拳銃 they 発射 him 負かす／撃墜する. The next morning the headlines shouted that John Dillinger, Public Enemy No. 1, had been destroyed.

Another 不快な／攻撃 of the 改革（する） spirit against things-as-they-had-been was 井戸／弁護士席 under way.

During the 早期に years of the １０年間, as we have seen, there had been 巨大な indignation at the prevalence of 罪，犯罪 in America and the 無（不）能 of the police to 対処する with it. This indignation had been sharpened by the Lindbergh kidnapping 早期に in 1932. From that time on, every kidnapping 事例／患者 leaped into such prominence in the newspaper 派遣（する）s that most Americans imagined that a wave of kidnapping was 広範囲にわたる the country. The public indignation took an ugly form at San Jose, California, late in 1933, when two men who had kidnapped young Brooke Hart, and had 発射 him, 負わせるd his 団体／死体, and thrown it into San Francisco Bay, were taken out of the San Jose 刑務所，拘置所 by an angry 暴徒 and hanged on trees 近づく by--その結果 the 知事 of California, who had a curious notion of 法律 and order, commented that the lynchers had done "a good 職業."

訴訟／進行 upon the theory that the 明言する／公表するs could not be sure of catching 犯罪のs (any more than they could be sure of stopping 望ましくない 商売／仕事 practices) without 連邦の 援助（する）, 議会 had passed 法律s giving the 連邦の 当局 a 限られた／立憲的な 裁判権 over 罪，犯罪s which had hitherto been wholly under 明言する／公表する 裁判権. J. Edgar Hoover, the resourceful 長，率いる of the Bureau of 調査 of the 司法省, saw his chance. When John Dillinger, a bank robber and 持つ／拘留する-up man of the Middle West, 証明するd to have a remarkable ability to shoot his way out of difficulty, Hoover sent his 連邦の men on the 追跡する--though Dillinger's only 連邦の 罪／違反 up to that time was said to have been the interstate transportation of a stolen car. Dillinger was labeled "Public Enemy No. 1" (now that Al Capone was in 刑務所，拘置所), and the public began to take notice.

The 連邦の スパイ／執行官s caught up to Dillinger at St. Paul but he escaped, 負傷させるd. A few days later he appeared in a 外科医's office, leveled a gun, compelled the 外科医 to give him 治療 for his 負傷させる, and got away 安全に. Again he was 設立する, at a summer 訴える手段／行楽地 in Northern Wisconsin; but although スパイ／執行官s surrounded the building where he was staying, he escaped after a 戦う／戦い in which two men were killed and two were 負傷させるd. At last Purvis caught him in Chicago, as we have seen, and the story of John Dillinger （機の）カム to an end.

But not the story of J. Edgar Hoover and his 連邦の スパイ／執行官s. For these 連邦の sleuths now proceeded to 逮捕（する）, dead or alive, "Pretty Boy" Floyd, "Baby 直面する" Nelson, and so many other public enemies, one after another, that after Alvin Karpis was taken alive in 1936 the public やめる lost 跡をつける of the 昇進／宣伝s in the Public Enemy class.

Hoover and his men became heroes of the day. The movies took them up, taught people to call them G-men, and 現在のd James Cagney in the 役割 of a bounding young G-man, trained in the 法律, in 科学の （犯罪，病気などの）発見, in 的 practice, and incidentally in 格闘するing. Presently mothers who had been 公式文書，認めるing with alarm that their small sons liked to play ギャング（個々） on the street corner were relieved to 観察する that the 好意d part in these juvenile 演劇s was now that of the intrepid G-man, whose machine gun mowed 負かす／撃墜する kidnappers and bank robbers by the 得点する／非難する／２０. The real G-men--with the not-やめる-so-ひどく-advertised 援助（する） of 明言する／公表する and 地元の police--continued to follow up their 勝利s until by the end of 1936 they could （人命などを）奪う，主張する that every kidnapping 事例／患者 in the country since the passage of the Lindbergh 法律 in 1932 had been の近くにd.

But kidnapping and 銀行強盗, sensational as they were, were hardly the most 脅迫的な of 罪，犯罪s. The depredations of professional ギャング（個々）-脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者s were more far-reaching and infinitely more difficult to 戦闘. During the nineteen-twenties さまざまな ギャング（個々） 暴徒s, the most 悪名高い of which was Al Capone's in Chicago, had built up larger, better 組織するd, and more profitable systems of 商売／仕事-by-脅迫 than the country had ever seen before. The 創立／基礎 of these ゆすりs was usually beer-running, but a successful beer-走者 could readily 扱う most of the bootlegging 貿易（する） in whisky and gin as a sideline, 支店 out to take over the 賭事ing and 売春 ゆすりs, and also develop systems of terrorization in さもなければ 合法的 商売／仕事s, by using what 趣旨d to be an 雇用者's 協会 or a labor union but was really a 計画／陰謀 for ゆすり，強要 支援するd by 脅しs to destroy the members' 商売／仕事--or kill them--if they did not 支払う／賃金. The pattern was different in every city and usually there were many 競争相手 ギャング（団）s at work, muscling in on one another's 領土 from time to time to the accompaniment of machine-gun 戦う／戦いs.

During the 早期に nineteen-thirties the 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者s--like 合法的 商売／仕事 men--設立する 商売／仕事 bad. The coming of 廃止する, by breaking the 支援する of the illicit アルコール飲料 商売／仕事, 奪うd these gentry of a 決定的な source of 歳入. But the technique of 政治上 保護するd 脅迫 had been so 井戸／弁護士席 learned that 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者ing went 権利 on in many cities. Even in New York--a city which had never been so ゆすり-ridden as Chicago and had elected in 1933 an honest and 効果的な 市長, Fiorello LaGuardia--dozens of 商売／仕事s were in the 支配する of ゆすりs and their 犠牲者s were too terrified to 証言する to what was going on.

But New York was to 供給する a classic demonstration of what the new 改革（する） spirit, 適切に directed, could do.

The story of the demonstration really began on November 21, 1933--when Roosevelt was engaged in his breakfast-in-bed gold-buying 計画（する）, and General Johnson was 認可するing NRA codes, and Mae West was appearing on the 審査する in "I'm No Angel," and Katharine Hepburn in "Little Women," and copies of Anthony 逆の were everywhere, and the first bad 砂じん嵐 had just 激怒（する）d in the Dust Bowl, and the Century of 進歩 Fair at Chicago had just ended its first year, and the CWA had just been 組織するd, and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had just 認めるd Soviet Russia. On that day the New York papers had carried on their inside pages an item of 地元の news: the 任命 as 地元の 連邦の 弁護士／代理人／検事 of one Thomas E. Dewey, who was only thirty-one years old. During the next year and a half young Dewey did 井戸／弁護士席 at this 職業. In the spring of 1935 a 大陪審 in New York, 調査／捜査するing 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者ing, became so 不満な with the way in which the 証拠 was 現在のd to it by the Tammany 地区 弁護士／代理人／検事 that it rose up in wrath and asked 知事 Lehman to 任命する a special 検察官，検事. 知事 Lehman 任命するd the valiant Dewey and on July 29, 1935, he 始める，決める to work.

There followed one of the most 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 業績／成果s in the history of 犯罪の （犯罪，病気などの）発見 and 起訴. Dewey 動員するd an able staff of young lawyers and accountants in a 高度に 保護するd office in the Woolworth Building, sent them out to get the 証拠 about 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者ing, and to everybody's amazement got it, にもかかわらず the terrified 主張 of the very people whom he was trying to 保護する that they knew nothing at all. This 証拠 Dewey 保安官d so brilliantly that presently he began a 一連の monotonously successful 起訴s. He put out of 商売／仕事 the restaurant ゆすり, to which at least 240 restaurants had paid 尊敬の印. He sent to 刑務所，拘置所 Toots Herbert, who in the guise of a labor leader, 長，率いる of 地元の 167, had collected large sums from the poultry 商売／仕事. He 罪人／有罪を宣告するd Lucky Luciano, who had 徴収するd （死傷者）数 upon the 売春婦s and madams of New York (with such smooth-running political 保護 that although during 1935 no いっそう少なく than 147 girls who worked for this combination had been 逮捕（する）d, not one of them had got a 刑務所，拘置所 宣告，判決). Within two years Dewey had 起訴するd 73 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者s and 罪人／有罪を宣告するd 71 of them: and all this にもかかわらず the 不本意 of 証言，証人／目撃するs to talk, the constant need of 保護するing against 暴力／激しさ those who agreed to talk, and constant 試みる／企てるs at 贈収賄 and 脅迫. Elected 地区 弁護士／代理人／検事 in 1937, Dewey continued his 猛攻撃, and in 1939 he 安全な・保証するd the 有罪の判決 of an important Tammany leader, James J. Hines. (Hines 控訴，上告d, and at the end of the １０年間 his 事例／患者 was still 未解決の.)

The 脅迫 産業 was not destroyed, of course, any more than kidnapping and 銀行強盗 had been ended; but Dewey, like the G-men, had shown that 罪，犯罪 could be 首尾よく 戦闘d, and the lesson was 広範囲にわたって 公式文書，認めるd. When the worthy members of the 国家の 経済的な League, who in 1930 and 1931, as we have 以前 seen, 投票（する）d that "行政 of 司法（官）" and "罪，犯罪" and "Lawlessness" were--along with 禁止--the important 問題／発行するs before the country, 投票（する）d again in 1937, they decided that "罪，犯罪" 申し込む／申し出d a いっそう少なく important problem than "Labor," "Efficiency and Economy in 政府," "課税," or "The 連邦の 憲法."

The 運動 against 罪，犯罪 had won at least a 一時的な victory.

ｧ 5

Through the years 1934 and 1935, 大統領 Roosevelt was sore beset.

経済的な 回復 was lagging 不正に. For a 手段 of what was happening, let us return once more to the 連邦の Reserve Board's Adjusted 索引 of 産業の 生産／産物, which gives perhaps the best general 指示，表示する物 of 経済的な health. We have seen that the 索引 人物／姿／数字 had dropped from its 繁栄 頂点（に達する） of 125 in 1929 all the way to 58 in the summer of 1932, and again to 59 in the bank-panic month of March, 1933; that it had then bounded to 100 during the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon, and slid 負かす／撃墜する to 72 in November, 1933, as the Honeymoon （機の）カム to an end. Slowly it crept up again, but only to 86 in the spring of 1934. 支援する it slipped to a discouraging 71 in the 落ちる of 1934. Once more it 伸び（る）d, till at the beginning of 1935 it had reached 90. Then during the spring of 1935 it receded to 85. Not until the last month of 1935 had it fought its way up again to the hundred 示す it had 達成するd during those first frenzied months of the New 取引，協定--and this にもかかわらず the 注ぐing of billions of dollars of 救済 money into the bloodstream of 貿易（する）.

The 大統領's 確信して 提案s for new 法律制定 could not altogether distract public attention from the 行政の difficulties which 絡まるd the 機関s he had already 始める，決める up. The NRA appeared to be 刺激するing dissension rather than 生産／産物. On the one 手渡す it had 事実上 招待するd labor to 組織する; on the other 手渡す it had turned over the 公式化 and 行政 of its hundreds of codes おもに to 雇用者s, and was unable to 要求する these 雇用者s to 認める the 速く mushrooming unions, 支配するd in many 事例／患者s by inexperienced and over-combative leaders; hence it could not make good on its 約束. Disillusioned 自動車 労働者s were 説 that NRA stood for "国家の Run Around." A 猛烈な／残忍な ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる strike on the 太平洋の Coast grew into an 試みる／企てる to tie up the whole city of San Francisco by a general strike in July, 1934. When the 織物 code 当局 called for a 削減（する） in 生産／産物 that same summer--a 削減（する） which meant grievous 削減s in hard-driven 織物 労働者s' 給料--another 広大な／多数の／重要な strike began, with 飛行機で行くing 騎兵大隊s of strikers 運動ing from mill town to mill town in the South, with 国家の guardsmen called out in seven 明言する／公表するs, and with a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of dead and 負傷させるd growing ominously day by day. That 落ちる General Johnson left the NRA under a 嵐／襲撃する of 批評--or, as he delicately put it himself, a "あられ／賞賛する of dead cats."

The AAA was a 嵐／襲撃する 中心 too, and its 影響 upon the 農業者s' income was a 事柄 of 論争, since the rise in farm prices in 1934 might be partly せいにするd to the deadly 干ばつ which was blighting the prairies and the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains. 失業 and the resulting drain upon the 国家の 予算 continued almost unabated.

政治上, the 大統領 （機の）カム through the 連邦議会の 選挙s of 1934 with 飛行機で行くing colors; the 民主党員s 伸び（る）d nine seats in the 上院 and even 大きくするd わずかに their big 大多数 in the House. But how long would this 最高位 last? 大砲 were 存在 unlimbered not only to the 権利 of Roosevelt, but to the left of him too. That the 軍隊s of 資本／首都 and 管理／経営--銀行業者s, 投資家s, big 商売／仕事 men, and their sympathizers--should have の近くにd 階級s against him was natural in 見解（をとる） of his 改革（する） 法律制定, his 通貨の unorthodoxy, his 抱擁する spendings for 救済, his intermittent 敵意 to big 商売／仕事, and his 拡大 of the area of 政府 当局. But what if he could not 持つ／拘留する the support of the have-nots, and 設立する himself the leader of a 中道派（の） 少数，小数派, raked by a cross 解雇する／砲火／射撃 from both 味方するs?

On the left Roosevelt must reckon with Huey Long, the Kingfish of Louisiana, who had always been a 無所属の政治家 in 国家の politics and had definitely やめる the New 取引，協定 since that day in June, 1933, when he had called at the White House, had kept his jaunty straw hat on throughout most of his interview with the 大統領, had been told that the 行政 could not 任命する some of his 指名された人s for office, and had 発言／述べるd to Jim Farley as he left, "What the hell is the use of coming 負かす／撃墜する to see this fellow? I can't 勝利，勝つ any 決定／判定勝ち（する） over him." Long was one of the most 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 人物／姿／数字s in all American political history. He was of the stuff of which 独裁者s are made, and he 支配するd Louisiana with an アイロンをかける 手渡す, 粉砕するing 対立 as ruthlessly as a 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者. 露骨な／あからさまの, profane, witty, unscrupulous, violent; 所有するd of the demagogue's habit of 約束ing the impossible, together with the 政治家's ability to 供給する good roads, better schools, 解放する／自由な schoolbooks, and a 一般に better 基準 of living の中で the poor, both 黒人／ボイコット and white, and at the same time to keep the 明言する／公表する 政府 solvent--Huey had blustered and bludgeoned his way into a 嵐の 国家の prominence.

No use for 上院議員s to try to silence him in Washington by leaving the 上院 議会 when he began to speak; his 悪口雑言 was the one thing the （人が）群がるs in the galleries 手配中の，お尋ね者 most to hear.

When Huey 小旅行するd the South in the spring of 1935, ten thousand people gathered in Atlanta to hear him 公然と非難する the 行政. "注ぐ it on 'em, Kingfish!" they yelled in delight. He was getting the headlines that spring by calling for an 調査 of Postmaster General Jim Farley, of whom he said later, by way of explanation, "Jim was the biggest rooster in the yard, and I thought that if I could break his 脚s the 残り／休憩（する） would be 平易な." 無線で通信する audiences chuckled with delight at Huey's barnyard wit, as when he said, commenting on Herbert Hoover's call for a 交戦的な Republicanism, "Hoover is a hoot フクロウ. Roosevelt is a scrootch フクロウ. A hoot フクロウ bangs into the roost and knocks the 女／おっせかい屋 clean off and catches her while she's 落ちるing. But a scrootch フクロウ slips into the roost and scrootches up to the 女／おっせかい屋 and 会談 softly to her. And the 女／おっせかい屋 just 落ちるs in love with him, and the next thing you know, there ain't no 女／おっせかい屋." Had there ever been before, in American political life, a man who could 支配する a 明言する／公表する with machine guns, subdue a 立法機関 完全に to his will, and yet produce the sort of hilarity 代表するd by a 発言／述べる in the course of his comment on the Mardi Gras: "Once I got 招待するd to one of their balls. I went 負かす／撃墜する to a pawn shop and bought a silk shirt for six dollars with a collar so high I had to climb up on a stump to spit"?

Huey Long had a fantastic, Utopian "株 Our Wealth" program for the country, very explicit as to 客観的なs but very vague as to methods. It began with "Every family to be furnished by the 政府 a homestead allowance, 解放する／自由な of 負債, of not いっそう少なく than one-third the 普通の／平均（する） family wealth of the country, which means, at the lowest, that every family shall have the reasonable 慰安s of life up to a value of from $5,000 to $6,000." It ended with a 条項 布告するing, "The raising of 歳入 for the support of this program to come from the 削減 of swollen fortunes from the 最高の，を越す." No wonder the New 取引，協定, 支持する／優勝者 of the "forgotten man," 恐れるd Huey's rising 力／強力にする! When during 1935 the Democratic 国家の 委員会 行為／行うd a secret 投票 on a 国家の 規模, it 設立する that on a third-party ticket Long would be able to 命令（する） between three and four million 投票（する）s for the 大統領／総裁などの地位. And nobody could tell how much その上の he might go.

Roosevelt must reckon also with another one-time 同盟（する） who, like Long, had left the New 取引，協定 保留（地）／予約: Father Coughlin of the 神社 of the Little Flower, whose eloquence over the 無線で通信する had 伸び（る）d for his 国家の Union for Social 司法（官） an 巨大な に引き続いて, somewhat 類似の to Huey Long's. Father Coughlin's 発言する／表明する was raised in に代わって not only of "a living 年次の 行う" but of "nationalization of banking and 通貨 and of 国家の 資源s." How much strength might this prophet of the 空気／公表する waves 命令（する） by 1936, if 回復 continued to lag, and how would he 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる it?

Even more portentous, for a time, seemed the incredible organization 長，率いるd by Dr. Francis E. Townsend of Long Beach, California. Not until the first of January, 1934, had this 年輩の 内科医 発表するd his 計画（する） for a 政府 allowance of $200 a month to every 国民 60 years of age or older, the 年金 to be 財政／金融d by a 物品税--and to be spent by each 受取人 within 30 days, thus 保証するing (so the argument ran) such a wave of spending that 商売／仕事 would にわか景気 and the 物品税 would easily be borne. Yet so glowing was the 控訴，上告 of the Townsend Old Age 回転するing 年金s 計画（する）, and so clever was Townsend's 補佐官 Robert L. Clements in 組織するing Townsend Clubs, welding them into a hierarchic 国家の system, and 供給するing the faithful with a Townsend 国家の 週刊誌 and with （衆議院の）議長s' 手動式のs, Townsend buttons, stickers, tire covers, and automobile plates, that within a year the Townsend planners were said to 所有する the folks, in their 年次の 条約, as they heard Townsend and Clements に例えるd to George Washington and Alexander Hamilton, and rose to sing

Onward, Townsend 兵士s,
Marching as to war,
With the Townsend 旗，新聞一面トップの大見出し／大々的に報道する
Going on before.
Our 充てるd 兵士s
企て，努力，提案 不景気 go;
Join them in the 戦う／戦い,
Help them fight the 敵!

it was no smiling 事柄 for the Democratic general staff that the number of Townsend Club members was conservatively 概算の at three million, and that the movement, by the end of 1935, had 伸び（る）d at least ten million 支持者s. Old age, it appeared, must be served.

And what of the 共産主義者s? They were few in number compared with these other groups, but the 影響（力） of their scattered スパイ／執行官s in 刺激するing labor 論争s and 申し込む／申し出ing 積極的な labor leadership was 不均衡な 広大な／多数の／重要な, the 知識人 不快な／攻撃 行うd by their 新聞記者／雑誌記者s and writers was powerful, and they formed the spearhead for a wide-範囲ing attack upon the New 取引，協定 from the left--an attack epitomized in such 調書をとる／予約するs as The 経済的な Consequences of the New 取引，協定, by Benjamin Stolberg and 過密な住居 Jay Vinton, which 公然と非難するd Roosevelt for trying to "組織する scarcity" instead of "組織するing 豊富" and for trying 単に to shore up the vicious and doomed system of capitalism, instead of wholeheartedly 味方するing with the proletariat in the coming "irreconcilable 衝突 between 資本／首都 and labor." To the 共産主義者s and their 同盟（する）s, in 1934 and 早期に 1935, a 自由主義の who did not stand for unrelenting war in this 衝突 was a 国粋主義者／ファシスト党員 in sheep's 着せる／賦与するing. 外国人 to the American temper and American habits of thought as the 共産主義者 credo was, it had a boldness, a last-訴える手段／行楽地 ferocity, that might commend itself to millions of desperate men.

What of the 未来 可能性s of some such movement as Upton Sinclair's EPIC (End Poverty in California) （選挙などの）運動をする? Sinclair had recommended that the 失業した be 始める，決める to work producing for one another, setting up--by an 拡張 of the 物々交換する 計画（する）s which had been so hopefully tried at the 底（に届く） of the 不景気--a sort of economy-within-the-going-economy. Sinclair had 脅すd 繁栄する Californians half to death in the 選挙s of 1934, and had been 敗北・負かすd only with the 援助（する） of 動議 pictures 偽のd by the Hollywood studios, showing dreadful-looking bums arriving in California by the carload to enjoy the new Eden that Sinclair 約束d.

And what of the 農業者-labor movement in the Northwest, and of the 積極的な 知事 Floyd Olson of Minnesota as a possible leader?

In 取引，協定ing with these さまざまな political menaces on the left the quarterback showed himself to be a brilliant broken-field 走者. Roosevelt smiled upon Sinclair--without embracing him. 押し進めるing 今後 the Social 安全 法案, he gave implicit 保証／確信 to the Townsendites that he ーするつもりであるd to 安全な・保証する for them at least half a loaf. Not without a 味方する ちらりと見ること at Huey Long and Father Coughlin, he suddenly produced in the summer of 1935 a 提案 to 増加する the 税金s upon the rich--to 徴収する a big （死傷者）数 upon 相続物件s and large incomes and a 卒業生（する）d 税金 upon 会社／団体 incomes. The 税金 did not produce much 歳入 and its 影響 upon the 豊富な was apoplectic; but Huey was so delighted that he moved 支援する on the New 取引，協定 保留（地）／予約--for how long, nobody could 予報する.

Yet all the broken-field dodging in the world could hardly have got Roosevelt past all these captains of dissent had not luck, too, 介入するd on his 味方する. The luck assumed strange guises. Who would have guessed that Stalin, 恐れるing the rise to 力／強力にする of Hitler and Mussolini, would have called upon good 共産主義者s everywhere to join 軍隊s with 自由主義の 民主主義者s in Popular 前線s--as he did in the summer of 1935--and that the advice from Moscow would soon spike the guns which the 共産主義者s had been leveling at Roosevelt? Or that the powerful Olson of Minnesota would 落ちる fatally ill and be unable to 長，率いる a third party? Or that Huey Long, walking 負かす／撃墜する the 回廊（地帯） of his own 明言する／公表する （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 in Baton 紅 in the evening of September 8, 1935, would be 発射 by a young 内科医, Carl Austin Weiss, Jr., and fatally 負傷させるd--while Huey's 護衛s, leaping too late to his 弁護, 演習d the 暗殺者 with sixty-one 弾丸s?

ｧ 6

While these assorted 脅しs were still 脅迫的な the New 取引，協定 from the left, there fell from the 権利 such a 団体／死体 blow that almost its whole program seemed in danger of annihilation. In a 全員一致の 決定／判定勝ち（する） on May 27, 1935, the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 最高裁判所 無効にするd the NRA.

By 関わりあい／含蓄, その上に, the 法廷，裁判所 did much more than that. Had it struck 負かす／撃墜する the NRA alone, the blow would not have been staggering; for the NRA, as we have seen, had long since been 認めるd as the problem child of the New 取引，協定. Had the 法廷，裁判所's 反対 簡単に been to the 草案ing of the 法令, the blow would not have been staggering; for 議会 and the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある were accustomed to 存在 reminded that he who 立法者s in haste must 推定する／予想する to be 無効にするd at leisure. Had the 法廷，裁判所 even been content with 反対するing--as it did 反対する--to the way in which the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する had 委任する／代表d lawmaking 力／強力にするs to 貿易（する） 協会s, the blow would not have been staggering. What was lethal about the 決定／判定勝ち（する） was that--as Charles and Mary 耐えるd have put it--"In the opinion that supported the 決定／判定勝ち（する）, the 長，指導者 司法（官） seemed to 封鎖する every （法などの）抜け穴 for the 規則 of 手続きs, hours, and 給料 in 産業s by 連邦の 法律."

The 決定／判定勝ち（する） 暗示するd that it would be 憲法違反の for the 連邦の 政府 to を取り引きする a 国家の 産業の or social or 農業の problem by dictating to individual factories, 蓄える／店s, or 農業者s what they should do. For the 操作／手術 of a factory, によれば the 法廷，裁判所's 推論する／理由ing, was an intrastate 操作／手術--even if the raw 構成要素s which it 製造（する）d （機の）カム from another 明言する／公表する, and the factory competed with factories in other 明言する／公表するs. The 操作／手術 of a 蓄える／店 was intrastate, even if this 蓄える／店 was operated by a 国家の chain 会社にする／組み込むd in another 明言する／公表する, sold goods made in other 明言する／公表するs, and was at a hundred other points 影響する／感情d by the 経済的な 条件s in other 明言する／公表するs. The growing of 刈るs was an intrastate 過程, even if when grown they moved into interstate 商業 and the price which the 農業者 received was 扶養家族 upon a 国家の market. No, said the 法廷，裁判所: under the 憲法 the 連邦の 政府 may 規制する only interstate 商業, and 非，不，無 of these things are interstate 商業 as we 解釈する／通訳する it. Not even in a 国家の 緊急 may the 連邦の 政府 を取り引きする them. "驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 条件s do not create or 大きくする 憲法の 力／強力にする."

If the 決定／判定勝ち（する） of May 27, 1935, was remarkable, so was the 大統領's manner of replying to it. Four days later, more than two hundred newspaper men （人が）群がるd into the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある Offices at the White House to hear what he had to say. Jammed shoulder to shoulder in the hot room--for it was a warm day outside--and too cramped for ready 公式文書，認める-taking, they listened to a discussion of the 決定／判定勝ち（する） which lasted for an hour and twenty-five minutes. While Mrs. Roosevelt, sitting beside the 大統領, knitted 刻々と on a blue sock, Roosevelt began by reading a few of the 電報電信s that had reached him since the 決定／判定勝ち（する）--電報電信s asking whether there wasn't something he could do to "save the people"--and then, placing a fresh cigarette in his 支えるもの／所有者, began a 手段d and carefully thought-out, if informal, 分析 of the meaning of the 決定／判定勝ち（する）, which he said was "more important than any 決定／判定勝ち（する） probably since the Dred Scott 事例／患者." Only two or three times did his 発言する／表明する rise in 怒り／怒る, but it thrilled with intensity throughout, and the reporters could have no 疑問 that he was profoundly moved.

"The big 問題／発行する," said the 大統領, "is this: Does this 決定／判定勝ち（する） mean that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府 has no 支配（する）／統制する over any 経済的な problem?" And again--after a long 分析 of the changes in the nature of the 国家の economy since the Interstate 商業 条項 was written, and of the 増加する in 経済的な interdependence since the days of the 早期に 法廷，裁判所 決定／判定勝ち（する）s 解釈する／通訳するing that 条項 厳密に--"We have been relegated to the horse-and-buggy 鮮明度／定義 of interstate 商業." A 広大な／多数の／重要な question, he said, had been raised for 国家の 決定／判定勝ち（する）--"The biggest question that has come before this country outside of time of war, and it has to be decided. And, as I say, it may take five years or ten years."

Before the 特派員s とじ込み／提出するd out, there （機の）カム a question from one of them: "You made a 言及／関連 to the necessity of the people deciding within the next five or ten years. Is there any way of deciding that question without 投票（する）ing on a 憲法の 改正 or the passing of one?"

"Oh, yes, I think so," said the 大統領. "But it has got to come, in the final 分析."

"Any suggestion as to how it might be made, except by a 憲法の 改正?"

"No; we 港／避難所't got to that yet."

Nor was he to get to it for nearly two years.

一時期／支部 Eight

WHEN THE FARMS BLEW AWAY

ｧ 1

It was on Armistice Day of 1933 that the first of the 広大な／多数の／重要な dust 嵐／襲撃するs swept across South Dakota.

"By 中央の-morning a 強風 was blowing, 冷淡な and 黒人／ボイコット. By noon it was blacker than night, because one can see through night and this was an opaque 黒人／ボイコット. It was a 塀で囲む of dirt one's 注目する，もくろむs could not 侵入する, but it could 侵入する the 注目する，もくろむs and ears and nose. It could 侵入する to the 肺s until one coughed up 黒人／ボイコット. If a person was outside, he tied his handkerchief around his 直面する, but he still coughed up 黒人／ボイコット; and inside the house the Karnstrums soaked sheets and towels and stuffed them around the window ledges, but these didn't help much.

"They were afraid, because they had never seen anything like this before. . . .

"When the 勝利，勝つd died and the sun shone 前へ／外へ again, it was on a different world. There were no fields, only sand drifting into 塚s and eddies that 渦巻くd in what was now but an autumn 微風. There was no longer a section-line road fifty feet from the 前線 door. It was obliterated. In the farmyard, 盗品故買者s, 機械／機構, and trees were gone, buried. The roofs of sheds stuck out through drifts deeper than a man is tall."

I 引用する from an account by R. D. Lusk, in the Saturday Evening 地位，任命する, of the way in which that first 広大な／多数の／重要な 嵐／襲撃する of blowing dust 攻撃する，衝突する the 470-acre Karnstrum farm in Beadle 郡, South Dakota. But the description might 適用する 平等に 井戸／弁護士席 to thousands of other farms on the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains all the way from the Texas Panhandle up to the Canadian 国境, and to any one of numberless 嵐／襲撃するs that swept the Plains during the next two years. For the "広大な／多数の／重要な 黒人／ボイコット blizzard" of November 11, 1933--which darkened the sky in Chicago the に引き続いて day and as far east as Albany, New York, the day after that--was only a 序幕 to 災害. During 1934 and 1935 thousands of square miles were to be laid waste and their inhabitants 始める，決める 流浪して upon desperate 移住s across the land.

Long afterward, an 年輩の farm woman from the Dust Bowl--one of that straggling army of 難民s whose predicament has been made vivid to hundreds of thousands of readers in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath--told her story to Paul Taylor and Dorothea Lange in California. She 述べるd how her family had done pretty 井戸／弁護士席 on their Arkansas farm until the 不景気, when prices had fallen and they had 設立する themselves in hard 海峡s. "And then," said she, "the Lord taken a 手渡す."

To many others it must have seemed as if the Lord had taken a 手渡す in bringing the 砂じん嵐s: as if, not content with visiting upon the country a man-made 危機--a 不景気 原因（となる）d by men's 無（不）能 to manage their 経済的な 事件／事情／状勢s farsightedly--an omnipotent 力／強力にする had followed it with a visitation of nature: the very land itself had risen in 反乱. (To other people, omnipotence may have seemed to be enjoying a sardonic joke at the expense of the New 取引，協定's 農業の 調整 program: "So it's 刈る-削減 you want, is it? 井戸／弁護士席, I'll show you.") Yet this was no blind 一打／打撃 of nature such as that of the ハリケーン which, wandering far from the paths usually followed by ハリケーンs, tore across New England in the 落ちる of 1938, 押し寄せる／沼地ing towns, ripping up forests, and taking nearly seven hundred lives. There was a long story of human error behind it.

During the latter part of the nineteenth century the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains--a 地域 of light 降雨, of sun and high 勝利，勝つd, of waving grasses, "where seldom is heard a discouraging word, and the skies are not cloudy all day"--had been the 広大な／多数の／重要な cattle country of the nation: a 広大な open area, unfenced at first, where the cowboys tended the cattle-kings' herds. Before the end of the century this 範囲 had been 不正に 損失d by over-grazing, によれば 同時代の 連邦の 報告（する）／憶測s, and the land was 存在 ひどく 侵略するd by homesteaders, who tried manfully to wring a living from the 半分-arid 国／地域. But it was not until the 広大な／多数の／重要な War brought a 抱擁する 需要・要求する for wheat, and tractors for large-規模 machine farming became 利用できる, that the Plains began to come into their own as a 刈る-producing country, and the sod-covering which had 保護するd them was 骨折って進むd up on the grand 規模. Throughout the nineteen-twenties the area 充てるd to big wheat farms 拡大するd. A new 力／強力にする 時代 had come, it was said, to revolutionize American 農業; factory methods were 存在 triumphantly 適用するd to the land.

To be sure, there wasn't much rain. The mean 年次の 降雨 was only between 10 and 20 インチs on the Plains (as compared with, for example, 20 to 40 in the Mississippi Valley 地域, 40 to 50 in the North 大西洋 地域, 40 to 60 in the Ohio and Tennessee 水盤／入り江s, and 75 and more in the 太平洋の Northwest). But there was a pretty 都合のよい 一連の years during the nineteen-twenties and the 農業者s were not much 乱すd.

In a 最近の 報告（する）／憶測 of the 国家の 資源s 委員会 there is a 明らかにする／漏らすing 地図／計画する. It shows--by means of 黒人／ボイコット dots scattered over the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs--the 地域s where there was an 増加する, between 1919 and 1929, in the acreage of land in 収穫d 刈るs: in short, it shows the 地域s newly 侵略するd by the 刈る 農業者. Easily the most 目だつ feature of the 地図／計画する is an 不規律な blur of those 黒人／ボイコット dots running from north to south just a little east of the Rocky Mountains--running from the Canadian 国境 at the northern 辛勝する／優位 of Montana and North Dakota, 負かす／撃墜する through the Dakotas, western Kansas and Nebraska and eastern Colorado, and then into Oklahoma and northern Texas. This, very 概略で, was the next 地域 of 約束--and the 地域 of 未来 悲劇.

Nineteen-thirty was a bad year in parts of this 領土--and worse どこかよそで; it was then, you may 解任する, that 大統領 Hoover was agitated over the question whether 連邦の money should be 認めるd to 干ばつ-苦しめるd 農業者s. Nineteen-thirty-one was worse in the Dakotas; 1932 was better. Then （機の）カム 1933: it was a swinger, hot and 乾燥した，日照りの. During that first summer of the New 取引，協定, 農業者s in South Dakota were finding that they couldn't raise even enough corn to 料金d the livestock. In western Kansas not a 減少（する） of rain fell for months. Already the topsoil was blowing; there were places in Kansas where it was said that 農業者s had to excavate their tractors before they could begin to 骨折って進む. That 落ちる （機の）カム the Armistice Day 黒人／ボイコット blizzard.

But it was during 1934 and 1935--the years when Roosevelt was 押し進めるing through his 財政上の 改革（する）s, and Huey Long was a 国家の portent, and the languishing NRA was put out of its 悲惨 by the 最高裁判所--that the 温度計 in Kansas stayed week after week at 108 or above and the 黒人／ボイコット 嵐／襲撃するs 激怒（する）d again and again. The 干ばつ continued 激烈な／緊急の during much of 1936. Oklahoma farms became 広大な／多数の／重要な dunes of 転換ing sand (so like seashore dunes, said one 観察者／傍聴者, that one almost 推定する／予想するd to smell the salt). Housewives in the 干ばつ belt kept oiled cloths on the window sills and between the upper and lower sashes of the windows, and some of them tried to 調印（する） up every aperture in their houses with the gummed paper （土地などの）細長い一片s used in wrapping 小包s, yet still the choking dust filtered in and lay in ripples on the kitchen 床に打ち倒す, while outside it blew blindingly across a No Man's Land; roads and farm buildings and once green thickets half-buried in the sand. It was in those days that a 農業者, sitting at his window during a 砂じん嵐, 発言／述べるd that he was counting the Kansas farms as they （機の）カム by.

天罰 for the very human error of breaking the sod of the Plains had come in 十分な 手段. And, as often happens, it was visited upon the innocent 同様に as upon the 有罪の--if indeed one could えり抜く any individuals as 有罪の of so 普及（する） an error as social shortsightedness.

ｧ 2

西方の fled the 難民s from this new Sahara, as if obedient to the old American tradition that 西方の lies the land of 約束. In 1934 and 1935 Californians became aware of an 増加するing influx into their 明言する／公表する of families and groups of families of "Okies," traveling in 古代の family jalopies; but for years the streams of humanity continued to run. They （機の）カム along U. S. 主要道路 30 through the Idaho hills, along 主要道路 66 across New Mexico and Arizona, along the Old Spanish 追跡する through El Paso, along all the other 西方の 追跡するs. They （機の）カム in decrepit, square-shouldered 1925 Dodges and 1927 La Salles; in 乱打するd 1923 Model-T Fords that looked like 遺物s of some antique culture; in トラックで運ぶs piled high with mattresses and cooking utensils and children, with スーツケースs, jugs, and 解雇（する）s strapped to the running boards. "They roll 西方の like a parade," wrote Richard L. Neuberger. "In a 選び出す／独身 hour from a grassy meadow 近づく an Idaho road I counted 34 automobiles with the license plates of 明言する／公表するs between Chicago and the mountains."

They left behind them a half-depopulated countryside. A 調査する of the farmhouses in seven 郡s of southeastern Colorado, made in 1936, showed 2878 houses still 占領するd, 2811 abandoned; and there were also, in that area, 1522 abandoned homesites. The total number of 干ばつ 難民s who took the 西方の trek over the mountains was variously 概算の in 1939 at from 200,000 上向きs--with more coming all the time.

As these wanderers moved along the 主要道路s they became a part of a 広大な and 混乱させるd 移住する movement. When they （軍の）野営地，陣営d by the wayside they might find themselves next to a family of 立ち退かせるd white Alabama sharecroppers who had been on the move for four years, snatching seasonal farm-labor 職業s wherever they could through the 南西; or next to tenant families from the Arkansas Delta who had been "tractored off" their land--expelled in order that the owner might 強固にする／合併する／制圧する two or three farms and operate them with tractors and day labor; or next to 孤独な wanderers who had once held 産業の 職業s and had now for years been on 救済 or on the road--jumping freights, hitchhiking, panhandling, shunting 支援する and 前へ／外へ across the countryside in the faint hope of a 持続する 職業. And when these 変化させるd streams of migrants reached the Coast they 設立する themselves in desperate 競争 for 職業s with individuals or families who for years had been "fruit tramps," moving northward each year with the 収穫s from the 皇室の Valley in southern California to the Sacramento Valley or even to the apple-選ぶing in the Yakima Valley in Washington.

Here in the land of 約束, 農業 had long been partly 産（工）業化するd. 抱擁する farms were in the 支配（する）／統制する of absentee owners or banks or 会社／団体s, and were accustomed to depend upon the labor of 移住する "fruit tramps," who had 以前は been mostly Mexicans, Japanese, and other foreigners, but now were ますます Americans. Those 労働者s who were lucky enough to get 職業s 選ぶing cotton or peas or fruit would be 避難所d 一時的に in （軍の）野営地，陣営s consisting typically of でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる cabins in 列／漕ぐ／騒動s, with a water line between every two 列／漕ぐ／騒動s; they were very likely to find in their cabin no stove, no cots, no water pail. Even the best of the （軍の）野営地，陣営s 申し込む／申し出d a way of life strikingly different from that of the ruggedly individualist 農業者 of the American tradition, who owned his farm or else was 準備するing, by working as a 居住（者） "雇うd man," or by renting a farm, for the chance of ultimate 所有権. These pickers were homeless, voteless nomads, unwanted anywhere save at the 収穫 season.

When wave after wave of the new migrants reached California, the labor market became glutted, 収入s were low, and 職業s became so 不十分な that groups of poverty-stricken families would be 設立する squatting in 一時しのぎの物，策 Hoovervilles or bunking miserably in their ぎこちない old Fords by the 道端. 存在 Americans of native 在庫／株 and accustomed to independence, they took the 不十分な 給料 and the humiliation 激しく, sought to 組織する, talked of striking, いつかs struck. At every such 脅し, something like panic 掴むd the growers. If this new proletariat were permitted to 組織する, and were to strike at 選ぶing time, they might 廃虚 the whole season's 生産（高） of a perishable 刈る. There followed anti-picketing 法令／条例s; the spectacle of 武装した 副s dislodging the migrants from their pitiful （軍の）野営地，陣営s; 暴力／激しさ by 禁止（する）d of vigilantes, to whom these ragged families were not fellow-国民s who had 苦しむd in a 広大な／多数の／重要な American 災害 but dirty, ignorant, superstitious outlanders, 失敗s at life, 平易な dupes for "red" agitators. This （海，煙などが）飲み込むing tide of discontent must be kept moving.

さらに先に north the 難民s were likely to be received with more sympathy, 特に in 地域s where the farms were small and not 産（工）業化するd; here and there one heard of instances of real 歓待, such as that of the Oregon town which held a canning festival for the 利益 of the 干ばつ 犠牲者s in the 近隣. The 井戸／弁護士席-managed （軍の）野営地，陣営s 始める，決める up by the Farm 安全 行政 were 港／避難所s of human decency. But to the 広大な 大多数 of the 難民s the 約束d land 証明するd to be a place of new and cruel 悲劇.

ｧ 3

These unhappy wanderers of the West were only a small 少数，小数派 of the 農業者s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. What was happening to the 残り／休憩（する） of them?

We have already seen the AAA beginning the colossal 仕事 of making acreage-削減 協定s with millions of 農業者s in the hope of jacking up the prices of 刈るs and thus 回復するing American 農業 to 経済的な health. We have seen it making credit 利用できる to 農業者s and trying, through the Farm Mortgage 支払い猶予／一時停止 行為／法令／行動する and other 法律制定, to 解放する／自由な them of the 即座の hazards of 負債. Just how successful the AAA program could be considered was still, at the end of the １０年間, a 支配する of ferocious 論争, if only because one could not separate its 影響 upon prices from the 影響s wrought by the 干ばつ and by the general 改良 in 経済的な 条件s after 1933. But certainly farm prices rose. For example, the 農業者 who had received, on the 普通の／平均（する）, only 33 cents a bushel for wheat in 1933 received 69 cents in 1934, 89 cents in 1935, 92 cents in 1936, $1.24 in 1937, and 88 cents in 1938. The cotton 農業者 who had received an 普通の／平均（する） price of 5.6 cents a 続けざまに猛撃する for his cotton in 1933 received between 10 and 13 cents during the next four years, and 7.9 cents in 1938. And certainly there was a general 改良 in the 条件 of those 農業者s who owned their own farms--and lived outside the worst 干ばつ areas. A 調査する of 3,000 farms in さまざまな parts of the country--mostly better-than-普通の／平均（する） farms--made by the Department of 農業 in 1938 showed a 際立った 伸び（る） in 器具／備品 and in 慰安; more of these farms had electricity than in 1930, more had tractors and トラックで運ぶs, more had bathrooms, automobiles, and 無線で通信するs. But this was not a 完全にする picture of what had happened.

To begin with, 量s of 農業者s had lost their farms during the hideous 早期に years of the 不景気--lost them by 推論する／理由 of 負債. These farms had mostly fallen into the 手渡すs of banks or 保険 companies, or of small-town 投資家s who had held the mortgages on them, or were 存在 held by 政府 団体／死体s for 非，不，無-支払い（額） of 税金s, or had been bought in at 税金 sales. As 早期に as 1934, the 国家の 資源s Board 明言する／公表するd that nearly thirty per cent of the total value of farm land in the West North Central 明言する／公表するs was owned by "creditor or 政府 機関s which have been compelled to take over the 所有物／資産／財産." At the small prairie city, the 地元の 代表者／国会議員 of a big New York 保険 company was a very busy man, 監督するing the 管理／経営 of tracts of 所有物／資産／財産 far and wide. The tentacles of the octopus of 主要都市の 財政上の 支配（する）／統制する reached more 深く，強烈に than ever before into the prairie country--though one must 追加する that this octopus was a most unwilling one, and would have been only too glad to let go if it could only get its money 支援する. (As time went on, the 主要都市の and other 保険 companies made 決定するd 成果／努力s to find 買い手s for their farm 所有物／資産／財産s, 財政／金融ing these 買い手s on 平易な 条件.) In the callous old 塀で囲む Street phrase, the farms of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had been "passing into stronger 手渡すs"; and that meant that more and more of them, owned by people who did not live on them, were 存在 operated by tenants.

For over half a century at least, farm tenancy had been on the 増加する in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. 支援する in 1880, only 25 per cent of American farms had been run by tenants. Slowly the 百分率 had 増加するd; now, during the 不景気, it reached 42. The growth of tenantry 原因（となる）d many 疑惑s, for not only did it shame the 罰金 old Jeffersonian ideal of individual landholding--an ideal in which most Americans 堅固に believed--but it had other disadvantages. Tenants were not likely to put 負かす／撃墜する roots, did not feel a 十分な sense of 責任／義務 for the land and 器具／備品 they used, were likely to let it 悪化する, and in general were いっそう少なく 相当な 国民s than those 農業者s who had a 永久の 株 in the community. In 1935, いっそう少なく than two-thirds of the tenant 農業者s in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had 占領するd their 現在の land for more than one year! In the words of Charles and Mary 耐えるd, "Tenants wandered from farm to farm, from landlord to landlord, from 地域 to 地域, on foot, in 乱打するd wagons, or in dilapidated automobiles, 一般的に dragging families with them, usually to 条件s lower in the 規模 of living than those from which they had fled."

The passing of farms into "stronger 手渡すs" was …を伴ってd by another change. More and more the farm owner, whether or not he operated his own farm, was coming to think of himself as a 商売／仕事 man, to think of farming as a 商売／仕事. He was いっそう少なく likely to use his farm as a means of subsistence, more likely to use as much of it as possible for the growing of 刈るs for sale. He was more 利益／興味d in bookkeeping, more 警報 to the advantages of farm 機械／機構, and 特に of operating with tractors on the largest possible 規模. A striking example of this 傾向 was the 外見 of the "スーツケース 農業者"--a small-town 商売／仕事 man who bought a farm or two, （疑いを）晴らすd them of houses and barns, spent a few weeks of each year 工場／植物ing and 収穫ing them (using his own tractor or a 雇うd one), and さもなければ 充てるd himself to his 商売／仕事, not living on the land at all. A Kansas 銀行業者 told Ladd Haystead, toward the end of the １０年間, that he 概算の that between twenty and thirty per cent of the land in western Kansas was owned by スーツケース 農業者s. This was what was happening to the 領土 whence the 犠牲者s of 干ばつ had fled!

In 確かな parts of the South and 南西 this 傾向 toward making a 機械化するd 商売／仕事 of farming took a form even more 悪意のある in the 注目する，もくろむs of those who believed in the Jeffersonian tradition. In these 地区s farm tenancy was becoming 単に a way 駅／配置する on the road to farm industrialism. The tenants themselves were 存在 除去するd. その上に, the AAA, strangely enough, was unwittingly 補助装置ing the 過程.

How 平易な for an owner of farm 所有物／資産／財産, when the 政府 申し込む／申し出d him a check for 減ずるing his acreage in 生産／産物, to throw out some of his tenants or sharecroppers, buy a tractor with the check, and run his farm mechanically with the 援助（する） of 雇うd labor--not the sort of year-一連の会議、交渉／完成する 雇うd labor which the old-time "雇うd man" had 代表するd, but labor engaged only by the day when there happened to be work to be done! During the nineteen-thirties large numbers of renters and sharecroppers, both 黒人／ボイコット and white, were 存在 追い出すd in the South--to the tune of angry 抗議するs by the Southern Tenant 農業者s' Union, 平等に angry 報復 by the landlords and their 同盟（する）s, and a 取引，協定 of the sort of barbarous cruelty which we have 公式文書，認めるd in California. In the areas where large-規模 cotton farming with the 援助（する） of 機械／機構 was practicable, tenants were expelled 権利 and left. Fortune told of a big Mississippi planter who bought 22 tractors and 13 4-列／漕ぐ／騒動 cultivators, 立ち退かせるd no いっそう少なく than 130 of his 160 sharecropper families, and kept only 30 for day 労働者s. During the years 1930-37, the sales of farm tractors in ten cotton 明言する／公表するs 増加するd no いっそう少なく than ninety per cent--and the 指示，表示する物s were that at the end of that period the 増加する was 加速するing. While the number of farms operated by tenants was growing どこかよそで in the country between 1930 and 1935, it 現実に 拒絶する／低下するd a little in the West South Central 明言する／公表するs. In two cotton 郡s of the Texas Panhandle, 熟考する／考慮するd by Paul S. Taylor in 1937, it 拒絶する／低下するd はっきりと. And here was the 推論する／理由: "一般的に, the landlord who 購入（する）s a tractor throws two 160-acre farms operated by tenants into an operating 部隊, and lets both tenants go. いつかs the 率 of 排水（気）量 is greater, rising to 8, 10, and even 15 families of tenants."

Where did the 追い出すd tenants go? Into the towns, some of them. In many 田舎の areas, 国勢（人口）調査 人物／姿／数字s showed an 増加するd town 全住民 and 同時に a depopulated countryside. Said the man at a gas 駅／配置する in a Texas town, "This 救済 is 廃虚ing the town. They come in from the country to get on 救済." Some of them got 職業s running tractors on other farms at $1.25 a day. Some went on to California: out of farming as a settled way of life into farming as big 商売／仕事 扶養家族 on a large, 動きやすい 供給（する） of labor.

So far this new pattern was only fragmentary and was 限定するd mostly to the South and West, though the number of 移住する farm 労働者s was growing 急速な／放蕩な even along the 大西洋 seaboard. Perhaps the onrushing 農業の industrialism would 証明する as short-lived as the earlier 疫病／流行性の of tractor farming which had 約束d so much for the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains during the nineteen-twenties--would lead once more to depletion of the 国／地域 and thus to its own undoing as 井戸／弁護士席 as the land's. Perhaps those agrobiologists were 権利 who believed that the 傾向 of the 未来 would be toward smaller farms and more 集中的な 産する／生じるs. The 比較して new science of farm chemurgy was 明らかにする／漏らすing all sorts of new 産業の uses for farm 製品s; du Pont, for example, was using farm 製品s in the making of cellophane, Duco, 動議-picture film, rayon, pyralin, plastecele, fabrikoid, sponges, window shades, hair ornaments, handbags, alcohols, and a lot of other things which one would hardly associate with the old-fashioned farm. Yet even if the 農業者 of the 未来 who 適用するd new methods to the growing of 専攻するd 刈るs for 専攻するd uses would be able to operate best with a small tract of land, as some people 推定する／予想するd, would he be able to operate without more 資本／首都 than most 農業者s 所有するd? That question was still unanswered.

一方／合間 large-規模 tractor farming was spreading 急速な／放蕩な, and was repeating the harshnesses of 中央の-nineteenth century industrialism--as if America had learned nothing in the 暫定的な.

How far would the new 傾向 go? Would 広大な／多数の／重要な 機械化するd farm 会社／団体s, perhaps controlled from the 主要都市の cities, 徐々に put out of 商売／仕事 the smaller farms of those rolling areas, such as abounded in the Old Cotton South, where tractors could not readily be used? Would the cotton picker invented by the Rust brothers of Memphis 加速する this change? What would become, then, of the already 哀れな sharecroppers? Were other parts of the country 運命にあるd sooner or later to go through the same sort of 移行 that was taking place in the South and West, producing a 抱擁する, roving, landless proletariat of the land, helpless if unorganized, 脅迫的な if 組織するd because it had no 火刑／賭ける in the land and its settled 会・原則s? These questions, too, waited for answers.

ｧ 4

For a 世代 or more the conservationists had been 警告 the country that it was squandering its 遺産 of land and forests and fields and minerals and animal life: that in 影響 it was living riotously on its 資本／首都 of 国家の 資源s. But to most 国民s the 支配する had seemed dull, academic. Now, in the Dust Bowl, the Lord had "taken a 手渡す" in 指示／教授／教育. And hardly had the 黒人／ボイコット blizzards blown themselves out when--as if distrustful whether the country 適切に realized that 干ばつs and floods were not 相いれない phenomena, but were associated results of human misuse of the land--the Lord drove the lesson home. The rivers went on a rampage.

"In 1936"--I 引用する from Stuart Chase's 要約--"the Merrimac, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, Allegheny, and Ohio all went wild. The Potomac was up twenty-six feet at Washington and long 障壁s of sandbags 保護するd 政府 buildings. . . . Pittsburgh was under ten to twenty feet of water and was without lights, 輸送（する）, or 力／強力にする. The life of 700,000 people was 麻ひさせるd. The food 供給（する） was 廃虚d, the steel 産業 at a 行き詰まり." The に引き続いて January, the unseasonably warm and 雨の January of 1937, the Ohio River produced what was perhaps, all things considered, the worst flood in American history.

The 明らかにする facts of that flood are impressive. The Ohio rose 7.9 feet higher than it had ever risen before at Cincinnati, 6.8 feet higher than it had ever risen before at Louisville. Nine hundred people were 概算の to have lost their lives by 溺死するing or by other 死傷者s resulting from the flood. The number of families driven from their homes was 始める，決める at 500,000; the number still homeless a month after the worst of the 危機 was 始める，決める by the Red Cross at 299,000.

But these 人物／姿／数字s give no impression whatever of what men and women experienced in each town during the latter days of January as the 渦巻くing waters rose till the Ohio seemed a 広大な／多数の／重要な 急ぐing muddy lake 十分な of floating 難破, and the 冷淡な rain 霧雨d inexorably 負かす／撃墜する, and every stream 追加するd its swollen 出資／貢献 to the 激流. 鉄道／強行採決する 跡をつけるs and roads washed away. Towns darkened as the electric-light 工場／植物s were 潜水するd. 商売／仕事 停止（させる）d, food 供給（する）s stopped, 解雇する／砲火／射撃s 激怒（する）ing out of 支配（する）／統制する, 病気 脅すing. The city of Portsmouth, Ohio, 開始 six 広大な／多数の／重要な 下水管 弁s and letting seven feet of water 急ぐ into its 商売／仕事 地区, lest its famous 固める／コンクリート flood 塀で囲む be destroyed. Cincinnati giving City 経営者／支配人 Dykstra 独裁的な 力／強力にするs. The 無線で通信する 存在 used to direct 救助（する） work and 問題／発行する 警告s and 指示／教授／教育s to the 全住民 as other means of communication failed: a 静める 発言する／表明する at the microphone telling 救助者s to 列／漕ぐ／騒動 to such-and-such an 演説（する）／住所 and take a family off the roof, to 列／漕ぐ／騒動 somewhere else and help an old woman out of a second-story window. Breadlines. The Red Cross, the Coast Guard, the WPA 補佐官ing in the work of 救助（する） and 再組織. 戦争の 法律. Churches above the water line 存在 used as 避難s. Dead 団体／死体s of horses and cattle--yes, and of men and women--floating through the streets, along with tree 支店s, ガソリン 戦車／タンクs, beams from 崩壊（する）d houses. Mud everywhere, as the waters receded--mud and stench. Most 劇の of all, perhaps, the 勝利を得た fight to save Cairo, Illinois: men piling more and more sandbags 頂上に the levee, standing guard day and night, 急ぐing to 強化する the 塀で囲む of 弁護 wherever it 弱めるd, as the waters rose and rose--and did not やめる break over.

By this time everybody with any capacity for 分析 was ready to begin to understand what the 政府 専門家技術者s had long been 説 in their monographs; what Stuart Chase and Paul B. Sears and David Cushman Coyle, the Mississippi Valley 委員会 and the 国家の 資源s 委員会, and Pare Lorenz's very 罰金 films, "The River" and "The Plough that Broke the Plains," were repeating in more popular 条件: that floods 同様に as 砂じん嵐s were 大部分は the result of 無謀な misuse of the land. Indeed, as 早期に as the beginning of 1936, when the 最高裁判所 threw out the 農業の 調整 行為／法令／行動する, 議会 took account of the new understanding in 改造するing its farm program. The new 法律 was labeled a 国／地域 自然保護 and 国内の Allotment 行為／法令／行動する, and the new 刈る 調整s were called "国／地域-腐食 調整s."

Already at many points the 政府 was at work 回復するing a deforested and degrassed and eroded countryside. In the CCC （軍の）野営地，陣営s, young men were not only getting healthy 雇用, but were 新たにするing and 保護するing the forest cover by 工場／植物ing trees, building firebreaks, 除去するing inflammable underbrush, and building check dams in gullies. The 専門家s of the 国／地域 自然保護 Service were showing 農業者s how to fight 腐食 by terracing, contour 骨折って進むing, rotation of 刈るs, （土地などの）細長い一片 cropping, and gully 工場／植物ing. After the 砂じん嵐s, for example, they 論証するd how the 転換ing dunes of Dalhart, Texas, could be held in place by 工場／植物ing them with milo, Sudan grass, and 黒人／ボイコット amber 茎. Under the 監督 of the Forest Service, the 政府 between 1935 and 1939 工場／植物d 127,000,000 trees to serve as windbreaks on the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains. The Taylor Grazing 行為／法令／行動する of 1934 stopped homesteading on the 広大な／多数の／重要な 範囲 and gave the Department of the 内部の 力／強力にする to 妨げる over-grazing on eighty million acres.

PWA 基金s were going into the construction of dams which would 援助（する） in flood 支配（する）／統制する (and also 延長する 航海), such as that at Fort つつく／ペック in eastern Montana, which was to create a lake 175 miles long. The TVA--that most combative and most remarkable of New 取引，協定 機関s--was not 簡単に creating a new electric-light and 力／強力にする system in 競争 with 個人として owned 公共事業（料金）／有用性s (though this part of its work stirred up ten times as much excitement as all the 残り／休憩（する） put together); its dams were also controlling floods, and it was showing 農業者s how to を取り引きする 腐食, how to use phosphates. (In 1937, during the Ohio River flood, the Tennessee River did not misbehave.) Other PWA 基金s were 供給するing a better irrigation system for parts of Utah where water was running short. The colossal dam at Grand Coulee, Washington--the biggest thing ever built by man--was getting ready to pump water for the irrigation of 1,200,000 acres of 砂漠 land, 同様に as to 供給する 水力電気 力／強力にする in 量 (like its sister dam at Bonneville) for the 未来 開発 of the Northwest. These were only a few of the 非常に／多数の 企業s going ahead 同時に.

Nor was the 政府 請け負うing these 企業s in a wholly piecemeal manner: through its 国家の 資源s 委員会 and other 機関s it was making 包括的な 熟考する／考慮するs of the country's 資源s and 器具／備品, so that the movement of 復古／返還 and regeneration could proceed with a 最大限 of 知恵.

ｧ 5

With the 援助（する） of these 熟考する／考慮するs--and of the lessons taught by 干ばつ and flood--more and more Americans, during the latter nineteen-thirties, were beginning to see the problem of their country's 未来 in a new light. They were beginning to realize that it had reached 成熟. No longer was it growing 手渡す-over-握りこぶし.

移民／移住 was no longer 追加するing appreciably to its numbers: indeed, during the years between 1931 and 1936, the number of 外国人s emigrating from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had been larger each year than the number immigrating: the tide had 現実に been trickling in 逆転する. If, beginning in 1936, the 後継の tide had 増加するd again as Europeans sought to escape from the 影をつくる／尾行する of Hitlerism, even so the total remained tiny in comparison with those of pre-war years. Ellis Island was no longer a place of furious activity. The time was at 手渡す when the number of foreign-born people in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs would be はっきりと 減らすd by death, and the sound of foreign languages would be heard いっそう少なく and いっそう少なく in the streets of American cities. Already the schools, the 製造業者s of children's 着せる／賦与するing, and the toy 製造業者s were beginning to notice the 影響s of the 減らすd birth 率 (accentuated by the sharp 減少（する） during the 早期に 不景気 years). 令状ing in the spring of 1938, Henry Pratt Fairchild 報告（する）／憶測d that there were over 1,600,000 より小数の children under 10 in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs than there had been five years earlier. School 主要な／長／主犯s, 直面するing smaller entering classes of children, could 井戸／弁護士席 understand what the 全住民 専門家s were talking about when they 予報するd a slower and slower 全住民 growth for the country, with an 増加するing 割合 of old people and a 減少（する）ing 割合 of young ones. They could see the change taking place before their own 注目する，もくろむs.

That the frontier was の近くにd was not yet やめる true, a 世代 of historians to the contrary notwithstanding; for the Northwest was still a land of essentially frontier 可能性s. Yet for a long time past, young men and women bent on fortune had mostly been going, not west, but to the cities. If the 犠牲者s of the Dust Bowl and the tractor had 押し進めるd west, their 運命／宿命 had been ironic. The 簡潔な／要約する return to the country of 広大な／多数の／重要な numbers of 失業 city dwellers during the 早期に 不景気 years had only 一時的に slowed 負かす／撃墜する the movement from farm to city and town. For a long time past, the fastest-growing communities had been, by and large, not Western にわか景気 towns but the 郊外s which （犯罪の）一味d the big cities--and during the nineteen-thirties these 郊外s were still 追加するing to their numbers. 産業, by and large, was no longer moving 西方の; the 広大な／多数の／重要な 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of the country's 製造業の was still done along the north 大西洋 seaboard and in the （土地などの）細長い一片 of 領土 running thence out through Pennsylvania and Ohio to Chicago and St. Louis--and some 観察者／傍聴者s, even believed they （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd during the nineteen-thirties a slight 転換 支援する toward the East.

American individuals and families were becoming more nomadic. This was partly 予定 to the omnipresence of the automobile; there were three million more cars on the road in 1937 than in 1929, for though より小数の cars were sold, more old ones were still in use. Partly, as we have seen, it was 予定 to the 不景気 search for 職業s and to the eviction of farm tenants. But American 会・原則s appeared, 地理学的に, to be settling 負かす／撃墜する.

Still there was a chance for a far richer 開発 of the country, and the chance was most 明白な west of the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains. Yet if this 開発 was to be 持続する, the new 開拓するing must be more disciplined than the old. The hard fact that the days were over when Americans could plunder and move on, stripping off forests, ripping out minerals, and 骨折って進むing up 牧草地s without regard to the long consequences, was now 侵入するing the public consciousness--even while the men and women whose farms had blown away were still wandering homeless through the land.

一時期／支部 Nine

THE VOICE WITH THE SMILE WINS

ｧ 1

Dance orchestras were blaring 前へ／外へ "The Music Goes '一連の会議、交渉／完成する and '一連の会議、交渉／完成する" and one could hardly turn a 無線で通信する dial without 審理，公聴会 the ubiquitous 差し控える. Major 屈服するs was the 現在の 無線で通信する sensation, so 温かく did he 問い合わせ into the life histories of the yodelers and jews-harp-players on his Amateur Hour, and so spontaneous and 予期しない seemed the 井戸／弁護士席-rehearsed programs. At the movie houses Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers were dancing nimbly in "Follow the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い." Gary Cooper was about to introduce his audiences to the word "pixillated" in the hilarious courtroom scene of "Mr. 行為s Goes to Town." Seven-year-old Shirley 寺 was becoming the rising 星／主役にする of Hollywood. She had no such income-税金 troubles as had Mae West, whose salary of $480,833 for the 先行する year had been second only, in all the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, to that of William Randolph Hearst; nor could any Shirley 寺 picture attract at its 開始 such （人が）群がるs as 迎える／歓迎するd Charlie Chaplin's "Modern Times"; but her curls and her childish smile made the 広大な／多数の／重要な American heart throb with 感情. (She was about to appear in "Captain January.")

To 得点する／非難する／２０s of thousands of readers, Life with Father was still 申し込む／申し出ing an 知識 with the rambunctious Clarence Day, 上級の; North to the Orient, an 空気／公表する ride with the Lindberghs. の中で best-selling novels, Vein of アイロンをかける and It Can't Happen Here were 産する／生じるing their leadership to The Last Puritan, and people who believed in the finer things of life were 表明するing 楽しみ that a 本物の hundred-パーセント philosopher like George Santayana should have been able to 攻撃する，衝突する 商業の success on the nose. In the fastnesses of the publishing house of Macmillan the editors were wondering whether a 来たるべき novel of theirs, Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the 勝利，勝つd, might かもしれない sell 同様に as Anthony 逆の. (It would not only do that but within its first six months would sell over a million copies--a prodigious 記録，記録的な／記録する--and would 始める，決める ladies' 昼食 （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs from coast to coast buzzing with the question whether Scarlett O'Hara really got Rhett Butler 支援する--and who せねばならない play Scarlett on the 審査する.)

It was a 冷淡な winter in the North, with 激しい drifts of snow. Sales of skiing 器具／備品 were noteworthy, and the snow trains bore away to the uplands innumerable incipient 専門家s in the slalom--or in the lesser art of teetering 安全に 負かす／撃墜する a very small hill. Over in Germany the Olympic winter sports were 存在 held, as a 序幕 to that monstrous summer carnival of 運動競技のs in which it was to be 明らかにする／漏らすd to the 注目する，もくろむs even of Adolf Hitler that Nordics, whatever their transcendent virtues, could not run as 急速な／放蕩な as 黒人／ボイコット 足緒 Owens. (The Germans, however, would have their reply ready: had not their Max Schmeling confounded the sports writers by 敗北・負かすing Joe Louis at the Yankee Stadium by a technical ノックアウト in the twelfth 一連の会議、交渉／完成する?)

If the zest of ladies and gentlemen for 法人組織の／企業の 財政／金融 was 存在 circumscribed by the SEC, they at least could 請け負う imaginary feats of 財政上の daring in the parlor game of "Monopoly." The time was approaching when a popular if short-lived 転換 の中で さもなければ reasonable Americans would be the 交流 of such curious pleasantries as these: "Knock, knock." "Who's there?" "Eskimo, Christian, and Italian." "Eskimo, Christian, and Italian who?" "Eskimo, Christian, and Italian no lies."

In short, the year 1936 was getting under way--the year when 大統領 Roosevelt's New 取引，協定 would have to 直面する the 投票者s.

How much water had gone under the 橋（渡しをする） since 1932, when Roosevelt had first been a 候補者 for the White House! Gone was the prospect of 切迫した 財政上の 大災害. Gone was popular 不信 of the solvency of the banks: bank 失敗s now were few and far between. Gone was any real hope of collecting the war 負債s (except from Finland); was it possible that only five years 以前, Herbert Hoover had tried to 停止（させる） the 不景気 by 提案するing a year's 延期する in 支払い（額）s? Gone was any hope of 早期に return to the 伝統的な international gold 基準: managed 通貨s had become the order of the day. 病弱なing at least, if not gone, was the 恐れる of 即座の headlong インフレーション of the 通貨. (Although the 抱擁する 連邦の 赤字s--larger than any in Hoover's time--原因（となる）d 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な headshakings, にもかかわらず people went 権利 on buying 政府 社債s.) Yet 病弱なing also was any real 期待 of an abrupt 経済的な 沸き立つ which would 除去する speedily the 失業 problem. Although people still talked of "the 緊急" or "the 危機," 明確に they were no longer thinking of any "sudden juncture," any "moment of danger," such as dictionary 鮮明度／定義s of those 条件 would 暗示する; this "緊急" had become 半分-永久の. The 経済的な system had pulled out of its 沈むing （一定の）期間 of 1929-33 only to become a chronic 無効の, whose 気温 was lower now in the mornings but showed no 調印するs of returning quickly to normal. Americans were getting used to the fact that nine or ten million of their fellow-countrymen were out of work.

No longer was there any question, in the minds of most Americans 有能な of 現実主義の thought, that the 政府 must carry a 激しい 責任／義務 for the successful or 不成功の working of the 経済的な system. Having once 介入するd, it could not extricate itself even if it would. The 審議 was only about the extent to which the 介入 should go. The 経済的な （警察，軍隊などの）本部 of the country had not only moved from 塀で囲む Street to Washington, but 明らかに had settled 負かす／撃墜する there for an 不明確な／無期限の stay. If, as we have seen, 経済的な 当局 still tended to gravitate from the countryside to the cities and from the lesser cities to New York, until 広大な／多数の／重要な tracts of land in the Mississippi Valley were 支配する to the dictates of New York (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs, no longer did those (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs 問題／発行する their dictates as they pleased; when Washington spoke, they knew they heard their master's 発言する／表明する. Even the 広大な／多数の／重要な House of Morgan--長，率いる, 前線, and symbol of the one-time 主権，独立 of 塀で囲む Street--had been 軍隊d to divide itself into two 関心s, one for 商業の banking, the other for 投資 banking. No major 決定／判定勝ち（する） could any longer be made in 塀で囲む Street without the question 存在 asked, "What will Washington say to this?"

The 政府 was growing in size and 複雑さ 同様に as in 力／強力にする. Whenever a new fever attacked the 団体／死体 politic, new 連邦の 機関s multiplied--like white 血球s in the 血--to fight it. The custom of the time 法令d that each 機関 must be known by the 初期のs of its 肩書を与える, but soon there were so many that only an 専門家 could identify them by these alphabetical 任命s. RFC, NRA, and WPA might be 平易な even for the elementary class in 政治の nomenclature; AAA, CCC, SEC, and TVA for the 中間の class; but what did HOLC stand for, and FHA, and FCA and NYA--to について言及する only a few?

Because the riddles which the New 取引，協定 直面するd were beyond its ability (or, probably, anybody's ability) to solve with real success, and because anyhow it was easier to 手渡す out 補助金s to the 犠牲者s of a maladjustment than to bring the maladjustment to an end, this swelling 政府 設立 had become a 抱擁する 補助金を支給するing machine--手渡すing out 連邦の 救済 支払い（額）s, farm allotment 支払い（額）s, and other "緊急" 利益s innumerable, to say nothing of war 特別手当s and such venerable 補助金s as kept the color in the 病弱な cheeks of the merchant 海洋; until by 1936 an （資金の）充当／歳出 of a hundred million dollars looked like small change, and even a billion seemed no bigger than a light-year seems to an 天文学者.

All this 開発 of the 連邦の 力／強力にする the 共和国の／共和党のs 見解（をとる）d with loud alarm; yet with such an 空気／公表する of inevitability did the growth take place that one wondered whether the 共和国の／共和党のs, should they come to 力／強力にする, would be able to 逆転する the 傾向. It seemed likely that the difference between the two parties would be that one of them, in moving toward the 集中 of 力／強力にする in Washington, would move with the throttle open; the other, with the ブレーキs on.

In the world outside the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs the changes between 1932 and 1936 were even more striking. No longer could フラン be thought of as the pre-著名な 力／強力にする on the Continent. British 外交 was beginning that 一連の 降伏するs and 回避s which was presently to 減ずる はっきりと the prestige of the Empire. The League of Nations, which had failed to make Japan 悔いる its 侵略 of Manchuria in 1931, and was now failing to make Mussolini 悔いる his 侵略 of Ethiopia in 1935, was in its death throes. The Nazi 政府 of Germany, though only three years old, was already alarming the Continent; and was about to begin, with its march into the Rhineland, that 一連の bold 領土の moves which were to keep all Europe in 恐れる of 即座の general war. Mussolini, the father of fascism, was 転換ing from 対立 to Hitler to 同盟 with this younger and more furious disciple of the 全体主義者 idea. The European 中心 of gravity was moving definitely toward Berlin.

No longer were 決定的な 経済的な 決定／判定勝ち（する）s made at international 会議／協議会s of 銀行業者s; now they were made only by the political leaders of 明言する／公表するs. That 傾向 toward 集中 of 国家の 当局 in the 政府 which was noticeable in Washington was noticeable almost everywhere else--even in Britain and フラン. Russia was becoming いっそう少なく and いっそう少なく the exponent of a 革命の form of 経済的な and social organization and more and more a nation whose 独裁的な 政府 追求するd 国家主義者 ends in a world of 国家の 競争s. In Germany, the central 力／強力にする was now 絶対の. 国家の 社会主義 had become the most dynamic 宗教 of the day, and the 長，率いる of the 明言する／公表する was 速く becoming an 反対する of worship. Watching the German spectacle, American 観察者／傍聴者s were wondering whether the world was irresistibly 予定 for an 時代 of political, racial, 宗教的な, and 知識人 intolerance.

It had been 推定する／予想するd that the 経済的な 障壁s between nations would 徐々に be 解除するd after the worst of the 不景気 was over. But now these 障壁s were stronger than ever. In Germany the 客観的な of the Nazi 政府 was no longer まず第一に／本来 to solve the insoluble 経済的な problems which 直面するd every 政府 in the nineteen-thirties, but to give its people the thrill and pride of conquest; and to 達成する 繁栄 incidentally by putting the 失業した to work (as in a 広大な public-作品 （選挙などの）運動をする) at 軍備-making, and by controlling its inflated 通貨 and 井戸／弁護士席-nigh every other 経済的な activity through the 演習 of central 当局. The Nazis were 反抗するing half the 経済的な axioms of the days of 解放する／自由な 商売／仕事 企業 and--at least 一時的に--getting away with it. They were in fact 廃止するing 経済的なs 完全に, in the sense that the word 暗示するs an organization of the 決定／判定勝ち（する）s of 解放する／自由な men, and were 代用品，人ing for it an organization of compulsions and conquests.

As Germany re-武装した, so did the other 政府s. By 1936 an international 軍備s にわか景気 was in 十分な swing. Indeed, so 扶養家族 were the さまざまな 国家の economies becoming upon 武器 製造業の that some 観察者／傍聴者s were beginning to wonder which would be worse, the general war which so many people dreaded, or the true peace which so many people longed for and which would put out the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s in hundreds of factories and might light the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s of 反乱 in millions of hungry men.

Whenever people thought of "the danger of war," they thought of such a general headlong 衝突 as had broken out in 1914. 専門家s on 外務 had been 予報するing at intervals ever since the 早期に nineteen-twenties that such a 衝突 would surely 勃発する next month or next year or within two or three years at the most; and now their 予測s were more 緊急の than ever. Yet the pattern of 国際関係 which was 存在 設立するd in Europe was a pattern neither of general war nor of true peace. It was a pattern of continuous half-war: of nations remaining 部分的に／不公平に 動員するd, 部分的に／不公平に on a war 地盤; making quick sallies to 得る，とらえる this 領土 or that, knowing that the dread of another 1914 would 妨げる anybody from stopping them until it was too late; of nations 伸び（る）ing new spheres of 影響（力） by 補助金を支給するing 反乱s in other countries (or even 補佐官ing these 反乱s by 軍隊 of 武器) as the Italians and Germans were すぐに to 援助（する） フランス系カナダ人's 反乱 in Spain. In short, it was a pattern of 転換ing, localized, undeclared, unceasing 衝突. War? Peace? This was neither, by the vocabulary even of 1932: it was something in between, to which the words of an earlier day no longer 適用するd.

Truly it was a new world upon which Americans were looking in 1936: a world 十分な of the 難破 of the verities not 単に of 1929 but even of 1932.

ｧ 2

At last 商売／仕事 条件s in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs were definitely 改善するing. The 連邦の Reserve Board's Adjusted 索引 of 産業の 生産／産物 (which as you may 解任する had sunk as low as 58 and 59 in the crises of 1932 and 早期に 1933, had leaped to 100 during the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon, had then slipped 支援する to 72 by November, 1933, and had obstinately hung in the seventies and eighties throughout 1934) had now begun to show a pretty 限定された 上向き 傾向. By the beginning of 1935 it had risen as far as 90. By the end of 1935 it had reached 101. And after a 簡潔な／要約する relapse into the nineties, it swept on during 1936 to 104 in June, 108 in July and August, 109 in September, 110 in October, 114 in November, and 121 in December--within striking distance of the 記録，記録的な／記録する 人物／姿／数字 of 125 which had been 始める，決める in 1929.

A very pretty picture indeed--yet one could not appraise it rightly without 公式文書，認めるing several disquieting facts. One was that the 生産／産物 人物／姿／数字 would have to rise much higher than 125 to 吸収する the 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of the 失業した. Labor saving 機械／機構, 速度(を上げる）-up methods of work, and (n)役員／(a)執行力のある efficiency had now made it possible to produce more goods with いっそう少なく 労働者s. Perhaps there was significance also in the fact that as a result of the 減少（する） in the birth 率 and the の近くにing 負かす／撃墜する of 移民／移住, a larger 割合 of the people of the country than ever before were of working age. Another disquieting fact was that the 改良 was 存在 安全な・保証するd at a price--the price of a rising 連邦の 負債. The 逮捕する 赤字s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府 had been running as follows:--

会計年度 ending June 30, 1933 (which またがるd the Hoover and Roosevelt 行政s): $2,602,000,000

会計年度 ending June 30, 1934: $3,630,000,000

会計年度 ending June 30, 1935: $3,002,000,000

To which was now 存在 追加するd the 1936 人物／姿／数字 of $4,361,000,000

This latter enormous 人物／姿／数字 for 1936 was by no means attributable 単独で to New 取引，協定 政策s; for it was not only 影響する／感情d by the 破壊 by the 最高裁判所 of the 過程ing 税金s 徴収するd by the AAA, but was also very 厳粛に 大きくするd by 議会's 投票（する）ing of the 特別手当 over Roosevelt's 拒否権. On June 15, 1936, the postmen sallied 前へ／外へ to 分配する over a billion and a half dollars in 社債s and checks. Most of these were cashed within the next three months. What wonder that the 赤字 was larger than ever before--and that, with these new 基金s 存在 spent all over the country, the 商売／仕事 索引 was rising?

Throughout these 早期に years of the New 取引，協定 the levels of prices and 給料 and the structure of 法人組織の／企業の and 私的な 負債 were 存在 artificially supported by 政府 spending--or, to put it another way, by the 失敗 of the 政府 to 徴収する high enough 税金s to take care of the spending. If it had been possible for the 法律 of 供給（する） and 需要・要求する to work 邪魔されない, prices and 給料--and the 容積／容量 of 法人組織の／企業の and 私的な 負債--would theoretically have fallen to a "natural" level and activity could have been 再開するd again. But it was not possible for the 法律 of 供給（する） and 需要・要求する to work 邪魔されない. In a コンビナート／複合体 twentieth-century economy, デフレ was too painful to be 耐えるd. Hoover had 始める，決める up the RFC because the banks couldn't take it; Roosevelt had 始める，決める up the 連邦の 救済 system because human 存在s couldn't take it. Some of Roosevelt's 助言者s, embracing the theory of John Maynard Keynes (and also making a virtue of necessity), had been arguing for some time that when the 政府, by over-spending, 注ぐd new money into the 経済的な bloodstream, 商売／仕事 would be 刺激するd and a new 調整 would be reached at a higher level, thus （判決などを）下すing the anguish of デフレ unnecessary. The new money would "prime the pump" of 商売／仕事; presently all sorts of new 商売／仕事s would be undertaken, there would be a にわか景気, the 失業した would be 吸収するd in 産業, and all would be 井戸／弁護士席. Roosevelt hoped that this would happen, and so far the 過程 seemed to be beginning. 商売／仕事 was 選ぶing up. But where, oh, where, were the new 企業s?

During the 先行する year there had been a かなりの 容積／容量 of 資本／首都 flotations, but 主として these flotations had been undertaken 単に to refund old 問題／発行するs of 安全s at lower 利益／興味 率s: 利益／興味 率s having gone 負かす／撃墜する, 会社／団体s had been 掴むing the happy 適切な時期 to 代用品，人 3 ³/₄ per cent 社債s for 5 per cent 社債s. Few of the flotations had 代表するd the 投資 of money in the 拡大 of old 商売／仕事s or in the 就任（式）／開始 of new ones. Uninvested money was piling up in the banks instead of 存在 spent in building and equipping new factories. In short, the pump was not working 権利.

Of course it was not working 権利, argued most 商売／仕事 men. The trouble was that 投資家s were 脅すd. 自然に they were distrustful of the New 取引，協定's 改革論者 zeal and of the very spending 政策 which was supposed to entice their money into the 資本／首都 markets. Surely the pump would work really 井戸／弁護士席 before long, replied the New 売買業者s; and how could they 削減（する） expenses without destroying buying 力／強力にする and perhaps 餓死するing their fellow-国民s? 熱望して they continued to prime the pump. Year after year, in his 予算 messages, the 大統領 who had berated Hoover in 1932 for failing to balance the 予算 表明するd the hope that next year, or the year after, the balance would at last be 達成するd; but like the man who 断言するs that this little drink is 前向きに／確かに his last one, presently he began to sound as if he did not 納得させる even himself.

There were other somewhat unsettling facts about this 回復, too. The Lynds noticed, for example, that in "Middletown" it was harder now for a man to start a small 商売／仕事 than it had been even a １０年間 before. "The Middletown tradition is all in 好意 of an 企業ing man with an idea and a shoestring of 資本／首都," they 公式文書，認めるd. "But it is this type of small 企業 that has gone under in Middletown in the 不景気." Personal 貯金 had been eaten up, 銀行業者s were 用心深い, the 傾向 in 製造業の was toward such large and expensively equipped shops that the small 製造業者 was at a disadvantage, and the going 関心s in many lines of 商売／仕事 were inclined, with or without the 援助（する） of their 貿易（する） 協会s, to make things hot for a newcomer. It was the big 会社／団体s, by and large, which were making the 利益（をあげる）s; small ones were lucky indeed to break even. Here was a 障壁 to new 投資 (which will be 公式文書，認めるd more fully in the last 一時期／支部 of this 調書をとる／予約する): the 半端物s were against making money in fledgling 企業s.

Even inside going 商売／仕事s, as the Lynds also pointed out, the ladder of 適切な時期 was not so readily climbed as it once had been. The 技術d 労働者 was finding that the higher-paid and more important positions were going to a different class of 特に trained men. "In other words," said the Lynds, "Andrew Carnegie's advice to 企業ing young men to begin at the 底（に届く） no longer appears to be sound advice. Men of his type are advising young men today to get a toehold in one of the 管理の or technical departments halfway up the ladder."

Was this a 調印する of a 漸進的な crystallization of class structure in American society? Certainly it was hard for reliefers to get themselves out of the 救済 class. It was hard for dispossessed 農業者s to get 支援する on the land. If it was also harder than it had been for the man without a higher education or 影響力のある friends to get a 職業 in the upper 階級s of 商売／仕事, how would fare the American dream of a classless 僕主主義 in which anyone could go to the 最高の，を越す?

ｧ 3

But how welcome was even this modest and dubiously 設立するd 回復 of 1936! The 鉄道／強行採決するs, to be sure, were not getting much of it; but the automobile companies were selling more cars than in any previous season save 1928 and 1929, the steel 産業 was operating の近くに to capacity at last, the 消費者s' goods 産業s and chain 蓄える／店s were mostly going strong, and even the building 産業--which had come to a 長引かせるd and almost 完全にする 停止（させる） during the worst of the 不景気--was climbing briskly (with 政府 援助（する）) up the lower 山のふもとの丘s of 回復. (No longer was it 必然的に embarrassing to ask an architect what he was doing these days.) There seemed to be plenty of 解放する／自由な-and-平易な spending の中で the 繁栄する: Miami was having its best season since the 崩壊（する） of the Florida にわか景気 in the distant days of Calvin Coolidge, there were lavish d饕utante parties in the big cities, the race 跡をつけるs were （人が）群がるd, the cash 登録（する）s were tinkling in the night clubs. 明らかに the men of means, looking ruefully 支援する on what had happened to their 投資s under Hoover and meditating fearfully on what might happen to them under Roosevelt, were putting their money where they could enjoy it 権利 away.

There were 明白な 約束s, too, if one looked about one, of what might 証明する to be a new 産業の age. A few of the more progressively managed 鉄道／強行採決するs, shaking themselves out of their long 科学技術の nap, were running 悪賢い new 簡素化するd trains made of duralumin, stainless steel, or corten. The Union 太平洋の had started the new movement by 完全にするing a dural train 早期に in 1934, the Burlington had followed with a stainless steel Zephyr, and by the end of 1936 there were 358 cars made of these new 構成要素s in 操作／手術 or under construction for the Class I 鉄道／強行採決するs of the country. Whenever one of the fancy new trains was put on 展示, （人が）群がるs 殺到するd through it, 入り口d: here was a symbol of the new America they 手配中の，お尋ね者. 空気／公表する-条件ing was coming in 急速な／放蕩な, too, not only in the movie theatres and 鉄道／強行採決する trains but in restaurants and shops and offices 同様に. As for 簡素化するing, it had become a 簡潔に overworked fad. In 1934 and 1935 some of the automobile companies had produced cars so bulbous, so obesely curved as to 反抗する the natural preference of the 注目する，もくろむ for 水平の lines; the city streets were 存在 侵略するd by new busses 簡素化するd against the terrific 空気／公表する 抵抗 built up while 辛勝する／優位ing through 都市の traffic at ten miles an hour; and the 簡素化する idea was 存在 適用するd by designers even to やめる 静止している buildings and to 反対するs of furniture which would never have to 直面する a stronger 草案 than that of an electric fan.

New ocean liners were breaking 記録，記録的な／記録するs for size and 速度(を上げる）. In June, 1935, the New York waterfront had been lined with （人が）群がるs and the harbor had resounded with tootings of welcome as the Normandie arrived; a year later the 歓迎会 was to be repeated as the Queen Mary swept in from England. As for airplanes, one had only to compare the 広大な／多数の／重要な silvery Douglas DC3 of June, 1936, which had a 巡航するing 速度(を上げる） of 200 miles an hour, with the 110-mile-an-hour 輸送（する） 計画（する）s of 1932. Coast-to-coast travel in 夜通し 空気／公表する sleepers had become a 事柄 of 決まりきった仕事. In October, 1936, the 中国 Clipper finished its first scheduled 一連の会議、交渉／完成する-trip 乗客 flight across the 太平洋の to Manila and 支援する. Not yet was there any 乗客 service across the 大西洋 by 計画（する）, but there was service by 空気／公表する nonetheless: Germany's newest dirigible, the Hindenburg, began in 1936 a 正規の／正選手 一連の flights--nor did any one then guess what would happen to that graceful ship of the 空気／公表する on May 6, 1937.

The 運転者 too could get, here and there, a glimpse of the 約束 of a new world when he 設立する himself 巡航するing at 60 miles an hour on a 抱擁する 井戸／弁護士席-banked 主要道路, with underpasses and majestic clover-leaf 交差点s--a 主要道路 which 滑らかに skirted the towns in which, a few years before, his car would have been clogged in 地元の traffic. It was all new and exciting, this world of beautiful 速度(を上げる）, as exciting as it was to follow a guide about Rockefeller 中心, New York, the one and only 超高層ビル group to rise in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs during the nineteen-thirties, and to see how a combination of 冷静な／正味の design and gay 工場／植物ing and 向こうずねing new 構成要素s could brighten the 主要都市の scene.

New 構成要素s? Why, it was beginning to seem as if the 化学者／薬剤師s and metallurgists could produce any sort of 実体 that was needed. はしけ, tougher steels, made with nickel, chromium, tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum. Plastics ふさわしい to the making of anything from automobile steering wheels to tableware, from 無線で通信する 閣僚s to dice. New 人工的な 繊維s made from cellulose, and new 過程s for 抽出するing cellulose from Southern pines. Plywood with absurdly un-woodlike 質s. Certainly the technical men were making ready the 構成要素s for the world of tomorrow, however discouragingly the 生産／産物 of these marvels lagged. What boundless 可能性s might be locked in the 開発 of tray 農業? What marvels of efficiency might not the photo-electric 独房 make possible? What would television do to entertainment and news 配当 in the 未来? Would the two-cycle ディーゼル engine revolutionize the 生産／産物 and 伝達／伝染 of 力／強力にする? And how would people live when the pre-捏造する，製作するd house moved out of the 段階 of 実験 into the 段階 of 集まり 生産／産物? Questions like these were running through people's minds; the American imagination was beginning to break loose again.

Was there, perhaps, some new machine, some new gadget the furious 需要・要求する for which would 始める，決める in 動議 a new にわか景気--something like the automobile or the 無線で通信する? In the spring and summer of 1936 a 広大な／多数の／重要な many people thought they had 設立する one. Way 支援する in the summer of 1929, just before the Panic, a bacteriologist 指名するd Arthur G. Sherman had built for his family a little house on wheels which could be 牽引するd behind his car on vacations. It attracted so much 都合のよい attention wherever he went that he built a few more, and 展示（する）d one of them at the Detroit Automobile Show in 1930. Presently he was 製造業の them on an 拡大するing 規模, other 製造業者s were leaping in, householders with a knack for 道具s were building their own trailers in their backyards. By 1936 the number of house trailers on the road was 概算の by 自動推進の Daily News at 160,000. On New Year's Day, 1937, Florida 観察者／傍聴者s 報告（する）／憶測d that these contrivances were crossing the 明言する／公表する line at the 率 of 25 an hour. Roger Babson 宣言するd that within twenty years half the 全住民 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs would be living in them. What more lovely 見通し could there be--供給するd one did not 焦点（を合わせる） one's attention on real-広い地所 values, 税金s, 安定した 職業s, schooling for the children, 衛生設備 problems, and other such prosy 詳細（に述べる）s--than the 見通し of the coming of a carefree 時代 when the restless American could sell his house, climb into his trailer, and go 前へ／外へ to live the life of the open road?

ｧ 4

The 量 of money which was going into new things like the trailer 産業, however, was but a fraction of what was needed. What was 持つ／拘留するing 支援する the 残り／休憩（する）?

However 経済学者s might 同意しない upon this point, there was very little 不一致 の中で the 可能性のある 投資家s themselves, the possessors of 資本／首都, the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do, and 特に the very rich. What was wrong, they were sure, was "欠如（する） of 信用／信任"--and this 欠如（する） of 信用／信任 was 原因（となる）d by the 独断的な 支配する of an 行政 which spent money recklessly, followed unsound and inflationary 原則s of public 財政／金融, 産する／生じるd to the advice of 半分-共産主義者 brain-trusters, 重荷（を負わせる）d 商売／仕事 with grievous 税金s, wasted the 税金 money on crazy boondoggling 計画／陰謀s for the pampering and political 賄賂ing of the unenterprising poor, 悩ますd 商売／仕事 men with 迅速な and 予測できない and 麻ひさせるing 改革（する）s and with 政府 競争, 虐殺（する）d little pigs to 勝利，勝つ 投票（する）s from the 農業者s, encouraged labor agitators to tie up 産業, 一般に …に反対するd the "利益（をあげる） system," and 脅すd American freedom by dictating to 議会, discrediting the 最高の 法廷，裁判所, and 土台を崩すing the 憲法.

On these and other 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s against the 行政 endless changes were rung in the 保守的な 圧力（をかける）, in the speeches of 保守的な 商売／仕事 men and political leaders, in the circulars of such 変化させるd organizations as the Liberty League, the 改革運動家s, the Defenders, and the American 国家主義者s, Inc., and above all in the 私的な conversation of the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do.

That the large 所有物／資産／財産 owners and the 経営者／支配人s of large 商売／仕事s should have become indignant was not at all surprising. Buffeted and 脅すd by the 不景気, they had at first あられ／賞賛するd Roosevelt as a deliverer. Presently they had discovered that he did not ーするつもりである the "回復" for which he was working to be a 回復 of things as they had been in 1929; he 手配中の，お尋ね者 things changed. He not only continued to 圧力（をかける） for 改革（する）s, he tore to bits the 会計の 約束s of the 1932 Democratic 壇・綱領・公約 and of his own （選挙などの）運動をする speeches. He 始める，決める out to 支持する／優勝者 the いっそう少なく fortunate, to 公然と非難する such financiers and big 商売／仕事 men as stood in his way; and as their 対立 to him 常習的な, so also did his 対立 to them. Raymond Moley has told how Roosevelt, sitting with a group of men discussing the tenor of an 差し迫った 大統領の speech, would listen to their accounts of the derogatory Roosevelt stories that were going the 一連の会議、交渉／完成するs of 塀で囲む Street and 明言する／公表する Street and Chestnut Street and La Salle Street, and how his 直面する would 強化する, till it became （疑いを）晴らす that the speech would be--as Moley said--"more like a thistle than an olive 支店."

It was natural, then, that men and women of means should feel that the 大統領 had changed his course and 選び出す／独身d them out as 反対するs of the 敵意 of the 政府. It was natural that they should have become 確認するd in this feeling when, with half an 注目する，もくろむ to 土台を崩すing Huey Long's "株 Our Wealth" 不快な／攻撃, he 支援するd in the summer of 1935 a 歳入 法案 which stepped up 税金s on the rich. It was even natural that they should have felt so 堅固に about what had happened since 1933 as to seem to forget that there had been anything wrong with the country before 1933.

Yet the lengths to which some of them went in their 対立, and the extent to which this 対立 became concentrated, の中で a 広大な／多数の／重要な many of them, into a direct and 炎上ing 憎悪 of Roosevelt himself, 構成するd one of the memorable curiosities of the nineteen-thirties.

All the fumblings of a 政府 捜し出すing to extricate the country from the world-wide 不景気 which had followed the slackening of nineteenth-century 拡大; all the 作戦行動s of an 行政 trying to 始める，決める 権利 what seemed to have gone wrong in the 財政上の world during the previous １０年間, to 是正する the disadvantages under which the ありふれた man labored, and 同時に to 持続する its political 控訴，上告 to this ありふれた man--all these things were 減ずるd, in the minds of thousands of America's "best people," to the simple proposition that Franklin D. Roosevelt was 意図 upon becoming a 独裁者 at their expense. Much that Roosevelt did lent a color of justification to this 見解／翻訳／版 of history; yet in 減ずるing so much to so little these people 成し遂げるd one of the most majestic feats of simplification in all American history.

This 憎悪 of Roosevelt was strong, though far from 全員一致の, の中で the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do in all sections of the country. It was strongest and most nearly 全員一致の の中で the very rich and in those 好意d 郊外s and 訴える手段／行楽地s where people of means were best 絶縁するd against uncomfortable facts and unorthodox opinions. (To live in Locust Valley or Greenwich, let us say, to work in 塀で囲む Street, and to read only the New York 先触れ（する） Tribune in the morning and the New York Sun at night, 申し込む／申し出d excellent insulation, 特に if one concentrated devotedly upon the daily lamentations of 示す Sullivan and the uniformly sour 解釈／通訳s of 行政 政策s in the 財政上の columns of the Sun.) In general, the 憎悪 was most 激しい in the cities along the 大西洋 seaboard, with the exception of Washington, where there were 穏健なing 適切な時期s to see New 売買業者s in the flesh and to discover that they were human after all. It ゆらめくd higher and higher during 1934 and 1935 and continued at a 最高気温 until about 1938, when it appeared to 弱める somewhat, if only through exhaustion.

いつかs the anti-Roosevelt mood was humorous. On the 減刑する／通勤するing trains and at the downtown lunch clubs there was an 疫病／流行性の of Roosevelt stories, like that of the psychiatrist who died and arrived in Heaven to be 素早い行動d off to …に出席する God Himself: "You see, He has delusions of grandeur--He thinks He's Franklin D. Roosevelt." But there was nothing humorous in the 態度 of the gentlemen sitting in the big 平易な 議長，司会を務めるs at their wide-windowed clubs when they agreed 熱心に that Roosevelt was not only a demagogue but a 共産主義者. "Just another Stalin--only worse." "We might 同様に be living in Russia 権利 now." At the 井戸／弁護士席-butlered dinner party the company agreed, with rising indignation, that Roosevelt was "a 反逆者 to his class." In the smoking compartment of the Pullman car the traveling (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs compared contemptuous 公式文書，認めるs on the 大統領's utter ignorance of 商売／仕事. "He's never earned a nickel in his life--what has he ever done but live off his mother's income?" In the caba?s at Miami Beach the sun-tanned winter 訪問者s said their 商売／仕事 would be doing pretty 井戸／弁護士席 if it weren't for THAT MAN. In the country-club locker room the golfers talked about the slow pace of the 株式市場 as they took off their ゴルフ shoes; and when, out of a （疑いを）晴らす sky, one man said, "井戸／弁護士席, let's hope somebody shoots him," the burst of 協定 made it （疑いを）晴らす that everybody knew who was meant.

There was an 疫病／流行性の, too, of scurrilous Roosevelt gossip. Educated and ordinarily responsible people not only 主張するd, but 心から believed, that "everybody in Washington knew" the whole Roosevelt family was drunk most of the time; that the 推論する／理由 why Mrs. Roosevelt was "so all over the place" was that she was planning to 後継する her husband in the 大統領／総裁などの地位 "until it's time for the sons to take over"; and that Roosevelt was insane. Hadn't a 報知係 recently sat with him and tried to talk public 事件／事情／状勢s, only to be 迎える／歓迎するd with 長引かせるd and maniacal laughter? From this point the gossip ran 井戸／弁護士席 over the line into the unprintable.

A good 取引，協定 of the bitter anti-Roosevelt talk could not, of course, be taken at its 額面価格. Often it was a form of conscious self-indulgence in the emotional satisfaction of 非難するing a personal scapegoat for everything that went wrong. When, as in a New Yorker 風刺漫画, a group of ladies and gentlemen sallied 前へ／外へ to the trans-lux theatre "to hiss Roosevelt," they enjoyed the sort of 解放（する） that many 自由主義のs had enjoyed when they 非難するd all the ills of the 経済的な system on the personal wickedness of 銀行業者s, or that Nazis enjoyed when they 非難するd all the ills of Germany on the Jews. To find a scapegoat is to be spared, for the moment, any necessity for その上の examination of the facts or for その上の thought.

Yet to the extent that it stopped factual 調査 and thought, the Roosevelt-hating was 高くつく／犠牲の大きい, not only to 回復, but to the haters themselves. Because as a group (there were many exceptions) the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do regarded the presence of Roosevelt in the White House as a 十分な explanation for all that was amiss and as a 十分な excuse for not taking a more active part in new 投資, they 必然的に lost prestige の中で the いっそう少なく fortunate. For the rich and powerful could 持続する their prestige only by giving the general public what it 手配中の，お尋ね者. It 手配中の，お尋ね者 繁栄, 経済的な 拡大. It had always been ready to 許す all manner of 欠陥／不足s in the Henry Fords who 現実に produced the goods, whether or not they made millions in the 過程. But it was not 性質の／したい気がして to sympathize unduly with people who failed to produce the goods, no 事柄 how heart-rending their explanations for their 失敗. Roosevelt-hating thrust the owners and 経営者／支配人s of 商売／仕事 into inaction--into trying to resist the tide of 事件／事情／状勢s, to 始める，決める 支援する the clock. It made them 保守的なs in the sense that they were trying to 持つ／拘留する on to old things, 反して before 1929 they had been, in their own way, innovators, bringers of new things. It made them, as a group, sterile. And they were soon to learn that sterility does not 動かす public 賞賛.

ｧ 5

The 大統領の （選挙などの）運動をする of 1936 was approaching. Whom would the 共和国の／共和党のs 指名する to 具体的に表現する and galvanize the 普及した indignation against the New 取引，協定, not only の中で the rich but also の中で the 大多数 of 商売／仕事 men, and a host of others who regarded Roosevelt as 危険に 過激な, extravagant, or untrustworthy?

Hoover? No, his 指名する 解任するd too many bitter memories of 経済的な and political 敗北・負かす. Borah? He had strong popular 支援, 特に in the West, but he was fiscally unorthodox and too old and too much of a 無所属の政治家. Frank Knox of Chicago? 上院議員 Vandenberg of Michigan? All were passed over. As the time for the Cleveland 条約 drew 近づく, the 共和国の／共和党の choice settled upon a 候補者 who had been 事実上 unknown to the country before 1936 but who seemed supremely "利用できる"--知事 Alfred Mossman Landon of Kansas.

A successful 独立した・無所属 oil 生産者, Landon should 控訴，上告, the 共和国の／共和党の leaders felt, to 商売／仕事 men. A 知事 who had balanced his 明言する／公表する 予算 in trying times, he should be a fitting 基準-持参人払いの in a fight against 連邦の spending (though his 対抗者s pointed out that he had had to balance the 予算 anyhow because the Kansas 憲法 法令d it; and also that Kansas had leaned ひどく on the 連邦の 政府 for 救済 基金s). A former Bull Mooser, a man of 一般に 自由主義の 見解（をとる）s, Landon should 招待する the support of men and women in the middle of the political road. (The 保守的な die-hards were his anyhow: they would 投票（する） for the Devil himself to （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 Roosevelt.) An adroit political adjuster, Landon should be amenable to the suggestions of men on the Hill who thought Roosevelt too 独裁的な toward 議会. A friendly, likable person, with an attractive family, he should 本人自身で be a good 投票（する）-getter. If his 記録，記録的な／記録する 含む／封じ込めるd little 証拠 of brilliance, he could be 現在のd as an unassuming 普通の／平均（する） man, a 正規の／正選手 fellow who didn't 始める，決める himself up to be a superman but 所有するd plain ありふれた sense and would stick to "the American way." As the 委任する／代表s 組み立てる／集結するd in Cleveland, Landon was 明確に so far in the lead that no other 指名する was even placed in 指名／任命. Landon was 指名するd with a whoop. The "Kansas Coolidge," "the Careful Kansan," with a Kansas sunflower as his emblem, was sent 前へ／外へ to do 戦う／戦い with Roosevelt.

Landon was 供給するd with a 壇・綱領・公約 likewise ーするつもりであるd to 控訴，上告 to those in the middle of the road. Though it bristled with denunciations of the New 取引，協定, in 確かな 尊敬（する）・点s it wore a surprisingly 自由主義の 面. It did not utterly decry 連邦の 参加 in 救済, though it 支持するd the "return of 責任／義務 for 救済 行政 to 非，不，無-political 地元の 機関s." It did not utterly decry 連邦の 参加 in 農業の 規則, but 提案するd a 国家の land-use 計画（する） not wholly different from the Democratic 計画／陰謀--with, however, a greater 依存 upon the 明言する／公表する 政府s. It did not call for the 廃止する of the 安全s 行為／法令／行動する, the 在庫／株 交流 行為／法令／行動する, or the Public 公共事業（料金）／有用性 持つ／拘留するing Company 行為／法令／行動する, upon which the men of 塀で囲む Street had 注ぐd such vitriol, but called for "連邦の 規則, within the 憲法, of the marketing of 安全s to 保護する 投資家s," and 追加するd, "We 好意 also 連邦の 規則 of the interstate activities of public 公共事業（料金）／有用性s." Indeed, if a 訪問者 from 火星 had compared the two party 壇・綱領・公約s of 1936, concentrating his attention not on the denunciations and pointings-with-pride but 単に upon the 肯定的な 推薦s which they 含む／封じ込めるd, he might have wondered why feeling ran so high in this （選挙などの）運動をする.

If the 共和国の／共和党のs 需要・要求するd a balanced 予算 and "a sound 通貨 to be 保存するd at all hazards," the 民主党員s also spoke of their "決意 to 達成する a balanced 予算" and "認可するd the 客観的な of a 永久的に sound 通貨." Both 壇・綱領・公約s inveighed against monopolies, 認可するd 集団の／共同の 取引ing, 約束d to 保護する civil liberties, 認可するd the 長所 system in the civil service, and spoke friendly words about old-age 安全 (though the 共和国の／共和党のs 提案するd an altered Social 安全 system). And if the 共和国の／共和党のs 大打撃を与えるd at the 民主党員s for "flaunting" the "正直さ and 当局 of the 最高裁判所" and for "主張するing on passage of 法律s contrary to the 憲法," if they 誓約（する）d themselves to "resist all 試みる／企てるs to impair the 当局 of the 最高裁判所 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs," the 民主党員s also 提案するd "to 持続する the letter and spirit of the 憲法," explaining that if 国家の problems could not be "効果的に solved by 法律制定 within the 憲法, we shall 捜し出す such 明らかにするing 改正 as will 保証する to the 立法機関s of the several 明言する／公表するs and the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, each within its proper 裁判権, the 力／強力にする to 制定する those 法律s which the 明言する／公表する and 連邦の 立法機関s, within their 各々の spheres, shall find necessary. . . ." Surely, the 訪問者 from 火星 would have said, these parties which so 公然と非難する each other are 事実上 as Tweedledum and Tweedledee.

The 言及／関連 in the Democratic 壇・綱領・公約 to the possible need of a "明らかにするing" 改正 to the 憲法 was a master-一打／打撃 of rhetorical precision. For during the 先行する year the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 had 現れるd as the one 保守的な 軍隊 able and ready to withstand the New 取引，協定 不快な／攻撃. Not only had it thrown out the NRA, 全員一致で; in January, 1936, it had thrown out the AAA too, by a 投票（する） of 6 to 3; it had also 拒否権d the Farm Mortgage 支払い猶予／一時停止 行為／法令／行動する, the Guffey Coal 行為／法令／行動する, and several other 対策; and in these 決定／判定勝ち（する）s it had 解釈する／通訳するd so 辛うじて the interstate 商業 条項 of the 憲法 that almost every important New 取引，協定 法律 seemed likely in 予定 course to 落ちる before its scythe. Only two of the 法廷，裁判所's 決定／判定勝ち（する）s thus far had 好意d the 行政--a 5 to 4 Gold 条項 判決 and an 8 to 1 判決 on 確かな 限られた／立憲的な 段階s of the TVA. Under the circumstances the New 売買業者s' opinion of the "nine old men" of the 法廷，裁判所--or, more 特に, of the 右翼 司法（官）s--was blistering; and by contrast the 法廷，裁判所 had become to 保守的なs an 反対する of 前例のない veneration. (Above the 後部 number plate of the 保守的な's Cadillac was now affixed a plate reading SAVE THE CONSTITUTION, in the very place where, four years before, had been affixed a plate reading REPEAL THE EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT.)

Roosevelt was 深く，強烈に indignant at the 法廷，裁判所 and longed to checkmate it, but had not yet decided how to 試みる／企てる to do this. He did not want to 提案する during the （選挙などの）運動をする to 修正する the 憲法, for it would have been difficult to でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる any 改正 of the interstate-商業 条項 which might not be 代表するd by the 共和国の／共和党のs as a wide-open door to 完全にする 政府 regimentation of 商売／仕事. He 手配中の，お尋ね者 to dodge the 問題／発行する of the 法廷，裁判所 for the time 存在. That word "明らかにするing"--so innocent-looking, so suggestive of a mere 試みる／企てる to 妨げる misinterpretation--helped in the dodging.

Luck helped Roosevelt, too, and in ironical fashion. For just as the 年上の 共和国の／共和党のs were packing their 捕らえる、獲得するs to go to Cleveland for the 条約, the 最高裁判所 did a strange thing. 以前 it had thrown out 連邦の 給料-and-hours 法律制定. Now, taking the bit in its teeth, it threw out 明言する／公表する 給料-and-hours 法律制定 by 判決，裁定 against a New York 明言する／公表する 最小限 行う 法律 for women. The result was staggering: nobody could 立法者 on 給料 and hours! Not even the 共和国の／共和党の leaders could swallow that and remain smiling. As a result, after the 共和国の／共和党のs had 宣言するd in their 壇・綱領・公約 that they would "保護する women and children with 尊敬（する）・点 to 最大限 hours, 最小限 給料, and working 条件s" by 明言する／公表する 法律s, 追加するing somewhat lamely, "We believe that this can be done within the 憲法 as it now stands," 知事 Landon felt it necessary to 知らせる the 条約 that if necessary he would 捜し出す an 改正 to make this possible. Somehow this took the 辛勝する／優位 off the 共和国の／共和党の 選手権 of the 法廷，裁判所. Unwittingly the nine gentlemen in 黒人／ボイコット had 得点する／非難する／２０d a point for the embarrassed 大統領.

In other ways fortune 好意d Roosevelt. One of Landon's earliest discoverers had been William Randolph Hearst, and by 1936 the support of Hearst was いっそう少なく than an 資産. At the beginning of 1936 Al Smith, once Roosevelt's good friend and 助言者, had 脅すd to "take a walk" and had 勧めるd other 民主党員s to join him in leaving the New 売買業者s; but the 脅し had been made at a dinner of the Liberty League, an organization so studded with millionaire industrialists as to become a political 義務／負債 for the 共和国の／共和党のs. (Even in 共和国の／共和党の politics, millionaires are customarily kept in the background, behind a 納得させるing 前線 of small 商売／仕事 men and "plain people.") Adroitly 掴むing the 適切な時期 thus 申し込む／申し出d, the Democratic strategists 行為／行うd their （選挙などの）運動をする as though they were …に反対するd 単に by the millionaire Liberty League, not the 共和国の／共和党の party. When at the の近くに of the Democratic 条約 in Philadelphia--a rubber-stamp, Roosevelt-controlled 条約 which was dragged out for five days to make the merchants and hotel-keepers of Philadelphia happy and to fill the ears of 無線で通信する listeners with 勝利を得た if vacuous New 取引，協定 oratory--Roosevelt went to Franklin Field to 受託する renomination, he made a （犯罪の）一味ing speech in which the 共和国の／共和党のs were not even once について言及するd. The enemy, によれば this speech, was the "経済的な royalists," who "complain that we 捜し出す to 倒す the 会・原則s of America" when "what they really complain of is that we 捜し出す to take away their 力／強力にする." Whether one calls such a phrase good demagoguery or good politics, it 得点する／非難する／２０d with the 投票者s. The phrase became as popular as an earlier Roosevelt's 言及／関連 to "malefactors of 広大な／多数の／重要な wealth."

Even the elements 好意d the 大統領. During the summer of the （選挙などの）運動をする he made an 表面上は 非，不，無-political 小旅行する of 査察 of the 干ばつ-stricken 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains--and as he went he was に先行するd by such 激流s of rain that one of the reporters on the 大統領の special, waking one morning to look out a streaming train window at a soaking countryside, 発言／述べるd, "What's this? A flood-支配（する）／統制する trip?"

But the 大統領's greatest advantage lay in his superior personal 控訴，上告 to the 投票者s. Whether or not the 共和国の／共和党のs, succumbing to old habit, had selected an 利用できる 候補者 when they needed a 改革運動家, the fact was that Landon did not throw out 誘発するs. He spoke sensibly, thoughtfully, moderately, 含むing の中で his （選挙などの）運動をする speeches a 罰金 弁護 of freedom; but his 発言する／表明する was 厳しい compared to Roosevelt's, 特に over the 無線で通信する, where Roosevelt could swing thrillingly from 明らかに confidential 説得／派閥 to sharp-辛勝する／優位d exhortation; and though Landon had an amiable smile, it 欠如（する）d the contagious expansiveness of Roosevelt's. Whatever may have been Landon's 可能性のある abilities, as a 選挙運動者--in 対立 to one of the master 政治家，政治屋s of American history--he was hardly a man to encourage the 先頭 or to 悩ます the 敵 from the 後部.

ｧ 6

Roosevelt, by contrast, was in his element as the 戦う／戦い cries began to resound.

The group of 補佐官s which surrounded him during this （選挙などの）運動をする was different from the Brain 信用 which had surrounded him in 1932. Sam Rosenman, to be sure, was still unobtrusively at his 味方する in 政策-making discussions. Raymond Moley, although 恐らく he had left the New 取引，協定 同様に as his office in the 明言する／公表する Department in the 落ちる of 1933, had remained a confidential 大統領の 助言者, though with 病弱なing 影響（力） and growing exasperation at the 大統領's 不快な／攻撃 against big 商売／仕事. Throughout 1934 and 1935 Moley had been a constant 支援する-door 訪問者 to the White House, and he remained in の近くに touch with Roosevelt until the time of the Democratic 条約 of 1936. But the 相違 between their 見解（をとる）s had become so 特許 that after the "経済的な royalists" speech Moley was definitely through. Tugwell was no longer so の近くに to the 王位 as he had been; nor was Berle. And although Jim Farley was still on 手渡す to direct the political 管理／経営 of the （選挙などの）運動をする, the 充てるd and astute Louis Howe was not. After a ぐずぐず残る illness in the White House, Howe had died in April, 1936.

They were by no means the extreme 過激なs which 現在の 保守的な opinion made them out to be (their 草案 of the Public 公共事業（料金）／有用性 持つ／拘留するing Company 行為／法令／行動する, for example, was the mildest of three submitted to the 大統領). They 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 政府 to 持つ／拘留する big 商売／仕事 in check, to discipline it, and if necessary to take over some of its 機能（する）／行事s, but 大部分は ーするために （疑いを）晴らす the way for small 商売／仕事, which, they believed, was 存在 （人が）群がるd out of the 経済的な race by big 商売／仕事. Corcoran and Cohen were closer to the 年上の La Follette in their 経済的な philosophy, or to Woodrow Wilson, than to Moscow. This philosophy, however, 伴う／関わるd them in 敵意 to the 広大な／多数の／重要な 会社／団体s and 広大な／多数の／重要な 財政上の 利益／興味s; and they readily 刺激するd a 類似の 敵意 in Roosevelt, who--though he had never 明確に表すd a 一貫した 経済的な 政策--was angry at the rich men's 憎悪 for him and also believed that only by inveighing against "経済的な royalists" could he 持つ／拘留する in his own 階級s the disaffected millions who had followed leaders like Huey Long. Moley, on the contrary, 手配中の，お尋ね者 no continuing 猛攻撃 upon the 力／強力にする of concentrated wealth, 手配中の，お尋ね者 共同 between it and the 政府. There was real significance in the fact that during the （選挙などの）運動をする of 1936 Corcoran 後継するd Moley as one of the 長，指導者 大統領の speech-drafters (along with Stanley High, Ben Cohen, William C. Bullitt, and others) and as an intimate (along with 救済 行政官／管理者 Harry Hopkins, 長官s Morgenthau and Ickes, 裁判官 Rosenman, and others). The apostles of ever-strict 商売／仕事 規則 (and also of spending for 回復) had definitely 伸び（る）d the 大統領の ear.

During the （選挙などの）運動をする, one or more of the inner group would 準備する 草案s of a speech for Roosevelt. At a White House 会議／協議会 a number of them would argue out with him questions of 政策 and epigram. Then the 大統領 would dictate his own 草案 from the others, 利用するing an idea here, a telling phrase there. The copy would be 改訂するd, perhaps again and again, and then Roosevelt would sally 前へ／外へ to 配達する it. The main 主題s of his speeches were that the whole country was bound together and what 利益d one 利益／興味, one locality, 利益d all; that only a beginning had been made in the work of 国家の 自然保護, not only of physical but of human 資源s; that if the public 負債 was rising, so also was the 国民所得; that things were demonstrably better in 1936 than in 1932. On ぎこちない points such as 予算-balancing Roosevelt was agile if not 現実に slippery in his logic. On past 政府 対策 he was explicit; on 未来 ones, vague--for the truth was that his 法律を制定する program, so far as it had been thought out, had been 完全にするd. He had no 未来 program but only a sense of direction. His demeanor was 一般に friendly; only in the Madison Square Garden speech at the end of the （選挙などの）運動をする--when he had been enraged by some misguided 共和国の／共和党の 宣伝 about Social 安全--did he turn to bitterness (with no Moley or Louis Howe at 手渡す to トン 負かす／撃墜する his wrath). It was in that philippic that he cried, "I should like to have it said of my first 行政 that in it the 軍隊s of selfishness and of lust for 力／強力にする met their match. I should like to have it said of my second 行政 that in it these 軍隊s met their master." During the 残り／休憩（する） of the （選挙などの）運動をする he appeared a happy man 報告（する）／憶測ing encouraging 進歩 and almost 完全に neglecting to take notice of Landon or the 共和国の／共和党の party.

Nor did the long, exhausting 旅行s of the （選挙などの）運動をする--the sleeping-car nights, the goldfish-bowl publicity, the incessant speechmaking, the 手渡す-shaking, the hurried 会議／協議会s, the incessant uproar of 元気づける--seem to tire Roosevelt in the least, 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なう though he was, unable to walk alone. On the contrary, he wore out his companions and 現れるd from every day of his ordeal fresher than ever, like an Antaeus 新たにするd in strength by every 接触する with the political element. Smiling, always smiling, the silver 発言する／表明する （犯罪の）一味ing, he swung through the country in a 勝利.

Where were the 競争相手s on the left who a year or two before had looked so 脅迫的な? Huey Long was dead. Father Coughlin and the Townsendites, together with a 残余 of the Huey Long に引き続いて, had joined in 支援 for the 大統領／総裁などの地位 代表者／国会議員 Lemke of North Dakota; but it was 早期に 明らかな that the Lemke 対立 would be weak. 知事 Olson of Minnesota was dead. The 社会主義者s, 指名するing Norman Thomas as was their habit, were weak. And as for the 共産主義者s, though they 指名するd Earl Browder for the 大統領／総裁などの地位, so anxious were they to be true to the Popular 前線 原則 dictated by Moscow, and so anxious to 敗北・負かす Landon, whom they called the "国粋主義者／ファシスト党員" 候補者, that one could hardly be sure whether they were really 革命の Marxians or just another group of New 売買業者s. The contest had become Roosevelt against Landon, with no important third-party 対立.

激しく the （選挙などの）運動をする 進歩d. Not since 1896, certainly, had public feeling run so high over an 選挙. To hear angry 共和国の／共和党のs and angry 民主党員s talking, one would have supposed the contest was between a tyrant 決定するd to destroy 私的な 所有物／資産／財産, ambition, the 憲法, 僕主主義, and civilization itself, and a dupe of 塀で囲む Street who would introduce a 国粋主義者／ファシスト党員 独裁政治.

Who would 勝利，勝つ? The Literary Digest, which for years had been 行為／行うing 選挙 straw 投票（する）s on a 抱擁する 規模, 予報するd a Landon victory, with Roosevelt getting only 161 選挙（人）の 投票（する）s as against Landon's 320. Dr. George Gallup, whose American 学校／設ける of Public Opinion had been 報告（する）／憶測ing the results of its more 科学の 投票s since October go, 1935--その為に 就任するing a new 肉親，親類d of political 測定, with unguessable 可能性s for the 未来--showed Roosevelt in the lead throughout the （選挙などの）運動をする, and 伸び（る）ing through most of it: Gallup 予報するd that Roosevelt would get 477 選挙（人）の 投票（する）s, that Landon would get 42 (with two 明言する／公表するs left in the doubtful column). Jim Farley 予報するd that Roosevelt would get 523 選挙（人）の 投票（する）s, carrying every 明言する／公表する but Maine and Vermont--but who ever believes a 選挙事務長's prophecies? Doggedly, the 共和国の／共和党のs held to their hope that Landon would carry the country.

Then （機の）カム 選挙 Day, and as they gathered by their 無線で通信するs that evening to hear the returns, they were thunderstruck. For Jim Farley had been 権利. The Roosevelt 地滑り was 圧倒的な. The old political adage had to be altered to "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont." The 民主党員s won every 明言する／公表する but those two. Roosevelt's popular 投票（する） was 27 ³/₄ millions to Landon's 16 ²/₃ millions. 議会 was now to be more than three-４半期/4分の1s Democratic in both Houses--a terrific 大多数. The New 取引，協定 had been upheld by the 広大な／多数の／重要な 選挙民, and in no uncertain 条件.

Why did this happen? Some 推論する／理由s have already been 示唆するd. But there were two which have not hitherto been について言及するd in this account. One was that the New 取引，協定 was a 広大な dispenser of pecuniary 援助（する） to individuals, 主として in the form of 救済. In some areas these 支払い（額）s were crassly used for political advantage. In most, they were not. To argue that the billions spent for 救済 were in essence a 広大な Democratic 選挙資金, paid for by the taxpayers, was to 誇張する cynically. にもかかわらず the argument for the New 取引，協定 was implicit in every 支払い（額）, whether spoken or not: "We are looking after you. Maybe these other people won't. Better 投票（する） for us." The 勢い of 政治の 補助金s is tremendous; anybody who 示唆するs 減ずるing them does so at his political 危険，危なくする.

The other 推論する／理由 was that although Roosevelt was 激しく hated by most of the 井戸／弁護士席-to-do, he was genuinely admired and 信用d by most of the poorer people of the country. Between the lines of his speeches 同様に as of the 法律制定 which he sponsored they read a 本物の friendliness toward them, a 本物の 願望（する） to help them. Part of the 失敗 of the 圧力（をかける） (which, in the cities, was 圧倒的に プロの／賛成の-Landon) either to sway the small 投票者s or to 予報する their 投票（する） undoubtedly lay in the 失敗 of editors to understand the impress on these people's minds of the New 取引，協定 救済 政策 and of Roosevelt's own personality. Newspaper articles about the scandalous waste of 救済 基金s or about nonsensical boondoggling were 割引d by these small 投票者s, not 簡単に because some of them were getting money themselves and 手配中の，お尋ね者 the flow of cash to continue, but because they saw in the New 取引，協定 a 不正に needed angel of mercy which stood 心から ready to help them. Above all, they saw in Roosevelt himself a friend who did not talk 負かす／撃墜する to them, did not patronize them, but 尊敬（する）・点d them as American 国民s and 手配中の，お尋ね者 his 行政 to serve them. What did they care what the papers said? They knew what the McGarritys in the next 封鎖する, what the Nelsons on the next farm, had been up against, and what the 連邦の 政府 had done for them; they had heard Roosevelt's friendly 発言する／表明する themselves, over the 無線で通信する, again and again. They felt that they knew, and they 投票（する）d accordingly.

ｧ 7

徐々に Europe was 製図／抽選 nearer.

During 1936 Hitler's armies had marched 反対者のない into the Rhineland. Mussolini's armies, 完全にするing their Ethiopian （選挙などの）運動をする, had marched into Addis Ababa. Civil war had broken out in Spain, and by the time of Roosevelt's re-選挙 the 軍隊s of Francisco フランス系カナダ人, 支援するd by German and Italian support, were 製図／抽選 の近くに to Madrid. With more and more disquiet the American people were taking 公式文書，認める of an outside world whose 整然とした 創立／基礎s were 崩壊するing as the 攻撃者s of the new German-Italian Axis moved step by 脅すing step toward 支配.

But the event which was presently to bring the 普通の／平均（する） American man and woman closer to the European theatre than they had been since Versailles, and which for days on end was to 影を投げかける in 利益／興味 anything that was happening on the American continent, leaping into the American headlines and becoming the predominant topic of American conversation, was no 事件／事情／状勢 of armies or conquests. Though this event might be regarded as a 調印する of the 証拠不十分 of the British Empire--or, conversely, of the ability of that Empire to adjust its 証拠不十分s, の近くに 階級s, and carry on--to most 観察者／傍聴者s it was 簡単に a personal 演劇 on an 皇室の 行う／開催する／段階: the 演劇 of a king 軍隊d to choose between his kingdom and a woman. That the king should be Edward VIII of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the 約束, Emperor of India, and that the woman should be a Baltimore girl, Wallis Warfield Simpson, 高くする，増すd the 演劇 into what H. L. Mencken called "the greatest news story since the Resurrection."

All through the summer and 落ちる of 1936, while Roosevelt and Landon had been stumping the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, the American 圧力（をかける） had been conspicuously aware of the 王室の romance. Americans had seen photographs of Edward and Wallis together on a Mediterranean 巡航する, he (in swimming trunks) paddling in a rubber boat, she (in a bathing 控訴) sitting on a pier-end above him. When on October 27 she was 認めるd a 離婚 from Ernest Simpson, the news from the Ipswich Assizes made the 前線 pages in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. Not for weeks thereafter were the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the English people even to learn of the 存在 of Mrs. Simpson, so strict was the 非公式の 検閲 on news uncomfortable to 王族; not, in fact, until after the Bishop of Bradford, on December 1, spoke (at a diocesan 条約) of the King's need of God's grace, said he hoped the King was aware of this need, and 追加するd sadly, "some of us wish he gave more 肯定的な 調印するs of such 認識／意識性." This 宣告，判決, indirect and 控えめの as it was, opened the way to the 発覚 in England. But in America the way did not need to be opened. Americans had been asking one another for weeks whether the King and Mrs. Simpson were really to be married; and as the 演劇 広げるd to its 最高潮, the 派遣（する）s from 負かす／撃墜するing Street and Westminster and Fort Belvedere let loose a tumult of argument from one end of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to the other.

"Good for him. Best thing he's ever done. Let him marry her. Can't a king be a human 存在?" "No, no, no. He 受託するd a 責任／義務 and now he's chucking it. If he was going to welsh on his 職業, why did he ever take it in the first place?" "井戸／弁護士席, he never was good for much but nightclub work anyhow. Did you see the bawling-out Westbrook Pegler gave him in his column?" "肉親，親類d of a sock for Wallis, I guess. She was all 始める，決める to be Queen--and now where is she?" "I'll bet it was the 大司教 of Canterbury that spoiled the thing. Those 離婚s of hers, you know." "Nonsense--they'd have swallowed the 離婚s all 権利 if she hadn't been an American. Now if she'd been a duchess . . ." "You have to 手渡す it to her at that--a Baltimore girl who can bring about an 皇室の 危機 選び出す／独身-手渡すd."

Endlessly the talk buzzed, till Wallis Warfield Simpson had fled England for the seclusion of the Rogers' 郊外住宅 at Cannes, and Stanley Baldwin had told the House of ありふれたs the long story of his activities as a match-breaker, and the headlines had shrieked, THE KING QUITS, and millions of Americans had gathered at their 無線で通信するs on the afternoon of December 11, 1936, to hear, above the crackle of static, the slow, 手段d words of Edward himself:

"At long last I am able to say a few words of my own. I never 手配中の，お尋ね者 to 保留する anything, but until now it has not been constitutionally possible for me to speak. . . . (Try another 駅／配置する--I can't hear. What was that he said?) . . . I have 設立する it impossible to carry the 激しい 重荷（を負わせる） of 責任／義務 and to 発射する／解雇する my 義務s as King as I should wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love. . . . (There, that's better. No, try the other one again.) . . . And now we all have a new King. I wish him and you, his people, happiness and 繁栄 with all my heart. God bless you all! God save the King!"

With this last speech of Edward's, so perfect in its eloquent 簡単, the curtain fell upon the 演劇 of British 王族. Now Americans could turn their minds again to what was happening at home. Their own 長，指導者 of 明言する／公表する, re-elected, had been given 事実上 a blank check. What would he 令状 upon it?

一時期／支部 Ten

WITH PEN AND CAMERA THROUGH DARKEST AMERICA

ｧ 1

If in the year 1925 (or thereabouts) you had gone to a cocktail party in New York …に出席するd by writers, critics, artists, musicians, and professional men and women 利益／興味d in the newest ideas and the newest 傾向s in the arts, you would probably have heard some of the に引き続いて beliefs 表明するd or 暗示するd in the conversation 叫び声をあげるd over the Martinis:--

That there せねばならない be more personal freedom, 特に sex freedom.

That 改革者s were an abomination and there were too many 法律s.

That Babbitts, Rotarians, and boosters, and indeed American 商売／仕事 men in general, were hopelessly crass.

That the 集まりs of the citizenry were dolts with thirteen-year-old minds.

That most of the heroes of historical tradition, and 特に of Victorian and Puritan tradition, were vastly overrated and needed "debunking."

That America was such a 標準化するd, machine-ridden, and 条約-ridden place that people with brains and taste 自然に preferred the 解放する／自由な atmosphere of Europe.

If after a lapse of ten years you had 逸脱するd into a 類似の 集会 in 1935 (or thereabouts) you would hardly have been able to believe your ears, so sharp would have been the contrast. It is ありそうもない that you would have 設立する anybody showing any conversational excitement over sex freedom, or the crudeness of Babbitts, or the need for debunking Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. (It was characteristic of the nineteen-thirties that the Queen Victoria with whom Strachey had dealt はっきりと in the previous １０年間 became a popular ヘロイン as portrayed on the 行う／開催する／段階 by Helen Hayes, and that Longfellow himself and other worthies of Victorian Boston were 大部分は 回復するd to 好意 in 先頭 Wyck Brooks's The Flowering of New England in 1936.) In the conversation 叫び声をあげるd over the somewhat more palatable Martinis of 1935 you would probably have heard some of the に引き続いて beliefs 表明するd or 暗示するd:--

That 改革（する）--経済的な 改革（する）, to be sure, but にもかかわらず 改革（する） by 法律--was 不正に needed, and there せねばならない be more stringent 法律s. (Some members of the company might even scout 改革（する） as useless 未解決の the clean sweep of 資本主義者 会・原則s which must be made by the 必然的な 共産主義者 革命.)

That the 集まりs of the citizenry were the people who really 事柄d, the most fitting 支配するs for writer and artist, the people on whose に代わって 改革（する） must be overtaken. (Indeed, if you had listened carefully you might have heard a literary critic who had been gently 養育するd in the politest of 環境s referring to himself as a proletarian, so belligerently did he identify himself with the 集まりs.)

That America was the most fascinating place of all and the 長，指導者 hope for freedom; that it was 価値（がある） 熟考する／考慮するing and 描写するing in all its 段階s but 特に in those uglier 段階s that cried most loudly for 是正; and that it was 価値（がある） working loyally to save, though perhaps it was beyond saving and was going to 崩壊（する） along with the 残り／休憩（する） of civilization.

"What has happened in these ten years?" you might have asked. "Have these people got 宗教?"

They had. The 宗教, of course, was not the 宗教 of the churches; one of the few points of resemblance between the 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing 態度 of such a group in 1925 and its 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing 態度 in 1935 was that at both times its members were mostly agnostic if not atheist. What animated these men and women was the 世俗的な 宗教 of social consciousness to which a 言及／関連 was made in 一時期／支部 VI of this 調書をとる／予約する. 深く，強烈に moved by the 不景気 and the 苦しむing it had 原因（となる）d; 納得させるd that the 経済的な and social system of the country had been broken beyond 修理, that those who had held the 長，指導者 経済大国 before 1929 had been 証明するd derelict and unworthy, and that 活動／戦闘 was 猛烈に needed to 始める，決める things 権利; wrung by compassion for the 犠牲者s of 経済的な unbalance, these men and women no longer 始める，決める such 蓄える／店 as 以前は upon art as art. They 手配中の，お尋ね者 it to have a social 機能（する）／行事, to illuminate the social scene, to bring its darkest places 明確に into 見解（をとる）. "What's the use of 存在 a connoisseur of the arts when people are 餓死するing?" cried a New York woman of means who had prided herself on her judicious 購入（する）s of modern 絵s; "I feel as if I'd been wasting my money." "What's the use of 令状ing pretty novels about ladies and gentlemen?" thought the young fiction-writers of 1935. "If we 令状 about the sharecroppers we're getting at the sort of thing that 事柄s--and we may 遂行する something."

To understand the thrust of American literature during the nineteen-thirties one must realize how strong was this mood of social evangelism の中で writers and critics and the 知識人 駘ite 一般に.

ｧ 2

At this point careful 資格 is necessary. The new mood was most 普及した in New York, which had long been the 中心 of 知識人 ferment in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and an 極端に 極度の慎重さを要する 晴雨計 of the 圧力 of new and 過激な ideas. It was more 普及した の中で the young and rising--and frequently 失業--知識人s than の中で the older and better-設立するd. Many successful practitioners of the （手先の）技術 of 令状ing to sell were やめる untouched by it. It was not strikingly 流布している の中で 井戸／弁護士席-to-do "nice people" of culture who had always been surrounded with 調書をとる／予約するs and had always subscribed to the more decorous magazines, or の中で academic gentry remote from the fever of new creative 成果／努力 in the arts. It was likely to bewilder and perhaps 脅す the clubwoman who enjoyed literary lectures and 手配中の，お尋ね者 to beautify her town and subscribed to all the best concerts and belonged to the 調書をとる／予約する-of-the-Month Club. As for the 銀行業者 who was a college trustee and helped to （不足などを）補う the 年次の 赤字 of the symphony concerts and had every 権利 to be considered a sustainer of the arts, he was likely to be 怒り／怒るd by it--if indeed he was aware of it at all.

Now and again some 表現 of the mood leaped into wide 人気. There was, for example, the play "タバコ Road," written by Jack Kirkland from a novel by Erskine Caldwell. Produced in New York on December 4, 1935 (just as 禁止 gave way to 廃止する), this 熟考する／考慮する of a poverty-stricken and depraved Southern tenant family seemed at first about to fail but 徐々に 設立する its public and, to the amazement of Broadway, ran on and on, year after year, until by the autumn of 1939 it had easily broken the phenomenal 記録，記録的な／記録する for 連続する New York 業績／成果s 始める，決める by "Abie's Irish Rose" in the nineteen-twenties. Undoubtedly the success of "タバコ Road" was 予定 in part to its frank and profane 対話, its 展示s of uninhibited love-making, and James Barton's 罰金 gift for both comic and 悲劇の 影響s as Jeeter Lester; but at least the success was not 妨げるd by the fact that the play showed relentlessly and compassionately the interworking of poverty and degeneracy--showed it without blinking the fact that the Lesters had become a dirty, irresponsible, mentally 欠陥のある, disreputable family.

Another やめる different embodiment of the mood was the musical revue "Pins and Needles," produced on November 27, 1937, by Labor 行う／開催する／段階, Inc., a company of 衣料品 労働者s (of which no actor was paid more than $55 a week). This revue likewise went on and on until late in 1939 it had broken all previous musical-show endurance 記録，記録的な／記録するs. Playfully pleading the 原因（となる） of the labor unions and satirizing their enemies, "Pins and Needles" was different from anything 以前 seen on the musical 行う／開催する／段階. Who would have imagined, in the nineteen-twenties, that a revue would run for years whose catchiest 空気／公表する was called "Sing Me a Song of Social Significance"?

Only one or two 調書をとる／予約するs which could 公正に／かなり be said to 反映する the mood of social consciousness reached the 最高の，を越す of the bestseller 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） during the nineteen-thirties. One was Sinclair 吊りくさび's It Can't Happen Here, published late in 1935, which showed how fascism might come to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. A still better example was John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, a very vivid and finely wrought account of the 苦境 of a family of migrant "Okies" in California, which not only met with 雷鳴s of 批判的な 賞賛 when it appeared 早期に in 1939 but jumped at one bound to the 最高の，を越す of the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）. Here, even more than in "タバコ Road," the 構成要素s of the young 知識人s' credo were brought together: a sense of the way in which 経済的な and social 軍隊s worked together to bring 悲劇 to innocent people; a 深い sympathy for those people, 連合させるd with a 乗り気 to 明らかにする／漏らす all their ignorance, their casual carnality, their 無（不）能 to understand their own 苦境; a sense of the splendor of America, its exciting challenge to artist and to social engineer alike; and a 解決する to 誘発する an indifferent public by showing the worst in poverty and cruelty that America could 申し込む／申し出.

さもなければ an examination of the 年次の best-販売人 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s would seem to 示唆する how 限られた／立憲的な in size was the public which 手配中の，お尋ね者 social 文書s. To 命令（する） the attention of two or three hundred thousand readers in its 初めの 十分な-price 版, a 調書をとる／予約する 後継するd best by 演説（する）／住所ing itself to other impulses.

There was, for example, the 願望（する） to escape from the here and now of 不景気 and 苦悩. May not The Good Earth, by Pearl S. Buck, which led the fiction 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） in 1931 and 1932, have had an 付加 控訴，上告 because it took its readers away to 中国? May not the 外見 of The Fountain, by Charles Morgan, on the best-販売人 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） for 1932 have been partly 予定 to the fact that it told of a man who escaped from the outward world of ugly circumstance into a world of inward reflection? Surely the success of 影をつくる／尾行するs on the 激しく揺する, by Willa Cather (1931), the even greater success of Anthony 逆の, by Hervey Allen (which led all comers in 1933 and 1934), and the superlative success of Gone with the 勝利，勝つd, by Margaret Mitchell (which was the 圧倒的な favorite in 1936 and 1937)--to say nothing of Stark Young's So Red the Rose (1934), Kenneth Roberts's Northwest Passage (1937), and a number of other 調書をとる／予約するs, was the greater because they 申し込む／申し出d an escape into history. For a time the likeliest recipe for publishing 利益（をあげる）s was to produce an 800-page romance in old-time 衣装.

Indeed, it is possible that The Grapes of Wrath, if it had appeared a few years earlier, would not have been the big popular 攻撃する，衝突する that it was in 1939. It would have seemed to many readers too painful, too 乱すing. By 1939 they had become accustomed to 失業--even complacent about it--and had acquired new worries to be コースを変えるd from (Hitler and the 脅し of war). They could now take the Steinbeck 薬／医学 with いっそう少なく flinching.

There were suggestions of other moods, too, in the bestseller 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s. The fact that The Strange Death of 大統領 Harding in 1930 and Washington Merry-Go-一連の会議、交渉／完成する in 1931 both stood high may be regarded as an 指示，表示する物 of the growing public disillusionment with the 政府 as the Hoover 行政 戦う／戦いd vainly with the 不景気. The Epic of America, best-selling 非，不，無-fiction 調書をとる／予約する of 1932, may have 控訴，上告d to a mood of 調査 into the background and traditions of a nation which could get itself into such a 直す／買収する，八百長をする. When the 経済的な tide turned in 1933, what more natural than that men and women whose dreams of a career had been 妨害するd by the 不景気 and who now began to hope that they could make a second start should have 急ぐd to buy Life Begins at Forty by Walter B. Pitkin (first on the 非，不，無-fiction 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） in 1933, second in 1934)?

Americans have always 手配中の，お尋ね者 guideposts to personal success and the more rewarding life, and it might be 押し進めるing inference too far to 示唆する that the big sales of Live Alone and Like It by Marjorie Hillis in 1936, Wake Up and Live by Dorothea Brande in 1936, and How to 勝利，勝つ Friends and 影響（力） People by Dale Carnegie in 1937 had any の近くに relation to the 明言する／公表する of 商売／仕事, or that the rise of The Importance of Living, by Lin Yutang, to the 最高の，を越す of the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） in 1938 was a 調印する that during the 商売／仕事 後退，不況 there was once more a wish to learn how to be happy by 否定するing the need for worldly 進歩. But the 人気 of Vincent Sheean's Personal History (1935), Negley Farson's Way of a Transgressor (1936), John Gunther's Inside Europe and Inside Asia (1936 and 1939), and other 調書をとる／予約するs on 外務 (not to について言及する It Can't Happen Here), surely 反映するd the rising excitement over the news from Europe as the Nazis and 国粋主義者／ファシスト党員s 前進するd through 危機 after 危機 to ever greater 力／強力にする.

Some 調書をとる／予約するs during the １０年間 棒 high with the 援助（する） of very special circumstances. The best-selling 非，不，無-fiction 調書をとる／予約する of 1934 was Alexander Woollcott's While Rome 燃やすs, a collection of anecdotes and whimsies which would hardly have fared so 井戸／弁護士席 had its author not invented a new sort of 無線で通信する program 井戸／弁護士席 adapted to the 知能 of bookish people, and had he not been delighting 抱擁する audiences on the 空気／公表する by collecting old poems and old eyeglasses, telling stories about Katharine Cornell, and extolling Kipling, Harpo Marx, Laura E. Richards, and the wonderful dogs of the Seeing 注目する，もくろむ. (To Mr. Woollcott's audible enthusiasm was also 予定 in no small 手段 the success of Goodbye Mr. 半導体素子s.) North to the Orient (1935) and Listen, the 勝利，勝つd (1938) sold in 広大な／多数の／重要な 容積／容量 not 簡単に because they were exquisitely written but also, perhaps, because Anne Morrow Lindbergh was the wife of an idolized hero and was admired in her own 権利. No correlation between the successful 調書をとる／予約するs of any given period and the general 傾向 of opinion and taste during that period can be 押し進めるd far: there is always a 広大な 多様制 of talent の中で the writers, a 広大な 多様制 of taste の中で the readers, and an element of chance in the whole 過程. For example, throughout most of the １０年間 there was an 否定できない public 利益／興味 in 経済的な problems and a かなりの sale of 経済的な treatises. Yet no 調書をとる／予約する on the 経済的な 条件 of America got to the 最高の，を越す of the best-販売人 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）, although there were big sales for 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs (a diatribe for 消費者s on the difference between what they thought they were buying and what the 製造業者s were 現実に selling them) and 公正に／かなり big sales for several of Stuart Chase's lively simplifications of the 経済的な 窮地. Perhaps 経済的なs was, after all, the dismal science--or, let us say, the dismal area of 不一致, 仮定／引き受けること, and conjecture.

ｧ 3

限られた／立憲的な in size as were their audiences, the writers who were engaged in the search for social significance produced perhaps the most 決定的な and certainly the most characteristic work of the １０年間. John Dos Passos with his U.S.A. trilogy, in which he 示唆するd the hollowness and wastefulness of pre-不景気 American life, interlarding his passages of fiction with impressionistic portraits of famous Americans (in which, of course, J. P. Morgan was roundly 非難するd, Woodrow Wilson はっきりと satirized, and Thorstein Veblen extolled), and の近くにing the trilogy with a word-picture of an 失業した man trying hopelessly to thumb his way 負かす／撃墜する a 罰金 American 主要道路; Erskine Caldwell packing his pages with the cruelty and 悲惨 of the lower 範囲s of Southern life; Ernest Hemingway trying (not very 首尾よく) to make a proletarian lesson out of the story of Harry Morgan, a disreputable 重要な West rumrunner; James T. Farrell showing how 環境 got the best of Studs Lonigan, a lower-middle-class Irish カトリック教徒 boy of Chicago; Albert Halper 現在のing the factory 労働者s of The Foundry; Robert Cantwell 取引，協定ing with striking fruit pickers; and John Steinbeck later に引き続いて the Joads from 干ばつ-ridden Oklahoma to vigilante-ridden California--these and others like Fielding Burke and Grace Lumpkin were the pace-setters for the period in fiction (though of course there were very able novels produced by writers of different 意図, such as Thomas Wolfe, Pearl Buck, Ellen Glasgow, Margaret Mitchell, and William Faulkner). Even Sinclair 吊りくさび engaged in the politico-social 戦う／戦い, though not on the 味方する of 反乱; in The Prodigal Parents his 成果／努力 was to show that the Babbitt whom he had once satirized was a kindlier and better man than the youngsters of the 過激な left.

の中で the poets, Archibald MacLeish and Edna St. Vincent Millay were turning likewise to political and social 主題s; Carl Sandburg was 令状ing

在庫／株s are 所有物／資産／財産, yes.
社債s are 所有物／資産／財産, yes.
Machines, land, buildings are 所有物／資産／財産, yes.
A 職業 is 所有物／資産／財産,
no, 拒む，否認する, nah, nah.

and 非常に／多数の younger men and women were struggling with the almost impossible 仕事 of 令状ing sagas and songs of the 集まりs in idioms intelligible only to those who had learned to follow the abstruse indirections of T. S. Eliot and Ezra 続けざまに猛撃する.

In the theatre, Clifford Odets made energetic use of proletarian 主題s; Maxwell Anderson, in "Winterset," turned social 不正 to the uses of poetic 悲劇; as the １０年間 grew older and fascism became more 脅迫的な, Robert E. Sherwood epitomized the democratic 約束 in his moving tableaux from the life of "Abe Lincoln in Illinois"; the 連邦の players dramatized 現在の politics in "３倍になる A 骨折って進むd Under" and "One Third of a Nation."

At the same time ardent historians and literary sociologists were bringing out 厳しい biographies of the robber barons and Mellons and Morgans of the American past; delving into 面s of the history of American cities and 地域s which had been carefully neglected by 議会s of 商業; taking to pieces the life of American communities and 組み立てる／集結するing their findings in 統計に基づく and graphic profusion. With more amiable 意図, the Writers' 事業／計画（する） of the WPA was going over the country インチ by インチ for a 一連の guidebooks. 調査するs supported by the 連邦の 政府 or by 創立／基礎s were 分析するing every public problem in exhaustive 詳細（に述べる）. The nineteen-thirties were a golden age of literary sociology. America had discovered itself to be a fascinating 支配する for 探検, dissection, and horrified but 希望に満ちた contemplation.

ｧ 4

At the heart of the literary 反乱 against the America that had been stood the 共産主義者 知識人s. Numerically they were hardly important, but from them the 反乱 caught the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of 燃やすing 有罪の判決, and from the curious nature of the 共産主義者 position it derived most of its 証拠不十分s. Many an author was handicapped by his 有罪の判決 that, as a Marxian, he must take for his hero a 肉親，親類d of American he did not really know, or that he must make his characters 適合する to a Marxian pattern and argue the Marxian 事例／患者, or that he must 描写する his proletarians both as men （判決などを）下すd cruel and vicious by their lot and as the heroic 基準-持参人払いのs of a glorious 革命, or that he must 現在の anybody with more than $3,000 a year only in caricature, or that he must preach a 集団の／共同の uniformity which ran 反対する to his own natural 直感的に preference for individual dissent. 特に in the 早期に years of the １０年間, the Marxian pattern was a 海峡 jacket into which American literature could not readily be fitted. As Malcolm Cowley has 発言／述べるd, in those 早期に years at least six novels and two plays were based on a 選び出す／独身 actual strike (at Gastonia in 1929), and "strike novels began to follow a pattern and usually its leader was killed. But the young 労働者, conscious now of the 使節団 that 部隊d him to the whole working class, marched on toward new 戦う／戦いs." (Later, 特に after the 共産主義者s 受託するd the idea of the Popular 前線, the 社債s of doctrine became progressively いっそう少なく constricting.)

The truth was that many of the young 反逆者／反逆するs had embraced--or at least dallied with--共産主義 主として because they saw it as the end-駅／配置する of the road of disillusionment. First one saw that the going order was not working 権利; then one 進歩d to the consideration of 改革（する）s, one read The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens, and decided that half-対策 would not 十分である to redeem America; one went on to the idea that nothing short of 革命 would serve; and there at the terminus of one's 旅行 sat Karl Marx waiting to ask one's unquestioning devotion, there was the 共産主義者 Party 約束ing to make a clean sweep of all that was hateful in American life. How welcome to find the end of the road, how 平易な to be able to ascribe everything one disliked to capitalism! (Did not Robert Forsythe, in Redder Than the Rose, a 調書をとる／予約する of left-wing comment which 後継するd in 存在 both vehement and humorous, argue that Dillinger was a 製品 of capitalism, that the vulgarities of the Hauptmann 裁判，公判 were American capitalism's "own 麻薬 to deaden its death 苦痛s," that Mae West showed "in her frank 冷笑的な way the depths to which capitalistic morality has come"?) Yet how hard, にもかかわらず, to swallow the belief that any deceit was 正当化するd by the 原因（となる）--even if the 原因（となる） 控訴，上告d to one's most generous instincts--and to follow unquestioningly the 新たな展開s and turns of the Moscow party line, now damning Roosevelt as the best friend of the rich, now embracing him as a partner in the Popular 前線!

During the latter nineteen-thirties there appeared a 刈る of autobiographies 十分な of nostalgic memories of the Bohemian Greenwich Village of the 早期に nineteen-hundreds, when young 知識人s were manning the silk strikers' picket lines, seeing Big 法案 Haywood plain, 元気づける for the Armory Show of 独立した・無所属 art, and 実験ing with 解放する／自由な 詩（を作る） and 解放する／自由な love. Perhaps the day would come when a new 刈る of autobiographies would 解任する the dear dead days of the nineteen-thirties when the young 反逆者／反逆するs saw themselves as 兵士s in the class war, regarded Union Square as their G.H.Q., 審議d endlessly about "ideology," were 攻撃するd into their wildest furies of 論争 over the "裁判，公判" of Trotsky in Mexico City, and were heartened every day by the knowledge that as capitalism withered, 共産主義 was 必然的に rising to take its place.

ｧ 5

Through the 階級s of the painters, too, swept the contagion of social 関心 and of enthusiasm for putting American life on 記録，記録的な／記録する. Thomas H. Benton's muscular and 騒然とした groups, 認める 支持を得ようと努めるd's 形式化するd Midwestern landscapes and satirical portraits, John Stuart Curry's scenes of farm life on the plains, Charles Burchfield's gaunt mansions of the Rutherford B. Hayes 時代, Edward Hopper's grim streets and 冷静な／正味の New England lighthouses, Reginald 沼's 野外劇／豪華な行列s of New York slum life attracted many disciples. The 連邦の 政府, wisely 含むing artists の中で its 救済 受益者s, put 得点する／非難する／２０s of them to work 絵 murals on 地位，任命する-office 塀で囲むs; and presently the young painter's model 設立する that she was no longer 簡単に to 嘘（をつく） on a couch while he 実験d with the 治療 of 計画（する）s of color and bulges of 重要な form, but was to strike a 提起する／ポーズをとる as a 開拓する mother or 具体的に表現する the spirit of America 主張するing upon slum 通関手続き／一掃. The value of the new 傾向 was debatable, but at least it 約束d to 減少（する） the wide gap between the artist and the general public, which at last began to feel that it knew what was going on. 同時に there was a sharp 増加する in the number of young people who, at places like the School of 罰金 Arts of the University of Iowa, were 現実に learning to paint; and there, too, was hope for the 未来 of American art.

Not altogether 関係のない to this change in 強調 in American 絵, perhaps, was the rise to sudden 人気 of an art hitherto seldom regarded with serious attention--the art of photography. It rose on the crest of a camera craze of remarkable dimensions--a craze which さもなければ served 主として as a new and amusing hobby, with aesthetic values and satisfactions thrown in for good 手段.

During the 早期に years of the 不景気 one began to notice, here and there, young men with what appeared to be leather-事例／患者d オペラ glasses slung about their necks. They were the 開拓するs of the camera craze who had discovered that the Leicas and other tiny German cameras, which took postage-stamp-size pictures 有能な of enlargement, 連合させるd a 速度(を上げる）, a depth of 焦点（を合わせる）, and an ability to do their work in 薄暗い light which opened all sorts of new 適切な時期s to the photographer. The number of "candid camera" （麻薬）常用者s grew 速く as the 専門家s showed how easily an (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 委員会 or a （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する-十分な of night-club patrons might be 発射 sitting. During the eight years from 1928 to 1936 the 輸入 into America of cameras and parts thereof--主として from Germany--増加するd over five-倍の にもかかわらず the 不景気.

By 1935 and 1936 the American camera 製造業者s and the photographic 供給（する） shops 設立する their 商売／仕事 にわか景気ing. Candid cameras were everywhere, until before long 目だつ 国民s became accustomed to having young men and women suddenly rise up before them at public events, 解除する little cameras to one 注目する，もくろむ, and snap them--of course without 許可. At intermissions during theatrical 開始s and 祝祭 concerts the aisles would いつかs be 十分な of camera sharpshooters. Schoolboys were pleading with their parents for enlargers and （危険などに）さらす-メーターs. Camera 展示s were attracting 前例のない （人が）群がるs.

During the two years 1935-37 the 生産／産物 of cameras in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs jumped 157 per cent--from いっそう少なく than five million dollars' 価値（がある） in 1935 to nearly twelve and a half million dollars' 価値（がある） in 1937. An 年次の collection of distinguished photographic work, U. S. Camera, became a bestseller. A flock of new picture magazines appeared and a few of these jumped to wide 人気, led by the more dignified Life and the いっそう少なく dignified Look. One had only to lay U. S. Camera beside the camera magazines of a few years before, with their fancy 熟考する／考慮するs of young women in Greek draperies 持つ／拘留するing urns, their deliberately blurred 見解（をとる）s of 帆船s with rippled reflections, and their sentimental depictions of 削減（する） babies, to realize how this art had grown in 範囲, imagination, and brilliance.

Some of the new photographers 中心d their 利益／興味 upon snapping friends and 親族s (含むing, of course, their children) and immortalizing their travels; some of them tried to 逮捕（する） the sentimental loveliness of scenes that they had enjoyed; and some went on to 実験 in the making of abstract patterns of light and shade. But a 広大な／多数の／重要な many others 設立する themselves becoming unsentimental reporters--of events, of the social scene, even of the uglier parts of the social scene. Able professionals like Margaret Bourke-White, like Dorothea Lange of the Farm 安全 行政, like Walker Evans, often worked with the same sort of sociological enthusiasm that had caught the young 小説家s and was here and there catching the young painters. When S. T. Williamson, reviewing for the New York Times a 調書をとる／予約する of Walker Evans's uncompromising pictures (brought out by the Museum of Modern Art in 1938), 否定するd that Mr. Evans had 明らかにする／漏らすd the physiognomy of America and 主張するd that it would be "nearer the 示す to say that bumps, warts, boils, and blackheads are here," he was 説 the sort of thing that might be said about half the novels written by the 充てるs of social significance. What was 重要な about this 面 of the camera craze was that photographers like Mr. Evans with their grim 描写s of dismal streets, tattered billboards, and gaunt, sad-注目する，もくろむd farm women, were teaching the amateur--whose 指名する was legion--that the camera need not やむを得ず be shut up in its 事例／患者 until a beauty 位置／汚点／見つけ出す was reached, that there was excitement in catching characteristic glimpses even of the superficially ugly manifestations of life, that these too could be made beautiful in their way, and that when one began to see the everyday things about one with the 注目する，もくろむ of an artist who was 同時に a reporter or a sociologist, one began to understand them.

ｧ 6

One morning in the winter of 1937-38 a （人が）群がる began to gather outside the 最高位の Theatre in Times Square, New York, as soon as it was light. By 6 A. M. there were three thousand people 組み立てる／集結するd in the さもなければ empty streets--mostly high-school boys and girls in windbreakers and leather jackets. By 7:30 the （人が）群がる had so swelled that ten 機動力のある policemen were sent from the West 47th Street 駅／配置する to keep it under 支配（する）／統制する. At 8 o'clock the doors of the theatre were carefully opened to 収容する／認める 3,634 boys and girls; then the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 department ordered the doors の近くにd, leaving two or three thousand youngsters out in the 冷淡な.

Benny Goodman and his orchestra were 開始 an 約束／交戦 at the 最高位の. Benny Goodman was the King of Swing, and these boys and girls were 充てるs of swing, ready to dance in the aisles of the theatre まっただ中に shouts of "Get off, Benny! Swing it!" and "料金d it to me, 遺伝子! Send me 負かす／撃墜する!" They were jitterbugs, さもなければ "alligators," equipped with the new vocabulary of swing ("in the groove," "spank the 肌," "schmaltz," "boogie-woogie," "jam 開会／開廷／会期," "殺し屋-diller," and so on endlessly); members of that army of young swing 熱中している人s all over the country who during the next year or two knew the 指名するs and 評判s of the 長，指導者 禁止（する）d leaders and instrumentalists of swingdom--Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Artie Shaw, 遺伝子 Krupa, "Count" Basie, Teddy Wilson, Louis Armstrong, Jack Teagarden, Larry Clinton, and others without number--as a seasoned baseball fan knows his professional ball players.

To trace fully the origins of this craze one would have to go 支援する very far. 十分である it to say here that during the nineteen-twenties, the jazz craze--which had begun long before in the honky-tonks of New Orleans and had burst into general 人気 with the success of "Alexander's Ragtime 禁止（する）d" and the rising vogue of the one-step and foxtrot as dances between 1911 and 1916--had become tamed into decorum and 形式順守; but that even during this time there were obscure jazz 禁止（する）d, mostly of Negro players, which indulged in a mad improvisation, superimposing upon the main 主題 of the dance music they were playing their own instrumental patterns made up on the 刺激（する） of the moment (and いつかs later committed to 令状ing). During the 早期に years of the 不景気 there was little popular 利益／興味 in this "hot jazz" in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs; what a worried public 手配中の，お尋ね者 was "甘い" music, slow in rhythm and soothingly melodious, like "Some Day I'll Find You" (1931) and "星／主役にする Dust" (very popular in 1932), or poignantly haunting, like "Night and Day" (1932) and "嵐の 天候" (1933). But Europe had acquired a belated enthusiasm for jazz rhythms and in フラン there grew up something of a 教団 of "le jazz hot." Phonograph 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the playing of such 専門家s as Louis Armstrong and his 禁止（する）d sold 井戸／弁護士席 abroad. In the 落ちる of 1933--at about the time of the NRA parades and the coming of 廃止する--an English company arranged with a young New Yorker who was crazy about hot jazz to try to get some good 記録，記録的な／記録するs made by a 禁止（する）d of American whites; and young John Henry Hammond, Jr., 説得するd the scholarly-looking clarinetist, Benny Goodman, who was playing in a 無線で通信する orchestra, to gather a group of players for this 目的.

The resulting 記録，記録的な／記録するs not only sold 井戸／弁護士席 in England but made an 予期しない 攻撃する，衝突する in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs; and thus began a public enthusiasm for "swing"--as the hot jazz 十分な of improvisation （機の）カム to be called--which 井戸／弁護士席d to its 最高潮 in the winter of 1937-38, when the bespectacled Mr. Goodman, playing at the 最高位の and later in Boston and どこかよそで, 設立する that the boys and girls so yelled and 叫び声をあげるd and cavorted when his 禁止（する）d began to "send" that a concert became a bedlam. When in the spring of 1938 a Carnival of Swing was held at Randall's Island in New York, with twenty-five 禁止（する）d 現在の, over 23,000 jitterbugs listened for five hours and forty-five minutes with such uncontrollable enthusiasm that, as a reporter put it in the next morning's Times, the police and park officers had all they could do to 保護する the players from "破壊 by 賞賛."

の中で many of the jitterbugs--特に の中で many of the boys and girls--the 評価 of the new music was 大部分は vertebral. A good swing 禁止（する）d 粉砕するing away at 十分な 速度(を上げる）, with the trumpeters and clarinetists rising in turn under the スポットライト to embroider the 主題 with their several furious improvisations and the drummers going into long-drawnout rhythmical frenzies, could 減ずる its いっそう少なく inhibited auditors to sheer emotional vibration, punctuated by howls of rapture. Yet to 解任する the swing craze as a pure orgy of sensation would be to 行方不明になる more than half of its significance. For what the good 禁止（する）d produced--though it might sound to the unpracticed ear like a mere blare of discordant noise--was an 極端に コンビナート／複合体 and subtle pattern, a 十分な 評価 of which 需要・要求するd far more musical sophistication than the simpler popular 空気／公表するs of a 先行する period. The true swing 熱中している人s, who collected 記録，記録的な／記録するs to the 限界 of their means and not only liked Artie Shaw's （判決などを）下すing of "Begin the Beguine" but knew 正確に why they liked it, were receiving no mean musical education; and if Benny Goodman could turn readily from the playing of "Don't Be That Way" to the playing of Mozart, so could many of his hearers turn to the 審理，公聴会 of Mozart. It may not have been やめる 偶発の that the craze for swing …を伴ってd the はっきりした 伸び（る） in musical knowledge and musical taste that the American people had ever 達成するd.

This 広大な／多数の／重要な 伸び（る） in the 評価 of good music was one of the most remarkable phenomena of the nineteen-thirties. Some credit for it belongs to the WPA, which, doing valiant work in music as in literature and the theatre and the plastic arts, not only 申し込む／申し出d music classes and other 援助（する）s to the 潜在的に musical, but 持続するd no いっそう少なく than 36 symphony orchestras. But the 長，指導者 credit probably must go to the 無線で通信する, which had been 論証するing the 古代の truth that if you throw at people enough of the 製品s of any art, good, bad, and indifferent, some of these people will in time learn to prefer the good.

For a long time the 無線で通信する had been 流出／こぼすing into the ears of millions of Americans an almost continuous stream of music of all sorts, mostly trite. At the beginning of the nineteen-thirties it was still 受託するd as axiomatic by most 無線で通信する people--and 特に by those 商売／仕事 (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs whose 仕事 it was to 認可する the programs 工夫するd by advertising 機関s to 促進する the sale of their goods--that good music was not 広範囲にわたって 手配中の，お尋ね者. Long before this, however, the broadcasting companies had been 実験ing with putting music of high 質 on the 空気／公表する, partly for the sake of prestige, partly to 納得させる the people who 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 無線で通信する to be more 教育の that the 無線で通信する companies themselves were hot for culture. The 国家の Broadcasting Company had put on the New York Symphony Orchestra as 早期に as 1926, the Boston Symphony in 1927, the Philadelphia in 1929. By 1929 the Philadelphia Orchestra program had 現実に 安全な・保証するd an advertising sponsor: Philco took the 急落（する），激減（する）. In 1930 the Columbia Broadcasting System began a 一連の concerts of the New York Philharmonic on Sunday afternoons, and the next year the NBC began putting the 主要都市の オペラ on the 空気／公表する on Saturday afternoons. Before long the オペラ broadcast, too, acquired sponsors: a cigarette company and a mouth-wash company 示す their 乗り気 to 支払う／賃金 for it if only a few 井戸／弁護士席 chosen words about the advantages of the 権利 sort of smoke or gargle might …を伴って the 作品 of Wagner and Puccini. What was happening was that these classical programs were 明白に attracting listeners and more listeners.

So the movement swept on until on the first day of February, 1937--just a little while before 大統領 Roosevelt brought out his 計画（する） for the enlargement of the 最高裁判所--an 特使 of David Sarnoff of the 国家の Broadcasting Company, calling upon Arturo Toscanini in his native Milan, told him that the NBC 手配中の，お尋ね者 him to 行為／行う a 無線で通信する orchestra the に引き続いて winter.

"Did you ever hear of the NBC?" the 特使, Samuel Chotzinoff, is said to have begun.

"No," replied Toscanini.

Some explanation was 要求するd; and then Chotzinoff 手渡すd over a memorandum which 示唆するd several 代案／選択肢 計画（する）s for Toscanini concerts on the 空気／公表する. The 広大な／多数の／重要な conductor peered at it nearsightedly, ran his finger 負かす／撃墜する the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）, and presently stopped.

"I'll do this," said he. He was pointing at a suggestion of a concert a week for ten weeks.

He did it--with an orchestra 特に 新採用するd to do him 司法（官）. When, at Christmas time of 1937, he stepped upon the podium in the biggest broadcasting studio in the NBC Building in New York, 直面するing a 明白な audience of a thousand or so men and women (equipped with satin programs 保証（人）d not to make crackling noises) and an invisible audience of millions more at their 無線で通信するs all over the country, it was （疑いを）晴らす that a milestone had been reached. Things had come to the point where the 抱擁する 無線で通信する public was ready to be given the best that could be got, and given it direct--not 簡単に 認めるd a chance to overhear what was ーするつもりであるd in the first place for the musically elect.

The remarkable rise in American musical 評価 may best be 手段d, perhaps, by 特記する／引用するing a few 人物／姿／数字s collected by Dickson Skinner in Harper's Magazine in the spring of 1939. Here they are:--

In 1915 or thereabouts there had been 17 symphony orchestras in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. By 1939 there were over 270.

It was 概算の that in 1938-39 the 連合させるd audiences on the 空気／公表する for the 主要都市の オペラ on Saturday afternoon, the NBC symphony on Saturday evening, and the New York Philharmonic and Ford hour on Sunday, numbered 10,230,000 families each week. (人物／姿／数字 for yourself how many families had been able--and willing--to hear music of such calibre before 1930.)

As 証拠 that these audiences were 増加するing, it was 概算の by the Co?erative 分析 of Broadcasting that the audience for the Ford Sunday evening hour, 申し込む／申し出ing the Detroit Symphony, was 118 per cent larger in 1937 than in 1935; and that by 1938 it was fifth の中で all 無線で通信する programs in 国家の 人気, 存在 越えるd only by the news broadcast and by three other 商業の programs.

The NBC Music 評価 Hour, 行為／行うd by Walter Damrosch, was 存在 heard each week in 1938 by more than seven million children in some 70,000 schools--and probably by three or four million adults also.

And finally, during 1938, broadcasts of symphony orchestras and of grand オペラ were 存在 carried by the two NBC 網状組織s at a 率 which 普通の／平均（する）d more than an hour a day.

After reciting these 統計（学）, it would seem hardly necessary to 追加する that the biggest phonograph company 報告（する）／憶測d that its sales of 記録，記録的な／記録するs 増加するd 600 per cent in the five years 1933-38. The phonograph, once 脅すd with 事実上の 絶滅 by the 無線で通信する, had come into its own again, not only because of the swing craze but even more importantly because of the 普及した 願望（する） to hear "classical" music of one's own choice without having to wait till a 無線で通信する orchestra got 一連の会議、交渉／完成する to playing it.

Thus far very little 利益 from the growth of this 抱擁する audience had come to American 作曲家s. But that time would 推定では arrive before long. For the 証言 of concert performers who 設立する that their audiences now 手配中の，お尋ね者 not 簡単に the old sure-解雇する／砲火／射撃 favorites, but the いっそう少なく familiar symphonies and concertos; the number of school and college glee clubs that now preferred to sing valid music; the growing number of listeners to 駅／配置する WQXR in New York, which 専攻するd in good music; the demeanor of the （人が）群がるs who （機の）カム to such music festivals as that held each summer in the Berkshires: these were の中で the 蓄積するing fragments of 証拠 that a 広大な／多数の／重要な American musical public of real 差別 was 存在 built up.

ｧ 7

One does not 推定する／予想する a piece of music to carry a political or 経済的な message, but one might 井戸／弁護士席 推定する／予想する newspapers, magazines, the 無線で通信する, and the movies to do so. These were the 長，指導者 機関s of day-to-day adult 指示／教授／教育 and entertainment, reaching audiences vastly bigger than even the most popular 調書をとる／予約する or play could 命令（する）. What was their 機能（する）／行事 in the struggle over the 未来 of America?

必然的に the 影響（力） of the newspapers tended to be 保守的な. Newspaper publishing had become a 支店 of big 商売／仕事, obedient to the 経済的な 法律 which concentrated 力／強力にする into より小数の and より小数の 手渡すs. Although the 傾向 of newspapers to be 連合させるd into chains under a 選び出す／独身 所有権 seemed to have been 停止（させる）d during the nineteen-thirties (during the latter years the Hearst chain 現実に showed 調印するs of 弱めるing), the 傾向 toward monopoly or duopoly of newspaper 支配（する）／統制する in each city but the very largest continued. By 1938 a number of good-sized American cities--such as Denver, Des Moines, Grand 早いs, Hartford, Louisville, Memphis, Nashville, Omaha, Toledo, and St. Paul--had each only one morning and one afternoon paper; several of the biggest cities--Baltimore, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Kansas City, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Seattle--had only one morning and two afternoon papers; and in three of these latter cities the one morning paper was under the same 所有権 as one of the two afternoon papers. So コンビナート／複合体 and expensive an 企業 did a city newspaper have to be to 生き残る that its controlling owners were perforce 資本主義者s on a かなりの 規模, and their 影響（力） was likely to be 発揮するd on に代わって of 所有物／資産／財産 権利s, of big 商売／仕事, and of the 利益／興味s of important advertisers.

Not that the newspaper editors and reporters were 保守的な by preference. Many if not most of these, in fact, were 積極的な 支持者s of the underdog. Indeed, the 減少（する） in the number of newspapers, the 増加するing use of 企業連合（する）d 構成要素, and the 激烈な economies 要求するd by the 不景気 had thrown so many newspaper men out on the street that what had once been hopefully spoken of as the "profession of journalism" had become one of the most （人が）群がるd and ill-paid of all white-collar 占領／職業s, and the reporter might 井戸／弁護士席 regard himself as an underdog. Out of these circumstances 現れるd such anomalies as newspapers whose editors and reporters were mostly New 売買業者s (or even 共産主義者s) and members of the Newspaper Guild (v)提携させる(n)支部，加入者d with the CIO, yet whose 編集（者）の pages warred ひどく against Roosevelt and whose news columns were "slanted" against labor. Where the tradition of factual, 客観的な 報告（する）／憶測ing was strong, as on the New York Times, the slanting was only minor and 時折の; where this tradition was 女性, as on the Chicago Tribune, it was sharp.

But if the newspapers tended toward 保守主義, at least they did not tend toward 回避 of political and 経済的な 問題／発行するs. One of the most striking phenomena of the １０年間 was the rising importance of the political columnist whose writings were 企業連合（する）d all over the country and whose audiences were numbered by the millions. The readers of a small-city newspaper might find on their breakfast （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs not only the advice of Dorothy Dix on 事件／事情／状勢s of the heart, the gossip of Walter Winchell, the Broadway talk of O. O. McIntyre, but also the opinions on 国家の 事件／事情／状勢s of people like Walter Lippmann, David Lawrence, Frank Kent, Dorothy Thompson, Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, and Westbrook Pegler (and also Eleanor Roosevelt, whose "My Day" seldom touched 国家の 問題／発行するs 直接／まっすぐに but had an 間接に persuasive 影響). 存在 permitted usually more latitude of 表現 than a 地元の editor, these 企業連合（する）d columnists--who incidentally were mostly 保守的な--became 国家の oracles. When Walter Lippmann turned against the New 取引，協定 he carried thousands of readers with him; when Westbrook Pegler took 問題／発行する with a political adversary, people from coast to coast watched the fur 飛行機で行く. Lippmann in 1932, Dorothy Thompson in 1937, were の中で the most 影響力のある of all Americans. Strange that the old tradition of personal journalism, so nearly killed by the 変形 of the American newspaper into a 標準化するd 法人組織の／企業のd （独立の）存在, should thus reassert itself on the grand 規模!

In the magazine world--if one excepts such 自由主義の 週刊誌s of small 循環／発行部数 as the New 共和国 and the Nation and such 組織／臓器s of the solid 知識人s as Harper's--the 傾向 was toward a very timid discretion in the 治療 of public 事件／事情／状勢s. This discretion was relaxed somewhat in 1932 and 1933, when readers clamored to know what was wrong with the 管理／経営 of American 商売／仕事 and the upholders of the status quo were too bewildered to 申し込む／申し出 確信して 抵抗, but reasserted itself after the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon. の中で the big popular magazines with 循環／発行部数s of two or three million the only sort of militancy likely to be manifest thereafter was a militancy such as that of George Horace Lorimer of the Saturday Evening 地位，任命する, who 危険d かなりの losses in 循環／発行部数 (but, of course, few losses in advertising) by his incessant 大打撃を与えるing at the Roosevelt 行政. さもなければ these magazines--特に the women's magazines--touched 議論の的になる 問題／発行するs timidly if at all and 限定するd themselves mostly to 高度に 専門家 fictional entertainment and to the discussion of 事柄s to which neither their owners, their advertisers, nor their more tender-minded readers could conceivably take exception. When an 試みる／企てる was made to 供給する, in Ken, a 自由主義の-過激な 定期刊行物 of large 循環／発行部数, advertisers held off and thus 非難するd it to an 早期に death. But on the whole it would be inexact to say that direct 圧力 from advertisers 影響する／感情d very 大部分は the 政策 of the successful big-循環／発行部数 magazines. What 主として 影響する／感情d them was the 願望（する） of their owners to see their own opinions echoed, to make money by pleasing and flattering their advertisers, and at the same time to 供給する agreeable and innocuous entertainment.

That there was money to be made にもかかわらず by the sharp 贈呈 of facts, and 特に of facts about America, was shown by the growing success of Time--an expertly edited, newsy, and withal irreverent (though not at all 過激な) 週刊誌--and its younger sister Fortune (設立するd in 1930), which although edited by 自由主義のs for the 利益 主として of the rich, developed such a brilliant technic of team-研究 and team-authorship and trimmed its sails so skillfully to the 勝利，勝つd of 保守主義 that it not only became a 地雷 of factual 構成要素 for 未来 historians but subtly broadened reactionary minds. 非，不，無 of the other 定期刊行物 successes of the １０年間 約束d to have so 激烈な／緊急の an 影響 upon the status of the writer as this adventure in 令状ing a magazine inside the office; there were those who saw in it a 脅し of 絶滅 to the 解放する／自由な-lance 新聞記者／雑誌記者, a 脅し of the coming of the day when the magazine writer would have to look for an office 職業 or be shut out from 出版（物）. (The rise of the Reader's Digest to 抱擁する 人気 appeared to 証明する 主として that readers liked to save time, if their reading could be ably condensed and reassuringly 簡単にするd; the rise of the picture magazines, led by Life and Look, 証明するd 主として that the camera craze had produced enough good photographers to 満足させる a public that always liked pictures.) Yet even such new successes as these hardly 影響する／感情d the basic generalization that the way of the popular magazines was the way of 回避 and sheer entertainment.

Of 無線で通信する's coming-of-age during the nineteen-thirties something has already been said. We have 公式文書，認めるd its 出資／貢献 to the 原因（となる） of music. But it developed in other ways also. As a news 機関 it 侵略するd more and more 首尾よく a field in which the 圧力（をかける） had stood alone. During the 早期に and middle years of the １０年間 the "commentators" of the 空気／公表する waves became 競争相手s in 影響（力） of the political columnists of the 圧力（をかける）: men like Edwin C. Hill, William Hard, Lowell Thomas, Boake Carter, and H. V. Kaltenborn 解釈する／通訳するd 国家の 事件／事情／状勢s to 抱擁する numbers of auditors. 要約, explanation, and 解釈／通訳 were in 需要・要求する, 特に on the crises in Europe. But personal opinion was likely to be 鈍らせるd unless 安全に 保守的な. The 無線で通信する commentators 追加するd little to the 解雇する／砲火／射撃s of 国内の 反乱.

さもなければ perhaps the most 重要な 開発 in 無線で通信する was the 改良 and 標準化 of the variety show of the 空気／公表する, an hour's or half-hour's program of 補欠／交替の／交替するing light music and humorous 対話, featuring such 国家の favorites as Jack Benny, Rudy Vallee, Fred Allen, George 燃やすs and Gracie Allen, Bing Crosby, and Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy. Throughout most of the １０年間, unless there was an 選挙, a prize fight, a European 危機, or a 大統領の "fireside 雑談（する）" to 需要・要求する 簡潔な／要約する attention, it was the variety shows which 命令（する）d the biggest audiences. Their 長，指導者 競争相手s for 人気 were the 非常に／多数の serial stories of the 空気／公表する, 範囲ing from Amos 'n' Andy (which reached its biggest number of listeners in 1930 but continued 広告 infinitum) to the 孤独な 特別奇襲隊員, a wild West thriller, which first was heard on January 30, 1933, and rose in 好意 until by 1939 it was a three-times-a-week 扱う／治療する to some twenty million people who received it from 140 駅／配置するs.

Almost without exception both the variety shows and the serials were innocent of any political or 経済的な or social 輸入する whatever, save for the announcer's 時折の interposition with a suave 尊敬の印 to the 製品s and 政策s of the 会社／団体 which footed the 法案 for the entertainment. Charlie McCarthy, for instance, took one into a 安全な little world of small boys' いたずらs, a world in which nothing more 苦しめるing happened than that Edgar Bergen grew bald, a world in which there were no 失業した men, no 予算 赤字s, no marching 独裁者s. How の近くに were the heroic 偉業／利用するs of the 孤独な 特別奇襲隊員 to 観察するd reality may be 示唆するd by the fact that--によれば J. Bryan, III, in the Saturday Evening 地位，任命する--neither Fran Striker, who wrote the innumerable scripts, nor Earle W. Graser, whose 発言する／表明する made "Hi-Yo, Silver!" familiar the country over, had ever been west of Michigan.

ｧ 8

As for the movies, so 完全に did they dodge the dissensions and 論争s of the day--with a few exceptions, such as the March of Time series, the 簡潔な／要約する newsreels, and an 時折の picture like "I Am a 逃亡者／はかないもの from a Chain ギャング（団）" or "They Won't Forget"--that if a dozen or two feature pictures, selected at 無作為の, were to be shown to an audience of 1960, that audience would probably derive from them not the faintest idea of the ordeal through which the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs went in the nineteen-thirties.

Upon these movies were lavished 抱擁する sums of money. For them the 行う／開催する／段階 was robbed of half its ablest actors and 脚本家s; the literary world, of many of its ablest writers--to say nothing of the 工学 and photographic 技術 which brought to adequacy that cacophonous novelty of 1929, the talking picture, and which toward the end of the １０年間 was bringing more and more pictures in reasonably 納得させるing color. A large number of excellent pictures were produced, with 資本／首都 事実上の／代理--whether comedies like "It Happened One Night," or adventure stories like "反乱（を起こす） on the Bounty," or historical 演劇s like "The Life of Emile Zola," or picturizations of fictional classics like "A Tale of Two Cities"; and there was a far greater number of pictures which, whatever their unreality, served as rousing entertainment for an idle evening. But although the 世俗的な 宗教 of social consciousness was はびこる in Hollywood--特に in 1937 and 1938, when 非常に／多数の script-writers and actors and technical men were ready to do or die for their guilds, for Tom Mooney, for the Spanish 現体制支持者／忠臣s, or even for the 共産主義者 見解／翻訳／版 of the Popular 前線--にもかかわらず in the pictures upon which they worked there was hardly a glimpse of the real America. The movies took one to a never-never land of adventure and romance uncomplicated by thought.

The 資本／首都 投資するd in the movies preferred to steer （疑いを）晴らす of ぎこちない 問題／発行するs, not to run the 危険 of 感情を害する／違反するing theatre-goers abroad or at home. The moralists must be placated; as a result of the （選挙などの）運動をする of the Legion of Decency in 1934, Joseph Breen had been 任命する／導入するd in the office of the 動議 Picture 生産者s and Distributors of America, ready to censor before 生産／産物 any picture which showed too 長引かせるd a kiss, which showed small boys bathing naked, which permitted a character to say "damn" or "hell." (The 即座の 影響 of the Legion of Decency （選挙などの）運動をする, oddly enough from the point of 見解（をとる） of 検閲-haters, appeared to be salutary; it 脅すd the 生産者s into 開始する，打ち上げるing, during 1935 and 1936, some of the best pictures yet seen.) Foreign opinion must be placated lest foreign sales be lost: when "Idiot's Delight" was adapted from 行う／開催する／段階 to 審査する, it must be 始める，決める in an 匿名の／不明の country whose inhabitants spoke not Italian but Esperanto; when "Beau Geste" was refilmed in 1939, the villains of the 初めの silent 見解／翻訳／版 must be given ロシアの 指名するs rather than Italian and ベルギー 指名するs because film 貿易（する） with Russia was comparatively small. Neither 資本／首都 nor labor, neither the 行政 nor its enemies, must be given any 適切な時期 to 非難する. If one 手配中の，お尋ね者 to show a crusading 改革者, better to make him a Frenchman of the past, like Emile Zola, than an American of the 現在の: for how could an American engage in a crusade without 暗示するing that something was wrong?

It was 重要な that the pre-著名な artist of the 動議 picture during the nineteen-thirties, Walt Disney, was a 製造者 of fantasies, and that the 動議-picture event in January, 1938, which Westbrook Pegler called "the happiest thing that has happened in this world since the armistice" was the 生産／産物 of "Snow White," a fairy story of the 審査する. Only in unreality could genius have 解放する／自由な rein.

The Disney film was a 抱擁する popular success; it 始める，決める the whole country humming "Heigh-売春婦" and "Whistle While You Work" and incidentally was a godsend to the toy 商売／仕事: during the 荒涼とした first third of 1938, when the 後退，不況 was at its worst, over $3,000,000 価値（がある） of Disney toys were sold, and that summer, when the wheels of most factories were turning 断続的に, the Sieberling-Latex 工場／植物 近づく Akron was three weeks behind orders (after running 24 hours a day for months)--making rubber statuettes of Dopey and the other dwarfs!

Not 単に did the movies 避ける 誘惑s to thought about the 条件 of the country; in 影響 their 生産者s played, half unwittingly, a gigantic joke upon the social Salvationists, and 特に upon those men and women who would have liked to make the American 集まりs class conscious. For the America which the movies portrayed--like the America of popular magazine fiction and 特に of the magazine 宣伝s--was devoid of real poverty or discontent, of any real 衝突 of 利益／興味s between owners and 労働者s, of any real ferment of ideas. More than that, it was a country in which almost everybody was rich or about to be rich, and in which the 所有／入手 of a 抱擁する house and a British-accented butler and a 私的な swimming pool not 単に raised no embarrassing questions about the 配当 of wealth, but was 受託するd as the normal lot of mankind. So 完全に did the inveterate movie-goer come to take this America for 認めるd--at least during his two hours in the theatre--that he was ありそうもない to be surprised to find a couple of stenographers pictured as 占領するing an apartment with the newest built-in kitchen 器具／備品 and a living-room 35 feet long and 20 feet wide; or to hear Bette Davis, in "Dark Victory," 表明するing satisfaction that she had given up the life in which she "had had everything" for a life in which she "had nothing"--"nothing," in this 事例／患者, 存在 a remodeled Vermont farmhouse which (によれば the careful computations of E. B. White in Harper's Magazine) must have cost at least $11,000 or $12,000 a year to live in.

While the writers and artists in whom 燃やすd a 猛烈な／残忍な 願望（する） to 明らかにする／漏らす to their fellow-countrymen the 不平等s and 悲惨s of their lot were resolutely 演説（する）／住所ing a public numbered in the thousands, another public numbering eighty-five millions each week was at the movies watching Gary Cooper, Clark Gable, Myrna Loy, Katharine Hepburn, Ronald Colman, Carole Lombard, and the other gods and goddesses of Hollywood disporting themselves in a dreamland of wide-広範囲にわたる stairways, marble 床に打ち倒すs, and magnificent 製図／抽選-room vistas. And these eighty-five millions were liking it.

Was not the lesson of all this that America was not--or not yet, if you prefer--proletarian-minded? True, its 国民s were 有能な of 組織するing hotly to 是正する wrongs and 安全な・保証する themselves 利益s, were やめる ready to have these wrongs 是正するd and these 利益s 供給するd by the 政府 if no other 機関 would do it; and some Americans might even fight, if need be, to get what they 手配中の，お尋ね者. Yet still in the 支援する of their minds there was room for an Horatio Alger 楽園 where young men of valour rose to the 最高の，を越す and young women of glamour married the millionaire's son, and lived happily ever after.

一時期／支部 Eleven

FRICTION AND RECESSION

ｧ 1

In a 冷淡な rain which slanted viciously 負かす／撃墜する upon sodden throngs before the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂, Franklin D. Roosevelt, standing with 長，率いる 明らかにするd to the gusts, took the 誓い of office for his second 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 as 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and began his 就任の 演説（する）／住所.

It was an eloquent 演説（する）／住所. 述べるing in glowing 条件 the 改良 in 国家の 条件s which had taken place since 1933, he went on to ask, "Shall we pause now and turn our 支援する upon the road that lies ahead?" His answer, of course, was No; and he proceeded in biting 宣告，判決s to 要約する the poverty and wretchedness that still remained to be 敗北・負かすd. "I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-覆う？, ill-nourished," said he. "It is not in despair that I paint for you that picture. I paint it for you in hope, because the nation, seeing and understanding the 不正 in it, 提案するs to paint it out. We are 決定するd to make every American 国民 the 支配する of his country's 利益／興味 and 関心, and we will never regard any faithful 法律-がまんするing group within our 国境s as superfluous. The 実験（する） of our 進歩 is not whether we 追加する more to the 豊富 of those who have much, it is whether we 供給する enough for those who have too little."

負かす／撃墜する in the （人が）群がる below, New 売買業者s tried to 持つ／拘留する on to their streaming umbrellas and clap 同時に--and 元気づけるd anyhow. This was the sort of fighting humanitarianism they liked. Yet everybody in the （人が）群がる, New 売買業者 or 懐疑論者／無神論者 or 対抗者, was listening intently for something more 明確な／細部. How did Roosevelt 提案する to proceed along the "road that lies ahead," and in particular how did he 提案する to を取り引きする the 最高裁判所, which stood 権利 in the middle of that road as Roosevelt saw it? During the almost twenty months that had elapsed since the 法廷，裁判所 had 粉砕するd the NRA he had been 企て，努力，提案ing his time. All through the 1936 （選挙などの）運動をする he had left the 法廷，裁判所 問題／発行する 厳しく alone. Now, with the 調印（する） of 大多数 是認 upon him, would he speak?

Twice already today he had drawn the minds of the （人が）群がる to the overarching question. When he took the 誓い of office he had not been content to answer 長，指導者 司法（官） Hughes with a simple "I do," but with his left 手渡す upon the Bible and his 権利 手渡す upraised he had repeated the whole historic 誓い, with sharp 強調 upon the word "憲法." 早期に in the 就任の 演説（する）／住所 he had 発言／述べるd, "The 憲法 of 1787 did not make our 僕主主義 impotent." What more would there be? The （人が）群がる waited, the rain （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing 負かす／撃墜する upon them. There was no その上の 言及／関連 to the 法廷，裁判所, direct or indirect.

The deluge from the heavens on that twentieth of January, 1937, might have been taken as an unhappy omen. In a direct physical sense it was indeed to be one; for that 暴風雨, に引き続いて previous rains and 存在 followed by others, was presently to 始める，決める in 動議 the 広大な／多数の／重要な Ohio River flood. Already 負かす／撃墜する a thousand hillsides from Pennsylvania to Arkansas were coursing the muddy rivulets which would join to inundate Cincinnati, Louisville, and many another city and town. And in another, broader sense those who regarded the 嵐／襲撃する as an ill omen were to be 正当化するd. For the new year of 1937 was to be 示すd by discords and 失望s. At that very moment, in Flint, Michigan, thousands of sit-負かす／撃墜する strikers were 占領するing the factories of the General モーターs 会社／団体 in what was to 証明する the first major 衝突 of a 普及した and ugly 産業の war. By the time this war 病弱なd, the 国家の economy was to slide 負かす／撃墜する into a new 危機 which would dash, for a long time to come, the high hopes 始める，決める 前へ／外へ in the 就任の 演説（する）／住所. As for the 大統領 himself, even at that moment--though only his 弁護士／代理人／検事-General and perhaps three or four other men had an inkling of what was 進行中で--he had 明確に表すd and was having 草案d in 詳細（に述べる） a 計画（する） of （選挙などの）運動をする against the 最高の 法廷，裁判所, a 計画（する） which, although in the end it would bring him an indirect victory, would in the 合間 lead him to a painful and 損失ing 敗北・負かす.

ｧ 2

The General モーターs 会社／団体 was one of the mightiest of American 経済的な principalities. It 雇うd nearly a ４半期/4分の1 of a million men and 毎年 produced, in factories and 議会 工場／植物s all over the country and abroad, some two million cars and トラックで運ぶs--over two-fifths of all those made in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and 井戸／弁護士席 over a third of all those made in the whole world. Its 管理／経営 was theoretically 責任のある to over a third of a million 株主s, but was 現実に 解放する／自由な from any direction or 抑制 by any but a handful of the biggest of them. (This army of 株主s 手配中の，お尋ね者 （株主への）配当s; when （株主への）配当s are not 来たるべき, the innumerable small 株主s of such a monster 会社／団体 do not 反乱--they sell.) The 会社／団体's 逮捕する 収入s, though they had dwindled to the 消えるing point in 1932, had swelled in 1936 to nearly a ４半期/4分の1 of a billion dollars--just about a thousand dollars per 従業員. The 会社／団体 was half 免疫の to 競争 of the 伝統的な sort, for now it 株d with Ford and Chrysler 井戸／弁護士席 over 90 per cent of the American automobile 商売／仕事; only those two other monster organizations could 戦闘 it. It had become 事実上 独立した・無所属 of the banking houses of 塀で囲む Street, since it could 財政／金融 out of 収入s and 価値低下 allowances not only 交替／補充s and 改良s and 新規加入s to its 工場／植物s, but all manner of adventures in other 経済的な fields; the building of ice boxes, airplane engines, ディーゼル locomotives, and so on; 工学 研究 more 効果的な than 私的な inventors could manage. All in all, the General モーターs inner 管理／経営--a few men in New York and Detroit--演習d a 力／強力にする in American life probably greater than that of any 明言する／公表する 政府.

Yet since the end of December, 1936, this principality had been 麻ひさせるd by groups of 従業員s who had 掴むd its 重要な 工場／植物s by 簡単に sitting 負かす／撃墜する at their 職業s and 反抗するing all who would dislodge them. The stream of car 生産／産物, dammed at these 決定的な points, slowed to a 停止（させる）; while the little city of Flint, Michigan, where most of the 重要な 工場／植物s were 据えるd, became the scene of something の近くに to civil war.

Behind the 反抗 of these 労働者s lay a long story of 商売／仕事 regimentation, labor 暴動, and 政府 inefficacy.

When the New 取引，協定, in 1933, had given to 商売／仕事 管理／経営s the 許可 to 組織する, it had also, as we have seen, 定評のある the 権利 of labor to 組織する. There was nothing 革命の about this 承認: previous 法律s such as the Clayton 行為／法令／行動する and Norris-La Guardia 行為／法令／行動する had 含むd 類似の 準備／条項s--though the 法廷，裁判所s tended to whittle them 負かす／撃墜する. But the 表明する 許可, written into Section 7a of the 国家の 産業の 回復 行為／法令／行動する and into the resulting NRA codes, had started a 急ぐ to join labor unions.

With this 急ぐ most of the leaders of the American 連合 of Labor--slow-moving, inflexible, 保守的な-minded men, 充てるd to old-fashioned （手先の）技術 unionism and jealous of their jurisdictional 権利s--had been やめる unable to 対処する. A few of them, however, had been galvanized into sudden activity, and one in particular, John L. 吊りくさび, the beetle-browed boss of the 部隊d 地雷 労働者s, had seemed to become a new man. In previous years 吊りくさび had been 公式文書，認めるd 主として for his 独裁的な and obstructive ways and had become 人気がない の中で the 地雷 労働者s themselves, but now he 火刑／賭けるd every last penny in the union 財務省 upon a whirlwind 組織するing （選挙などの）運動をする, sent out 禁止（する）d of 組織者s to tell the 鉱夫s that "The 法律 is on our 味方する," and 調印するd them up by the hundreds of thousands.

Presently the transformed 吊りくさび became the strong leader of an 積極的な group inside the 連合, a group which stood for 産業の unionism--for collecting in a 選び出す／独身 organization all the 労働者s in a given 産業, whatever special （手先の）技術s they might be engaged in. Along with 吊りくさび the group 含むd such men as Sidney Hillman, the astute 長，率いる of the International 衣料品 労働者s; Charles P. Howard of the International Typographers; and David Dubinsky of the International Ladies 衣料品 労働者s. Believing that the （手先の）技術-unionists of the 連合 were 終始一貫して muffing 適切な時期s to 動員する the 労働者s in the yet-unorganized 集まり-生産／産物 産業s--steel, automobiles, rubber, and so on--these men gathered on October 9, 1935, to form a special organization of their own, inside the A. F. of L. They called it the 委員会 for 産業の Organization: the CIO. The 不和 深くするd and the next year, 1936, the CIO was read out of the A. F. of L. and became, under 吊りくさび's leadership, a competing 連合--more 警報, more headlong, better able to 請け負う 早い, large-規模 organization, and やめる 用意が出来ている to go into party politics: its 急速な／放蕩な-growing unions 与える／捧げるd nearly half a million dollars to help Roosevelt 敗北・負かす Landon.

一方／合間 the NRA had been 投げ上げる／ボディチェックするd into the wastebasket by the 最高裁判所. 議会 had quickly passed a new 法律, the Wagner Labor Relations 行為／法令／行動する, to 取って代わる Section 7a and 特に 権限を与える 集団の／共同の 取引ing, and had 始める，決める up a 国家の Labor Relations Board to 施行する the 行為／法令／行動する. From the 手始め this Board 直面するd a 井戸／弁護士席-nigh impossible 仕事. Many 雇用者s were coolly 訴訟／進行 as if there were no Wagner 行為／法令／行動する at all, 運動ing away union 組織者s and 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing union members in the 確信して hope that the 最高裁判所 would upset the new 法律 and things would return to the status quo 賭け金. Other 雇用者s were setting up "company unions"; and though some of these were really 代表者／国会議員 機関s for 本物の 調停 and 調整, others were essentially 偽の unions, under the 管理／経営's thumb. There was an ugly temper in the 産業の towns, where men who had 苦しむd acutely during the 不景気, and had lost all 尊敬（する）・点 for the princes of 産業 who 雇うd and 解雇する／砲火／射撃d them, were ready to make trouble just as soon as they had 十分な stomachs and a 微光 of hope. With labor in a 反抗的な mood, many unions inexperienced and undisciplined, 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者s and adventurers making hay as union 組織者s, jurisdictional 論争s たびたび（訪れる）, the labor high 命令（する） divided, the status and meaning of the 法律 uncertain, the 態度 of the 政府 転換ing and あいまいな, many 雇用者s 率直に heedless of the 法律, and 相反する 宣伝s misrepresenting the 問題／発行するs, there was 混乱 everywhere. 怒り／怒る 深くするd and strikes multiplied.

の中で the automobile 労働者s the militancy became 特に hot. They complained of their low 給料, arguing that although the hourly 率s were higher than in most other 産業s, 雇用 was spasmodic and the 年次の 行う uncertain and unsatisfactory. They complained of the inexorable 速度(を上げる） of the factory 議会 lines. 特に they were angry at the way in which the 会社／団体s 秘かに調査するd on union members and 設立する pretexts to 発射する／解雇する them ーするために break the union movement. によれば the 公式の／役人 要約 of the 報告（する）／憶測 of the La Follette 委員会 of the 上院, during the period of a little over two and a half years between January 1, 1934, and July 31, 1936, the General モーターs 会社／団体 alone "paid $994,855.68 to 探偵，刑事 機関s for 秘かに調査する services." Union leaders were 影をつくる／尾行するd, there were stool pigeons in the unions, and no man in the 議会 line knew whether a casual 言及／関連 to the union in a conversation with a fellow-workman might not be followed by his 発射する／解雇する on the ground of inefficiency.

An 産業の union, the 部隊d Automobile 労働者s, had been formed の中で these men. In 1936 it was taken under the wing of the CIO and thereafter it grew with angry 速度(を上げる）. In December, 1936, its new 長，率いる, an energetic ex-大臣, ホームラン ツバメ, tried to arrange a 会合 with William S. Knudsen, the 副／悪徳行為-大統領，／社長 of General モーターs, only to be told that labor 事柄s should be taken up with the 長，率いるs of the さまざまな 工場／植物s; the 広大な General モーターs principality, so 井戸／弁護士席 統合するd in many 尊敬（する）・点s, preferred not to 行為／法令／行動する as if labor 政策 were a 事柄 for 統合，差別撤廃. The 工場／植物 経営者／支配人s were indisposed to 交渉する. Thereupon the 論争 boiled over.

John L. 吊りくさび 手配中の，お尋ね者 no strike then in General モーターs. He had his 手渡すs 十分な 組織するing other 産業s, 特に steel. An automobile strike now might 難破させる the CIO in its 幼少／幼藍期. Besides, the General モーターs 会社／団体 was far from 人気がない with the general public, which liked its cars and thought of it as 支払う／賃金ing high 給料. But the 反乱 was irrepressible.

In 工場／植物 after 工場／植物 the men 突然の sat 負かす／撃墜する--in the Cleveland Fisher 団体／死体 工場／植物, in Fisher 団体／死体 No. 1 and Fisher 団体／死体 No. 2 at Flint, in the Fleetwood and Cadillac 工場／植物s at Detroit, and どこかよそで. They kept enough men inside each factory to 持つ／拘留する it as a 要塞, and while these men idled, played cards, and stood guard at doors and windows, food was sent in to them from union kitchens outside. Thus began one of the most gigantic 産業の 衝突s in American history.

The sit-負かす／撃墜する strike was not a new 現象. It had been tried, 簡潔に but 首尾よく, by 従業員s of the Hormel Packing Company in Austin, Minnesota, as far 支援する as 1933. There had been several sit-負かす／撃墜するs in Europe in 1934, and subsequently the method had been 利用するd on an 巨大な 規模 in フラン and to a 限られた／立憲的な extent in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, 特に at Akron. But the General モーターs strike was the first to bring it 強制的に to the attention of the 広大な／多数の／重要な American public, and the country buzzed with indignation, enthusiasm, and bewilderment, によれば its さまざまな predilections, as it read the news from Flint.

Pretty 明確に the sit-負かす／撃墜する was 違法な. 自由主義の 観察者／傍聴者s might point out that the 伝統的な 概念s of 所有権 did not seem やめる applicable to a colossal 会社／団体 the 所有権 of which 残り／休憩（する）d, not with the 管理／経営, but with a third of a million 株主s, very few of whom were anywhere 近づく as の近くに to it as the workmen whose daily lives were bound up with it; but no new 合法的な 概念s applicable to such a principality had been 明確に表すd. And anyhow the angry men at Flint were beyond bothering about the 法律. They had discovered that the sit-負かす／撃墜する gave them new 戦略の advantages. Not only did it enable them to 逮捕（する） and 持つ／拘留する the 会社／団体's 生産力のある 機械／機構; it also 除去するd from them the usual 誘惑 to 暴力／激しさ, or the 外見 of 暴力／激しさ, which would 疎遠にする the general public. From the moment they sat 負かす／撃墜する they were on the 防御の, and the 誘惑 to attack 残り／休憩（する）d with the 管理／経営. Behind the 塀で囲むs of the 広大な／多数の／重要な factories they had only to sit and wait while 知事 Murphy of Michigan and 労働長官 フランs Perkins sought tirelessly to induce the General モーターs 管理／経営 to sit 負かす／撃墜する at a （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する with the 部隊d Automobile 労働者s.

On January 11 the 管理／経営 took the 不快な／攻撃. It turned the heat off in one of the 包囲するd 工場／植物s, Fisher 団体／死体 No. 2, and the police gathered to 妨げる food from 存在 sent in. The union leaders sent a sound トラックで運ぶ to the scene, and with the magnified 発言する／表明する of an 組織者 to 元気づける them on, 急ぐd food past the police to their friends inside. A few hours later the police 嵐／襲撃するd the 工場／植物, and were beaten off in a pitched 戦う／戦い in which the 武器s 含むd buckshot and 涙／ほころび gas (on the part of the police) and door hinges, metal 麻薬を吸うs, and soda-pop 瓶／封じ込めるs (on the part of the strikers). The sit-downers remained in 所有／入手. The 国家の Guard was called out; but 知事 Murphy--who was willing to let the 法律 go unenforced if only he might 妨げる その上の 暴力／激しさ--forbade the 軍隊／機動隊s to attack. Still the sit-downers remained in 所有／入手.

The 管理／経営 turned to the 法廷，裁判所s for 援助（する）, 安全な・保証するing an order that the factories must be 避難させるd--an order which failed of its moral 影響 when the 裁判官 who had 問題／発行するd it was 明らかにする／漏らすd to be a large 株主 in General モーターs. Again the 管理／経営 安全な・保証するd an 避難／引き上げ order, from another 裁判官, which 脅すd the strikers with 監禁，拘置 and a 罰金 of no いっそう少なく than fifteen million dollars if they did not get out by three o'clock on the afternoon of February 3. The men, inflamed now by the sort of spirit which sends 兵士s over the 最高の，を越す, had no 意向 of getting out; and as three o'clock on that ひどく 冷淡な winter afternoon approached, and thousands of CIO members and sympathizers gathered from Detroit and Toledo and Akron and 集まりd in the streets, 武装した with clubs, pokers, and crow-妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, while the 兵士s of the 国家の Guard waited grimly for the order to 前進する, one could see 差し迫った a 悲劇の 戦う／戦い the scars of which might remain for 世代s.

But there was no 戦う／戦い. Instead, there was hilarious square dancing on the frozen lawns outside Fisher No. 1. For at the last moment 知事 Murphy wired that he had induced Knudsen to 会談する, and told the 郡保安官 to make no move. After an anxious week of 会議／協議会s, the 知事 was able to 発表する that a 解決／入植地 had been reached. General モーターs 認めるd the 部隊d Automobile 労働者s as the 排除的 取引ing 機関 in seventeen of its 工場／植物s, and would 交渉する for a 契約 with it.

The strike was over--after 継続している 44 days, 伴う／関わるing 44,000 労働者s 直接／まっすぐに and 110,000 間接に, and 麻ひさせるing 60 factories in 14 明言する／公表するs. 知事 Murphy had 後継するd in settling it--at the expense of the prestige of the 法律--with a 最小限 of 流血／虐殺. And the CIO had won a 広大な／多数の／重要な victory: a chance to 参加する in the 政府 of the General モーターs principality.

What wonder that after this intoxicating 勝利 労働者s all over the country caught the sit-負かす／撃墜する fever and stopped work in factories, ten-cent 蓄える／店s, restaurants, all manner of workplaces, until the total of sit-負かす／撃墜する strikers in America from September 1936, through May, 1937, was brought to almost half a million? Or that partisanship for and against the CIO reached the boiling point? Or that John L. 吊りくさび became the man of the hour, sagely discussed as a ぼんやり現れるing 大統領の 候補者 for 1940--a portentous 独裁者-in-the-making in the 注目する，もくろむs of the 保守的なs, a hero immaculate in those of the 自由主義のs?

ｧ 3

Where would the next struggle come? In 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Steel?

That was what men were asking one another. But they were 予定 for a surprise. For already the 演劇 of the CIO and 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Steel was far 前進するd--in 完全にする secrecy.

On Saturday, January 9, 1937--when the General モーターs strike was still young--John L. 吊りくさび had been lunching with 上院議員 Guffey of Pennsylvania at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington when Myron C. Taylor, the dignified chairman of the board of 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Steel, entered the dining-room with Mrs. Taylor. Taylor 屈服するd to the 上院議員 and the big labor leader as he threaded his way past their （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する; a moment later he （機の）カム 支援する to 雑談（する） with them 簡潔に; and after 吊りくさび and 上院議員 Guffey had finished lunch and the 上院議員 had left, 吊りくさび went over to the Taylors' （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する and remained with them for twenty minutes or so, in what appeared to be the most affable conversation. Other 昼食 guests throughout the room were agog at the spectacle of the leader of the CIO and the leader of the most famous 会社／団体 in the country hobnobbing agreeably. They would have been much more surprised had they guessed that during the conversation the labor leader had said he would like to have a leisurely talk with Taylor, and Taylor had 示唆するd that they 会談する the next day--Sunday--at his 控訴 at the Mayflower. When 吊りくさび arrived at the Mayflower the next day and took the elevator, nobody in that hotel ロビー in news-hungry Washington had an inkling of where he was bound.

There followed a 一連の 会議／協議会s, most of them at Taylor's house in New York--still without anybody's 存在 the wiser. The result of these 会議／協議会s was an 協定 upon a 決まり文句／製法 by which the Steel 会社／団体 would 認める and 調印する 契約s with the Steel 労働者s 組織するing 委員会, a 部隊 of the CIO. Taylor submitted this 協定 to his astonished directors and won their 同意 to it; and on Monday, March 1, the news broke that Steel and the CIO were 調印 up.

"One of the steel 労働者s just （機の）カム in and said he heard over the 無線で通信する that U. S. Steel was 会合 with the CIO," said an 組織者 over the telephone to Philip Murray of the SWOC; "I told him he was crazy and kicked him out of the office." "I can't believe you!" cried the 大統領，／社長 of one of the lesser steel companies when 大統領 Irwin of U. S. Steel called him on the telephone to tell him the news. No 仲直り during the nineteen-thirties until the 仲直り of Stalin and Hitler in 1939 原因（となる）d more amazement. The steel 産業 as a whole had gone on 記録，記録的な／記録する against the CIO unionization 運動 only the 先行する summer. The Steel 会社／団体 had been 歴史的に 公式文書，認めるd as an implacable 敵 of 組織するd labor. The CIO's 態度 toward 会社／団体 所有物／資産／財産s during the General モーターs strike had brought most 保守的な industrialists almost to the point of apoplexy. Yet here was the 会社／団体 making friends with the CIO--running up the white 旗 of 降伏する, cried the angry industrialists--without even a struggle! The news was too good to be true, cried the 同志／支持者s of labor; surely there must be a catch in it somewhere! But there was no catch. The chairman of the Steel 会社／団体 had 簡単に 認めるd that the SWOC had already 調印するd up enough 労働者s--even out of the 会社／団体's own company unions--to 原因（となる） a very ugly strike; that such a strike would cost the 会社／団体 money, for foreign orders for steel for 軍備s were にわか景気ing; that it would also cost the 会社／団体 good will, for U. S. Steel had had a bad labor 記録，記録的な／記録する in the past; and that the way of 調停 was the way of prudence.

Would there, then, be peace throughout the steel 産業? There would not. "Little Steel"--the Bethlehem, 共和国, 国家の, Inland, and Youngstown Sheet and Tube companies--辞退するd to 調印する 契約s with the CIO. A strike was called that spring, for the 謀反の 労働者s could not be held 支援する; and the companies fought it with all the 武器s at their 命令（する）. "Loyal 労働者s" were 保護するd with 暴動 guns and gas 手りゅう弾s. These "loyal 労働者s" were fed inside company 工場／植物s with 供給（する）s sent them by airplane and by 小包 地位，任命する. "支援する-to-work" movements were 組織するd and 井戸／弁護士席 publicized. 地元の police and 副s broke up picket lines (a （人が）群がる of picketers in South Chicago were 追求するd and 発射 負かす／撃墜する as they ran, leaving behind them four killed, six fatally 負傷させるd, and ninety 負傷させるd, some thirty of them by 砲火). And there was a 一斉射撃，（質問などの）連発／ダム, throughout the strike, of persuasive publicity, which 代表するd the steel companies as defending the "権利 to work," as 保護するing men who 手配中の，お尋ね者 to work from the "脅迫, coercion, and 暴力／激しさ" of "outside agitators" sent into peaceable and contented communities by the CIO. "I won't have a 契約, 言葉の or written," said Tom M. Girdler, 長，率いる of the 共和国 company and leader of the 管理／経営s' 味方する in the 衝突, "with an irresponsible, 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者ing, violent, communistic 団体／死体 like the CIO, and until they pass a 法律 making me do it, I am not going to do it."

The strike was broken. The CIO was 敗北・負かすd.

Already the sit-負かす／撃墜する 疫病／流行性の and the strike 疫病／流行性の 一般に were 病弱なing, somewhat to the 救済 of most of the general public, which had become sick and tired of reading about 暴動s, plug-ugly strikebreakers, and new strikes started by new labor 派閥s after 解決／入植地s had been reached; sick and tired of picket lines, vigilantes, and all the discords of 産業の 摩擦. And presently the ubiquitous 論争s were to be almost automatically subdued by the approach of the 商売／仕事 後退，不況 of 1937-38.

ｧ 4

During the very months in the spring and summer of 1937 when the country was most はっきりと divided by the 論争s over the CIO, it was torn also by another major 衝突. For on February 5--when 大統領 Roosevelt's second 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 was hardly more than two weeks old, and the receding flood waters of the Ohio were leaving 難破 and わずかな／ほっそりした in the streets of Louisville and Cincinnati, and 知事 Murphy was beginning his 会議／協議会s with Knudsen and 吊りくさび for the 解決／入植地 of the General モーターs strike--the 大統領 almost nonchalantly 投げ上げる／ボディチェックするd to 議会 his 計画（する） for the 自由化 of the 最高裁判所. It was like 投げ上げる／ボディチェックするing a 大砲 cracker into a 軍需品s 捨てる.

No 大統領 who was not ブイ，浮標d up by a 広大な／多数の／重要な 信用／信任 in the 乗り気 of the 大多数 of 議会 and of the public to follow him wherever he might lead, and who was not by nature both daring and impulsive, would have 賭事d on such a 計画（する） without a 予選 sounding of opinion. For nearly two years Roosevelt had shown by his 警告を与える that he knew there was dynamite in the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 問題／発行する. But now he walked blithely up and 始める，決める off the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 almost 選び出す／独身-手渡すd.

On the afternoon of February 4 the 大統領 asked the （衆議院の）議長 of the House, the Democratic leaders in the 上院 and House, and the chairman of the two 司法の 委員会s of 議会 to 会合，会う with the 閣僚 the に引き続いて morning; and when, on the morning of the 5th, these gentlemen 組み立てる／集結するd in the 閣僚 room at the White House, he explained to them 簡潔に his new 提案 and 解任するd them with the word that he had a 圧力（をかける） 会議／協議会 to …に出席する and would be sending his message to 議会, together with a 草案 of the 提案するd 法案, at noon. Nobody in the room, によれば the best 証拠 利用できる at this 令状ing, had had the least foreknowledge of the 提案 except 弁護士／代理人／検事-General ホームラン Cummings, who had 草案d it in 協議 with the 大統領. To all the 残り／休憩（する） of the 閣僚, and to the 連邦議会の leaders, it （機の）カム as a 完全にする surprise. In the 現在の vernacular, the 大統領 was not asking them, he was telling them.

It seems that some time in December, 1936, Cummings remembered that he had once 設立する in the とじ込み／提出するs of the 司法省 a 文書 草案d 支援する in 1913 by 弁護士／代理人／検事-General McReynolds, who subsequently had become the most violently anti-New-取引，協定 司法（官） on the 最高の （法廷の）裁判: this 文書 was a suggestion that younger men be 供給するd for the 連邦の 司法の by 任命するing a new 裁判官 for each 裁判官 who had reached the age of seventy (after serving at least ten years) and had failed to retire. Cummings had taken his 発見 over to the White House, 示唆するing to Roosevelt that this 原則 might be 適用するd now to the 連邦の 司法の--含むing the 最高裁判所. Thus the 法廷，裁判所 would be 大きくするd to a 最大限 of fifteen members, Roosevelt would have a chance to 指名する as the new members men who would not torpedo 進歩／革新的な 法律制定, and there would be no necessity for a 憲法の 改正. The whole thing would be done 簡単に as a part of a mere 計画（する） for the 準備／条項 of a larger and more 警報 司法の.

Cummings had 示唆するd other methods too of 会合 the 状況／情勢, but this one met with Roosevelt's 即座の delight--a delight not 減少（する）d by the fact that there would be in it a 井戸／弁護士席-隠すd joke on 司法（官） McReynolds. "That's the one, ホームラン!" cried the 大統領, and straightway Cummings went to work upon it.

Not until January was 井戸／弁護士席 前進するd, 明らかに, was anyone else except Solicitor-General Stanley Reed (and perhaps one or two subordinates in the 司法省) let in on the secret; then--によれば Joseph Alsop and Turner Catledge--the 計画（する） was shown to 裁判官 Rosenman and Donald Richberg; a little later it was shown to Tom Corcoran and perhaps two or three other intimate 大統領の 助言者s. (Corcoran, for one, disliked it because of the indirection with which a major 事柄 of 政治の 政策 was attacked; he had been working on a やめる different 計画（する）.) The 残り／休憩（する） of the 閣僚 and the 連邦議会の leaders, as we have seen, were 完全に in the dark. Very much on his own 責任／義務, the 大統領の quarterback gave the signal for the boldest of trick 今後 passes.

That not all the players on the team relished making 干渉，妨害 for such a play was すぐに 明らかな. As Hatton Sumner, chairman of the House 司法の 委員会, walked away from the 会合 at the White House he 発言／述べるd grimly to his 同僚s, "Boys, here's where I cash in my 半導体素子s." He was thereafter in 対立. And although the 大統領の message made public at noon that day was innocent-looking to the last degree--it argued that "the 職員／兵員 of the 連邦の 司法の is insufficient to 会合，会う the 商売／仕事 before them," spoke of the 傾向 of 裁判官s to continue on the （法廷の）裁判 "in many instances far beyond their years of physical or mental capacity," and argued that "a constant and systematic 新規加入 of younger 血 will vitalize the 法廷，裁判所s and better 用意する them to 認める and 適用する the 必須の 概念s of 司法（官） in the light of the needs and the facts of an ever-changing world"--a 以前 amenable 議会 began at once to show 調印するs of scattered but rising 暴動. Nor did there come from the country 捕まらないで that 圧倒的な shout of 是認 which would have swept the 計画（する） to victory.

The 推論する／理由 was that three 少数，小数派 groups of 投票者s 連合させるd in 不賛成 of the 計画（する）. First there was the large anti-New-取引，協定 group who were ready to leap savagely upon any Roosevelt 手段. Second, there were people who, however 逆の their opinion of the 最高裁判所 of 1937, had a sharp emotional bias against 干渉するing with the 法廷，裁判所 as an 会・原則. Third, there were those who did not mind seeing the 法廷，裁判所 干渉するd with but thought the Roosevelt 計画／陰謀 too breezily disingenuous, and were 感情を害する／違反するd at the idea of 扱う／治療するing a 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な 政治の 問題／発行する as a mere 事柄 of arterial hardening. Even at the 手始め these three groups 追加するd up to make a 大多数; and they were 大きくするd by その後の events.

A group of wily 共和国の／共和党の strategists in the 上院 managed to 説得する ex-大統領 Hoover and other 共和国の／共和党の leaders outside 議会 to muffle their 抗議するs, knowing that if the 法廷，裁判所 計画（する） were 許すd to take on the color of a party 問題／発行する the 民主党員s would 決起大会／結集させる 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the 旗. These 共和国の／共和党の strategists were happy to let 上院議員 Burton Wheeler, a 民主党員, be the 向こうずねing leader of the 対立. Then 長，指導者 司法（官） Hughes was 説得するd to 令状 a letter to 上院議員 Wheeler explaining that the 最高裁判所 was keeping up with its calendar and thus 土台を崩すing the 関わりあい／含蓄 that the "nine old men" could not get through their work. Most 効果的な of all, the 法廷，裁判所 itself had a sharp attack of prudence.

If anybody had supposed that the 黒人／ボイコット-式服d gentlemen of the 法廷，裁判所 were not very human--that the 過程s of the 法廷，裁判所 were impersonal and unpolitical, an Olympian matching of the text of an 行為／法令／行動する with the text of the 憲法--he was 予定 for a shock in March and April, 1937. Realizing that a 一連の 拒絶s of 自由主義の 法律s would 強化する the Roosevelt attack, the 法廷，裁判所 suddenly turned as 穏やかな as any sucking dove. It upheld the 鉄道 Labor 行為／法令／行動する and the new 見解／翻訳／版 of the Frazier-Lemke Farm Mortgage 支払い猶予／一時停止 行為／法令／行動する. It 逆転するd itself upon 最小限 給料 for women and children, upsetting the 決定／判定勝ち（する） which had so embarrassed 知事 Landon at the time of his 指名／任命 いっそう少なく than a year before. More remarkable still, it upheld the Wagner Labor Relations 行為／法令／行動する by a 投票（する） of 5 to 4, 司法（官） Roberts moving 静かに from the die-hard group into the 自由主義の group, and thus confounding those industrialists who had cheerfully 推定する／予想するd the 国家の Labor Relations Board to be blown into oblivion. A little later the 法廷，裁判所 upheld the Social 安全 行為／法令／行動する. The 最高潮 （機の）カム when 司法（官） 先頭 Devanter 辞職するd, thus giving Roosevelt the chance to make his first 任命 to the 法廷，裁判所--and 推定では to 変える what had been usually a 狭くする anti-New-取引，協定 大多数 into a 狭くする 自由主義の 大多数.

All these moves 弱めるd the Roosevelt 味方する in 議会. "Why run for a train after you've caught it?" 発言／述べるd 上院議員 Byrnes after he heard the news of the 先頭 Devanter 辞職. An eloquent fireside 雑談（する） by the 大統領 over the 無線で通信する 早期に in the 戦う／戦い over the 法案 had not started the snowball of public opinion rolling; a Fortune 投票 made during the spring 示すd that only about one-third of the 投票者s were definitely in 好意 of the 計画（する）. But the 大統領 would consider no 妥協. The 戦う／戦い in 議会 became more bitter. Not until June 3 did the 大統領 give ground. On that day he saw 上院議員 Joseph T. Robinson, the Democratic leader (who was in an agony of 当惑 because he had long since been 約束d a seat on the 最高の （法廷の）裁判, and the 先頭 Devanter seat was now 空いている, and nothing had been done about filling it) and agreed to let Robinson work out whatever 妥協 seemed necessary. But by this time the 派閥s in 議会 had become so ugly-tempered that even a 妥協 would be difficult to 得る.

Furiously, belligerently, exhaustingly, Robinson labored week after week as June gave way to July and the Washington heat became more sullen and Senatorial tempers became more frayed--until at last he （機の）カム to the end of his 年輩の strength. On the morning of July 14 the 上院議員's maid became uneasy when he did not appear for breakfast. She looked in his bedroom and in the bathroom, did not see him and rang for the elevator boy to ask whether the 上院議員 had gone out. He had not. The 脅すd maid returned with the elevator boy to the apartment. They 設立する the 上院議員 sprawled dead upon the bedroom 床に打ち倒す--out of sight of the door--with a copy of the 連邦議会の 記録，記録的な／記録する lying beside his outstretched 手渡す. Roosevelt's strongest musterer of Senatorial 投票（する）s had gone 負かす／撃墜する in the 戦う／戦い.

Eight days later （機の）カム the end of the 必然的な 大統領の 退却／保養地, when 上院議員 Logan rose and moved to recommit the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 法案 to the 司法の 委員会 in order that this 委員会 might 代用品，人 for it a 法案 供給するing for 確かな changes in the 連邦の 司法の but not touching the 最高裁判所.

"Is the 最高裁判所 out of it?" asked 上院議員 Johnson of California.

"The 最高裁判所 is out of it," replied 上院議員 Logan.

"Glory be to God!" exclaimed Johnson.

Thereupon the 動議 to recommit was passed, 70 to 21. The 最高裁判所 法案 was definitely beaten.

Still the 大統領 had not moved to fill 司法（官） 先頭 Devanter's seat. On August 12 he did so--and sprung another surprise. For on the 指名／任命 form which he sent by messenger to the 上院 he had filled in in his own 手渡す the 指名する of Hugo L. 黒人／ボイコット of Alabama--a 自由主義の 上院議員 whose enthusiasm for the New 取引，協定 had been constant. 黒人／ボイコット's 合法的な experience had been so 限られた／立憲的な that leaders of the 合法的な profession were 乱暴／暴力を加えるd at his 選択, but Roosevelt counted on the 指名／任命 going through because 黒人／ボイコット was a 上院議員 and his 同僚s would hesitate to …に反対する him. He was 権利: the 上院 同意d. Many 上院議員s, already embittered by the 法廷，裁判所 計画（する） fight, were その上の 怒り／怒るd, however; and in a few weeks a new 嵐／襲撃する broke. The Pittsburgh 地位，任命する-Gazette produced what looked like 相当な 文書の proof that many years before, when the Ku Klux Klan had been strong in Alabama, 黒人／ボイコット had joined it. A member of the 最高裁判所, 後見人 of the civil liberties of America, was shown to have been a member of an organization whose 商売／仕事 it had been to 促進する racial and 宗教的な intolerance!

The 激しい抗議 was terrific. 司法（官） 黒人／ボイコット had gone to England; 事実上 包囲するd there by newspaper men, he 辞退するd to say a word. Not until the first of October, when he had returned to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, did he break his silence. On that evening he spoke over the 無線で通信する from the living room of his friend, Claude E. Hamilton, Jr., in Chevy Chase; and millions of Americans heard him, in his soft Southern 発言する／表明する, 自白する that he had joined the Klan "about fifteen years ago," that he had "later 辞職するd" and "never 再結合させるd," and that he had "no sympathy whatever with any organization or group which, anywhere or at any time, arrogates to itself the un-American 力／強力にする to 干渉する in the slightest degree with 完全にする 宗教的な freedom." The new 司法（官）'s 関心 for civil liberties was so 明らかな in his discourse that thereafter the 嵐／襲撃する of 抗議する at his 任命 died to a rumble.

Soon afterward 黒人／ボイコット took his seat on the （法廷の）裁判, there to 占領する a position かなり to the left, 政治上, of even the 自由主義の 司法（官）s already sitting. Now there was a 限定された 自由主義の 大多数 on the 法廷，裁判所--which was later to be 増強するd when the seats vacated by 司法（官）s Sutherland and Brandeis, who 辞職するd, and 司法（官） Cardozo, who died, were filled by the 任命 of Solicitor-General Reed, Chairman William O. Douglas of the 安全s and 交流 （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, and Felix Frankfurter, long a behind-the-scenes 助言者 to the 大統領. The 法廷，裁判所's new inclination to look with a 都合のよい 注目する，もくろむ upon the 拡張 of 連邦の 力／強力にする became a settled 傾向.

Had Roosevelt, then, really lost his （選挙などの）運動をする? In one sense he had won: the 法廷，裁判所 no longer stood in his way. There was more than political ingenuity to his （人命などを）奪う，主張する, in 1939, that he had 達成するd his ultimate 客観的な にもかかわらず the 敗北・負かす of his 計画（する） for reaching it. Yet in another sense he had lost. Many members of 議会 hitherto glad to 会合，会う his wishes had been left sore and vindictive by the 圧力 put upon them to 投票（する） for a 手段 thrown at them as the 法廷，裁判所 計画（する） had been; and there were also 上院議員s who were piqued at the 黒人／ボイコット 出来事/事件, feeling that they had somehow been tricked into 是認するing an 任命 which later brought them 当惑 at home. When, a year later, Roosevelt tried to bring about the 敗北・負かす at the 投票s of さまざまな 上院議員s who had 投票（する）d against the 法廷，裁判所 計画（する）, these 負傷させるs were その上の inflamed. There was nothing new about the 試みる／企てる of a 大統領 to reward his loyal 支持者s and 除去する his disloyal ones--although the Roosevelt 不快な／攻撃 of 1938, to which the 対立 圧力（をかける） 大（公）使館員d the opprobrious 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of "粛清する," was 異常に bold and inclusive--but to make the 投票（する） upon the 最高裁判所 計画（する） the 実験（する） of 忠義 was galling. The 不快な／攻撃 failed. In friendships within 議会, in prestige within and without 議会, the 大統領 had 苦しむd. In this sense the （選挙などの）運動をする over the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 had been for him a 高くつく／犠牲の大きい 敗北・負かす.

ｧ 5

いつかs the historian wishes that he were able to 令状 several stories at once, 現在のing them perhaps in 平行の columns, and that the human brain were so 建設するd that it could follow all these stories 同時に without vertigo, thus 伸び（る）ing a livelier sense of the way in which 非常に／多数の streams of events run 味方する by 味方する 負かす／撃墜する the channel of time. The chronicle of American life during the spring and summer of 1937 申し込む／申し出s a 事例／患者 in point. The 演劇 of 謀反の labor and the 演劇 of Roosevelt against the 法廷，裁判所 were 存在 played 同時に, and all the while other 騒動s and excitements were distracting our attention to other 行う／開催する／段階s, other 現在のs of 傾向 were flowing と一緒に these roaring 激流s of change. How to give any sense of the multiplicity and heterogeneity of events without endless interruptions of what must, if anybody is to be able to read it, be an 整然とした and 連続した narrative?

It was on the showery evening of May 6, 1937--while the CIO was getting ready for the strike in Little Steel and 行政 特使s were 説得するing Congressmen to 投票（する） for the Roosevelt 法廷，裁判所 計画（する）--that the 広大な／多数の／重要な German airship Hindenburg, nosing toward the mooring mast at Lakehurst to 完全にする its first transatlantic flight of 1937, suddenly became a たいまつ 炎上ing in the dusk, and the cheerful inconsequentialities that 注ぐd out of American 無線で通信するs were broken into by staccato 報告（する）／憶測s of the horror on the New Jersey plain. 負かす／撃墜する went the hopes which had built a mooring mast on the Empire 明言する／公表する Building and had risen high as the Hindenburg made crossing after crossing 安全に in 1936. Now the 未来 of transatlantic はしけ-than-空気／公表する 輸送（する） looked 黒人／ボイコット indeed. Within a few weeks, as if to point the contrast, Pan-American clippers and 皇室の 航空路s 飛行機で行くing boats were making 調査する flights between Britain and America in 準備 for the 就任（式）／開始 of a 正規の／正選手 乗客 service.

During those same months of 1937 the armies of Francisco フランス系カナダ人 were 包囲するing Madrid, the farce of "nonintervention" was permitting Mussolini to help him, American 自由主義のs were "eating lunch against フランス系カナダ人" (in Elmer Davis's phrase), and American カトリック教徒s were arguing that フランス系カナダ人's 不快な／攻撃 was a 宗教上の crusade against 共産主義者 hordes which 燃やすd churches and slew priests.

In midsummer (just as the 最高裁判所 計画（する） was coming to 敗北・負かす in the 上院) the Japanese began a systematic attack upon 中国, thus 追加するing a new major 侵略 to the lengthening 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of international 侵略s; soon Japanese 爆弾s were 落ちるing in Shanghai and Americans were wondering whether the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs would have to choose between the loss of all its 伝統的な 特権s in 中国--and perhaps the lives of oil salesmen and missionaries--and war with Japan. What would happen if a 逸脱する 爆弾 should 攻撃する，衝突する 海軍大将 Yarnell's 旗艦 on the Whangpoo? And ought American women to wear lisle stockings on に代わって of 苦しむing 中国?

No picture of the America of the spring and summer of 1937 would be fully 明らかにする／漏らすing which was not a montage of innumerable and 変化させるd scenes. It would show Walter Reuther and Richard Frankensteen, 公式の／役人s of the 部隊d Automobile 労働者s, 存在 slugged and kicked and thrown bodily 負かす／撃墜する on the 固める／コンクリート 床に打ち倒す of a street overpass beside the Ford factory at River 紅 by "loyal 従業員s," who によれば the 証言 of 観察者／傍聴者s were 雇うd 凶漢s of the Ford "Service" organization. (Thus was the "American system" defended.) It would show American living rooms littered with 調書をとる／予約するs of 言及／関連 and public librarians distracted by the fury of contestants in the Old Gold Puzzle Contest. (That picture of two women 説 "All London is now 冒険的な the wide-awake hat!" and "Do you know that Palmerston やめるs today as Foreign Sec?"--could the answer to that be Jenny Lind? And those two people 選ぶing oxeye daisies--would that be Sitting Bull or Morgan Dix?)

It would show Leon Henderson, the burly 経済的な 助言者 of the WPA, becoming worried by the rising 傾向 of prices, concocting a memorandum する権利を与えるd "にわか景気 or 破産した／（警察が）手入れする," and communicating his 恐れるs of a 商売／仕事 崩壊（する） to 長官 Morgenthau, who in turn communicated them to the 大統領; その結果 the 大統領 問題／発行するd a 警告 to the 影響 that 確かな prices--顕著に that of 巡査--were too high. (Henderson was 権利: trouble was coming, nor could such a 声明 回避する it.)

It would show Americans bent over their newspapers as they devoured another 一連の 分割払いs of the 王室の romance that had so 入り口d them the 先行する December: Wallis Warfield Simpson's 離婚 存在 宣言するd 絶対の on May 3, 1937; the Duke of Windsor 急ぐing from his Austrian 退却／保養地 to join her in フラン; their wedding taking place at Monts, フラン, on June 3; while, during the month's interval, the Duke's brother George was 栄冠を与えるd King at Westminster with pomp and circumstance. "Yes, I 始める，決める my alarm clock for five in the morning and listened to the whole 載冠（式）／即位（式） on the 空気／公表する and I could hear the （人が）群がるs 元気づける as the King and Queen went by in the golden coach." "Wallis may not have got to be Queen, but that trousseau was something."

The montage of American life in the spring and summer of 1937 would 含む endless other pictures: glimpses of Dust Bowl 干ばつ 犠牲者s climbing into their jalopies to 捜し出す a newer world in the orchards of California; Joe Louis knocking out Jim Braddock at Chicago and becoming the titular heavyweight 支持する／優勝者 of the world (though not for another year would he bring 負かす／撃墜する Max Schmeling); Edgar Bergen leaping into 国家の 人気 as he and his 模造の Charlie McCarthy became features of the Chase and Sanborn 無線で通信する hour in May, 1937, and すぐに made it the most popular program of all. (Bergen had been almost unknown before he appeared at the Rainbow Room in New York on November 11, 1936. He made such a 攻撃する，衝突する there that on December 17 he went on the 空気／公表する. Within a few months he was a 国家の celebrity. Was there any area of American life, except the entertainment area, where success could come so 速く?)

The montage would show Amelia Earhart Putnam 飛行機で行くing from New Guinea toward Howland Island, never to be seen again, though the 海軍 searched the 太平洋の rollers long and hard; 訪問者s to New York running through the theatre 宣伝s and trying to make up their minds whether to see "You Can't Take It With You" or "Brother ネズミ" or "Room Service," or Maurice Evans in "King Richard II"; a 私的な car 耐えるing northward from Ormond Beach the 団体／死体 of John D. Rockefeller, dead at the age of ninety-seven; men and women in darkened movie theatres visiting the 平和的な gardens of Shangri La with Ronald Colman in Frank Capra's 審査する 見解／翻訳／版 of Lost Horizon, or listening to Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy in "Maytime"; 有望な billboards (寄付するd by Outdoor Advertising, Inc., to the 国家の 協会 of 製造業者s' （選挙などの）運動をする against labor-union 影響（力）) ゆらめくing with pictures of happy workmen over the 肩書を与える, "The American Way"; and Carolina students working out the steps of "The Big Apple," a 修正するd square dance which would presently break the monotony of fox-trotting for hundreds of thousands of their agile 同時代のs.

The montage would show American women putting on the oddest-looking 頂点（に達する）d hats and openwork hats that had balanced on feminine 長，率いるs for many a year. And, as the 在庫／株-market ticker stopped at noon on Saturday, August 14, 1937, it would show 仲買人s 審議ing whether Steel at 121 and Chrysler at 118 ⁵/₈ were still attractive 購入（する）s, or whether it might be a sensible idea to play a bit 安全な for a time.

It would have been a distinctly sensible idea to play 安全な. For the 後退，不況 of 1937-38 was at 手渡す.

ｧ 6

When it （機の）カム, it （機の）カム 急速な／放蕩な--and 明らかに out of a （疑いを）晴らす sky.

Toward the end of August, 1937, the 株式市場 sold off and 商売／仕事 showed 調印するs of slackening. After Labor Day the 退却／保養地 became 詐欺師. 在庫／株s went 負かす／撃墜する 急速な／放蕩な and far. On the morning of October 19 the market seemed 近づく demoralization, with support for some 在庫／株s 明らかに やめる 欠如（する）ing and selling orders 注ぐing in from all over the country; the tape lagged twenty-five minutes behind the 貿易（する）ing, and when at last the gong rang for the の近くにing, the total of 処理／取引s had come to 7,290,000 株--the biggest total since the 崩壊（する） of the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon bull market in the summer of 1933. All through the autumn of 1937 the 拒絶する／低下する continued. Only the fact that 憶測 previous to August had been 穏健な and 井戸／弁護士席-利ざやd, with the SEC watching carefully to 妨げる 巧みな操作, kept the annihilation of values from having 悲惨な consequences outside the 交流s. 一方／合間 商売／仕事 操作／手術s 契約d 刻々と and 速く. Not until the end of March, 1938, did the 株式市場 touch 底（に届く）; not until May did 商売／仕事 do so. Never even during the 崩壊（する） of 1929-32 had the 産業の 索引 shrunk at such a terrific 率.

Look first at what happened to the prices of some 主要な 在庫／株s in the space of only seven and a half months:

Then see what happened to our familiar 手段 of the 明言する／公表する of 商売／仕事 in general, the 連邦の Reserve Board's adjusted 索引 of 産業の 生産／産物. (Do you 解任する its previous ups and 負かす／撃墜するs? Its high of 125 in 1929, its low of 58 in 1932 and of 59 in the bank-panic month of 1933, its 急ぐ up to 100 during the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon, its 拒絶する／低下する to 72 as the Honeymoon ended, and its wobbling rise thereafter?) At the end of 1936 the 索引 had touched 121, which looked distinctly 約束ing. As late as August, 1937, it stood at 117. Then it ran downhill, month after month, until by May, 1938, it had sunk to 76. In nine months it had lost just about two-thirds of the ground 伸び（る）d during all the New 取引，協定 years of painful ascent!

What had happened? During the latter part of 1936 and the 早期に part of 1937 there had taken place sharp 増加するs in the prices of goods--some of them に引き続いて 増加するs in 給料 during the CIO's 不快な／攻撃, some of them 影響する／感情d by 軍備 orders from Europe, many of them accentuated by a general impression, の中で 商売／仕事 men, that "インフレーション" might be coming and that one had better buy before it was too late. The price of 巡査--which you will 解任する 特に 乱すd the 大統領--had jumped in five months from 10 cents a 続けざまに猛撃する to 16. 商売／仕事 関心s had been 蓄積するing big 在庫s. When the time （機の）カム to sell these goods at 小売 to the public, the 購入（する）ing 力／強力にする to 吸収する them just was not there.

For new 投資 still lagged; and what was more, the 政府 spending （選挙などの）運動をする, which had kept pumping new money into the 経済的な system, had been 事実上 停止（させる）d. During the summer of 1937, Henry Morgenthau, the 財務長官, had 説得するd the 大統領 to make a real 試みる／企てる to balance the 予算; and although it did not yet seem to be やめる in balance, にもかかわらず when one took into account the Social 安全 税金s which were 存在 徴収するd (and were not counted on the credit 味方する of the 予算, 存在 始める，決める apart in a separate account), the 政府 was for a time 現実に taking in from the public more than it paid out.

Result: the goods which were piled up on the 棚上げにするs moved slowly. 商売／仕事 men became alarmed and 削減（する） 生産／産物. Two million men were thrown out of work in the space of a few months--and became all the いっそう少なく able to buy what was for sale. The alarm 増加するd, for men 井戸／弁護士席 remembered what a 不景気 was like and were 解決するd to 心にいだく no 誤った hopes this time. The vicious spiral of デフレ moved with all the more rapidity. Thus out of that 明らかに （疑いを）晴らす sky--no 広大な／多数の／重要な 思索的な にわか景気 in 在庫／株s or real 広い地所, no tightness in credit, no overexpansion of capacity for making 資本／首都 goods (in fact, not nearly enough 拡大)--（機の）カム the 後退，不況 of 1937-38.

It brought its ironies. 正確に a year after the beginning of the 広大な／多数の／重要な sit-負かす／撃墜する strikes in General モーターs, the 大統領，／社長 of the 会社／団体 発表するd that about 30,000 生産／産物 men were to be laid off すぐに, and the remaining men would be 減ずるd to a three-day week. What price CIO 伸び（る）s now? (If you had visited a General モーターs 売買業者 and seen the used cars 蓄積するd on his 手渡すs, you would have realized why the 会社／団体 had to stop glutting the market.)

Another irony was 供給するd by the 崩壊（する） of values on the New York 在庫／株 交流. Eight years before, when prices were 宙返り／暴落するing, Richard Whitney had walked out on the 床に打ち倒す and stemmed the panic by 申し込む／申し出ing to buy Steel at 205; now Richard Whitney, 深く，強烈に in 負債, was misappropriating 信用 基金s in the frantic 試みる／企てる to save himself from 破産. On Tuesday, March 8, 1938, just as 貿易（する）ing for the day was beginning, 大統領 Gay of the 交流 機動力のある the rostrum and, as the gong rang to 停止（させる） the 仲買人s, read the amazing 告示 that Richard Whitney & Company were 一時停止するd for "行為／行う inconsistent with just and equitable 原則s of 貿易（する）." A few weeks later the hero of the 1929 panic, having 自白するd his all-too-obvious 犯罪, was on his way to Sing Sing.

早期に the に引き続いて winter--in December, 1938--the metropolis 供給するd an even more 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 商売／仕事 スキャンダル. F. Donald Coster, 長，率いる of the reputable 麻薬 house of McKesson & Robbins, was discovered not only to have doctored the 調書をとる／予約するs of its 天然のまま 麻薬 department to the extent of many millions of dollars, but 現実に to be an 前科者 指名するd Philip Musica who had changed his 指名する and 外見 and had 首尾よく 行為／行うd a long masquerade as a respectable 会社／団体 公式の／役人. When the police were の近くにing in upon him, Coster-Musica gave this almost unbelievable episode its final touch of melodrama by committing 自殺 in his 罰金 house at Fairfield, Connecticut. Again 塀で囲む Street was shaken, as men asked one another how 銀行業者s and accountants could have been so easily fooled. The Musica スキャンダル, however, had no such overtones of significance as the 崩壊（する） of Whitney. For Whitney had been the leader of the Old Guard of the 交流. With his downfall during the 後退，不況 崩壊するd the last 対立 to a 再組織 of the 交流 in 一致 with the wishes of Chairman William O. Douglas of the 安全s and 交流 （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限. Soon the 交流 had a new paid 大統領--a young man who had not even been 熟知させるd with any member of it when he arrived in New York in 1931! Verily the old order had changed.

There was irony, too, in the earnest 成果／努力 of 行政 leaders to remain 静める and 希望に満ちた-looking as they 問題／発行するd 声明s 予報するing an 早期に 上昇傾向, while the 経済的な 地滑り was roaring downhill. Hadn't there been another 行政, not so many years before, which they had ridiculed for doing much the same thing?

As the 後退，不況 深くするd, there rose angry 発言する／表明するs from the 商売／仕事 community and the 保守的な 圧力（をかける）. The whole thing was the 行政's fault. This was a "Roosevelt 不景気." With malicious glee they 引用するd a previous 誇る of the 大統領's, made while the 商売／仕事 indices were climbing: "We planned it that way." 井戸／弁護士席, this was what his planning （機の）カム to. 特に they 非難するd the undistributed 利益（をあげる）s 税金--a curious 手段 which was 証明するing one of the いっそう少なく successful 有望な ideas of the 行政 and which stirred the 商売／仕事 world to particular wrath.

"Five years ago, with magnificent courage and resoluteness of 目的, 大統領 Roosevelt gave the 財政上の and 商売／仕事 communities of the nation an invigorating hope that banished 恐れる," wrote David Lawrence on March 28, 1938. "Today, the same man has 誘発するd in the 財政上の and 商売／仕事 communities a 恐れる 量ing almost to terror and a 不信 which has broken 負かす／撃墜する the 意気込み／士気 of the whole 経済的な 機械／機構. . . . What Mr. Roosevelt has done--and I believe he has not done it 故意に--is to break 負かす／撃墜する the spirit and 約束 of the 商売／仕事 and 財政上の world in the actual safety of a 国民's 所有物／資産／財産 and his 貯金. To strike 負かす／撃墜する this 防御壁／支持者 of the whole 経済的な system is to 産む／飼育する panic and 恐れる of indescribably dangerous 割合s."

Strong words--yet they were not unrepresentative of 商売／仕事 opinion 一般に. So obsessed had many 商売／仕事 men become with their id馥 直す／買収する，八百長をする that nothing the 行政 could do would mollify them. On November 10, 1937, 長官 Morgenthau, in a speech before the New York 学院 of Political Science, 発表するd that the 行政 would do everything possible to balance the 予算. His audience appeared half-pleased, half-amused, and wholly unconvinced. (The Morgenthau speech, as it happened, had been carefully 改訂するd and 認可するd by the 大統領.) 演説（する）／住所ing 議会 at the beginning of 1938, Roosevelt spoke in cordial 条件 of the need for co-操作／手術 between 政府 and 商売／仕事. There was no resulting uprush of "信用／信任." At that moment the 大統領 was making a 審議する／熟考する 成果／努力 to 追求する a 保守的な and 懐柔的な course, conferring with big 商売／仕事 men and calling a 会議／協議会 of little 商売／仕事 men--which turned into a 事実上の 暴動. No friendly gesture seemed to have any real 影響.

It is true that there was a contest of 政策 going on inside the 行政 階級s. 確かな men of the 井戸／弁護士席-defined 自由主義の group which Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner called the "New 売買業者s"--含むing の中で others Tom Corcoran, Ben Cohen, Leon Henderson, Herman Oliphant of the 財務省, and Solicitor-General Robert H. Jackson--had composed speeches for 配達／演説／出産 by Jackson in which the 非難する for the 後退，不況 was laid upon "monopolies" and "the sixty families" (meaning that they 非難するd the 監査役s and 経営者／支配人s of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 会社／団体s for 押し進めるing up prices by tacit 協定 and then, when goods could no longer be sold at these prices, slowing 生産／産物 and throwing off 労働者s lest their 利益（をあげる）s be unduly 削減（する）). They had encouraged 長官 Ickes to make a 類似の speech. But these speeches had been written without 表明する 大統領の authorization, and the young New 売買業者s had been 危険ing their 職業s and their 影響（力） in thus 表明するing their 私的な opinions. What happened was that jittery 商売／仕事 men read these New 取引，協定 speeches, listened to the calmer utterances of the 大統領, and decided that no blandishments from Washington meant anything.

For this fact the impulsiveness of a 大統領 who seemed smilingly unaware of inconsistencies の中で New 取引，協定 pronouncements was partly to 非難する; indeed, the 大統領 commended Ickes for his "sixty families" speech on the eve of composing his own 控訴，上告 for co-操作／手術. にもかかわらず it was true that as 1937 turned into 1938 Roosevelt was trying to balance the 予算 and to 差し控える from 提案するing 対策 which would 脅す 商売／仕事 men unduly; that the 保守的な 商売／仕事 community, in its wrath, seemed oblivious of the 試みる／企てるs 存在 made to appease it; and that slowly the 行政 leaders were becoming 納得させるd that no 政策 of retrenchment and appeasement would 耐える fruit.

All the while the New 売買業者s were 勧めるing a 再開 of 赤字 spending, and on April 2--as things were getting worse and worse--the 大統領 threw up the sponge. At lunch on the train from Warm Springs to Washington he told Harry Hopkins and Aubrey Williams that he was ready to abandon the 予算-balancing 成果／努力 and go in for 激しい spending again. On April 14 he went on the 空気／公表する to explain that he was asking 議会 to appropriate three billion dollars for 救済, public 作品, 住宅, flood 支配（する）／統制する, and other 回復 成果／努力s.

That spring the 法律制定 went through 議会, and 同時に 商売／仕事 began to show faint 調印するs of 改良. In the latter half of June the 株式市場 sprang to life. 回復 began again.

経済学者s might 同意しない as to whether the 回復 was 刺激するd by the spending or was a mere coincidence, but の中で the young New 売買業者s there was no 疑問 at all. Look at the 産業の 索引, they argued. It did no good to try to appease 商売／仕事; it did a lot of good to spend. Q.E.D.

The young New 売買業者s now 棒 high (so high, in fact, that in the autumn of 1938 they 投機・賭けるd into the comparatively unfamiliar field of politics and 説得するd the 大統領 to make a dolefully 不成功の 試みる／企てる to 敗北・負かす the 民主党員s in 議会 who had 投票（する）d against his 法廷，裁判所 計画（する）). But the 行政 as a whole had been struck a very 激しい blow by the 後退，不況. 会合 a new 経済的な 危機, it had 公表する／暴露するd itself as neither able to 生成する "信用／信任" in 商売／仕事 men nor to concoct any new and 効果的な 対策 of 回復. The best it could do was to take 負かす／撃墜する from the shelf a 瓶／封じ込める of 薬／医学 to which it had been （麻薬）常用者d for years--pump-priming.

ｧ 7

It had been a proud 大統領 who stood before the （ワシントンの）連邦議会議事堂 in the rain in January, 1937, and 宣言するd his 意向 to paint out the picture of "one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-覆う？, ill-nourished." His pride had come before a 落ちる. During a その後の year and a half of 摩擦 and 後退，不況 his prestige in 議会 had been sorely 弱めるd; his 経済的な 政策s had been tried in the balance and 設立する wanting; the hateful picture of 失業 and poverty had been altered, if anything, for the worse.

Was the New 取引，協定, then, played out?

Perhaps; but if so, the fact was becoming obscured by the approach of a new sort of 危機 which would 原因（となる） the 国民s to look upon their country and its 政府 with new 注目する，もくろむs. For now the American skies were 存在 slowly darkened by 嵐／襲撃する clouds rolling in from Europe.

一時期／支部 Twelve

THE SHADOW OF WAR

ｧ 1

Studio Nine was a room "about the size of an 普通の／平均（する） family living room." In it stood three desks and an old army cot with an army 一面に覆う／毛布. On each desk there was a microphone, and before one of these microphones sat a gray-haired man, wearing ear-phones. He was talking 静かに in a crisp, 正確な 発言する／表明する. He looked tired and a bit disheveled, as if he had just risen from the rumpled cot. As he talked, he kept one 注目する，もくろむ on a plate-glass window, beyond which, in an 隣接するing room, sat a man watching him from behind a パネル盤 of 器具s and occasionally signaling to him with a wave of the 手渡す. From time to time other men would steal into the room, 押す sheets of paper under his nose, and 出発／死; he would ちらりと見ること at the sheets of paper and talk on, his crisp articulation unimpeded.

He was talking to millions of Americans--nobody knew how many. To hear what he had to say, girls in strapless evening dresses stilled their 審議 over whether to put their hair up for the winter season; lawyers turned from discussing 裁判官 Pecora's 宣言 of a mistrial in the 事例／患者 of James J. Hines, whom 地区-弁護士／代理人／検事 Thomas E. Dewey of New York was 試みる／企てるing to 罪人／有罪を宣告する as the "man higher up" in 主要都市の 脅迫者，不正手段で暴利を得る者ing; 政治家，政治屋s laid aside the fascinating topic of the 失敗 of 大統領 Roosevelt's 試みる／企てる to "粛清する," in the Democratic 最初の／主要なs, the men who had failed to join his 不快な／攻撃 against the 最高裁判所 in 1937; literary critics paused in their talk of what would become of Thomas Wolfe's mountains of manuscripts, now that he was dead; families in gray tenements stopped arguing about the chances for a 仲直り between the still 敵意を持った CIO and AF of L; actors and actresses interrupted their conjectures about the rising success of the hilarious Broadway 生産／産物, "Hellzapoppin." For what the man in Studio Nine was telling these people seemed of more 決定的な importance just then than anything else in the world.

The time was the latter part of September, 1938; the man was H. V. Kaltenborn, news commentator for the Columbia Broadcasting System; and Studio Nine was his （警察，軍隊などの）本部 at the 中心 of the Columbia plexus in New York. He was 解釈する／通訳するing the up-to-the-instant news of the Czechoslovak 危機 in what he called "Yirrup," that 危機 which was 明らかにする／漏らすing to all the world what happens when an irresistible 軍隊 会合，会うs a 懐柔的な 団体／死体.

Ever since September 12 Kaltenborn had kept 徹夜 day and night in Studio Nine, snatching sleep 簡潔に on the army cot. Not until September 30--the day when Neville Chamberlain, just returned from Munich, （機の）カム to the window of No. 10 負かす／撃墜するing Street and said to the 元気づける （人が）群がる below, "I believe it is peace for our time"--would the Kaltenborn 徹夜 end; not until he had 配達するd, in 18 days, a 記録，記録的な／記録する total of 85 extempore broadcasts.

Kaltenborn was by no means the only interpreter of European 事件／事情／状勢s during those September weeks; every broadcasting system, every 無線で通信する 駅／配置する was 投げつけるing news and 解釈／通訳 into the ether. The 指名するs of Hitler, Henlein, Benes, Hodza, Chamberlain, and Daladier 叫び声をあげるd 断固としてやる from 前線-page headlines, recurred in page after page of newsprint, sounded in the half-intelligible 詠唱するing of the men selling extras on the streets. In New England on the afternoon of September 21 a 熱帯の ハリケーン struck without 警告 (the New York 天候 予測 that morning had been "Rain and 冷静な／正味の today. Tomorrow cloudy, probably rain, little change in 気温"). The ハリケーン ripped seashore villages into kindling 支持を得ようと努めるd or 押し寄せる／沼地d them under トンs of roaring water, it laid 罰金 groves of trees in lines on the ground, made rivers out of the streets of cities, derailed trains, 封鎖するd 主要道路s, broke off communication by telephone and telegraph, and took an 概算の 682 lives. Yet even in New England, when householders 修理d from their darkened houses to their automobiles to listen over their automobile 無線で通信するs (uncrippled by the 嵐／襲撃する) and find out how wide-範囲ing was this havoc that had separated them from the 残り／休憩（する） of the world, the 新たな展開 of the dial brought them into the 中央 of the man-made ハリケーン that was 激怒（する）ing in Europe.

Out of the night （機の）カム the familiar 差し控えるs of "A Tisket, a Tasket" . . . then, as the dial turned, a bit of comedy on the Rudy Vallee hour . . . and then, as the dial was 新たな展開d again, a 発言する／表明する swelling 前へ／外へ in the 中央 of a 宣告，判決: . . . "town of Godesburg where 総理大臣 Chamberlain held a second historic 会議／協議会 with （ドイツなどの）首相／（大学の）学長 Hitler. The 影響s of that 会合 already have brought reactions from world news 中心s. Now, tonight we'll 試みる／企てる first to receive a broadcast direct from Prague, the 資本／首都 of Czechoslovakia, where Maurice Hindus, 井戸／弁護士席-known 当局 on Central European 事件／事情／状勢s, has been 観察するing the day's happenings. We take you now to Prague." A pause, while the mind leaped the 大西洋 in 予期; then another 発言する／表明する: "Hello, America, this is Prague speaking. . . ."

How the world had shrunk! In July, 1914, when Karl 出身の Wiegand of the 部隊d 圧力（をかける） had cabled a mere 138 words from Berlin to New York on the Austro-Hungarian 最終提案 to Serbia--one of the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な events which produced the World War of 1914-18--he had been admonished for wasting cable （死傷者）数s. Now, in September, 1938, the news of another 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な event in the same part of the world--the submission of Czechoslovakia to dismemberment--stood in the very 中心 of American attention. Not until 1930 had there been such a thing as a world-wide news broadcast; now one could hear, in quick succession, 発言する／表明するs from London, Paris, Berlin, and Prague, and millions of Americans were hanging on every word.

Far 支援する in the distance, already, seemed those lively events of the earlier part of the summer of 1938 which had so 逮捕（する）d the public mind: Joe Louis knocking out Max Schmeling at the Yankee Stadium in the first 一連の会議、交渉／完成する--現実に before some 無線で通信する listeners had got tuned in on the fight; Howard Hughes 飛行機で行くing 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the world in the incredible time of 3 days, 19 hours, 8 minutes, 10 seconds; the "wrong-way" 操縦する, Douglas Corrigan, starting in an 古風な 計画（する） from Long Island "for California" and fetching up in Ireland, to return and be 祝日，祝うd in America, still wearing his smile and his brown leather jacket; the demented John 区 tying New York traffic into knots as he stood for eleven hours on a 狭くする ledge on the seventeenth 床に打ち倒す of the Hotel Gotham, 熟視する／熟考するing his leap to 自殺. Even American events and problems of real significance were 存在 thrust into the background. The hesitant 上向き 進歩 of the 商売／仕事 indices, as a nation still beset by large-規模 失業 tried to come 支援する from its 後退，不況; the 使用／適用 of the new 給料-and-hours 行為／法令／行動する; the still-未解決の farm problem; the perennial 頭痛 of 救済--all these things seemed to 落ちる away into unimportance as Hitler 需要・要求するd the Sudetenland, Chamberlain flew to Berchtesgaden and Godesburg with his furled 黒人／ボイコット umbrella, and the 長，率いるs of four nations met at Munich to 調印する and 調印（する） the 破壊 of Czechoslovakia. The war clouds from Europe were blotting out the American 目印s one by one.

ｧ 2

The chain of events which had dragged foreign problems into the 最前部 of American attention was a curious one, 十分な of kinks.

At the beginning of the １０年間 the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had seemed to be drifting from a 政策 of 国家の 孤立／分離 toward a 政策 of 事実上の／代理 in concert with other nations to 持続する world peace. To be sure, there was no popular disposition to enter the League of Nations or to make foreign かかわり合いs, but there was a 傾向 in the 明言する／公表する Department to come as の近くに to doing this as public opinion would 許す. In 1931, when Japan, seeing the European 力／強力にするs preoccupied by the 不景気, 掴むd its happy 適切な時期 to 侵略する Manchuria, it was Henry L. Stimson, Hoover's 長官 of 明言する／公表する, who led the chorus of international 激しい非難. An American 代表者／国会議員 sat at Geneva as an "観察者／傍聴者" while the League of Nations discussed Japan's 罪／違反; 長官 Stimson 布告するd that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs would not 認める the Japanese conquest; he also sought to invoke the Nine-力／強力にする 協定／条約 against Japan, only to be rebuffed by Sir John Simon on に代わって of Britain. Nothing that the League could or would do, 非，不，無 of the 激しい抗議s of 不賛成 from Europe or America, stopped Japan; the first 広大な／多数の／重要な 違反 in the 戦後の system of 領土の 手はず／準備 was 首尾よく 完全にするd--but not for 欠如（する） of active 利益／興味 on the part of the American 政府. America was in the 厚い of the 外交の 戦う／戦い throughout. Its 政策 in 1931 was far from 存在 isolationist.

The next 広大な／多数の／重要な 行為／法令／行動する of international 侵略 did not come for several years, and in the 合間 the relations between the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and the outside world went into a new 危機--this time 経済的な. During the 早期に 不景気 years, as nation after nation in its agony had 解除するd 関税s, 平価を切り下げるd 通貨s, and さもなければ dammed the international 現在のs of 貿易（する） and 財政上の 交流 in its 試みる／企てるs to save itself, the 政府 at Washington had looked on in alarm. It was true that we had laid new bricks on 最高の，を越す of our own 関税 塀で囲む in 1930, but of course we considered our own 関税 a 純粋に 国内の 事柄; we felt 異なって when other countries did such things. It was axiomatic in the minds of Hoover, the 財務省 公式の／役人s, the 財政上の 専門家s of 塀で囲む Street, and 支配的な American opinion 一般に that 障壁s to 商業 must be 除去するd, that the international gold 基準 was sacrosanct, that there could be no real American 回復 without world 回復. But then （機の）カム the New 取引，協定--and the shoe was on the other foot. For now we 手配中の，お尋ね者 to do things which might upset international 通貨の and 貿易（する） relations.

At first few people foresaw the 差し迫った 衝突／不一致 of 政策s. 大統領 Roosevelt, to be sure, in his first 就任の in 1933, said explicitly that "our international 貿易（する） relations, though vastly important, are in point of time and necessity 第２位 to the 設立 of a sound 国家の economy"--but had he not already 任命するd as his 国務長官 Cordell 船体, an inheritor of Woodrow Wilson's world-mindedness, and a 熱烈な 充てる of the stimulation of international 貿易（する） by 関税 削減? Roosevelt, to be sure, took the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs off the gold 基準, to the 混乱 of foreign 通貨s--but was he not 同時に 招待するing foreign 委任する／代表s to come and discuss 対策 of international 経済的な co-聖職拝命（式）? Not even Roosevelt himself realized how sharp a 衝突／不一致 he was 長，率いるd for. He cheerfully entered into the 予選 計画（する）s for an 経済的な 会議／協議会 to be held in London, in June, 1933, and sent to this 会議／協議会, with 不十分な 指示／教授／教育s, a 代表 長，率いるd by 長官 船体 which at once began arranging for the 安定化 of 通貨s. A bit later, 恐れるing that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs might be tied into a hard-and-急速な／放蕩な 協定 for 安定化 just as the インフレーション にわか景気 was 解除するing prices and delightfully 刺激するing 商売／仕事 in America, Roosevelt sent to London his 長，指導者 brain-truster, Assistant 国務長官 Raymond Moley, to 抑制する the 委任する／代表s. But it was not until Moley had arrived in London that Roosevelt, becoming more and more 入り口d with the idea of 繁栄 through 通貨 巧みな操作, decided 突然の that the conversations at London must not be 許すd to 危うくする his 国内の 計画（する）s. When Moley agreed to a rather 穏やかな 声明 認可するing of 安定化 in general 原則, the 大統領 suddenly pulled the 床に打ち倒す out from under everybody--船体, the 代表, Moley, and for that 事柄 the whole London 会議／協議会--by 辞退するing to have anything done about 安定化 at all. An impulsive man had 解決するd the 衝突 between 経済的な 国家主義 and 経済的な internationalism by throwing his 負わせる belatedly and without notice on the 国家の 味方する--to the utter discomfiture of his 代表者／国会議員s.

After that--or rather after the 実験 in gold-buying which followed it--the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs returned 徐々に to the ways of international 経済的な facilitation. 長官 船体 doggedly carried on as if nothing had happened. He was permitted to get his 相互の 関税 法案 制定するd in 1934, and under it to 緩和する the flow of goods between the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and さまざまな other countries. In 予定 course 長官 Morgenthau and the 長，指導者s of British and French 財政／金融 安定させるd the 通貨s of Britain, フラン, and America. The adventure in 経済的な 孤立／分離 appeared to be over, though it had left its scars.

In the 合間, too, an olive 支店 had been held out to Latin America. In his first 就任の Roosevelt had 布告するd a "good neighbor" 政策. To show the Latin Americans that this was no mere phrase, the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs took its 軍隊／機動隊s out of Nicaragua, did away with those parts of the Platt 改正 that had permitted 介入 in Cuba, and 保証するd the nations south of the Rio Grande that it 解釈する／通訳するd the Monroe Doctrine as a doctrine of co-操作／手術 and 相互の 援助（する）, not as a doctrine of 支配. Such was 長官 船体's 特許 誠実 that the 保証／確信 was on the whole 井戸／弁護士席 taken. Toward the end of the １０年間 the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs was better liked and better 信用d in most of Latin America than ever before.

But long before that the 粉砕するing of international frontiers had begun again. In 1935 Mussolini 侵略するd Ethiopia in 極端に 冷淡な 血. Britain and フラン and the League could or would do nothing 効果的な to discipline Italy, and Mussolini was not stopped. 早期に in 1936 Adolf Hitler, whose 試みる／企てる to engineer a Nazi クーデター in Austria had failed in 1934, entered the Rhineland--and was not stopped. Later in the same year the Spanish 革命 broke out; Mussolini, and Hitler too, began using the Spanish 革命 for their own 皇室の ends--and were not stopped. In 1937, the Japanese attacked 中国--and were not stopped. In March, 1938, Hitler swept into Austria--and was not stopped. And as the summer and spring of 1938 wore on, he began confidently polishing his knife for Czechoslovakia.

At the time when this 一連の crises began, American public opinion was perhaps more isolationist than at any time since before the World War. By 1935 the "revisionist" 見解（をとる） of the World War of 1914-18 had become the 大多数 見解（をとる）. によれば this 見解／翻訳／版 there had been 犯罪 on both 味方するs, not 簡単に on the German 味方する, and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had been unhappily sucked into 参加 in the war by British 宣伝 and by its 経済的な 火刑／賭ける in an 連合した victory. As late as April, 1937, a Gallup 投票 on the question "Do you think it was a mistake for the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to enter the World War?" drew a Yes from 71 per cent of those 投票d. In 1935 Walter Millis's Road to War, which 現在のd the American 決定／判定勝ち（する） of 1917 as a lamentable 悲劇, became a best 販売人, 影響力のある の中で the highbrows. Several 調書をとる／予約するs and magazine articles drew sensational attention to the part played by 軍需品s-製造者s in fomenting wars; and 同時に the Nye 委員会 of the 上院 embroidered the same 主題 in a long 調査, showing up the unholy 利益（をあげる）s of American 武器 製造業者s from 1915 on, exposing the pretty little 取引，協定s made by 軍需品s salesmen abroad, and dragging Morgan partners to Washington to answer an 暗示するd 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 that they had 計画／陰謀d to get the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to fight Germany in 1917 ーするために pull their chestnuts out of the 解雇する／砲火／射撃. The picture of war as a horror into which the innocent ありふれた people were 誘惑するd by the machinations of conscienceless 銀行業者s and big 商売／仕事 men was the more readily 受託するd because the general public still had a very lively memory of the 失敗 of such men to lead the country out of the valley of 不景気, and of the shoddy 行為／行う of many 銀行業者s and big 商売／仕事 men as laid 明らかにする in the 調査s of 1933.

It must be remembered, too, that in 1935 the American 過激なs were nearly all hotly anti-war. Nor was there, then, any 普及した American 恐れる that the 独裁者s in Europe might 現実に 害（を与える） the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs from the outside; when people spoke of "the 国粋主義者／ファシスト党員 menace" in 1935, most of them meant the menace of an American 国粋主義者／ファシスト党員 movement, which they variously imagined as 存在 led by Roosevelt, or by somebody like Huey Long, or perhaps by an army officer supported by big 商売／仕事. So general was the belief that America must 売春婦 its own 列／漕ぐ／騒動, and take 予防の 対策 in 前進する so that it could not be seduced into 敵意s, that in a Gallup 投票 taken in the 落ちる of 1935 no いっそう少なく than 75 per cent of the 投票者s thought 議会 should get the 是認 of the people in a 国家の 投票（する） before 宣言するing war.

In this very isolationist 明言する／公表する of mind, the country welcomed the passage by 議会 in 1935 of a 中立 行為／法令／行動する which 法令d that when war broke out anywhere, Americans must not sell 軍需品s to either of the belligerents. The 中立 行為／法令／行動する was at once 適用するd to the Italian-Ethiopian 衝突.

But the 行政--and the 永久の staff of the 明言する／公表する Department--did not like compulsory 中立. They 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to be 解放する／自由な to use its 外交の 影響（力） in international 事件／事情／状勢s and they felt that a 一面に覆う／毛布 法律 might be embarrassing in some unforeseen circumstance. They liked to play along with the British in 外交政策, and the 中立 行為／法令／行動する might hobble them. When the Spanish 革命 broke out, they fell in with the British 計画／陰謀 for 非，不，無-介入 (a 計画／陰謀 which 悪名高くも failed to 妨げる Mussolini from 介入するing in に代わって of フランス系カナダ人) and 押し進めるd through 議会 a strange 行為／法令／行動する which 適用するd the 中立 原則 to the Spanish dissension, にもかかわらず the fact that this was not a war between nations but a 反乱 against a 政府 認めるd by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. When, a little later, Japan went into 中国, the 行政 wobbled this way and that, first telling all Americans to leave 中国 or remain at their own 危険, then 提案するing to defend Americans in 中国, and never 適用するing the 中立 行為／法令／行動する at all! They were able to do this by taking advantage of a （法などの）抜け穴. The 行為／法令／行動する as passed in 改訂するd form in 1937 供給するd that the 義務的な 禁止（する） on 出荷／船積みs of 軍需品s should 施行される either when war was 宣言するd or when the 大統領 "設立する" that a 明言する／公表する of war 存在するd. Neither Japan nor 中国 宣言するd war--and the 大統領 failed to "find" that a 明言する／公表する of war 存在するd, though the Japanese were 爆破ing at 中国 with everything they had.

Presently the 行政 出発／死d still その上の from the isolationist idea and the idea of compulsory 中立. In a speech at Chicago in October, 1937, Roosevelt said that "the moral consciousness of the world . . . must be 誘発するd to the 枢機けい／主要な necessity . . . of putting an end to 行為／法令／行動するs of 侵略," 追加するd that an "疫病／流行性の of world lawlessness" was spreading, and that "when an 疫病／流行性の of physical 病気 starts to spread, the community 認可するs and joins in a 検疫 of the 患者s in order to 保護する the health of the community against the spread of the 病気." This looked like 介入 against the 積極的な nations with a vengeance. Later in 1937, in a letter to 知事 Landon, Roosevelt 主張するd that "we 借りがある some 手段 of co-操作／手術 and even leadership in 持続するing 基準s of 行為／行う helpful to the ultimate goal of general peace." When the American gunboat Panay was sunk by Japanese 爆撃機s 早期に in 1938, the 行政 made much of the 出来事/事件, though it had occurred in the 内部の of a country at war and the Panay had been 軍用車隊ing 基準 Oil タンカーs--in other words, had been engaged in just the sort of 企業 which the 中立 支持するs of 1935 had sought to 除去する as a possible casus belli. At about the same time the 行政 used its political 影響（力） with 議会 to bury in 委員会 the Ludlow 決意／決議 which would have 要求するd a 国民投票 to get the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs into war; this 手段, it said, would "手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なう any 大統領 in the 行為／行う of our foreign relations." 明確に the 意向 was to give 十分な 弁護 to American 権利s in 中国--even the 権利 to 軍用車隊 タンカーs with our own gunboats の近くに to a battlefront; to impress the Japanese with the extent of American disgust at their 行為; and in general to use American 影響（力） wherever possible to keep 積極的な nations within bounds.

Such a 政策 申し込む／申し出d such a sharp contrast with what public opinion had 手配中の，お尋ね者 in 1935 that it might have been 推定する／予想するd to lead to general public 激しい非難 of 大統領 Roosevelt and 長官 船体. It did not--though the "検疫" speech 要求するd some quick and deft explaining. There was 不平（をいう）ing, but never enough to 妨げる the continued nullification of the 中立 行為／法令／行動する. The basic 推論する／理由 was that American public opinion, too, was 転換ing ground. With each new 危機, American dislike of Hitler, Mussolini, and the Japanese war lords was becoming 詐欺師.

It is not, to be sure, （疑いを）晴らす that there was any 広大な／多数の／重要な 弱めるing of the underlying preference for "keeping out of foreign entanglements" on the part of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the American people, 特に in the 内部の of the country. A 熟考する／考慮する of the Gallup 投票s from 1935 to 1938 gives no sure 証拠 of any such 転換. But 知らせるd and audible opinion, 特に on the Eastern seaboard, had undeniably altered. 影響力のある 共和国の／共和党のs like 知事 Landon and ex-長官 Stimson stood 支援する of the 大統領 in his anti-攻撃者 moves. Specialists in foreign 事件／事情／状勢s like the members of the 会議 on Foreign Relations felt 堅固に that America must 支持する the "僕主主義s" against the "独裁政治s." And 過激な opinion had changed almost unrecognizably.

The 共産主義者s had 転換d from an anti-war 政策 to an anti-国粋主義者／ファシスト党員 政策 and had become almost as warlike as the Daughters of the American 革命. 支援する in 1934, Earl Browder (who became the 共産主義者 候補者 for 大統領 in 1936) had 宣言するd, "The only way to fight war is to begin by fighting the war-製造者s in our own land. . . . The Roosevelt 行政 is carrying on the greatest war program ever seen in peace time." When Roosevelt made his "検疫" speech in 1937, on the other 手渡す, Browder 拍手喝采する it as a "宣言 of a 肯定的な peace 政策." The half-somersault 遂行する／発効させるd by the American Student Union, a somewhat 左派の（人） 青年 organization, 申し込む／申し出d a perfect illustration of the general change in 過激な and 自由主義の thought: at its 会合 at the end of 1936 it had 是認するd the Oxford 誓約（する） "not to support any war which the 政府 may 請け負う"; at the end of 1937 it called for "即座の steps to 抑制する 国粋主義者／ファシスト党員 侵略, . . . American leadership in 指名するing 攻撃者s, 雇うing 出入港禁止s against 攻撃者s, and 組織するing these 成果／努力s through international 共同," and it 勧めるd "廃止する or modification of the 現在の 中立 行為／法令／行動する so as to 差別する between 攻撃者 and attacked and to give 援助（する） to the latter." Young men and women who in 1934 and 1935 had spoken scornfully of war as a 装置 for the 濃縮すること of 資本主義者s were by 1937 and 1938 making bonfires of silk stockings to 表明する their detestation of Japan. Still they did not want war, but they were militantly taking 味方するs in foreign quarrels.

In some 尊敬（する）・点s, too, general public opinion was changing. The Gallup 投票s showed a swelling 大多数 in 好意 of a larger American 海軍, army, and 空気／公表する 軍隊. When in February, 1938--just before Hitler's conquest of Austria--the Gallup 投票-takers propounded the question, "If Germany and Italy go to war against England and フラン, do you think we should do everything possible to help England and フラン 勝利，勝つ, except go to war ourselves?" the 投票（する） （機の）カム out Yes, 69 per cent. (If the 問題／発行する had been 異なって phrased, there might not have been such a 激しい affirmative 投票（する）; にもかかわらず the two-thirds 大多数 was impressive.)

Still the 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数 of Americans were 真面目に anxious to keep out of war. But as the Hitler 前進する continued, 危機 by 危機, more and more people began to feel that it menaced America too, that 審議する／熟考する 非，不，無-参加 in foreign quarrels would be difficult and might be morally wrong. Then, almost on the heels of Hitler's Austrian クーデター, （機の）カム his Czechoslovak クーデター of September, 1938, and shook America from end to end.

ｧ 3

A feeling of insecurity and 逮捕, a feeling that the world was going to pieces, that 恐らく solid 原則s, whether of 経済的なs or of politics or of international 倫理学, were giving way under foot, had never やめる left thoughtful Americans since the 崩壊（する） of Coolidge-Hoover 繁栄 in 1929 and 1930. It had been 激しい during the worst of the 不景気, had been 緩和するd somewhat as 商売／仕事 条件s 改善するd, and had become more 激烈な／緊急の again as the international 攻撃者s went on the rampage (and as, 同時に, the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs slid into the 後退，不況). The Munich 危機 of September, 1938, produced a new attack of 神経s.

Whether the strange 出来事/事件 of the Orson 井戸／弁護士席s broadcast should be considered a manifestation of this attack of 神経s cannot be 証明するd one way or the other--but at least it is 重要な that at the time a 広大な／多数の／重要な many 観察者／傍聴者s thought that it was one. On the evening of Sunday, October 30, 1938--a month after Munich--Orson 井戸／弁護士席s of the 水銀柱，温度計 Theatre gave, over the Columbia Broadcasting System, a scheduled 無線で通信する dramatization of an old fantasy by H. G. 井戸／弁護士席s, The War of the Worlds. To make it vivid, he arranged it to ふりをする a 現在の news broadcast. After an announcer had 明確に explained the nature of the program, a 発言する／表明する gave a prosaic 天気予報; then another 発言する／表明する said that the program would be continued from a hotel, with dance music; すぐに this music was interrupted by a "flash" to the 影響 that a professor at "開始する Jennings 観測所," Chicago, 報告（する）／憶測d seeing 爆発s at 正規の／正選手 intervals on the 惑星 火星; then the listeners were "returned" in 正統派の 無線で通信する fashion "to the music of Ramon Raquello . . . a tune that never loses 好意, the popular '星／主役にする Dust'"; then （機の）カム an interview with an imaginary Princeton professor, with more （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） about 騒動s on 火星--その結果 a 一連の その上の "news 公式発表s" 述べるd the arrival of Martians in 抱擁する metal cylinders which landed in New Jersey. The broadcast gathered 速度(を上げる）, 公式発表 に引き続いて 公式発表. More Martians landed--an army of them, which quickly 敗北・負かすd the New Jersey 明言する／公表する 民兵. Presently the Martian attack was vividly 述べるd as 存在 general all over the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, with the 全住民 of New York 避難させるing the city and Martian heat-rays and 炎上-投げる人s and other diabolical 装置s 原因（となる）ing terrific 破壊, till all was laid waste.

にもかかわらず the announcer's introduction, にもかかわらず the fact that this was a scheduled program, that one needed only to 新たな展開 a dial to hear the 安心させるing 発言する／表明する of Charlie McCarthy, that all 指名するs given were fictitious, that the program was once interrupted in the 決まりきった仕事 manner for an explanatory 駅／配置する 身元確認，身分証明, and that in 非常に／多数の 尊敬（する）・点s the "news" given out was preposterous on its 直面する, the に引き続いて remarkable reactions to the program took place:

All over the country, people called up newspapers or the police in wild panic to find out what to do. (The New York Times alone received 875 calls; the Associated 圧力（をかける） had to send out an explanatory 公式発表 to its member papers.) In many communities terror-stricken people 急ぐd out of their houses and milled about in the streets, not やめる sure whether they were 存在 attacked by Martians or by Germans, but sure that 破壊 was on the way and they must 逃げる somewhere. In Newark, New Jersey, several families, 納得させるd that a "gas attack" had begun, put wet cloths on their 直面するs and tried to pack all their 所持品 in a car; the traffic was jammed for 封鎖するs around. A woman in Pittsburgh 用意が出来ている to take 毒（薬）, crying, "I'd rather die this way than that!" A woman in Indianapolis 急ぐd into a church 叫び声をあげるing, "New York destroyed; it's the end of the world. You might 同様に go home to die. I just heard it on the 無線で通信する," and the church service （機の）カム to a hurried end. When a church service in New Jersey was 類似して interrupted, the congregation prayed for deliverance from 大災害. A man in the Bronx section of New York 急ぐd to the roof when he heard the news and thought he saw "the smoke from the 爆弾s" drifting over the city. In a town in the 明言する／公表する of Washington the electric-light service was interrupted during the broadcast, 納得させるing listeners that the terror was の近くに at 手渡す, and women fainted.

So it went, with endless variations, all over the country. Even if only one person in twenty の中で those who heard the program took it at its 額面価格, this credulous 少数，小数派--together with the people whom they alarmed with their garbled stories of what they thought was happening--原因（となる）d enough panic to serve as a remarkable 事例／患者 熟考する／考慮する in 国家の hysteria.

But let us not argue whether the broadcast 出来事/事件 showed that people's 神経s had been shaken by the September war 脅す. (Perhaps there was better proof of 神経 緊張する in some of the 観察s made upon the 出来事/事件. Dorothy Thompson, for example, in her 企業連合（する）d column, called the episode "the news story of the century--an event which made a greater 出資／貢献 to an understanding of Hitlerism, Mussolinism, Stalinism, anti-Semitism, and all the other テロ行為s of our times than all the words about them that have been written by reasonable men," and said that it "cast a brilliant and cruel light upon the 失敗 of popular education." That was pretty tall talk.) There was other and more reliable 証拠 of 開始するing 逮捕. Throughout the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in the winter of 1938-39 there was a 示すd 沸き立つ of anti-Semitism, noticeable even in Western towns where Jews were few, and even in the 行為 of men and women who had no use for Hitler. Father Coughlin's anti-Semitic broadcasts did much to 加速する this sort of uneasy scapegoat-追跡（する）ing. の中で many 自由主義のs there was manifest a new and lively 恐れる of Nazi 影響（力） within the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs; people who all their lives had laughed at red 脅すs and had made light of the ロシアの 関係s of the 共産主義者 Party saw nothing to laugh at in Nazi 宣伝 in America and cried out that organizations with German 関係s must be 調査／捜査するd and broken up. Dinner-（米）棚上げする／（英）提議する conversations turned to the alarming 増加する in German 貿易（する） with Latin America (which 現実に was no larger, 比較して, than in 1913 and was いっそう少なく than half as 広大な／多数の／重要な as 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 貿易（する） with Latin America) and to the ominous question whether Nazi 計画（する）s operating from South American bases could not quickly 粉砕する the パナマ Canal and destroy American cities. Many lovers of peace had become obsessed with a sense that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, along with the 残り／休憩（する） of the world, was on its way to an 必然的な doom. "When war breaks out in Europe, we'll be in it in six months--nothing on earth can stop it." The best that sanity seemed able to 申し込む／申し出 by way of reply was, "If in 1929 our best thinkers thought capitalism was 勝利を得た, and in 1933 they thought 共産主義 was becoming 勝利を得た, and in 1938 they think fascism is becoming 勝利を得た, what will they think in 1943?"

All the while the 行政 was 生き返らせる its 成果／努力s to make American 影響（力） felt by 支持するing the British and French, excoriating Hitler, and trying to impress him with the idea that if he went on he might have America against him. When in November, 1938, there were new and cruel German attacks on Jews, the American 外交官／大使 at Berlin was called home "for 報告（する）／憶測 and 協議"; he did not return. Roosevelt said that the news from Germany had "深く，強烈に shocked public opinion in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs." The American 代表 at the Lima 会議／協議会 in December sought strenuously to line up the Latin American nations against 干渉，妨害 by European 独裁者s--and met with a 限られた／立憲的な success. In his 年次の message to 議会 in January, 1939, Roosevelt called for American まとまり in the 直面する of foreign 脅しs to 解放する／自由な 会・原則s, and for a 激しい 増加する in American 軍備s--which was 認めるd him. Pointedly he said (and he might have 追加するd "Berlin papers please copy") that there were "many ways short of war, but stronger and more 効果的な than mere words, of bringing home to 攻撃者 政府s the aggregate 感情s of our own people." Later that month a Douglas attack 計画（する） 衝突，墜落d at Los Angeles, and soon it was discovered that the 乗客 in this 計画（する） built to 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army specifications had been a Frenchman; 明白に フラン was 存在 permitted, with the 行政's blessing, to order good new American fighting 計画（する）s. Then the 大統領 held a long secret 開会／開廷／会期 with the 上院 委員会 on 軍の 事件／事情／状勢s, and after this 会合 （機の）カム senatorial 噂するs--which were はっきりと 否定するd--that the 大統領 had said that if war （機の）カム, America's frontier would be in フラン.

On 復活祭 Sunday, as he left Warm Springs, Roosevelt called out to the （人が）群がる in the 駅／配置する, "I'll be 支援する in the 落ちる if we don't have a war"; he afterwards made it （疑いを）晴らす to the 圧力（をかける） that "we" had been meant to 含む, however ばく然と, the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. 長官 Ickes, long famed for the deadliness of his epithets, and other members of the 行政, were turning their rhetorical 大砲 upon the German 政府. When in 予定 course Roosevelt 問題／発行するd a 嘆願 for peace to Hitler and Mussolini in 中央の-April of 1939--an eloquent 文書 to which Hitler replied, not in a letter, but in a belated speech of 広大な／多数の／重要な length, 辞退するing 保証（人）s--many 観察者／傍聴者s felt that the 嘆願 had been 弱めるd in 前進する by too much loose anti-Nazi talk by American 公式の／役人s.

同時に the pace of 侵略 in Europe was 生き返らせる. In January, 1939, Barcelona fell, and soon the Spanish Civil War was over: a 国粋主義者／ファシスト党員 victory. In March Germany broke her 約束s at Munich, overran the 残り／休憩（する） of Czechoslovakia, and 別館d Memel. In April Mussolini, not to be やめる outdone, 掴むd Albania. Then followed a pause; the news from Europe dropped for a time out of the American headlines. But already there had been a new intensification of the American 狼狽 at these constant and 脅すing 騒動s.

In March, 1939, a Gallup 投票 on the question "In 事例／患者 war breaks out, should we sell Britain and フラン food 供給（する）s?" had brought a Yes from 76 per cent of those 投票d; in April the question was repeated and the 百分率 jumped from 76 to 82. In March the その上の question "Should we sell them airplanes and other war 構成要素s?" brought a Yes from 52 per cent; in April the 人物／姿／数字 had gone way up to 66--a striking 増加する. True, only 16 per cent of those 投票d thought we should send the Army and 海軍 abroad to help England and フラン. But the 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数 of Americans 手配中の，お尋ね者 to help somehow--and more than half of the Gallup 投票者s 表明するd the ominous 期待 (though not by any means the wish) that if war broke out America would be "drawn in."

Was the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs moving along that road to war which only a few years 以前 it had tried so hard to 封鎖する off with red lights?

ｧ 4

On the morning of Sunday, April 30, 1939, the gates of the New York World's Fair were thrown open. The 主題 of the Fair was "The World of Tomorrow"; the 開会式s were held in a 広大な enclosure called the "法廷，裁判所 of Peace." Could anybody in that throng of tens of thousands, gathered under a blue sky in which hung 山地の clouds, fail to 反映する upon the question ironically 提起する／ポーズをとるd by those two phrases?

Here, all about one, was the embodiment of the American dream, 1939 model. Bold modern architecture, いつかs 厳しい, いつかs garish, but always devoid of the 伝統的な classical or Gothic decoration, and glowing with color--申し込む／申し出ing the first chance most of the 訪問者s had ever had to see what modern architects might do if the 経済的な 条件 of the country let them go in for large-規模 construction. Gardens, fountains, waterfalls leaping off buildings; music resounding everywhere; at night, the splendor of superb lighting. 奇蹟s of 発明 and of 産業の efficiency to goggle at. A sense of festival. Here every man could 簡潔に feel himself, if not a king, at least the 国民 of a gay and friendly country, the 受益者 of spotless 産業の 工学, 特権d to idle along the lagoons, to watch the 花火s flower in orange and blue and green, to see the trylon piercing the sky behind the young trees turned silver by the lights. Here General モーターs and Remington ランド sat cheek by jowl with the WPA, Soviet Russia 現在のd her delights to people who would presently compare them with Eastman Kodak's delights; in this fantastic 楽園 there were 明白な no social classes, no civil 反目，不和s, no international hates, no hints of grimy days in dreary slums, no 不景気 worries. Here was a dream of wealth, 高級な, and lively beauty, with coca-cola at every corner and the horns of the busses jauntily playing "The Sidewalks of New York."

Outside the gates was a nation one-third of whose 国民s were still "ill-housed, ill-覆う？, ill-nourished," and a world from which the hope of true peace seemed to have passed forever. What would the real world of tomorrow 持つ／拘留する for America?

Still the basic 経済的な problem of America remained 未解決の. An uncertain climb out of the 炭坑，オーケストラ席 of the 後退，不況 brought the 連邦の Reserve Board's adjusted 索引 up to 102 in August, 1939. But that was only a shade higher than the point it had reached during the New 取引，協定 Honeymoon; and still there were nine and a half million people 失業した, によれば the 見積（る）s of the 国家の 産業の 会議／協議会 Board. The colossal 企業 of work 救済 was becoming every day more 明確に a 悲劇の 一時しのぎの物，策, demoralizing, as the years dragged on, to many if not to most of those unfortunate enough to be 扶養家族 upon it. Though it had been generously conceived, had produced some 罰金 業績／成就s in the arts and some welcome 市民の 改良s, and had at least kept millions of men and women from the extremities of want and despair, にもかかわらず as a 永久の 会・原則 the WPA 申し込む／申し出d an intolerable prospect--and it was getting to look all too 永久の. The farm problem was still 未解決の, にもかかわらず 長官 Wallace's herculean 成果／努力s; instead of an ever-normal granary the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs seemed to be saddled with an ever-補助金を支給するd granary. A kindly 政府 could 緩和する the lot of families 軍隊d off the land, but could not yet catch up with the tractor as it drove new families, east and west, into homeless 移住. 罰金 things 同様に as foolish things had been done in Washington, but still the 繁栄 which had 消えるd in 1929 looked as unattainable as a rainbow.

Must America at last be reconciled to the dictum that as its 全住民 growth slowed up its 経済成長 must slow up too? Must it 受託する either a continuance of this twilight-繁栄, with the 重荷（を負わせる） of carrying the 失業した becoming progressively greater, or else a grim デフレ of prices and 給料 and 負債s till the labor 黒字／過剰 could become 吸収するd--a デフレ which might be even いっそう少なく endurable than that of 1929-33? No one could relish either of those prospects. 井戸／弁護士席 then--a war にわか景気? No 伸び（る） thus made could be 継続している. A 思索的な にわか景気? That, too, would carry with it the seeds of its own 破壊. No healthy 拡大 of the American economy could be 達成するd without a 安定した flow of money into new 投資 (along with a 維持／整備 of popular 購入（する）ing 力／強力にする), and this flow was still dammed.

What dammed it? That question could not be answered adequately without taking into account one of the most 重要な 経済的な 開発s of the nineteen-thirties: the 増加するd importance of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 会社／団体s which I have called 経済的な principalities. Everybody was aware that the 力／強力にする of the 連邦の 政府 had grown enormously during the １０年間, until its fingers reached into every nook and cranny of the country. Everybody was aware that all manner of activities and 企業s which had been managed on an individual or small-group basis were now becoming socialized--until even that company of rugged individualists, the 医療の profession, 設立する itself fighting a 後部-guard 活動／戦闘 against the 漸進的な 前進する of group 薬／医学, even of 明言する／公表する 薬／医学. Not everybody was aware of the extent to which the general 傾向 toward centralization, toward bigger and bigger 部隊s of social and 経済的な 活動／戦闘, was 影響する／感情ing 商売／仕事 同様に.

Gone since 1929, it was true, were the dizzy days when promoters 合併するd companies into 最高の-companies and 最高の-companies into 最高の-最高の-companies, when 持つ／拘留するing-company pyramids were built four and six and eight stories high, and little groups of men in 塀で囲む Street, playing with paper 在庫／株 証明書s, thought they were 井戸／弁護士席 on their way to the 支配（する）／統制する of all American 企業. Some of the pyramids had fallen 負かす／撃墜する in the 不景気, others had been at least partly 破壊するd by a disapproving 政府; and as for the 残り／休憩（する）, their days of skyscraping growth were over--for the 現在の at least. The public 手配中の，お尋ね者 no more Insulls or 先頭 Sweringens to 繁栄する. Yet most of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 法人組織の／企業の structures which had been put together in the 世代 before 1929, and 特に in the １０年間 before 1929, still stood 損なわれていない after the 嵐／襲撃する.

Not only that: it was these 広大な／多数の／重要な 会社／団体s, 一般に speaking, which during the nineteen-thirties had been making whatever money was made in 商売／仕事. Look at these 明らかにする／漏らすing 人物／姿／数字s from E. D. Kennedy's （株主への）配当s to 支払う／賃金. In the year 1935 there were nearly half a million 会社／団体s in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and they made, between them, a tidy 利益（をあげる） of over a billion and two-thirds dollars--but if one omitted from the reckoning 960 of the biggest (the 960 companies, with 在庫／株s active on the New York 交流, for which the 基準 統計（学） Company 一覧表にするd 収入s) that 集団の／共同の 利益（をあげる） turned into a 赤字. In short, in 1935 the 960 big companies were, collectively, making a 利益（をあげる）; the 475,000 or so smaller companies were, collectively, losing money. Mr. Kennedy was not able to show what happened in 1937 to the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of 会社／団体s because the 政府 人物／姿／数字s had not yet appeared, but he was able to trace the その上の fortunes of the 960 at the 最高の，を越す, and his findings 供給するd more 照明. Of all the money made in 1937 by these 960 aristocrats of 商売／仕事, 井戸／弁護士席 over a half--60 per cent--was made by just 42 of them; and nearly a ４半期/4分の1--24 per cent--was made by a mere six of the very biggest. (You would like the 指名するs of these six? They were General モーターs, American Telephone, 基準 Oil of New Jersey, 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Steel, du Pont, and General Electric.)

Imagine yourself setting up a new company to compete against one of these 巨大（な）s or even a group of lesser 巨大（な）s, with their 抱擁する 資源s and their ability to 持続する prices by 相互の custom and 商売／仕事 understanding if by no more devious means, and you will begin to understand one of the 推論する／理由s why new 投資s did not 繁栄する. Too many of the roads on which it might wish to proceed were already 占領するd by 行進者s able to keep the 主要道路 to themselves.

Parenthetically it should be 追加するd that the 広大な／多数の／重要な principalities were now becoming いっそう少なく 扶養家族 upon the 投資 houses of 塀で囲む Street for 資本／首都; they could 持続する and modernize and even 拡大する their 工場／植物s out of their own ample pockets. Perhaps the palmy days of the 塀で囲む Street 銀行業者s were over--not only because of 政府 制限s but also because the 広大な／多数の／重要な principalities were becoming more powerful than the banks. Was it wholly irrelevant that during the last two or three years of the １０年間 several big 会社／団体s, 顕著に U. S. Steel and General モーターs, moved in one way or another to 減ずる the 当局 of officers and directors who 代表するd essentially 塀で囲む Street and the 伝統的な 力／強力にする of 資本／首都, to 増加する the 力／強力にする of men who 代表するd the active 管理／経営, or to 追加する directors who 代表するd 地元の 商売／仕事 利益／興味s outside 塀で囲む Street? True, there was doubtless a political 動機 behind such moves. The 経営者／支配人s of the principalities had waked up to the fact that they were in politics whether they 手配中の，お尋ね者 to be or not. "Public relations" were no longer a mere 圧力（をかける）-スパイ／執行官's 職業, but 需要・要求するd the attention of at least a 副／悪徳行為-大統領，／社長. The big 会社／団体s were spending millions to 勝利，勝つ 人気. 塀で囲む Street was not popular; why not go through the 動議s, at least, of casting it off? にもかかわらず there may have been more to it than that. Perhaps the day was at 手渡す when, figuratively speaking, Mr. Sloan would not call on Mr. Morgan; Mr. Morgan would call on Mr. Sloan.

The 利益（をあげる）s of these 広大な／多数の／重要な principalities went into millions of American homes, for their cohorts of 株主s had never been so 非常に／多数の. But to only a tiny 少数，小数派 of 豊富な 株主s did enough money go to be 潜在的に an important factor in new 投資. This tiny 少数，小数派, beset with 税金s, were in no mood for 賭事s in the areas where the 広大な／多数の／重要な principalities did not stifle 競争. "Why take a chance?" they would say; "if we lose, we lose; if we 勝利，勝つ, the 政府 will take most of it away." They preferred to keep their money 投資するd in the principalities and in 税金-免除された 社債s, or even to 持つ／拘留する it uninvested in cash. Give us a 政府 that will 解放する／自由な us from 重荷（を負わせる）s and 制限s, they had been shouting, and you will see new 投資 burgeon. But the 行為 of the 商売／仕事 indices in 1938 and 1939, when the New 取引，協定 had certainly become いっそう少なく adventurous and more willing to conciliate 資本／首都, had given little 指示，表示する物 that such would be the 事例／患者. There was always some good 推論する／理由 why the burgeoning must be 延期するd: the man who in 1937 had sworn that the return of "信用／信任" waited only for the 廃止する of the undistributed 利益（をあげる）s 税金 lamented in 1938 and 1939 that new 投資 was 存在 held 支援する by the 恐れる of war. The banks continued to be glutted with idle money.

There were other 推論する／理由s, of course, why the money lay idle. Who, for example, would 危険 money in new building when costs were held so high--by 鎮圧するing real-広い地所 税金s, high prices for 構成要素s, high hourly 給料 for labor, 古風な and inefficient building methods, etc.--that no 利益（をあげる） could be 心配するd? Here the difficulty was not that a few 広大な／多数の／重要な 会社／団体s 独占するd the field, but that a multitude of suzerainties, large and small, and a multitude of frozen 負債s and 未解決の 不景気 problems, 妨げるd 広大な／多数の／重要な 会社／団体s from entering the field at all with the economies of large-規模 生産／産物. Yet on the whole the generalization appeared to stand. The 主要道路s of 産業 and 貿易（する） were 井戸／弁護士席 filled with going 関心s with which only big, 井戸／弁護士席-heeled companies could compete, and the men who could afford to bring such companies to birth had no enthusiasm for the 戦う／戦い. They thought their troubles were mostly political; 現実に, the 証拠 示唆するd that they were mostly 経済的な.

During 1938 and 1939 the 政府, through a 一時的な 国家の 経済的な 委員会, 始める，決める out to 調査／捜査する the 封鎖するing of new 投資, 特に by the 競争-stifling practices of the principalities (which for political 推論する／理由s were referred to by the good old fighting 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 "monopolies"). Some of the New 売買業者s were 熟考する／考慮するing the prospects for 投資s by the 政府 itself to （問題を）取り上げる the slack. But the problem was 厄介な; and when in the spring of 1939 the 大統領 made a gesture in the direction of 投資 by the 政府--連合させるing the idea with that of 失業 救済 in what was called the Lending-Spending 法案--議会 threw the whole 計画／陰謀 out the window. (Not content with thus rebuffing Roosevelt, 議会 削減（する） the admirable Theatre 事業／計画（する） out of the WPA and 法令d that 行う-率s for 技術d workmen on the WPA should be 削減（する）, thus 刺激するing a strike which the columnist Bugs Baer called the "反乱（を起こす） on the bounty.") The 1940 選挙s were becoming 明白な to the naked political 注目する，もくろむ, ardent New 売買業者s were prophesying a third 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 for Roosevelt, 共和国の／共和党のs and 保守的な 民主党員s were taking a rich delight in 破壊するing his 国内の 提案s, and the 経済的な 問題／発行するs were becoming lost in the political shuffle.

Now at last it looked as if the New 取引，協定 was really through. It had played its cards and had no more new ones to 申し込む／申し出--or, if it had them, it could no longer induce 議会 to let it play them. The country was manifestly 疲れた／うんざりしたing of 経済的な 実験; the 共和国の／共和党の party had taken advantage of this weariness to make 相当な 伸び（る）s in the 1938 選挙s. The social Salvationists were losing their zeal for 立法者ing 繁栄. Now, like Roosevelt himself, they had become 緊張した with excitement about 外務 and had half forgotten the dismal 未解決の problems on the 国内の 前線; they were either forming 委員会s for the 弁護 of freedom and 寛容 against 独裁政治, or breaking up into new alignments over the question whether America should stay out of war at all costs or come to the 救助（する） of Britain and フラン. Yet still the secret of 繁栄 remained undiscovered.

For three and a half of the ten years since the Panic of 1929 the Hoover 行政 had fought valiantly but vainly against 災害. For six and a half years the Roosevelt 行政 had 実験d and palliated, and had 単に kept 災害 at bay--to the tune of an 増加する of not far from twenty billion dollars in the public 負債 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.

But was that all that could be said?

On the credit 味方する of the 国家の ledger there were 確かな 入ること／参加（者）s to be made. Item 1. No 革命, no 独裁政治 born of the 不景気 had done away with the 必須の civil liberties of Americans. Item 2. The 政府 in 力／強力にする had never willfully 否定するd the 原則 明言する／公表するd in Roosevelt's second 就任の, that "we are 決定するd to make every American 国民 the 支配する of his country's 利益／興味 and 関心, and we will never regard any faithful 法律-がまんするing group within our 国境s as superfluous." Whatever sins were to be 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d against the New 取引，協定, at least it had done its 仕事 humanely. (This item ぼんやり現れるd large in the 注目する，もくろむs of men who looked abroad in 1939 and thought of the hordes of 難民s 捜し出すing footholds where they would not be "regarded as superfluous.") Item 3. にもかかわらず all the 悲惨s of the 不景気 and the 頻発する 恐れるs of new 経済的な 拒絶する／低下する and of war, the 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of the American people had not yet やめる lost their basic 資産 of hopefulness.

It was still their instinct to transform a 郊外の 押し寄せる／沼地 into a city of 魔法 and call it "The World of Tomorrow." In that world of tomorrow the show which they liked best of all and stood in hour-long 列s to enjoy was the General モーターs Futurama, a picture of the possible delights of 1960. They still liked to build the biggest dam in all 創造 and toy with the idea of the happy farmsteads it would water, the enormous engines it would 運動, the new and better 商売／仕事 it would 刺激する. They still liked to stand with 肘s on the 盗品故買者 at the 辛勝する／優位 of the farm and say, "Sooner or later I 目的（とする） to buy those forty acres over there and go into this thing on a bigger 規模." They still scrimped to give their sons and daughters "a better education than we ever had," feeling obscurely that a better education would be valued in the years to come.

A nation tried in a long ordeal had not yet lost heart.

ｧ 5

So one meditated as the summer of 1939 slipped by. But always now the meditation was interrupted by the recurring question: What will happen in Europe, and what will it mean to us here?

That question could hardly fail to be in the 支援する of one's mind when, 早期に in June, the King and Queen of England visited the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. The Roosevelts tactfully made the most of this 適切な時期 to 固く結び付ける the 社債s of Anglo-American 友好 and erase whatever unfavorable memories ぐずぐず残るd from l'事件／事情／状勢 Simpson--and from Munich. Their 歓迎会 of their 王室の guests was carefully arranged to be both dignified and heartily American, with more than a touch of the 軍の.

When the King and Queen arrived in Washington--on a day of terrific heat which must have made the King's epauletted 海軍大将's uniform almost intolerable--ten "飛行機で行くing 要塞" 爆破 計画（する）s roared over the 大勝する of the 行列 to the White House, and the cars in which 棒 the King and the 大統領, and the Queen and Mrs. Roosevelt, were に先行するd by sixty 事務的な-looking baby 戦車／タンクs. After the 明言する／公表する dinner that evening, there was a White House concert the program for which 含むd Negro spirituals, cowboy ballads, and square dances, with 井戸／弁護士席-assorted 単独のs: not only by Lawrence Tibbett but also by Marian Anderson, the 広大な／多数の／重要な Negro singer--with Kate Smith 与える／捧げるing that perennial 無線で通信する favorite, "When the Moon Comes Over the Mountain." Three days later, their 王室の Highnesses picnicked with the Roosevelts at Hyde Park, and the King 消費するd hot dogs and beer. (He could have dodged the hot dogs, for the menu also 含むd 冷淡な ham, smoked and plain turkey, and さまざまな salads, 同様に as baked beans and brown bread, doughnuts and ginger bread, cookies, coffee, and soft drinks--but he knew 井戸／弁護士席 that a hot dog eaten smilingly in America might be 価値（がある） a dozen 戦艦s.) When the guests boarded their train at Hyde Park that evening, the 大統領 clasped his 手渡すs together high over his 長，率いる in democratic 別れの（言葉，会） and the （人が）群がる sang "Auld Lang Syne" and "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow."

Nor did Mrs. Roosevelt, in her amiable newspaper column "My Day," fail to take the American public into her 信用／信任 about her 関心 over the 国内の 手はず／準備 for the visit--such as the care taken to 供給する the guests with 早期に morning tea and with water 冷気／寒がらせるd but not iced--and about those small 事故s which would 原因（となる） every hostess who read of them to vibrate with sympathy--such as the fact that a butler entering the big library at Hyde Park with a tray of drinks slipped and dropped the tray with a 衝突，墜落.

The King and Queen in their turn were by 全世界の／万国共通の 同意 cordial, unassuming, and engaging. The （人が）群がるs both in Washington and New York were enormous and enthusiastic; in fact, Mrs. Roosevelt 発言／述べるd in her column that during the 行列 in Washington she had been やめる unable to explain to the Queen what buildings they were passing because the roars of 賞賛 溺死するd every word. No untoward 出来事/事件 marred the triumphal 王室の 進歩. Altogether, the visit was an almost incredible success.

A few weeks after this success, the 大統領 tried hard to get 議会 to rewrite the 中立 行為／法令／行動する and do away with the 義務的な 禁止（する） on the 輸出（する） of 武器 and 軍需品s to warring countries. Not yet, however, was 議会 ready to take this leap. In a 事柄 which might 決定する the 問題／発行する of war or peace, a 大多数 of the men on the Hill were still unwilling to 産する／生じる to this volatile man who so 堅固に believed that Hitler must be stopped and that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs must help stop him by making it plain that if he did not 持つ／拘留する his 手渡す he would have American 計画（する）s and guns, if not American 兵士s and sailors, to reckon with.

Wherever one turned, that summer, the thought of Europe followed.

The Transatlantic Clippers (41-トン 計画（する）s with a wing-spread of 152 feet) began carrying 乗客s from Long Island Sound to フラン and England--a 可能性のある link between 同盟（する）s, one asked oneself, or between belligerency and 中立? The American 潜水艦 Squalus sank off Portsmouth in 240 feet of water, and 33 of her 59 men were 救助（する）d by 飛び込み bell--was it just a coincidence that a British 潜水艦 and a French 潜水艦 were lost at about the same time? The Grapes of Wrath lay upon the summer-porch （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する--and beside it lay Days of Our Years, Inside Asia, and Not Peace, But a Sword, all three of which took the American reader overseas. The long quarrel between the TVA and the 連邦／共和国 & Southern 公共事業（料金）／有用性 system was 穏健なd with the 政府's 購入（する） of the Tennessee Electric 力／強力にする Company's 所有物／資産／財産s--and one realized that the 憎悪 of Roosevelt which had 燃やすd for years in the hearts of big 商売／仕事 men was already dying to embers. A salesman could still get orders by sending in a card which said

If You Don't Give Me An Order

I'll 投票（する） For Him Again

but some of the once-indignant 商売／仕事 men were even beginning to like Roosevelt now--for his 外交政策.

見込みのある d饕utantes were wondering, that summer, who would 後継する Brenda Diana Duff Frazier as the "glamour girl" of the new season; the idea of glamour (or "oomph" if you preferred) was now so ubiquitous that Life was calling Thomas E. Dewey "共和国の／共和党の Glamour Boy No. 1," and 弁護士／代理人／検事-General Murphy "New 取引，協定 Glamour Boy No. 1." The fashion 専門家s were returning from Europe with the news that Paris said corsets and hour-glass 人物／姿／数字s. Summer vacationists were bending over their Chinese checkers; trying to emulate the swimming mermaids and mermen of Billy Rose's Aquacade; comparing Grover Whalen's 財政上の troubles, as he tried to 妨げる the "World of Tomorrow" from going 破産者／倒産した, with the troubles of the 経営者／支配人s of the San Francisco Fair; discussing Johnstown's 速度(を上げる） on the racetracks; 運動ing to the movies to see Robert Donat in "Goodbye Mr. 半導体素子s," or Bette Davis in "Dark Victory." Would all these everyday trifles of the 1939 summer season come 支援する to memory, some day, as 出来事/事件s of the happy なぎ before the 嵐／襲撃する?

One thing was almost 確かな . If war broke out in Europe, we should look 支援する upon the day of 宣言 as the day when a line was drawn across our 国家の life. Whatever strange form the war might take, whatever might be America's relation to it, it would bring America new problems, new alignments, new hopes and 恐れるs.

But surely there wouldn't be war. Things were really rather 静かな in Europe, on the surface, in July and 早期に August. And if Hitler should make a new 危機 over Danzig and the ポーランドの（人） 回廊（地帯）, surely somebody would 支援する 負かす／撃墜する before it was too late. Somebody always had.

ｧ 6

The 嵐／襲撃する moved up late in August.

First, like a rumble of premonitory 雷鳴, （機の）カム the 報告（する）／憶測 that 出身の Ribbentrop was to 飛行機で行く to Moscow to 調印する a German-ロシアの 協定. Then （機の）カム the 協定 itself; it was 布告するd in streamer headlines in the papers of August 24:--

GERMANY AND RUSSIA SIGN 10-YEAR NON-AGGRESSION PACT; BIND EACH OTHER NOT TO AID OPPONENTS IN WAR ACTS; HITLER REBUFFS LONDON; BRITAIN AND FRANCE MOBILIZE

That 告示 sent ideas, 期待s, and 仮定／引き受けることs reeling the world over. In America, the supposed 専門家s on world 事件／事情／状勢s つまずくd for a foothold in reality as their 論理（学）の 前提s fell away from under them. The 共産主義者s 成し遂げるd quick 観念的な contortions as they saw the party line coming to a hairpin turn. 商売／仕事 men decided not to put in that buying order yet awhile, to wait till the 形態／調整 of things was clearer; steamship 公式の／役人s 審議d the 取り消すing of sailing dates; the 株式市場 hesitated, sold off a little, wobbled uneasily. Americans went again to their 無線で通信するs for last-minute European 公式発表s.

Days of 交渉s, 動員s, frantic 成果／努力s for 解決／入植地, 脅しs and 反対する-脅しs--then, very 早期に on the morning of September 1, Hitler's armies marched into Poland.

It had begun. But still there was a question hanging in the 空気／公表する--what about Britain and フラン?

All that day--it was a Friday--the question remained not やめる answered, and all the next day too. It traveled along with Labor Day week-enders 出発／死ing for their three-day holiday, 燃やすd in their minds even on the ゴルフ links and the bathing beaches.

The answer was 配達するd at last on Sunday morning, September 3--ten years to a day from that hot September 3 of 1929 with which this chronicle opened. Over the 無線で通信する （機の）カム from London the 発言する／表明する of Neville Chamberlain, an infinitely unmartial 発言する／表明する, speaking in トンs low and tired and sad:--

"This morning the British 外交官／大使 in Berlin 手渡すd to the German 政府 a final 公式文書，認める 明言する／公表するing that unless we heard from them by eleven o'clock that they were 準備するing at once to 身を引く their 軍隊／機動隊s from Poland, a 明言する／公表する of war would 存在する between us. I have to tell you that no such 請け負うing has been received and in consequence this country is at war with Germany."

With those 宣告，判決s, spoken so 静かに thousands of miles away, an 時代 ended for America and another one began.

虫垂

SOURCES AND OBLIGATIONS

In the 虫垂 to Only Yesterday I spoke first of all of my 負債 to Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd for "the extraordinarily 変化させるd and 正確な （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） collected in Middletown," of which I had "made たびたび（訪れる） use"; and I 追加するd, "I do not see how any conscientious historian of the 戦後の １０年間 could afford to neglect this 地雷 of 構成要素." Mutatis mutandis, I must now say the same thing of their Middletown in 移行 (Harcourt, を締める, 1937). I have 引用するd from it more frequently in the 現在の 容積／容量 than from any other source, and have leaned more upon it than the number of quotations would 示唆する.

In 令状ing my first four 一時期／支部s, I have made much use of The Hoover 行政, A 文書d Narrative, by William Starr Myers and Walter H. Newton (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936), and Hoover Off the 記録，記録的な／記録する, by Theodore G. Joslin (Doubleday, Doran, 1934). These two 調書をとる／予約するs, one formal, the other informal, both have 証明するd helpful for 言及／関連 and quotation, 同志／支持者 though they are. 類似して I have 設立する the five 容積／容量s of The Public Papers and 演説（する）／住所s of Franklin D. Roosevelt (無作為の House, 1938) of 広大な／多数の／重要な value for the New 取引，協定 period. Two other 調書をとる／予約するs which （機の）カム out while 地雷 was in 準備 have been useful to me at many points and would be even more useful to writers who could take fuller advantage of them than I was able to: the splendid America in Midpassage, by Charles A. 耐えるd and Mary R. 耐えるd (Macmillan, 1939), and Raymond Moley's 詳細（に述べる）d and searching first-手渡す account of the New 取引，協定, After Seven Years (Harper, 1939). Needless to say, I have made constant use of the 連続する 容積／容量s of the World Almanac, and 特に the Chronology which appears in it 毎年 and is invaluable to anyone engaged in a 事業／計画（する） of this sort; and also the とじ込み／提出するs of the New York Times in the New York Public Library.

My other sources--調書をとる／予約するs, newspapers, magazines, and ideas and anecdotes and 観察s 選ぶd up throughout the １０年間--have been so voluminous that it would be wearisome to recite them all. But 確かな sources I should like to について言及する either by way of explanation or to 表明する special 義務, and these I shall arrange 一時期／支部 by 一時期／支部 for convenience:

In 一時期／支部 I ("序幕: September 3, 1929") the quotations from Gilbert Seldes are from "Talkies' 進歩," in Harper's Magazine, September, 1929. The paraphrase of F. C. Mills is based on a quotation from him in Middletown in 移行, pp. 53-54. The late George W. Wickersham very kindly wrote me の直前に his death and showed me a copy of the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 minutes for September 4, 1929. From newspaper data, Calvin Coolidge did not move to his larger house in Northampton until 1930, although William Allen White's biography of him would seem to 暗示する an earlier move. The 1929 data about Dr. Francis E. Townsend are based on a letter from Old Age 回転するing 年金s, Ltd.; about "Amos 'n' Andy" and Edgar Bergen, on （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） kindly 供給（する）d through Julian Street, Jr., when he was with the NBC; about Garnet Carter and Hervey Allen, on letters from them; about Pearl Buck, on a letter from Richard J. Walsh. For these letters I am 感謝する.

In 一時期／支部 II ("出口 繁栄") the 投票s of the 国家の 経済的な League are from reproductions of them in The Folklore of Capitalism, by Thurman W. Arnold (Yale University 圧力（をかける）, 1937). The quotation of Denna Frank Fleming is from his 調書をとる／予約する, The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and World Organization, 1920-1933 (Columbia University 圧力（をかける）, 1938), p. 325. The item about Roosevelt and Farley at 選挙 time, 1930, is drawn from James A. Farley's 調書をとる／予約する Behind the 投票（する）s (Harcourt, を締める, 1938). Henry Pratt Fairchild's 全住民 見積（る） is from an article by him, "When the 全住民 Levels Off," in Harper's Magazine, May, 1938. The 結論するing pages of this 一時期／支部 repeat (with some 改正s) passages in a talk I gave at Bennington College, 開始／学位授与式, 1938, which was printed by the Catamount 圧力（をかける） at North Bennington, Vt., with the 肩書を与える "In a Time of 逮捕."

In 一時期／支部 III ("負かす／撃墜する, 負かす／撃墜する, 負かす／撃墜する") the item about William McC. ツバメ, Jr., he kindly gave me himself. The Roosevelt-Farley item is again from Farley's Behind the 投票（する）s (see above). The 詳細（に述べる）s of my story of the Hoover 支払い猶予／一時停止 are based 主として on Myers and Newton, Joslin, and 示す Sullivan's article on "大統領 Hoover and the World 不景気" in the Saturday Evening 地位，任命する for March 11, 1933. The Peter F. Drucker quotation was taken from the manuscript of his 調書をとる／予約する The End of 経済的な Man (John Day, 1939). The 国家の Credit 会社／団体 item was drawn from Three Years 負かす／撃墜する, by Jonathan Norton Leonard (Carrick & Evans, 1939), a lively and useful, if bitter, account of the years 1929-33 to which I am also indebted for several items about the 影響s of the 不景気 on individuals. The Kuznets 人物／姿／数字s on 利益／興味 支払い（額）s are from "国家の Income, 1929-32," by Simon Kuznets, which is 公式発表 49 of the 国家の Bureau of 経済的な 研究. The E. D. Kennedy 人物／姿／数字s are from his 価値のある 調書をとる／予約する （株主への）配当s to 支払う／賃金 (Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939), pp. 16-17. The 人物／姿／数字s on 国内の 法人組織の／企業の 問題／発行するs are from The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, a Graphic History, by Hacker Modley, and Taylor (Modern Age 調書をとる／予約するs, 1937). The Croxton 人物／姿／数字s for Buffalo were 特記する／引用するd in The Christian Century, December 28, 1932. My account of the Lindbergh 事例／患者 is in large degree based upon Sidney B. Whipple's exceptionally 利益／興味ing and careful account in The 裁判，公判 of Bruno Richard Hauptmann (Doubleday, Doran, 1937), to which I am 大いに indebted.

In 一時期／支部 IV ("A Change of 政府") the account of the Chicago 条約 draws much from Farley's Behind the 投票（する）s (see above); the 出来事/事件 of the 受託 演説（する）／住所 manuscript is from Raymond Moley's After Seven Years (see above). The Elmer Davis quotation is from "The 崩壊（する） of Politics" in Harper's Magazine for September, 1932. My account of the 特別手当 Army episode is based on a comparison of many 見解／翻訳／版s, 含むing 特に Paul Y. Anderson's personal 観察s in The Nation for August 17, 1932. The 農業者's 発言／述べる to Mary Heaton Vorse is from her article, "反乱 in the Corn Belt," in Harper's Magazine, December, 1932. My description of a 農業者s' 抗議する 会合 follows the account of one in We Too Are the People, Louise V. Armstrong (Little, Brown, 1938), which is helpful also to an understanding of 救済 problems. For Hoover's unsmiling demeanor see 42 Years in the White House by Irwin Hood Hoover (Houghton Mifflin, 1934). My account of Hoover and Roosevelt in the interregnum is based 大部分は on a comparison of the 見解／翻訳／版s Myers and Newton, Joslin, Moley, Farley, and others. In my account of the bank 危機 I have used 28 Days: A History of the Banking 危機, by C. C. Colt and N. S. Keith (Greenberg, 1933).

In 一時期／支部 V ("New 取引，協定 Honeymoon") the beginning of Roosevelt's 就任の is taken from the New York Times for March 5, 1933; the 見解／翻訳／版 given in The Public Papers and 演説（する）／住所s of Franklin D. Roosevelt omits the "国家の consecration" 条項. The quotations from letters 具体的に表現するing 計画（する）s for 回復 are actual quotations from letters I was kindly shown in the NRA とじ込み／提出するs at the Department of 商業. The genesis of the NRA is based on many accounts, 含むing 主として "Whose Child is the NRA?" by John T. Flynn in Harper's Magazine for September, 1934. Jonathan Mitchell's article, "The Versatility of General Johnson," appeared in Harper's Magazine for October, 1934.

In 一時期／支部 VI ("A Change of 気候") I have made use of a 熟考する／考慮する of 青年 and Sex by Dorothy Dunbar Bromley and Florence Haxton Britten (Harper, 1938), and at several points have used an 特に 利益／興味ing article on "青年 in College," Fortune, June, 1936, which was reprinted in American Points of 見解（をとる）, edited by William H. Cordell and Kathryn Coe Cordell (Doubleday, Doran, 1937). On bootlegging after 廃止する, I have used After 廃止する, by Leonard V. Harrison and Elizabeth Raine (Harper, 1936). The Virginia 調書をとる／予約する-燃やすing was 述べるd in Ken, August 28, 1938. My について言及する of slot machines, ピンボール, etc., draws ひどく from Samuel Lubell's article, "Ten Billion Nickels," in the Saturday Evening 地位，任命する, May 12, 1939; of the Irish Sweepstakes, from an article by John J. McCarthy in Harper's Magazine, June, 1934; of "Bank Night," from "Bank Night Tonight," by Forbes Parkhill, Saturday Evening 地位，任命する, December 4, 1937; of softball, from "Baseball's Precocious Baby," by Ted Shane, American Magazine, June, 1939. The Gallup 投票 on 賭事ing was 特記する／引用するd in the New York Times for November 27, 1938.

In 一時期／支部 VII ("改革（する）--and 回復?") I have 引用するd from George R. Leighton's article, "In Search of the NRA," which appeared in Harper's Magazine, January, 1934. On 救済, Spending to Save, by Harry L. Hopkins (W. W. Norton, 1936) is the source of some facts. On Huey Long I have drawn plentifully from Huey Long, A Candid Biography, by Forrest Davis (Dodge, 1935); the White House 出来事/事件 is from Farley's reminiscences (see above). On the Townsend 計画（する）, many facts are from "The Old People's Crusade," by Richard L. Neuberger and Kelley Loe, Harper's Magazine, March, 1936.

In 一時期／支部 VIII ("When the Farms Blew Away") the 開始 quotation is from "Life and Death of 470 Acres," by R. D. Lusk, Saturday Evening 地位，任命する, August 13, 1938. The 地図／計画する which I について言及する is in Problems of a Changing 全住民, 国家の 資源s 委員会 (May, 1938), p. 65. The Neuberger quotation is from Our 約束d Land (Macmillan, 1938). On the changes in American 農業 I am 特に indebted to Paul S. Taylor, from whose "力／強力にする Farming and Labor 排水（気）量 in the Cotton Belt, 1937" (published by the U. S. Department of Labor and Bureau of Labor 統計（学）, serial No. R 737, 政府 Printing Office) I have 引用するd, and to Ladd Haystead's memorandum for Arthur Kudner, Inc., "The 農業者 Looks at Himself." On farm tenancy, I am indebted to (and have 引用するd from) the 一時期／支部 on "Labor in 発展させるing Economy" in the 耐えるd' America in Midpassage. The Stuart Chase quotation on the flood of 1936 is from Rich Land, Poor Land (Whittlesey House, 1936), which was a helpful source also on 政府 自然保護 対策.

In 一時期／支部 IX ("The 発言する／表明する with the Smile 勝利，勝つs") the 人物／姿／数字s I have given on 連邦の 赤字s are 逮捕する (after subtracting the 量 paid out for statutory 負債 退職s); I have not 試みる／企てるd to go into the very intricate and debatable question of the extent to which the 支出s in these years 代表するd in part money which should come 支援する to the 連邦の 政府. In the discussion of Moley and Corcoran and Cohen I have used 主として that illuminating little 調書をとる／予約する, Men Around the 大統領, by Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner (Doubleday, Doran, 1939), and also Moley's After Seven Years (see above), checking the latter against the former. For many 詳細（に述べる）s in this 一時期／支部 In 1936, by Alvin C. Eurich and Elmo C. Wilson (Henry Holt, 1937), （機の）カム in handy.

In 一時期／支部 X ("With Pen and Camera Through Darkest America") the quotation from Malcolm Cowley is from an 前進する proof of the New 共和国 for November 8, 1939. My passage on Benny Goodman and swing leans ひどく on "The 殺し屋-Diller," by Frank Norris, Saturday Evening 地位，任命する, May 7, 1938, and "No. 1 Swing Man," by Irving Kolodin, Harper's Magazine, September, 1939; the Toscanini-Chotzinoff item is from "Toscanini on the 空気／公表する," Fortune, January, 1938; the 人物／姿／数字s on music 評価 are from an excellent 要約, "Music Goes into 集まり 生産／産物," by Dickson Skinner, Harper's Magazine, April, 1939. The data about centralized newspaper 支配（する）／統制する are taken from John Cowles's 一時期／支部 on "Journalism--Newspapers," in America Now, by 36 Americans, edited by Harold E. Stearns (Scribner's, 1938). On the movies, I have taken a number of facts from 前進する proofs of Margaret Farrand Thorp's 罰金 調査する, America at the Movies (Yale University 圧力（をかける）, 1939).

In 一時期／支部 XI ("摩擦 and 後退，不況") I have made 広範囲にわたる use, in the labor section, of Edward Levinson's 価値のある Labor on the March (Harper, 1938), and am also indebted to Herbert Harris for his American Labor (Yale University 圧力（をかける）, 1939), another useful source. The account of the 会合s between 吊りくさび and Taylor is drawn from "It Happened in Steel," in Fortune, May, 1937. My account of the 最高裁判所 戦う／戦い follows pretty closely three 罰金 articles by Joseph Alsop and Turner Catledge in the Saturday Evening 地位，任命する for September 18, September 25, and October 16, 1937, する権利を与えるd "The 168 Days" (later published in 調書をとる／予約する form). The Leon Henderson item is from Men Around the 大統領 (see under 一時期／支部 IX); and I have also leaned somewhat on that 調書をとる／予約する in my account of the 行政 転換s of 政策 during the 後退，不況.

In 一時期／支部 XII ("The 影をつくる／尾行する of War") the quotation of the international broadcast is from bound 容積／容量s of the Columbia Broadcasting System's Broadcasts, at the New York Public Library. As to Studio Nine, I have drawn on H. V. Kaltenborn's I Broadcast the 危機 (無作為の House, 1938). My account of the London 経済的な 会議／協議会 of 1933 自然に makes use of Moley's 詳細（に述べる）d narrative in After Seven Years. In this 一時期／支部 I have made much use of the Gallup public-opinion 投票s on foreign 事件／事情／状勢s, as handily collected for 言及／関連 in F. S. Wickware's "What the 投票s Say," in Harper's Magazine, September, 1939; such 投票s いつかs seem to 示す more than they 現実に do (for much depends on the 言い回し of the questions) but they at least help to show 傾向s, 特に when the same question is asked at intervals. E. D. Kennedy's 調書をとる／予約する, from which I have drawn 人物／姿／数字s on 法人組織の／企業の 収入s, I have already 特記する／引用するd above (under 一時期／支部 III).

I cannot 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） all the people who have been good enough to help me in one way or another, but I should like 特に to thank the William Zuills of Orange Grove, Bermuda, for their thoughtful 歓待 while I was at work on the 開始 一時期／支部s; and, for 援助 of さまざまな sorts, Letitia C. Rogers, Oliver Ellsworth Allen, Margaret MacMullen, Charles W. MacMullen, Cathleen Schurr, the David Cushman Coyles, Charles C. Colt, John A. Kouwenhoven, Paul S. Taylor, George R. Leighton, Luther H. Gulick, Remley J. Glass, Daniel I. McNamara, Julian Street, Jr., みなすs Taylor, Florence Alonso, and the staff of the New York Public Library (特に in the Newspaper Room and the 経済的なs and Sociology 分割). My wife, Agnes Rogers Allen, is to be thanked above all--for helpful ideas and 批評 and for much hard work on に代わって of this 事業／計画（する）.

F.L.A.

New York City

November 10, 1939

THE END

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