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肩書を与える: The 小島s of 恐れる Author: Katherine Mayo * A 事業／計画（する） Gutenberg of Australia eBook * eBook No.: 0300901h.html 版: 1 Language: English Character 始める，決める encoding: HTML (Latin-1(ISO-8859-1)--8 bit) Date first 地位，任命するd: June 2003 Date most recently updated: October 2012 事業／計画（する） Gutenberg of Australia eBooks are created from printed 版s which are in the public domain in Australia, unless a copyright notice is 含むd. We do NOT keep any eBooks in 同意／服従 with a particular paper 版. Copyright 法律s are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright 法律s for your country before downloading or redistributing this とじ込み／提出する. This eBook is made 利用できる at no cost and with almost no 制限s どれでも. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the 条件 of the 事業／計画（する） Gutenberg of Australia License which may be 見解（をとる）d online at gutenberg.逮捕する.au/licence.html
ILLUSTRATED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS
NEW YORK HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY
First printing, March, 1925
To
THOSE WHOM THE TRUTH CONCERNS
Page
I THE POINT OF VIEW 3
II THE MARK OF THE BEAST 11
III GOD HELP THE POOR 27
IV THE SHEEP AND THE WOLVES 35
V VULTURES IN THE SKY 47
VI THE SPIRIT OF '76 62
VII MIDNIGHT TO MORNING 78
VIII WOODROW WILSON'S WARNING 87
IX 'I MEANT WHAT I SAID' 97
X FOR THE TIRED BUSINESS MAN 106
XI THE ROTTENEST THING 121
XII THE CONLEY CASE 131
XIII THE LITTLE YACHT 'Apo' 142
XIV 'UNCLEAN! UNCLEAN!' 153
XV THE PRAYER OF THE LIVING DEAD 161
XVI A GREAT PHYSICIAN 170
XVII CHILDREN IN THE DARK 181
XVIII HABITS THEY HAVE 196
XIX THE DEVIL TAKES THE HINDMOST 207
XX WHAT THEY SAY OF US 217
XXI NAMELESS AND AFRAID 225
XXII AN ANGLO-SAXON PERFORMANCE 244
XXIII THE HEAD HUNTERS 256
XXIV AND THE STRENGTH OF THE HILLS IS OURS ALSO 261
XXV ALVAREZ 274
XXVI THE SULU PIRATES 283
XXVII MEN--AND A CURSE 292
XXVIII 'WE STAY WITH AMERICA--' 304
XXIX BUT, YES, WE'LL HAVE NO BANANAS 311
XXX THE PLEA OF THE WOMEN 322
XXXI '--OR GIVE US BACK OUR GUNS' 330
APPENDIX 343
GLOSSARY 359
INDEX 361
|
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS [Legend: 州s of Luzon.]
Will you spare a moment to hear, before starting in on the meat of this 調書をとる／予約する, why and how it is written?
For some few years past we, the American people, have been ばく然と aware of a sensation of 不安 in the 地域 of the Philippine Islands—and of 発言する／表明するs, once and again, asking for Philippine Independence.
We have not known what those 発言する／表明するs stood for. We have had no background upon which to 率 their （人命などを）奪う，主張する. And yet the Philippine Islands are America's 責任／義務—a 責任／義務 that we 任意に assumed and may not lightly 転換 to other shoulders 単に for the asking.
But the Philippine Islands are a long way off. The mere 旅行 takes more time than most of us can consecutively spare to public uses.
And so, 存在 myself 解放する／自由な to go, and having some previous experience in field 調査, I 決定するd to make an 試みる／企てる to serve my fellow countrymen by collecting for their use the 構成要素 that their own 義務s 妨げる their collecting for themselves.
Arrived in Manila, that delightful town, I 演説（する）／住所d myself at once to the 主要な／長／主犯 Filipino personages. I was received with the 最大の 儀礼 and 真心 and for weeks enjoyed social intercourse and many 会議／協議会s with the 長，指導者 人物／姿／数字s in Filipino upper life. The 限界 of my entertainments was the 限界 that I myself 課すd. I 設立する the people 利益／興味ing, intelligent, charming, 控訴，上告ing. And to each with whom I deliberately talked, I made this careful 予選 声明:
"Your 特使s in Washington are asking for the independence of these Islands. The question is one that the people of America must decide—a 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な question, of 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な 責任／義務. And we know so little about your Islands that our actual knowledge is almost nothing at all. The best thing would be for us all to come and see. But that very few of us can do. And it is this that brings me here now.
"I want to 報告（する）／憶測 you and your country to my own people. Whatever you say and whatever my 注目する，もくろむs see, I will do my best faithfully to 伝える to them without any colour or favour. And if you 願望（する） it, in 報告（する）／憶測ing you I will 保留する your 指名する, although to do so 弱めるs 証言.
"I ーするつもりである, to the best of my ability, to see all elements in your 団体／死体 social—your friends and your 対抗者s, the learned and the unlearned, the rich and the poor, not here in Manila alone, but as far as may be, all over these Islands. And I shall try to get at every one's 見解（をとる）s and learn all that I can 関心ing them, everywhere alike and 公正に／かなり.
"Then I will 令状 it in a 調書をとる／予約する. And my own people, I hope, will see and 信用 the 目的 behind the 調書をとる／予約する and will feel that they get, from the result, something on which to start the working of their minds.
"Finally, I want you to know that I come here as ignorant 関心ing you as the most uninformed person now in America; that I have no pre-所有／入手s, no friendships, no 同盟s that can in any way 影響（力） my judgment; that I come wholly without 関係s with any 原因（となる） or organization, without かかわり合い to any 出版（物） or party, and 完全に at my own expense, as a volunteer, whose one hope is to do a bit of work that will serve both 味方するs of the water. For the question is one question—a question of light on 義務, toward the ありふれた good."
I hope they wholly understood and believed me. I know they were exceedingly 肉親，親類d, 申し込む／申し出ing their services in every way to help my 熟考する／考慮する. In particular, one 影響力のある and intelligent lady, Mrs. Jaime de Veyra, was ready to put aside all her personal 事件／事情／状勢s to …を伴って me over the Islands, wherever I might elect to go, to 行為／法令／行動する as interpreter and guide.
But, delightful and useful as under other circumstances the 計画（する） would have been, I could 受託する no medium through which to get my facts, whose whole value must 残り／休憩（する） on their first-手渡す 質. In 一致 with which 原則 I made it a 支配する, throughout, to see all 証言，証人／目撃するs 個人として, and to choose my own roads and times and places, 独立した・無所属 of any 指導／手引.
I used no 政府 conveyances, and received no 政治の favours, excepting in the 認めるing of 接近 to 統計（学） and 記録，記録的な／記録するs, and in 信任状 to Filipino 知事s of distant 州s—the proper 権利, on 需要・要求する, of any reputable American 国民.
And I have done my best.
That means, 式のs, that although those who until now have had no 広報担当者, neither any way of reaching the public ear, will be pleased with the result, others will be 乱暴／暴力を加えるd and 傷つける. And although these last are far より小数の than the first, I have so warm a feeling for them almost all that I heartily 悔いる the necessity of 負傷させるing a 選び出す／独身 one.
This 調書をとる／予約する, then, is written for the American 国民 who knows, of the Philippine Islands, that they 嘘（をつく） somewhere in the 太平洋の Ocean; that 海軍大将 Dewey took them for us in the Spanish War; that some people think them an 反対する of 利益／興味 to a hungry Japan; and—at a stretch—that they produce cheap cigars and "Manila rope."
Such a 創立／基礎 will 耐える, perhaps, the support of another fact or two to carry to-day's picture. For example:
There are in the lot 3,141 islands and islets, of which only about two-thirds are 住むd. Taken altogether, their area about equals Arizona's. One of them, Luzon, is as big as Ohio; another, Mindanao, is as big as Indiana. Of the 残り／休憩（する） 2,775 手段 いっそう少なく than one square mile apiece. They 嘘（をつく） in a half-moon, hugging the east coast of Asia. Their latitude is about that of the stretch from the City of Mexico to southern パナマ. Their 気候 変化させるs. In the high mountains of Luzon oaks and pines grow の中で tree-ferns, and films of ice may form of nights on standing water; while in Mindanao, even as the glorious sea-微風 blows, a white man's 肌 starts dripping, night or day, whenever he 動かすs. Periods of 激しい 降雨, 補欠／交替の／交替するing with 乾燥した，日照りの periods, form their general changes; to which may be 追加するd 台風s in season. Some islands—some localities—are fever 穴を開けるs that eat you alive, and some again are 公正に／かなり healthful—with which difference the presence or absence of Uncle Sam has much to do. The 大多数 are beautiful in one way or another, with 火山の 頂点（に達する）s or forest stretches, lakes, open plains, or mountain 範囲s. And they produce sugar, hemp, copra, 木材／素質, タバコ, rubber, and a few things more.
によれば the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測 見積（る）, the foreign 全住民 of the 群島 構成するd, in 1919, 55,212 Chinese, 12,636 Japanese, 6,931 Americans, 1,202 British, 4,271 Spaniards and 2,893 other 国家のs—as スイスの, German, French, etc.—altogether 83,145. The 報告（する）／憶測s' 見積（る） of the native 全住民, at the same date, was 10,956,730.
The foreigners in the Islands, in the year 1920 (The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and the Philippines, D. R. Williams), 構成するd いっそう少なく than one per cent of the 全住民 and （判決などを）下すd 5,852 所得税 returns, as against 3,667 returns （判決などを）下すd by the Filipinos, 代表するing ninety-nine per cent of the 全住民.
Total number of 投票（する）s cast in the General 選挙 of 1919 1 672,122
概算の degree of literacy, about1 37%
Total daily newspaper 循環／発行部数1 131,400
Number of ethnological tribes2 43
Number of 際立った dialects spoken3 87
Total wealth of the Island1 $5,500,000,000
普通の／平均（する） income of the 普通の／平均（する） Christian Filipino family of five persons, per year $70
概算の Insular income for 1924 4 $34,488,580
Total of 概算の 義務s that would have been collected on Philippine 製品s 輸出（する）d to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in 1922 had 義務s been 徴収するd and 査定する／（税金などを）課すd as on foreign goods in 一致 with the 税金s 供給するd in the U. S. 関税 行為／法令／行動する of 1922 5 $39,337,220
Per capita 歳入 from 課税 in 1923 6 $3.50
Total land area under cultivation (10% of the whole 領土) 1 11,503 sq. miles
Value of cultivated land 1 $229,000,000
Total area of forest-land of 商業の value 1 64,880 sq. miles
百分率 of forest-land belonging to the 政府 1 99%
割合 of 都市の 所有物／資産／財産 owned by Americans and other foreigners 7 9%
割合 of 都市の 所有物／資産／財産 owned by natives 7 91%
割合 of 税金s paid by Americans and other foreigners, だいたい 80%
割合 of the positions under the Philippine 政府 held by Americans other than school teachers, in the year 19248 1 1/8%
Total foreign 貿易（する） of the Philippines for 1923 9 $208,552,737
Total Philippine 輸出（する）s for 1923 9 $120,752,990
Total Philippine 輸入するs for 1923 9 $87,799,747
Total foreign 貿易（する） of the Philippines, for 1923, with the U.S.9 65.3% or $136,298,285
Total foreign 貿易（する） of the Philippines, for 1923, with Japan9 7.6% or $15,749,553
Total foreign 貿易（する） of the Philippines, for 1923, with the 部隊d Kingdom9...8.2% or $21,929,918
Value of Philippine 輸出（する）s to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs for 1909 (The Islands were 認めるd 自由貿易 with U. S. in October, 1909.) 10 $14,847,918
Value of Philippine 輸出（する）s to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in 1923 10 $132,387,472
Distance to nearest Japanese 領土11 66 miles
Distance to nearest Dutch 領土 11 43 miles
Distance to nearest British 領土11 20 miles
Distance from Manila to Hong Kong 11 630 miles
1報告（する）／憶測 of the 知事-General Philippine Islands, 1921, Washington, 1922, p. 13.
2 H. Otley Beyer, 全住民 of the Philippine Islands in 1916, Manila, 1917, pp. 19-20.
3 Ibid., pp. 23-6;
4 予算 of the 知事-General of the Philippines for the year 1924.
5 見積（る） 収集するd by the American 議会 of 商業 of the Philippine Islands.
6 報告（する）／憶測 of the Insular Auditor for year ending Dec. 31, 1923.
7 国勢（人口）調査 of the Philippine Islands, 1918.
8 Insular Civil Service 人物／姿／数字s.
9 B. F. Wright, Special Bank Examiner. 政府 財政上の 報告（する）／憶測.
10 The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and the Philippines, D. R. Williams, New York, 1924.
11 U. S. Coast and Geodetic 調査する 人物／姿／数字s. p. 237.
The Philippine Islands, to-day, are 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 領土. Whether, or not, or how long, they shall remain so, is a question to be 決定するd by the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. As to points of 見解（をとる） from which this question may be regarded, at least three 存在する.
1. The 戦略の point. Here some ask attention to the geographic fact that the Philippines, if 追加するd to the Japanese island chain, 絶対 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 off, like a line of 要塞s, the whole east coast of Asia. And these その上の 断言する that the islands, as affording the only harbours left 利用できる to us in those seas, are necessary to an 効果的な American 海軍 and Merchant 海洋. Others again 抗議する, and with equal vigour, that in our 手渡すs the Philippines form a 戦略の 証拠不十分 in our lines of defence.
2. The 商業の point. Here it will be shown that the Philippine Islands, 適切に developed, would give us の中で other 熱帯の 製品s such as sugar, タバコ and hemp, all the rubber we shall ever need, thus 配達するing the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs from the 手渡すs of foreign rubber monopolies. This is probably true beyond 審議. It will その上の be 勧めるd that American and other 商売／仕事 men who have worked hard in the islands during the last ４半期/4分の1 century, and who, with small 伸び（る）s to themselves, have 大幅に 前進するd the Islands' fortunes, should be considered in any 計画（する） 決定するing the Islands' 運命／宿命. Against this it will be 温かく 競うd that foreigners settling in the Philippines did so at their own 危険s, unsolicited, and have no moral 権利s in 会議.
3. The human point. The point from which, 関わりなく international or 軍の or 商業の 利益／興味s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, 関わりなく the 保護 or 砂漠s of any foreign element in the place, attention is focussed 排他的に on the nature and 条件 of the native people of the Philippine Islands.
From the third point, and from it only, this 調書をとる／予約する looks.
Now, the 初期の thing to make （疑いを）晴らす is this:
What do you mean when you speak of the people of the Philippine Islands?
Do you think of them as a political 団体／死体? A social 団体／死体? A 際立った race? Do you think of them as a minor nation, 代表するd by 委任する／代表s to Washington?
If you do, you start wrong.
The pre-著名な native scholar of the Islands, Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, lecturing on February 26, 1924, in the University of the Philippines, said:
Let us not indulge in idle dreams. Let us 収容する／認める that there is no such thing as a Filipino race.
The native 全住民 of the Philippines 落ちるs of itself into three perfectly 際立った main 分割s—the Mountain people of the Island of Luzon, 構成するing several large and several smaller 絶対 際立った peoples 一般的に but inaccurately classed under a general 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 as "Igorots"; the Mohammedans, or Moros, of the Southern Islands; and the Christian Filipinos. The first and second of these are essentially Malayan, and of the 圧倒的な 大多数 of the last the same is true.
But Igorot and Moro, alike, 激しく resent 存在 herded under the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 "Filipino." The line of 境界設定 is to them at least as 限定された and as 極度の慎重さを要する as is, to a Frenchman, the line that 保護するs フラン from the terror across the Rhine. Yet the Filipino 自白するd—the Christianized iowlander—より数が多いs the others ten to one. And it is 排他的に of him, this Filipino proper, that the next 一時期／支部s will speak, leaving both Igorot and Moro for later thought.
As to the Filipinos, then:
Malays as they are, no caste system 存在するs の中で them. And they show but two classes—the cacique, or moneyed class, which bosses and from which all* 政治家，政治屋s come; and the tao, or 小作農民 class, which is bossed, and which has, in practice, no 発言する／表明する whatever in 政治の or political 事件／事情／状勢s. The cacique class numbers perhaps six per cent of the total, and 残り／休憩（する）s, not upon 相続するd position, but wholly upon the 支配する of money and of political 影響（力）, however recently acquired.
Speaking always in general, the cacique has one 占領／職業 —"politics"; one 産業—usury; one hobby—賭事ing. Whatever he or his friends may profess for 目的s of foreign or 国内の 宣伝, his 行為／法令／行動するs show him fundamentally indifferent to the 運命／宿命 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the people—of the ninety-four per cent, whom he mercilessly 偉業／利用するs and 抑圧するs and whom he 持つ／拘留するs in open 軽蔑（する） mingled with a sort of bitter 憤慨 予定 to the mingling, in his own veins, of the people's 血.
For the cacique is a mestizo, as the Spanish called him—a hybrid. He is a Malay 構内／化合物d with the Spanish or Chinese.
The political 部隊 in the Philippine Islands is the little cacique—the small 地元の boss. This is the keystone fact in the make-up of Filipino-conceived 支配（する）／統制する.
The little cacique takes his orders from one a size bigger than he. And so on up to the seats of the Big Caciques in Manila. Much as in Tammany's 計画（する）, but with an 必須の difference.
投票者s there are, but an idea of the probable independence of their 投票（する）s may be derived from what is later to be said on such topics as usury, peonage and the channels and possible strength of public opinion.
To picture to yourself the 人物／姿／数字 of the little cacique, you must first 配達する your mind from the treacherously recurring subconscious idea that he is a brown-skinned New England squire living in a 熱帯の Lexington or Concord.
Because he is not, and does not. He is the 地元の political boss, who lives, unless he is an absentee boss, in the better house of a very pretty village, or a barrio.1
1The whole 領土 of the Philippines, 関わりなく 全住民, is divided into municipalities. A barrio is a segment of a municipality. This is the Spaniards' 協定.
The barrio, like the village, is おもに composed of one- or two-roomed shacks, whose 塀で囲むs and roofs are made of 審査するs woven of grass or palm-leaves neatly 攻撃するd upon slender bamboo でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるs. The shacks, whose life is from two to three years, are 選び出す／独身-storied and stand high on stilts. This 協定 not only keeps them 比較して 乾燥した，日照りの, in raintime, but also gives an open 貯蔵 place beneath. Here are kept, beside the big basket of rice on which the family subsists, the cook-マリファナ, the 木造の plough, the two or three fowls, and also the carabao 2 and the pony, if the 世帯 is so rich as to 所有する them.
2 A water-buffalo, the 草案 animal of the Philippines.
No 衛生設備 存在するs, and the invariable pig, although 最終的に eaten, is 持続するd まず第一に／本来 to serve for the nonexistent closet. No other 準備／条項 is made either for 汚水 処分 or for the pig's support. His hip bones almost 削減（する） through his 肌. He is always 餓死するing. His hunger, in the intervals of his 義務s, often 運動s him into the 主要道路, which he clogs. His 味方するs 洞穴 in and all his ribs protrude. In every way piteous and embarrassing, he is the adjunct of every home, and is to be 設立する as certainly in the skirts of the city of Manila as throughout the 州s.
Anywhere from five to fifteen persons, adult and children, may 住む these one- or two-room dwellings. The rooms may be eight by ten feet square. At night every aperture will be shut tight to keep away the malignant spirits that fill night 空気／公表する. But by day the 審査するs are 押し進めるd 支援する from the windows, and all the simple intimacies of life are laid 明らかにする to the passer-by, 含むing the 必然的な noontide 追跡（する）ing parties co-operatively 行為／行うd through the family's hair.
There may be a new-fangled artesian 井戸／弁護士席 in the barrio. But even if there is, many are the 古代の uses of a little drainage-溝へはまらせる／不時着する beside the 主要道路. Here, within a space of fifty yards, I have seen women laundering 衣料品s, women washing dishes, women scrubbing meat for the マリファナ, a man washing a dog, a pig nuzzling, and several naked youngsters kicking up the mud, while others dipped drinking water in earthen 大型船s for 世帯 use.
The people of the barrio speak a 確かな dialect—one of a possible eighty-半端物. They know no other tongue. And the 限定するs of the little field in which its dialect is spoken are the 限定するs of any barrio's knowledge of the world.
Tenants of the cacique for the most part, and tillers of his 国／地域, the people work 公正に／かなり 刻々と, considering the facts that all are undernourished, that over eighty per cent have worms and that their 経済的な 見通し is dull. Their congenital passion for 賭事ing would of itself be enough to keep them always in 負債, and 事実上 every barrio of any size has its cock-炭坑，オーケストラ席—which, by the way, is in far better 修理 than its rickety 骸骨／概要 church. The women may be credited with whatever is done in the way of 保存するing of 基金s, but barrio people are doing 井戸／弁護士席 when they pass from 刈る to 刈る without a 餓死 interval between.
Six pesos 3—three American dollars—is the 普通の／平均（する） family's entire income for a fortnight. And how big six pesos can look may be gleaned from a narrative 関係のある by Major-General E. B. Babbitt, U.S.A., of a personal experience in the Islands.
3 A peso equals fifty cents gold.
General Babbitt one day conceived the idea that he would like to go a-fishing. So, 存在 in Manila, he 選ぶd up a friend and 棒 out to a 約束ing 位置／汚点／見つけ出す in Laguna 州, where he 取引d with a tao fisherman. Two good days the party spent, and in the end paid their man six 一連の会議、交渉／完成する 有望な silver pesos—three dollars American—much money. So that the tao went home to his shack treading on clouds. And after he had 手渡すd the treasure to his wife, the pair sat late into the night planning and dreaming about the wonders it should bring 前へ／外へ.
But the news of those six pesos somehow 漏れるd out into the barrio. Like 炎上 on oil it flew, swift to the 大統領，／社長's * ears.
4長，率いる man, 市長.
その結果 the présidente sent for the tao and, without 推論する／理由s given, threw him into 刑務所，拘置所.
In 刑務所，拘置所, then, the wretched man cowered, silent, uncomplaining, half-dead with shapeless 恐れる. Until, the time 存在 enough, the présidente sent for him and said:
"It appears that you are a very evil fellow. You are a robber—a 強盗. What have you to say?"
The tao stammered out his protestation.
"But the Americans say you are a 強盗, and you must be 発射," the présidente went on.
The tao wept. The présidente pondered, with 深い-ribbed brow and introspective 注目する，もくろむs. Finally he spoke: "It is true that these Americans are a rough and violent people. But I am a cacique. I am boss of the barrio. I have, of course, much 力／強力にする. A way might be 設立する...but, no!"
The tao implored, fawning.
"No—no—it is impossible. It would cost too much.—Now, if I had six pesos—if there were any way of getting six pesos —I might be able to arrange it—to buy the Americans off."
"May it please your honour—send and call my wife," moaned the tao, （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing his 手渡すs on his breast.
The wife （機の）カム あわてて to the presidencia.5 Together the pair took distracted counsel, while the présidente waited, solemn and aloof.
5 Town hall.
"May it please your honour—I have six pesos—just six pesos in the world—I will run and bring them—" the woman finished, 鎮圧するd.
So the cacique received the six pesos, the woman went home to weep and the tao went 支援する to 刑務所，拘置所.
Two days later the 広大な／多数の／重要な man sent for the 囚人. "I have bought off the Americans. It was very difficult. You are lucky," he said. "And yet—I think you would do 井戸／弁護士席 to take your wife and make off to the hills. You never can 信用 these Americans. If they come 支援する and find you here there is no telling. They might...!"
The tao shook again with 恐れる—even as he was meant to do. And, still shaking, thanked the cacique 謙虚に, 選ぶd up his wife and his bolo, and 出発／死d in haste to the mountains, there to become in good earnest a robber of wayfarers and all unprotected folk.
The 底（に届く） cacique is the ultimate, natural and 必須の channel through which his own bosses, in their 上がるing series, reach and 支配（する）／統制する the 底（に届く） dog. Hé is the interpreter, to the barrio, of anything that it sees or hears outside its own 国内の life. Much the same might be said of a Tammany Hall 区 boss. But there is also a difference: The cacique 支配するs, not by favour, but by 恐れる—by the blind, 黒人／ボイコット tyranny of 恐れる. And the docile ignorance of the 集まりs is his strength. How 完全にする that ignorance can be would scarcely be しっかり掴むd through generalities.
Mr. A. W. Prautch, 長，指導者 of the 田舎の Credit 分割, Bureau of 農業, is one of the few American 公式の／役人s left in the Philippine 政府. Mr. Prautch's life is spent in journeyings to and fro around the 州s on errands of help.
One day it happened that Mr. Prautch, travelling in Ilocos Norte in company with the 知事 of that 州, （機の）カム to the town of San Nicolas on the 中国 Sea. Together the two men went first to the presidencia. There, while the 知事 talked with the présidente and his 組み立てる／集結するd 公式の／役人 staff, the American went strolling about the building to see what might be seen.
The first thing that 特に struck his attention was a wretched, hopeless-looking woman with a small child wailing in her 武器, crouched on the 明らかにする 床に打ち倒す of the 刑務所，拘置所.
Now, the 刑務所，拘置所 存在 not only under the presidencia roof, but also, at the moment, under the 地方の 知事's nose, it was 平易な for Mr. Prautch to direct the 地方の 知事's 注目する，もくろむs that way.
"Look!" murmured the American, 静かに 軽く押す／注意を引くing his companion. "See that woman hugging the sick baby yonder in the 独房. She looks as though she had lost her last friend. You might ask why she is there."
The 知事 従うd.
"Ah," said the présidente, "yes. It shall be explained. The woman is there to take care of the baby."
"But why is the baby there?"
"Ah!" replied the présidente again, "let us see.—Yes. The baby is there because he is 有罪の of 罪，犯罪. The 罪，犯罪 of 放火（罪）."
The 知事 turned to Mr. Prautch in bewilderment. "Impossible!" he exclaimed.
"Let's ask その上の," 勧めるd Prautch.
And so, bit by bit, the tale （機の）カム out, drawn by the 知事's questions.
The woman, it appeared, was the wife of a poor labourer. One day when the man was off in the fields working, the woman climbed 負かす／撃墜する the ladder of the shack and went to look for faggots to boil the evening rice. The baby, then just learning to creep, remained alone in the room. The baby was supposed to show discretion.
What he did do, seemingly, was to hitch his way over to the 解雇する／砲火／射撃-マリファナ and pull out a pretty red ember. After which it would be a 事柄 of minutes, no more, before the whole little nipa-palm shack would 炎. The 隣人s 救助（する）d the baby. But the house—which by the way belonged to the labourer and his wife and was all they owned in the world—the house on golden wings had 消えるd into the sun before the poor mother （機の）カム 支援する.
合間, the police, running quickly, 報告（する）／憶測d to the town 当局 that a house had been 燃やすd.
"A house has been 燃やすd? Why, then," said the 当局, "there must be a 裁判，公判. To-morrow bring the people before the 司法（官） of the Peace."
And so it was done, duly and in order.
"Who 始める，決める this house on 解雇する／砲火／射撃?" asked the 司法（官） of the Peace.
"If it please your honour, the baby," said the 隣人s. "It must have been the baby. Nobody else was there."
"Then," continued the 司法（官）, "the 悪党／犯人 存在 設立する, it becomes a question of 動機: Why did the baby 始める，決める the house on 解雇する／砲火／射撃?"
"Nobody can tell," said the 隣人s. "Nobody was there."
"But"—and the 治安判事 became 厳しい—"this is a 裁判，公判, remember. We have 設立する the 違反者／犯罪者. Now, we are 強いるd to find his 動機. That comes next. You must think. Now think: Did the baby 始める，決める the house afire on 目的?"
The 隣人s thought, as 企て，努力，提案.—Finally they produced the 要求するd 声明:
The baby assuredly must have 始める，決める the house afire on 目的, since he had only himself to 協議する at the time.
"Aha!" exclaimed the 治安判事. "Then the 事例／患者 is 完全にする. Setting a house afire on 目的 is a 罪，犯罪. It is called 放火（罪）. This 囚人 is committed to 刑務所，拘置所 to を待つ 裁判，公判 on 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s of 放火（罪）."
So the policeman 選ぶd the baby out of its mother's 武器, solemnly walked off to the 刑務所，拘置所, and locked the baby up.
But within the hour he was 支援する again.
"Please, your honour, who is to 料金d the 囚人?"
"Why, the jailer, of course."
"But—the jailer—he says he can't."
"Tell him he must," said the 司法（官）, growing angry. "It is his 義務."
"But—"
"But what, you nuisance?" shouted the 司法（官）, his patience gone.
"But, your honour, this 囚人 isn't 離乳するd. He just sucks."
So this, as new 証拠, re-opened the 事例／患者, and brought about another 審理，公聴会, whose fruit was the 決定／判定勝ち（する） that, as the mother was, in a manner of speaking, an 必須の part of the 囚人, she also must go to 刑務所，拘置所.
And there, in の近くに confinement, the pair had thenceforth lain.
合間 the husband and father—the old tao labourer—worked in the fields all day, while at night he cooked the food he earned and brought it to the 刑務所，拘置所. The wife could do nothing but sit on the 床に打ち倒す and 持つ／拘留する the baby in her flaccid 武器.
There was nothing else to do. And the baby, wailing and pining, against its every 利益／興味 continued somehow to live.
But no one in the town of San Nicolas, least of all the town 当局, saw anything strange in the 事例／患者. One day it would be tried; 合間, it を待つd 裁判，公判. An unfortunate 事件／事情／状勢, perhaps, for the three 関心d, yes. But how did it 関心 anybody else? Who else was 傷つける?
Said the 知事 of Ilocos Norte to Mr. Prautch:
"This is lamentable. But nothing can be done. The thing is now a 事柄 of 記録，記録的な／記録する and must follow the 過程 of 法律."
"Oh! 知事, let's 削減（する） through it. This is Saturday. Let's you and me 保釈（金） the baby out till Monday. Our word will be enough. You explain to the J.P. and the 市長 and the 会議. When Monday comes, have the 審理，公聴会, with all the 証拠. And then—just 一時停止する judgment. See?"
So by the 照明 of Mr. Prautch, the baby got out.
The Filipino is an individualist. At his 現在の 行う／開催する／段階 of 開発, tao or cacique, he is for himself and his 即座の friends only, and the 悲しみs of others, man or beast, have yet to find their place in his reckoning.
One day last winter I sat talking with a tao 農業者, in his own 地区, 関心ing his own exceptional history. Exceptional not in his sufferings, which could be matched in half the shacks in every barrio, but in his having dared to stand up to his 運命／宿命 and show fight. His story is a 事柄 of 設立するd 記録，記録的な／記録する. For obvious 推論する／理由s his 指名する should be spared. Let us call him Pedro. He is a 静かな little 団体／死体, somewhat 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なうd and scarred. To abbreviate the tale and begin halfway through, it runs thus:
In 1921, his old blind mother, who owned a good homestead 陰謀（を企てる）, or thought she did, 設立する herself therefore in 衝突 with the cacique, who 手配中の，お尋ね者 the land for himself. Her daughter, Pedro's sister, helped the old woman in 断言するing her （人命などを）奪う，主張する. This resulted in the 逮捕（する） of the sister, who was thrown into 刑務所，拘置所. Having 急速な／放蕩なd all that day, at night-time the girl begged for food. On pretext of acceding to her request, the town police-sergeant took her outside the 刑務所，拘置所 and 試みる／企てるd 強姦. She struggled, escaped, and finally 報告（する）／憶測d the 事柄 to her brother Pedro, who, energetically 支援するd by the two or three Americans in the 地域, entered a （民事の）告訴.
This 行為／法令／行動する of Pedro's startled the whole countryside. No tao had been known to show such temerity. 審理，公聴会 of it, many other women （機の）カム to Pedro begging him to 現在の their （人命などを）奪う，主張するs for 是正する. So that it became （疑いを）晴らす that the 運命／宿命 of Pedro's sister was the customary 運命／宿命 of women 刑務所，拘置所d. But, though Pedro duly （刑事）被告 the sergeant of 地方自治体の police before the 地方自治体の 会議, the （刑事）被告 went 解放する／自由な. Because, as Pedro points out, the members of the 地方自治体の 会議 were all the Sergeant's parientes—親族s—a word of 広大な／多数の／重要な content in the Islands.
A little later the same Pedro made himself serviceable to the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, through his knowledge of English and through his good 約束 as 翻訳家 in the 調査 of usury 事例／患者s. This touched the 地元の caciques on a very tender 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, and made evident the necessity of 静かなing the little man.
It （機の）カム on the night of December 26, 1921. All day long Pedro and his family had been hard at work in the rice 米，稲s, for it was 収穫 time. And now, at 9 o'clock, they lay sound asleep on their mats at home—Pedro on his 支援する, as it chanced, his 権利 arm 投げ上げる／ボディチェックするd over his 直面する.
Perhaps that arm saved him—for the first bolo-削除する 削減（する） his 権利 wrist almost in two.
Up sprang the sleeper with just time, before the next blow landed, to 認める in the three men before him the same old sergeant of 地方自治体の police and two police officers. Then they got him again, and yet again, across the 長，率いる, till he fell unconscious. On this they left him, lying in his 血—left him for dead.
Then Pedro's wife and the young sister who already knew that sergeant of police crept out to the 隣人s and begged for help,—begged above all that some one should run and telephone the nearest Constabulary 地位，任命する. Two Constabulary officers （機の）カム. And while the one gave first 援助（する） to Pedro, the other 追求するd the 加害者s. Two he caught that night; the third two days later on.
All three now 嘘（をつく） in Bilibid6 刑務所，拘置所.
6 The 広大な／多数の／重要な 政府 刑務所，拘置所 in Manila.
So much for Pedro's past 裁判，公判s. He is 示すd "dangerous," and more 罰, on general 原則s of discipline, all too probably を待つs him.
"They don't want a simple 農業者 to raise his 長，率いる," Pedro repeats, with a look, as he speaks, that shows his spirit is not yet broken by the mortal 半端物s against him.
Pedro is one in ten thousand. And this is the way our tête-à-tête の近くにd:
"Are you going to Manila soon?" he asked.
"Yes."
"Is 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd there?"
"I don't know."
"I want to see the 知事-General. I want to ask him a favour. I have done what I could for the 政府. I know 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd befriends us taos. I think he would help me."
"Do you want me to know your request?"
"Yes. I have a friend—a pariente of 地雷—he helped me when I was 傷つける, and I would like to help him now."
"What does he need?"
"井戸／弁護士席, he is in Bilibid. I want him 容赦d out. I think it isn't much for me to ask, who have had such 広大な／多数の／重要な trouble."
"What is your friend in 刑務所，拘置所 for?"
"Oh, a trifle—only a woman 事例／患者."
"Do you mean," I asked, "do you mean that your friend 強襲，強姦d some woman—"
"Oh, yes, but it was nothing!" answered Pedro, almost impatiently. "Why, she was under age—a mere child!"
In 知能, in education, in courage, in character, Pedro is one in ten thousand. But Pedro is a Malay. An individualist. The 乱暴／暴力を加える of his sister 誘発するd his wrath because it was his sister who 苦しむd. But let that same thing 生じる a girl—any number of girls—across the fields, and Pedro sees nothing in it.—You may talk to him of humanity, of public 義務, of ありふれた 目的, until your breath is done, without in the slightest degree touching his mind. He likes the words, and uses them. They sound 罰金. But their active meaning is outside the 範囲 of his mentality. And this is no 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 against Pedro. It is 簡単に a 生物学の fact.
High in the cacique oligarchy to-day—as far above the humble members we have just been considering as the weath-ervane is above the corner-石／投石する—stands a 確かな shrewd and sinuous Spanish mestizo. By young Filipino college students this man is ardently admired. By most Filipinos he is 反対／詐欺-sumingly 恐れるd, for his 力／強力にする in their world is 広大な／多数の／重要な. In America he is courteously received and respectfully listened to.
I have before me the 公式の／役人 報告（する）／憶測, several copies of which 存在する, in this country and in the Islands, of an 調査 into his 行為／行う in office at a period twenty years ago, when he was 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事, or "会計の," of a large Island 州. The 報告（する）／憶測, にもかかわらず the usually formal language, gives a graphic picture of his habits of life at that time. His fellow Filipinos to-day 主張する that during the two １０年間s 介入するing those habits have changed only in 刻々と 増加するd self-indulgence, and in greater and greater 無視（する） for any 法律 but that of his own personal ambition and 楽しみ. All this, in 詳細（に述べる）, has been ありふれた knowledge. And it is exceedingly 重要な that that knowledge has in no wise 干渉するd with his 安全な・保証する 前進する toward the 首脳会議 of the cacique structure.
The 報告（する）／憶測 shows him, first, on the road between town and town, riding his 回路・連盟. He travels like a satrap, with 持参人払いのs in relays of fifteen to carry his 所持品. But he is off his schedule—a whole day late. And the 持参人払いのs whom he had ordered to …に出席する his arrival at a given point, believing that he had abandoned his trip, have grown tired waiting and have gone home upon their own occasions. Reaching the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, and furious not to find his men, the 公式の／役人 draws his revolver upon the first 村人 that appears and orders him to run for his life in search of the 行方不明の 持参人払いのs.
Now, it should be 公式文書，認めるd that these men are not 持参人払いのs by calling, but are 単に the 隣人s—the 地元の taos—the 農業者s of the countryside.
After five hours' hard foot-travel the messenger returns with the fifteen men, all 不正に 脅すd, whom he has collected one by one from their 広範囲にわたって-scattered dwellings. その結果, this 会計の, this 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事 of the 州, to reward his messenger, first strikes him in the mouth, then kicks him flat, and finally orders him to 始める，決める to and soundly （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 his friends the taos, who have dared to keep a cacique waiting.
"It was Mr. ——'s custom to call for 持参人払いのs to take him from town to town," interposes the 記録，記録的な／記録する, "but not his custom to 支払う／賃金 these 持参人払いのs. In fact, he did not 支払う／賃金 them. This particular form of 軍隊d and 未払いの 労働 is one of the customs of the country and in 説得力のある the work of the lowly in this manner Mr. —— was but に引き続いて the custom."
The 会計の's travelling mate at this period was a 悪名高い 犯罪の, then を待つing 裁判，公判 by the 会計の himself on a very serious 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金. But after 確かな 出来事/事件s of the 小旅行する, of most of which this man was a 証言，証人／目撃する, the 会計の "provisionally 解任するd" the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 against his companion.
Very 簡潔に, the 出来事/事件s in question were these:—
The 会計の, in the course of an 公式訪問 to the northern end of his 州, had seen and admired a 確かな barrio girl. So, on his next 外見, he ordered one of the men of that barrio to give a dance and 招待する the girl—that he, the 会計の, might 会合，会う her.
That night, after the dance, the girl, with four other women, 含むing the barrio school-teacher, had spread their mats in a 隣人's shack and had gone to sleep together, when a stealthy foot on the ladder, a groping 手渡す on the 床に打ち倒す, awakened the school-teacher.
"Who is there?" she called.
"The 会計の. I want Tomasa." All in the dark he 設立する the girl and laid 持つ／拘留する upon her.
But she fought him off. The 記録，記録的な／記録する reads: "The women were all 脅すd and cowered in one corner of the small room. Tomasa with them. 存在 unable to find her again, the 会計の lit a match, discovered her, and 後継するd in separating her from her companions. He then by 脅しs to kill her sought to 打ち勝つ her 抵抗. In this he was 不成功の, 借りがあるing to her strenuous 反対s and the presence of the others awake, and finally 出発／死d, baffled."
Next morning he continued his 公式の／役人 小旅行する. Three days later, however, he returned and again ordered a dance to be given, by the same tao as before, Tomasa again to be 招待するd. The tao, for his life, 従うd.
This time all 計画（する）s worked out. And next day the girl, "flattered by the attentions of so 広大な／多数の／重要な and powerful a man as the 会計の of the 州," followed him to his home.
Then comes the poor old father of Tomasa—行方不明の the girl, 審理，公聴会 the rumour of her 運命／宿命, standing that night before the 会計の's door, knocking, knocking, and calling to his daughter.
And the 会計の, with his ready revolver levelled through the 割れ目, orders the old man to be off and 持つ／拘留する his tongue, lest worse 生じる him.
But the father, 大いに daring, goes instead to the 司法（官） of the Peace to 宣言する his woes; to which that officer 答える／応じるs that it is better to be 静かな, for no good ever comes of making （民事の）告訴s against a man as powerful as the 会計の.
The 記録，記録的な／記録する goes on into curious 迷宮／迷路s, 価値のある, にもかかわらず their squalor, because of the light they throw on the general 条件 of the ありふれた people and on the relation of the cacique thereto. Tomasa has two "parientes," Bartolome and Paulo, both （刑事）被告 as horse thieves by the 会計の himself, in sworn （民事の）告訴 before a 治安判事. This was before Tomasa （機の）カム into the story. Both men had pleaded 有罪の and both lay を待つing 裁判，公判 when Tomasa's charms first caught the Fis-cal's 注目する，もくろむ.
その結果 he, as a 事柄 of 特権 and complaisance, 解任するd the 事例／患者.
Now it happened that the horses stolen were 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army horses. And one of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府's 証言，証人／目撃するs against Bartolome, the horse どろぼう, was a tao called Simeon. (His other 指名する, every one's 指名する, with dates and places, are all here in this 文書. But since we are not using the 会計の's 指名する, why pillory the taos?) So Bartolome, hating Simeon because Simeon had borne 証言，証人／目撃する against him, made 迅速な use of his liberty to 追跡（する） Simeon up. Having 設立する him, he fell upon that 政府 証言，証人／目撃する with his bolo, and, before he had done, had nearly 厳しいd Simeon's arm from his shoulder.
Bartolome, such, 明らかに, was his belief in his pretty cousin's protector, took this his vengeance 率直に, in the sight of three 証言，証人／目撃するs, taos like himself. These three now （機の）カム before the 司法（官） of the Peace to 証言する to the 罪，犯罪. 合間, word sped to Tomasa, enthroned in the 会計の's house, of cousin Bartolome's 苦境. And the 会計の, indignant that any 発言する／表明する should be raised against even a horse どろぼう who enjoyed his 保護, arose and marched into the 司法（官）'s office while yet the 審理，公聴会 進歩d.
The 司法（官）, after one ちらりと見ること from his 広大な／多数の／重要な 訪問者, needed no その上の orders to take himself out of the room.
The 会計の, then—so runs the 報告（する）／憶測—存在 alone with the three, "脅すd the men, not once but several times that if they dared to 証言する against the （刑事）被告 he would have them 拘留するd in 刑務所，拘置所; and reminded them that in such 事例／患者 the costs of the 法廷，裁判所 would be greater than all their worldly wealth."
And he, the 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事 of the 州, made it （疑いを）晴らす to these 政府 証言，証人／目撃するs that if, when the 事例／患者 （機の）カム up for 裁判，公判, they did not change their story and perjure themselves in 法廷，裁判所, means would be 設立する to make them rue it.
The three men left the 法廷，裁判所—so the 記録，記録的な／記録する goes on—完全に 脅迫してさせるd by the 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事's 脅しs and would undoubtedly have obeyed him 暗黙に, but for the fact that an American Captain of Constabulary, appearing by chance, vigorously advised them to stick to their word and their 権利s, and 約束d them 保護 from 暴力／激しさ.
So 刺激するd, the three 現実に did go 支援する before the 司法（官） and 調印する their （民事の）告訴 as first 明言する／公表するd.
From the point of 見解（をとる） of the 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事 nothing could have been more outrageous. Here was an 部外者, an 外国人, an American, teaching ありふれた taos to 始める，決める up their wills against a cacique, and 約束ing them safety in their 反乱. To 服従させる／提出する were 公然と to "lose 直面する," which is, to any Oriental, the last and bitterest humiliation.
And yet—the thing was difficult. Not an element of secrecy remained to lend cover to any 過激な step. And the American, その上に, was a Constabulary Officer. 明白に the Filipino could not 扱う that American.—But, just as 明白に, the 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事 could 扱う the 法廷，裁判所. Thus, after all, he would 伸び（る） his imperative point—"save 直面する," and その為に 現れる 勝利を得た in the 注目する，もくろむs of his people.
So the 事例／患者 （機の）カム duly to 裁判，公判. And the 法廷，裁判所 設立する 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業-tolome 有罪の, as 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d, of destroying a man's 権利 arm, in 冷淡な-血d 暴力／激しさ, for 動機 of 復讐, that man 存在 the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府's 証言，証人／目撃する. Then the 法廷，裁判所 gave 宣告，判決.
The 宣告，判決 was that Bartolome should spend ten days in 刑務所，拘置所 and 支払う／賃金 a 罰金 of fifteen pesetas—one dollar and a half 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 通貨.
In its zeal of good will, the 法廷，裁判所 then turned about and 罰金d the one-武装した Simeon—the 負傷させるd man, who had entered no （民事の）告訴 and against whom no 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 had been preferred.
This 手続き, the 裁判官 afterward 明言する／公表するd, was not to be credited to his own 知恵, but had been 示唆するd and 認可するd by the 会計の himself.
So the 記録，記録的な／記録する runs on. The result of the 調査 was the 除去 of the 会計の from office, as "有罪の of 行為／行う unfitting him for 雇用 as a public 検察官，検事."
Tomasa lasted in favour just one month.
This thing occurred in the winter of 1904. Twenty years ago. But the 根底となる mind of a populace still sixty-three per cent 無学の changes but little in twenty years. The Tomasas and the horse どろぼう parientes, the 司法（官）s of the Peace and the caciques are to-day, as a whole, just what they were at the beginning of the century.
The 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測, written in 1921, says:
The 治安判事 法廷，裁判所s are the weakest point in the judicial 設立. （民事の）告訴s against these 法廷，裁判所s are 非常に／多数の and come from all parts of the 群島. Because of the remoteness and 孤立／分離 of many of these 法廷s, and the want of たびたび（訪れる） and 効果的な 監督 and 査察, many 乱用s are （罪などを）犯すd...
調査 also 示すs very 明確に that more care should be 演習d in the 選択 of 会計のs or 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事s.
Usury is the 激しい chain with which ninety per cent or more of the Christian Filipinos are bound in slavery to the ten per cent or いっそう少なく. Usury is the 悪口を言う／悪態 of the Islands, and very few are the Filipino fortunes that do not stand upon that base.
In 1569, Legazpi, the Spanish 征服者／勝利者, 報告（する）／憶測d of the Filipinos: 1
1 The Philippine Islands, Blair & Robertson. Cleveland, 1903. Vol. Ill, p. 55.
When these people give or lend anything to one another, the 好意 must be repaid 二塁打, even if between parents and children, or between brothers. At times they sell their own children, when there is little need or necessity to do so.
In 1574, Guido de Lavezaris, 令状ing of the natives, 知らせるd the King of Spain: 2
2 Ibid, p. 287-8.
If any one who is left an 孤児 come to the house of another, even of a kinsman (unless it be his uncle, paternal or maternal), for food only, the inmates enslave him...Many also become slaves on account of 貸付金s, because these 貸付金s continue to 増加する 刻々と every three or four months; and so, however little may be the sum 貸付金d them, at the end of little more or いっそう少なく than two years they become slaves.
In 1762, Diego Silang, a tao, led his brother taos in 反乱 against their usurious mestizo 抑圧者s,—and was 殺人d for his 苦痛s. One hundred and sixty years later 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd wrote in his 年次の message to the Filipino cacique 立法機関:
There should be much more stringent 法律制定 against usury. The 法律 will never become efficient until an 適する 刑務所，拘置所 宣告，判決 is 課すd upon the usurer. At 現在の the 犠牲者 is afraid to invoke the 法律, knowing that, even if successful in 安全な・保証するing a 有罪の判決, the only result will be an insignificant 罰金 and 没収 of the 貸付金 and that it will be impossible for him to 安全な・保証する 貸付金s in the 未来. These 条件s are the remains of a form of caciquism with an attendant 圧迫 of the poor and helpless which 量s almost to...peonage...
The 知事-General's language is tempered to the "極度の慎重さを要する" nature of the politico, whose constant （民事の）告訴 is of American brusqueness. But any real move to abate the practice of usury 会合，会うs the politico's 決定するd 対立.
The 推論する／理由 of all this is inseparable from the system of 支配（する）／統制する. The 力／強力にする of the political 長，指導者s in Manila depends on the 力／強力にする of the 区 政治家，政治屋s, each in his own little place all over the land. The main 支配する of these minor caciques lies in their practice of money-lending at usury, which makes them masters of the lives, 含むing the 投票（する）s, of the people. Some ninety-four per cent of the entire Christian Filipino 団体／死体 live in tiny villages, and are 農業者s or farm labourers. To 供給する 十分な 基金s, at reasonable 率s, to 財政／金融 this 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数's needs—as, for instance, by a 井戸／弁護士席-延長するd system of co-operative 田舎の credit—would be to destroy by one blow the cacique's political 創立／基礎, to 解放（する） his serfs and to put him out of 商売／仕事.
Therefore no Filipino 立法機関 has ever been willing to favour a parent 農業の bank, or to 許す to 田舎の Credit uses the few thousand extra pesos needed to scatter about where they would do 広大な／多数の／重要な good.
This 条件 gnaws night and day at the root of the Island's 繁栄—at the roots of the peoples' 存在, 団体／死体 and soul.
Now this 支配する can continue no さらに先に without a description, more 詳細（に述べる）d than that earlier given, of Mr. A. W. Prautch, 一般的に known in the Philippine Islands as 助祭 Prautch:—
Mr. Prautch （機の）カム out from America as a preacher of the gospel twenty-six years ago. Since which time he has never returned. A 構内／化合物 of humour, 巨大な vitality and fighting courage, he is driven by a sense of 司法（官） and mercy and by a sympathy with the poor and helpless that 量s to an obsession. Many years ago he gave up preaching ーするために 充てる all his time, seven days in the week, to the 解除するing of sheep, bodily, out of the 炭坑，オーケストラ席 into which the wolf 追求するs them.
It is an 利益／興味ing thing to see a man of 年上の years, white-haired, an American, 反抗するing time, 疲労，（軍の）雑役, heat, dirt, contagion, hardship, 失望, malice, 乱用, to serve, for the love of serving, at a 仕事 whose only reward, for a ４半期/4分の1 of a century, has been in his own heart. The sheep themselves thank him in the way sheep do. Rarely or never by conscious 感謝 or 忠義, but just by turning their simple 直面するs toward him with piteous bleats when the wolf draws nigh the 倍の.
Between times, sheep-like, they forget him.
But the wolf never forgets. Caciques, 広大な／多数の／重要な and small, have moments of most cordially hating "one Prautch."
"助祭" Prautch, as is 一般に 譲歩するd, has made his 指名する everywhere in the Islands another word for "faithful, familiar 支持する／優勝者 of the poor." This active 選手権 led him, in earlier days, to a place in the 農業の Department, in which he himself 学校／設けるd the always grudgingly 支えるd 田舎の Credit 分割, of which he is 長，指導者. He is never 用心深い. His methods are ever those of swift and open attack—the opener the better. The newspapers are his first 武器, publicity his dearest 同盟（する）.
"Mr. Prautch, you take work too 本気で," Director Her-nandez, of the 農業の Department, was wont to say. "When anything comes along that you don't like, the thing to do is, not to bother your 長，率いる, but just とじ込み／提出する it. See?"
Which is 正確に the Insular method. Few Filipinos in office like to make a final 決定／判定勝ち（する） and to assume the 義務 of putting that 決定／判定勝ち（する） into 軍隊 when it is possible to pass the point along to some one else, preferably to the 法廷，裁判所s, where it may be 信用d to 嘘（をつく） 静かな until Heaven knows when. So that it is a ありふれた thing to see a paper upon which the first 公式の／役人 受取人 should have 行為／法令／行動するd, 負わせるd with a 惑星's tail of twenty-半端物 裏書，是認s and still travelling.
助祭 Prautch rarely sends a （民事の）告訴 to a Filipino superior. Instead, he 令状s it to the 地元の vernacular newspapers, of which there are few, and to the Spanish, English and dialect newspapers of Manila, so that all who see shall 利益（をあげる） by the 公表／放送. And その為に it has happened that even the 長官 of 司法（官） has been grieved.
"My dear Mr. Prautch, why do you 令状 these things about our 司法（官）s of the Peace, and so on, to the newspapers, instead of to me? 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd—井戸／弁護士席—you know how peculiar he is! He sees your things in the newspaper, and he 削減（する）s them out and sends them to me. Afterwards he asks questions, and again questions. It is most annoying."
The 事例／患者 of Maria Aquino （機の）カム to light before the 即位 of 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, but is still typical in every way. Maria Aquino, at the age of forty-five, was already a bent old woman, worn 負かす／撃墜する with hard work. She lived in the barrio of Cruz, 郊外 of Victoria in the 州 of Tarlac, Luzon. With her husband she rented a 小包 of land that the two cultivated and on which they had built their own house.
Their landlord was a 居住（者） of Victoria, a man of means and standing, called Pedro Abad.
For over four years Maria Aquino delved on this land by her husband's 味方する, and the two did 井戸／弁護士席 enough not only to 料金d themselves and Maria's helpless old mother, but also to put a little money by.
Then Maria's husband fell ill, so that she now had two to wait upon and three to 料金d by her unaided 成果／努力s. Which meant to 二塁打 her 労働. Therefore she worked her own land, and worked for her 隣人s 同様に, wading up to her 膝s in mud in rice-移植（する）ing time, then digging, threshing, 重荷（を負わせる）-耐えるing. And yet, bit by bit, again and yet again, she 設立する herself driven to draw from the cash reserve.
At last it was all gone. And her own 刈るs—her 早期に rice, her late rice, and her ヘクタール of sugar-茎, were not yet 熟した.
So she went to Pedro Abad, the rich man, of whom, until then, she was 負債-解放する／自由な, and asked for a 貸付金.
Readily he gave it to her. Thirty pesos—fifteen dollars. Two weeks later, her 早期に rice 存在 ready, she begged the 援助（する） of her 隣人s and 削減（する） the 産する／生じる. Then they threshed it, out in the field, （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing the 激しい bunches with long-武装した blows upon a hump-支援するd 激しく揺する. And it threshed eighteen cavans.3
3 A cavan, the rice 手段 of the Philippines, equals 2.13 bushels.
支払う／賃金ing two pesos to the bull-cart men who carried it, she sent the 十分な 刈る to her landlord, Pedro Abad, of Victoria, in 支払い（額） of the thirty pesos that she had borrowed of him a fortnight before.
A few days later her husband died.
After that, although her late rice was in a 行う／開催する／段階 to 削減（する）, she let it stand for a while until she could 返す her 隣人s, by work in their fields, for the help they had just given her; and until, also, she could earn return help in the 激しい 労働 of her own 収穫ing.
All this she had duly 遂行するd, and, with her poor 隣人s' 援助（する）, had already gleaned her late rice and stacked it ready for threshing, when Pedro Abad, the landlord, descended upon her in wrath. This was on December 21, 1920.
"What do you mean," he 需要・要求するd, "by keeping me waiting for this rice of 地雷? Why, it was ready to 収穫 many days ago, and you, idle creature, let it stand, while I wait for my 予定s! And that sugar-茎 yonder, ready and still uncut! You deserve to go to 刑務所，拘置所 for your wickedness. Look here, my men will be here on Tuesday, with their bull-carts to draw that 茎 to my mill. If it is not ready to 負担 when they get here, you will 悔いる it."
Said Maria Aquino, with the courage that weak things いつかs find when driven beyond hope:
"Pedro Abad has taken all my 早期に rice—eighteen cavans—for a 負債 of thirty pesos. Pedro Abad has always taken all my rice and all my sugar, and has always given me 支援する a cheating return. And I have always submitted because I was afraid. But not again.
"When this rice is threshed it is going to be divided into two equal stacks. You shall take one, Pedro Abad, and one I shall keep, and my half I shall sell for real money, and the money will be 地雷. And so with the 茎. I have 工場／植物d it, like the rice, with my own two 手渡すs, and worked it all alone, until it is 熟した. Now I will 削減（する） it and divide it into two piles. But you will not again take it all—my pile with yours—and carry it away to your mill to grind in order that you may afterward tell me that it was not enough and that I 借りがある you loss-money that I must 支払う／賃金 支援する to you. You have beaten me with your stick. You have 傷つける me and robbed me and 脅すd me, all these years. But now, whatever you do, you shall have only your half of the 茎 削減（する）. I will keep 地雷, and I shall sell it for real money so that my old mother and I do not 餓死する before the next 刈る."
"We shall see," said Pedro Abad.
So he 出発／死d and straightway swore out a 令状 for Maria Aquino's 逮捕（する）. In it he 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d that she had 侵害する／違反するd the 契約 法律, 行為／法令／行動する 2098, in that, after having rented ground of him and having taken as 前進する the sum of seventy-four pesos and twenty-three cavans of rice, she had
任意に, 不法に and maliciously 辞退するd to work, nor did she return the sums taken.
調印するd, Pedro P. Abad, Accuser.
So they 逮捕（する）d Maria Aquino and threw her into the 地方自治体の 刑務所，拘置所, where she lay until, as it chanced, the 大統領，／社長 of the 地元の 田舎の Credit 協会, a tao, discovered the fact. Then he, with the 援助（する） of another tao, one of the 田舎の Credit 株主s, 保釈（金）d the woman out so that, 未解決の her 裁判，公判, the 老年の mother in the shack need not die of neglect.
Seventeen days later the 事例／患者 was tried in 法廷，裁判所, and, in default of a 選び出す／独身 捨てる of 証拠, was 解任するd.
その結果, Pedro Abad, to 保存する discipline in the barrio, abandoned the roundabout methods of the 法律 and by main 軍隊 drove Maria off the land, 掴むd her house, her un-threshed 刈る of late rice and her ヘクタール of standing sugar-茎 and left her in the road with her mother in her 武器, homeless and destitute, with no human 頼みの綱 save the charity of 隣人s only いっそう少なく poor than herself.
助祭 Prautch, learning of this 事柄 through the 地元の 田舎の Credit organization, went straight to the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, checked up the facts and 敏速に wrote them in 十分な to the newspapers. The newspapers, in 十分な, printed them. Upon which the Bureau of 司法（官） sent out an 捜査官／調査官, who （機の）カム 支援する, 報告（する）／憶測ing:
"I find no trouble."
Then the 助祭 went to the 知事-General, Mr. Francis Burton Harrison, and said: "That 捜査官／調査官 lies. I am hot from the sight of that poor, work-worn, shrivelled old woman's 悲惨. The thing is a 罪，犯罪. And this Victoria 田舎の Credit 協会 of 地雷 has 580 members, nearly all of whom have been made to 苦しむ as this poor soul is 苦しむing now."
So the 知事-General ordered another man sent out.
But this messenger also went 前へ／外へ with a whitewash 小衝突 in his 手渡す.
Again the 助祭 修理d to the 知事-General. A third time a Bureau of 司法（官） スパイ／執行官 went out who, returning, 明言する／公表するd:
"There has been no active usury. But there was no 負債 and the landlord has certainly 掴むd all the woman's 刈るs."
So an order was 問題／発行するd for the 逮捕（する） of Pedro Abad.
In such 事例／患者s, the ありふれた 手続き is for the cacique to say to the officer 耐えるing the 逮捕（する） papers something like this:
"Here, get into my automobile. Come up to dinner and we'll talk this 事柄 over. I 支配（する）／統制する a lot of 投票（する）s. I am a good party man. What do we care for these fool Americans? Let's make a night of it."
Pedro Abad, it is 明言する／公表するd, was not 逮捕（する）d. Nor has any 活動／戦闘 yet been had against him. Neither has he to this day made any restitution to the 未亡人, his prey.
All this befell in a period when the 手渡す that 治める／統治するd the Philippines was lax. To-day such a 事柄, once in the cognizance of the 知事-General, scarcely ends that way. Yet for one such 事例／患者 that reaches the notice of the American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある, a thousand pass in voiceless obscurity によれば the 古代の custom of the land.
As to 助祭 Prautch's work, by far the major part of it is done 本人自身で, in the field, and by hard, rough travel that takes him wherever the tao is 設立する. This is, first, because they have clipped him 負かす／撃墜する to the quick, both in men and in 基金s, so that he must multiply his own personal 成果／努力. Second, because, 認めるing ten readers to each copy of each daily newspaper printed in the Islands, ninety per cent of the 全住民 never reads a newspaper, but learns the little news it knows only by word of mouth; so that knowledge of the ways and means of a victory 伸び（る）d for one victimized tao would never reach the hosts of his brother 犠牲者s were its dissemination left to the 圧力（をかける） alone; and, third, because, in the uncertain 明言する／公表する in which American 欠如（する） of 政策 keeps the Islands, no native can be 推定する／予想するd to show the almost quixotic courage that such work 一般的に 需要・要求するs. If a Filipino makes the caciques hate him, who is going to 保護する him from cacique vengeance if America goes?
Some few Filipinos, にもかかわらず, have come out 率直に in reprobation of the 乱用. 目だつ の中で these is 上院議員 Teodoro Sandiko, who has put live 活動／戦闘 behind his words.
In July, 1921; 上院議員 Sandiko, in the 指名する of the ありふれた people, （機の）カム before the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, then two months in the Islands, with an 控訴，上告 for 是正する—an 控訴，上告 that, as he knew, it was worse than useless to make to his fellow-立法議員s. His 嘆願 was against the 悲惨s （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd upon the poor under "the Enslavement 行為／法令／行動する." 1
1行為／法令／行動する 2098.
The Manila 公式発表, of July 7, 1921, 報告（する）／憶測ing 上院議員 Sandiko's 控訴，上告, says:
This 行為／法令／行動する is 一般的に known as the Peonage 法律. It 供給するs that peace officers must 逮捕（する） and bring 支援する for 裁判，公判 tenants who have 受託するd 前進するs of money or 供給（する）s on labor 契約s, and who leave the service of the man to whom they have bound themselves before the 負債 is worked out. It is ありふれた practice in the rice 州s to keep the tenants 絶えず in 負債, so that there is never a time when they cannot be 刑務所，拘置所d if they やめる work or 転換 to another master...unless the new master, as is often the 事例／患者, 支払う／賃金s their 負債 and 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s it against their account with him.
Said 上院議員 Sandiko: 2
I have four lawyers working with me to 保護する the tenants from 不正s of the 司法（官）s of the peace and the town caciques, but, because of the many 事例／患者s arising, they cannot …に出席する to all of those 捜し出すing 司法（官）.
I wish this 法律 were 廃止するd, but as I am the 孤独な member of the 対立 in the 上院, I can't do anything. I want, therefore, the 使節団 to 調査／捜査する the whole 事柄. Whole families of the indebted tenants are made servants of the landlords, and many of the 司法（官）s of the peace are mere 道具s of the landlords...
2 Manila Times, July 7, 1921.
An illustration is afforded in the 代表者／国会議員 事例／患者 of a young tao couple who, 支援するd by Mr. Percy A. Hill, of Muñoz, 設立する courage to make an affidavit of their woes. Mr. Hill is another of that picturesque and gallant handful of Americans who, like 助祭 Prautch, have been in the Islands since the beginning of our 占領／職業, and who would probably long since have betaken themselves home but for the 控訴，上告 that friendless and innocent 悲惨, without a dog's chance against its enemies, makes to a 確かな type of Anglo-Saxon fighting man.
So the young tao couple, 元気づけるd on by their American friend, made 誓い to their story. The little wife was a 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なう —lame. Neither she nor her husband could read or 令状. A pair of innocents, whom the wolf got. Here is the affidavit:
We, the undersigned, Potenciana Florencio and Exequiel Bernaldo, married and of 合法的な age, residing in Bantug, Muñoz, Nueva Erija, P. I., 存在 duly sworn do hereby 退位させる／宣誓証言する and say:
That we are tenants of Romualdo Blanco of Pinagpanaan, Guimba, Nueva Ecija, and that during the months of July and August, 1920, we received a 量 of sardines, cloth, bagong, etc., from the 蓄える／店 of Elíseo Lázaro, brother-in-法律 of the 大統領，／社長 of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, with the understanding that we should 支払う／賃金 13 cavans of palay3 in the month of March, 1921.
As our 刈る was killed by 干ばつ, we were unable to 支払う／賃金 the 負債, as we were told that ^50 would (be 要求するd) to （負債など）支払う it. Later we were told to place our thumb 示す on a paper which we were told 趣旨d to be a 領収書 for ^40.50 taken from Elíseo in money to 購入（する） palay with, to be 配達するd to him. We did not 調印する together, but at different times.
As we could not 支払う／賃金, a 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of estafa [搾取するing] was placed against us in the 治安判事 法廷，裁判所 at Muñoz, and on or about August 15, 1921, we were 逮捕（する）d by the constabulary, who took us to Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, and turned us over to the sergeant of police. We were placed in confinement, Exequiel in the old presidencia and Potenciana in the house used as a 一時的な presidencia.
During the night the sergeant of police （機の）カム upstairs and 強制的に 侵害する／違反するd Potenciana in spite of her struggles, and in short succession was followed by two other policemen whose 指名するs she does not know.
We remained as 囚人s for four days, Exequiel having to work in the gravel 炭坑，オーケストラ席, this before 裁判，公判. We were never brought before the 法廷，裁判所, for Elíseo made an 協定 with the 当局 so that we were 解放（する）d and were made to 調印する a 契約 of service to Elíseo Lázaro. Exequiel was given three work animals to look after, and Potenciana did the washing for the family. We only 同意d to this 協定 as we had no other 治療（薬）.
We were therefore under two 契約s, one to Romualdo Blanco, in which we received and 借りがある P50 as bugnus [dialect 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 for the class of credit 述べるd], and P5 for which we must 支払う／賃金 50 cavans of palay. As our 刈る was unable to be 工場／植物d in total, 借りがあるing to our 逮捕（する）, we cannot 収穫 a 十分な 刈る, and we are bound to serve the 契約 entered into by Elíseo Lázaro, for the 負債 as 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d in the estafa 事例／患者.
POTENCIANA (示す) FLORENCIO, EXEQUIEL (示す) BERNALDO.
3 Palay, unpolished rice.
The affidavit is duly certified before a notary. It fails to show whether or not Potenciana and Exequiel needed or 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 蓄える／店s that they got from the cacique's pariente. But 記録，記録的な／記録するd history 示すs that, in any 事例／患者, they would soon have been 軍隊d to take a 貸付金 in some 形態／調整, as the 創立／基礎 of their relations with the landlord.
As, for example:
Nasario Patauran...paid 18 cavans of palay as 賃貸しの...for land. He did not need of want a 貸付金, but was 軍隊d to take P30 and later on P10 more, to be repaid in palay reckoned at P5 a cavan. The market price of palay at that time was P8.50.4
4A. W. Prautch, 公式の／役人 報告（する）／憶測, Dec. 4, 1920.
Thrift plays small part in the 普通の／平均（する） tao's character. And, as will その上の be seen in 関係 with the land-shark 疫病／悩ます, the 条件s of life under cacique 支配する would kill thrift in an ant-hill.
その上に, the tao is the simplest and most childlike of humanity. He can scarcely 強要する himself to think ahead of the day. He wants a peso for the cock-fight. He knows his landlord will lend him that peso—knows also that it will be written 負かす／撃墜する in the landlord's little 調書をとる／予約する, to be heard of later on. But all that he can really visualize is the cockfight.
So he goes and gets the peso. And the 罠（にかける） snaps shut.
A cacique proprietor owning twenty or thirty ヘクタールs of land will take on two or three tenants. These tenants 所有するing no draught-cattle, or 道具s, or seed, or money of their own, will come empty-手渡すd to the ground. Cattle, 道具s, seed and money will therefore be furnished by the landlord, and at hopeless 率s. The money 前進するd is for daily food. And, as the tenant is to get no 支払う／賃金 for his 労働 until after the rice is 収穫d and the landlord has sold the 刈る, that food-money must be borrowed, week by week.
At 収穫 time, so the landlord 提案するs, the rice shall be divided into two equal piles, one of which shall belong to the landlord, the other to the tenant. The tenant, from his pile, shall then 支払う／賃金 the landlord one cavan of rice, 現実に 価値（がある） from four to five pesos, for every peso he 借りがあるs. If he 借りがあるs one hundred pesos, he is to 支払う／賃金 one hundred cavans.
This 取引 sounds やめる all 権利 to the poor simple tao, as long as it is still a 事柄 of theory. But when 収穫 time comes and he looks at his actual rice pile, he understands too late the nature of his 協定. For his pile does not reach one hundred cavans. To do so, his land would have had to produce two hundred cavans, which was from the beginning impossible.
So they make a liquidation—the tao and the cacique—after which the tao 借りがあるs the cacique thirty cavans of rice. In this new 取引，協定 the rice is valued at three pesos per cavan.
Therefore, starting his second year, the tenant 借りがあるs ninety pesos, after having paid his landlord seventy cavans at the 率 of one peso per cavan. Next year the same thing will be repeated, to 規模.
Once a tenant 契約s a 負債 to a landlord, he never can escape.
A man who 借りがあるs P800 will, in five or six years, 借りがある P30,000.
I 引用する from 記録，記録的な／記録する the example of a man who, about nine years ago, borrowed P90 from a cacique. Having in the interval paid P1400 on the 負債, he still 借りがあるs P1600.
And so, under the "Enslavement 行為／法令／行動する," above 述べるd, whole families 落ちる into peonage.
上院議員 Sandiko dwells also on the 本人自身で humiliating position of the debtor.
"From the moment they 背負い込む a 負債, the people are ill-扱う／治療するd and despised. When they go to their creditor's house to ask for the 前進する that the system entails, they are 概略で 迎える／歓迎するd and made to take a servile place. 'You want an 前進する?' the cacique will say. '井戸／弁護士席, go bring me some 燃料,' or 'Go mend my 盗品故買者,' or 'Go chop my 支持を得ようと努めるd.'
"Then, late in the afternoon, after the hungry tao has done a good day's work, the cacique gives him perhaps four pesos and says: 'You 支払う／賃金 me 支援する five pesos.' And that is the beginning of a new 負債.
"But the political evil is the worst of all. You cannot have a country part 解放する／自由な and part slave. This system 保証するs the political 支配（する）／統制する of the few. The cacique can always 支配（する）／統制する the 投票（する） of his 地域. 'I will 立ち退かせる you,' he says to his tenants, 'if you don't 投票（する） for my men.'
"And he can do more than that, for the same cacique or landlord 事実上 selects the 司法（官）s of the Peace. Therefore he orders the 司法（官） of the Peace to punish and to give out 決定／判定勝ち（する）s によれば his, the cacique's, will. If a 犯罪の 事例／患者 is 解任するd by the 司法（官） of the Peace, it cannot go up to the 法廷，裁判所 of First Instance. その結果 the landlord who escapes the 手渡すs of the 司法（官） of the Peace goes unpunished. And the 司法（官） of the Peace is usually the landlord's man.
"In that way, with the 機械／機構 of the 法律 in their own 手渡すs, the caciques 持つ／拘留する their tenants in an 絶対の 支配する.
Before the coming of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs they used to （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 these people. Now they are いつかs afraid to do that, but they 脅す 刑務所，拘置所 and 廃虚, and they carry out their 脅しs. In San Ildefonso,5 I have seen twenty-five persons 刑務所，拘置所d on such pretext, by such means, （人が）群がるd together in a room so small that they could not sit 負かす／撃墜する.
5 The neighbourhood of San Ildefonso, 州 of Bulacan, covers a tenantry numbering about 1,000. The 田舎の Credit went in to give 安全 for the 支払い（額）s of rent. その結果, 地方の 知事 Carlos, with the 地元の caciques, 包囲するd the Philippine 立法機関 with imperative 需要・要求するs that the 田舎の Credit be kept out.
"Public opinion, such little as there is, is controlled by newspapers that are 補助金を支給するd by the party in 力／強力にする. So there is no 力／強力にする to work against those 設立するd in 悪事を働くこと. There are yet only four 対立 members in the 上院. Those of the Filipino people who think, and think 独立して, have put their 約束 and hope in 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd as the country's only possible 救済. But now Washington has stood by and permitted him to be 減ずるd to a figurehead by our caciques—our old 抑圧者s.
"You Americans should always remember that you are not guiltless in these 事柄s. The 力／強力にする, and with it the 責任／義務, is in your 手渡すs."
上院議員 Sandiko, as he himself points out, belongs to the Demócrata party—the 対立. But, in 重さを計るing that fact, it is fair to remember that, under such 条件s as now 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる in the Philippines, it takes an 異常に 勇敢な man to come out in the open in speech, in print and in 積極的な 活動／戦闘, attacking the methods of 堅固に守るd 力／強力にする against which he would have no 残余 of 保護 should America leave the Islands.
Mr. Prautch began his 選手権 of the usury-enslaved 集まり through the Bureau of 田舎の Credit in 1916-17. 事実上 nothing had been done before in that direction.
The 田舎の Credit Banks now number 547. They 存在する in forty-two 州s, have a 会員の地位 of 75,600 and a 広まる 資本／首都 of about P2,500,000. They are not 政府 関心s, but 私的な co-operative 協会s 財政／金融d by the small 農業者s themselves with their own money, the office of the 田舎の Credit Department 存在 単に （a）忠告の／（n）警報. Wherever these 協会s are 設立するd, they 明かす, to the people, the real nature of their old tyrant, the cacique, and ひどく 損失 both his fortune and his political 支配（する）／統制する. For four 連続する years an enabling 行為／法令／行動する to 許す the 拡張 of the system into さらに先に 州s has been 敗北・負かすd in 立法機関,6 and Mr. Prautch's staff of assistants has been 減ずるd from sixteen to eight—eight men to cover forty-two 州s. And yet their 影響 is felt in a degree.
6 It is argued by the enemies of the system that all this 商売／仕事 can be 扱うd either by the 設立 of 支店s of the 国家の Bank, or else by mail, from the bank in Manila. But the 広大な／多数の／重要な need is for banking 施設s in places where 商売／仕事 is too small to 令状 設立するing a 国家の Bank 支店. And to make 貸付金s by mail is either to make them in the dark or to make them on the 推薦 of an 視察官 whose expenses would make small 貸付金s and collections impossible, while his ignorance of 地元の characters and 条件s would insure his 失敗 to serve the very men who most need and deserve help. The little 地元の 協同組合 bank, the bank in which the whole community are 株主s, operated under 査察 and direction of good 田舎の Credit スパイ／執行官s, is, so its 支持するs 勧める, the practical type for the place.
"If we of the 田舎の Credit had not started an attack on usury, not one man would have had courage to come into 法廷，裁判所 to make his own （民事の）告訴," said one of the Department, speaking on January 31, 1924. "Our staff, in travelling about the 州s, explaining by word of mouth, has already awakened a 確かな public 率先, and so a number of 事例／患者s do come to 法廷，裁判所. The 犠牲者s 令状 to us. Before they were 簡単に 患者 and took it all as 運命／宿命. Our 法律 does not penalize the 行為／法令／行動する of 要求するing usurious 条件 of 利益／興味. No 事柄 what the 文書 says, if the debtor has not yet paid the 利益／興味 exacted by that 文書, the usurer cannot be penalized. And it is exceedingly difficult to 証明する that usury has been paid, because no usurer will give a 領収書.
"その上に, written 契約s are rather unusual, and oral 契約s, for all their difficulty of proof, have been 認めるd by the 法廷，裁判所s as binding."
"It is very difficult to get 有罪の判決s in usury 事例／患者s," again says a Filipino 当局. "Eighty per cent are lost in 法廷，裁判所. If 犠牲者 and usurer are brought 直面する to 直面する, one powerful, one weak, one with an able lawyer because he can 支払う／賃金 for an able lawyer, the other with a lawyer whom his 対抗者's lawyer has already bought—why then, the man with 影響（力） and the money is the man who 勝利，勝つs."
行為／法令／行動する 2655, the usury 法律, is not without its good features—as, for example, Article 8, which 供給するs that where 貸付金s are to be repaid in 農業の produce, such produce must be appraised at the 現在の 地元の market price at the time when the 義務 落ちるs 予定. But a 法律 of words hidden in a 調書をとる／予約する 耐えるs but わずかに on the lives and age-old practice of such a people as are the Filipinos, tao or cacique. Mr. Prautch, 診察するing the 事例／患者s of fifty-one （民事の）告訴s against usurious landlords in San Ildefonso, 設立する that "Article 8," above 特記する／引用するd, was unknown either to 貸す人 or to borrowers, and that no 試みる／企てる had ever been made to 適用する it in any 貸付金 on produce made by any one to any one.
March 13, 1924, I spent in the town of San Fernando, 資本／首都 of the 州 of Pampangas, in the office of the 地方の 知事, Olimpio Guanzon.
Mr. Guanzon is a short, stocky, dark-skinned man, a tao by birth, with little or no 調印する of mixture in his Malay 血. He has a square jaw, a direct 注目する，もくろむ and such an 外見 of solid, 静かな sturdiness as makes one stop and think. The occasion was a 審理，公聴会 of tenants in （民事の）告訴 against their landlords, and 知事 Guanzon had requested Mr. Prautch to come to his 援助（する） in bringing about 司法（官）. For Guanzon is one of the few Filipinos who, like 上院議員 Sandiko, are not afraid to speak and to 行為／法令／行動する 率直に.
The scene was 極端に 利益／興味ing. The 相当な American-built 郡-house, which, for design and construction, might be duplicated in Ohio or in New Jersey; the able-looking Malay 農業者 sitting in the big desk 議長，司会を務める; at the 権利 助祭 Prautch in his old white 控訴, silver-haired, blue-注目する，もくろむd, eager as a boy, interposing an 時折の arrow-like question, sped to its point by his waving 手渡すs; next the lawyer for the 原告，告訴人s, and then the five 原告，告訴人s themselves, who （機の）カム as spokesmen for five hundred tenants against sixty landlords in three towns.
熟考する／考慮するing the five, one 設立する something unexpressibly 控訴，上告ing in those simple, homely 直面するs, in that humble, decent 耐えるing, in those toil-gnarled 手渡すs. Three were grizzle-長，率いるd and wrinkled 深い like walnut 爆撃するs—old men. One was middle-老年の, one 公正に／かなり young. Their 着せる／賦与するs were poor and patched, but clean—明白に their best. They were 明らかにする-foot, all but one. And all were dark, 十分な-血d taos.
Their （民事の）告訴, in 実体, ran that for over three years they had never been able to get a 解決／入植地 from their landlords, but had been 強いるd to 受託する a running account, "always favourable" as they said "to the man who keeps the 調書をとる／予約するs." One landlord, they 申し立てられた／疑わしい,—and produced proof of their 声明,—a man rich and honoured in the 州, owner of much sugar land, had made his 取引 with his twenty tenants to take their sugar at P4 the picul.7 Sugar, at the time the 条件 were laid 負かす／撃墜する, was bringing P34 the picul in the 地元の market, but the tenants, although 井戸／弁護士席 aware of this, were unable to 論争 the landlord's dictum.
7A picul is 140 続けざまに猛撃するs.
That was in 1920. And they had been unable to get any accounting from him since. Any of them who had dared to ask too closely about any question of 財政／金融 had been 立ち退かせるd, his 刈る 大（公）使館員d through the 法廷，裁判所 and tied up 無期限に／不明確に, and himself in every way 迫害するd, as an example to others who might 熟視する／熟考する に引き続いて his rashness.
One year ago, it is true—so they went on, first one sombre 発言する／表明する 存在 raised, then another assuming the tale—one year ago, when they had made bold to 抗議する, the Insular 長官 of 司法（官） had held an 調査 and a new 協定 was drawn up. It was not a 満足な 協定, yet better than the 条件s that they had before. So they, the taos, had acquiesced.
"But the whole thing, in the end, 証明するd only a farce," said the oldest of the five. "Before the 直面する of the 長官 of 司法（官）, Mr. Torres himself, one landlord 明言する／公表するd that he 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d fifty per cent 利益／興味 on his 貸付金s; and Mr. Torres did nothing. He never, indeed, 手渡すd 負かす／撃墜する any 肯定的な 決定／判定勝ち（する）, but 簡単に let the 事柄 hang."
As for the 一時しのぎの物，策 new 協定, that had 証明するd to be just waste paper, no more. There had never been even a pretence at 支払う／賃金ing the slightest attention to its 条件.
その上の, they 断言するd:
"The landlords in their 'Proprietors' League' have （権力などを）行使するd a deadly 器具 against the tao. If one of them 解任するs a tenant, no other member of the League will give him a chance. And so he is likely to 餓死する.
"Luis Gamboa, one of us, but a bold man, 主張するd on having his 部分 of rice at 収穫, によれば 法律. The landlord 敏速に 解任するd him and now he can get no place to earn his bread. Luis Gamboa 借りがあるs that landlord 74 pesos. He has raised a 刈る of 168 cavans of rice, of which 84 cavans are rightfully his own. Rice in the 地元の market was 価値（がある） ?5 per cavan. His 願望（する） was to deposit 30 cavans to cover his 負債. 'Not on your life,' said the landlord. 'I take the whole 刈る—all you raised—every 穀物. And when I am ready I will 手渡す you what I think you are fit to spend.' "
Next day 知事 Guanzon continued the 審理，公聴会 in the 近づく-by town of Mexico, as more central to most of the people 関心d. Two hundred and fifty men appeared, of whom twelve were landlords. The 審理，公聴会 lasted three hours, becoming at times 公正に／かなり hot. The previous days' 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s were repeated and 立証するd afresh by admissions on the proprietors' part.
A characteristic 事例／患者 was that of Conrado Lorenzo of Mexico, a land owner who 主張するd on （負債など）支払うing the 負債s and 前進するs of his fourteen tenant families by taking their rice at P2 per cavan. They 反対するd, pointing out that the market price was then P5.20 per cavan, and they 申し込む／申し出d to sell enough of their own rice to 支払う／賃金 him in 十分な in cash. This Lorenzo きっぱりと 辞退するd to 受託する. The fourteen stood 会社／堅い. その結果 Lorenzo went to 法廷，裁判所, swore out a （民事の）告訴 of "違法な 拘留，拘置" of his rice, put up a 社債 and had the 郡保安官 attach all the rice to 持つ／拘留する until the 事例／患者 should be settled. Which meant that the 事柄 may be considered in three or six months. During which interval the tenants are left without one cent for their year's work in making that 刈る—left penniless, foodless, and under discipline of the Proprietors' League, to 餓死する. 合間 Lorenzo 脅すd eviction—which 脅し he probably made good, as such was the 政策 追求するd by other landlords in the 周辺.
An 分析 of the accounts of these fourteen tenants shows up the facts even more 明確に. For example, Alejandro de los Reyes grew a rice 刈る of one hundred and three cavans. His half is fifty-seven cavans. He 借りがあるs Lorenzo, his landlord, fifteen pesos. The market price of the rice is PS the cavan. He is willing and anxious to sell off three or four cavans and 支払う／賃金 his 負債 to Lorenzo, reserving the 権利 to do what he likes with the balance. But the landlord 主張するs that he is する権利を与えるd to all of de los Reyes's 刈る, the 十分な one hundred and three cavans,—at P2 per cavan. Of the whole fourteen tenants, half, it appears, have received only trifling 前進するs; and the worst indebted is solvent, at market 率s. But Lorenzo's 手続き is uniform.
Where muscovado sugar was the 製品, the landlords were 掴むing their tenants' 刈るs at P6 the cake, the market price 存在 P16.
At this 審理，公聴会 in the town of Mexico, on March 14, the proprietors requested 知事 Guanzon to call another 審理，公聴会, for March 23rd, which was accordingly done. But on the 23rd, although the number of tenants 現在の—five hundred—二塁打d that of the previous 会合, not one landlord appeared. They had held a 会合 of their Proprietors' League, in the interval, and had 可決する・採択するd a 政策 of 辞退するing きっぱりと to discuss any sort of 条件 with the tao tenantry.
The 態度 of 知事 Guanzon himself, like that of Mr. Prautch, was one of 絶対の fairness to both 味方するs, in an 努力する to 妨げる open 敵意. But Mexico was but one of the many Pampanga towns so astir. And the 結果 looked at best uncertain. In the 州s of Tarlac and Bataan the 農地の 状況／情勢 was fully as bad—and in that of Bulacan 条件s were so much worse that, making all allowances for the docility of the people, 突発／発生s seemed 必然的な. In Pampanga, five thousand tenants had 現実に 組織するd a Union of their own under the 指名する of Anak Pawas—"Sons of 労働." And the 立ち退かせるing landlords, in April, 1924, were 発表するing their 意向 to fill the places of Anak Pawas men with 非，不，無-unionists.
A 重要な point here lies in the fact that but for the 介入 of the Anglo-Saxon spirit, 具体的に表現するd in 助祭 Prautch, between いじめ（る） and 犠牲者 the 発言する／表明する of the 犠牲者 would scarcely have been raised.
But, now that we have stirred, here and there, to some embryonic degree, the 活動停止中の spirit of liberty and 司法（官） in those nine millions and more of serfs, the real Filipino people, what is going to be the result?
"Do you want 即座の Independence for the Philippines?" I asked 知事 Guanzon.
"Yes."
"Do you think that the 条件 of these poor people, in whom you take so live an 利益／興味, would be bettered if America's 手渡す were 孤立した?"
"Yes, I do," said the 知事, "and I will tell you why.—Because, as long as America remains in the Philippines she* will keep the people at peace. As long as she remains here, the tao, who is slowly but 刻々と 伸び（る）ing in courage and in character because of the 保護 and 激励 that America has given him, will not be 許すd to rise in 暴徒s and settle this thing with his bolo.
"That is why."
The 可能性のある wealth of the Philippine Islands, like their 現在の 生産／産物, is almost 排他的に 農業の. But, of the 115,026 square miles total area, only about 10 per cent is under cultivation, while the country 輸入するs in rice, chickens, eggs, meat, etc., a 激しい 百分率 of the food that it 消費するs and could produce.
The Philippines 先触れ（する）, extreme anti-American, プロの／賛成の-independence 組織／臓器, thus 率直に spoke, in its 問題／発行する of February 7, 1924:—
A most 納得させるing array of 人物／姿／数字s in the 統計（学） 解放（する）d by the bureau of customs tells the sad tale of...our position as purchasers of 商品／必需品s that can easily be produced here but which we have to 輸入する because we 欠如（する） the grit to raise 地元で the things that are 必須の to our 国家の 井戸／弁護士席-存在...
The Philippines, an 農業の country of the first order and with 広範囲にわたる 領土 adapted to the 工場／植物ing of vegetables and the raising of live 在庫／株, 輸入するs chickens, eggs, oranges and onions from 中国! And the 人物／姿／数字s covering the 輸入 of these food 製品s...show only 調印するs of 増加するing instead of 落ちるing off.
Several elements 与える／捧げる to this 条件, of which the parent is still the mortal malady of the land—caciquism.
The cacique, big or little, like all who follow in his train, looks 負かす／撃墜する upon the agriculturalist with contempt. The cacique may own a "農園," but, if he does, with a few honourable exceptions, he 作品 it in the manner 示すd in the 先行する 一時期／支部—that is, by peonage. In consequence, 労働 is slack, spiritless and poor; or, where a germ of life and therefore of 反乱 is astir, it is either 長，率いるd toward the dangerous 行う／開催する／段階, or else it is quitting the Islands.
The 最近の tao 移住 to Hawaii now totals about 40,000. And it should be remembered that this takes from the cream of the people. Eighty per cent or more of those now in Hawaii are of the Ilocano tribe—thriftiest and most hard-working of all the Filipinos.
And, although the Filipino is pre-eminently a home-loving 存在, he rarely returns from Hawaii after his 契約 is worked out, but, with his entire family, remains to settle there. In 1923, によれば thie 人物／姿／数字s of 事実上の／代理 Director Cruz of the Bureau of 労働, 7,261 Filipino labourers went to Hawaii, while, during that period, but 149 returned.
合間, much talk is afloat of 労働 不足 in the Islands, with many suggestions as to how that 不足 shall be 供給（する）d. Much 審議 goes on about 輸入するing a million men from Java and Sumatra, on the ground that this other Malay 在庫／株 would mingle 井戸／弁護士席 with the native-born. Some "政治家íticos" 支持する the expedient of 開始 the doors to the Chinese and letting Amoy 注ぐ in. Others 本気で 勧める an 拡張 of the "enslavement" 政策 to 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 the tao's last door of escape by the （法の）制定 of 法律s forbidding an 移住 that 脅すs to 略奪する the cacique of his serf. And these brand the "able-団体／死体d Filipino working man" who would emigrate as 誤った to his country.
一方／合間, 宣伝 is 押し進めるd out の中で the people to the 影響 that Filipino 労働 in Hawaii is mishandled, hungry and 苦しむing.
But the idea of bringing 今後, as a 予防の of 移住, 限定された 活動／戦闘 for just and decent 治療 of the 94 per cent by the 6 per cent seems to have occurred to few.
In his 就任の message to the Sixth Philippine 立法機関, on October 27, 1922, 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd 設立する need to say:
It is opportune that we...努力する／競う to impress upon all the people that labor is neither a chattel nor a 商品／必需品, but human, and must be dealt with from the 見地 of human 利益／興味s. No 量 of 法律制定 can cure all the difficulties which arise between those who work and those who 雇う them. In the last 分析 it is a 事例／患者 of doing with others as you would have them do unto you...Those who 雇う others must 論証する a keen human 利益／興味 in their 福利事業 if they would have cheerful and loyal service in return.
But words such as these mean nothing at all in the ears of Tomasa's 会計の, in the ears of Pedro Abad, in the ears of the Proprietors' League in Pampanga and the sister 州s.
The typical cacique is not a 農業者. 非，不，無-生産力のある himself, he 直面するs a real necessity of controlling the 生産／産物 of somebody who 作品. The customary way is to 持つ／拘留する land and let it out to tenants, under the "peonage" or "enslavement" 行為／法令／行動する whose 操作／手術 we have already seen. There is, however, another 面 of the same 支配する:
The Public Land 行為／法令／行動する of the U. S. Philippine （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 went into 影響 in 1904. It was a good 法律1 and made 自由主義の 準備／条項 for the would-be small landowner. But, says Dean C. Worcester,2 then 内務長官 of the Insular 政府:
1 No. 926.
2 Dean C. Worcester, The Philippines Past and 現在の, New York, 1921, pp. 830-1.
...Neither 議会 nor the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 reckoned with the ignorance of the ありふれた people nor with the 対立 to the 取得／買収 of land by poor Filipinos...on the part of their richer and more intelligent fellow-countrymen...The cacique does not wish his 労働者s to acquire land in their own 権利, for he 井戸／弁護士席 knows that if they did so they would become self-supporting, and it would 中止する to be possible for him to 持つ／拘留する them as peons, as is 一般的に done at 現在の. Serious 障害s are therefore frequently thrown in the way of poor people who 願望（する） to become owners of land, and if this does not 十分である, actual 対立 is often made by 地方自治体の officers or other 影響力のある Filipinos, who （人命などを）奪う，主張する as their own 私的な 所有物／資産／財産 land which poor men are trying to get.
Mr. Worcester's 声明 was written to cover the period from the promulgation of the 行為／法令／行動する, July 26, 1904, to the date of his finished 令状ing, 1914. It remains true to-day.
にもかかわらず, during that first １０年間, over 19,000 families, nearly all of the energetic Ilocano tribe, （機の）カム 注ぐing from their own over-（人が）群がるd 州s to （問題を）取り上げる homesteads in public domain によれば the 準備／条項s of the 行為／法令／行動する. The 地元の 当局 welcomed them, 存在 eager to have the 領土 developed. 確かな enthusiastic Americans helped them to choose their land, to とじ込み／提出する their 使用／適用 and to perfect their 肩書を与えるs. The Bureau of Lands, at that time an organization honestly and 効果的に operating as custodian of public domain, did its part 井戸／弁護士席. In the 州 of Nueva Ecija strings of communities sprang up and the 全住民 and the rice 生産／産物 急に上がるd together.
This went on for ten years. Then, in 1913, （機の）カム Mr. Wilson's 即位 to the 大統領／総裁などの地位, and with it a sudden change of America's 行政の 計画（する）, making for 早い 転換ing of 政治の 支配（する）／統制する into native 手渡すs.
The Bureau of Lands felt the 影響 敏速に. The American Director of Lands, known as one of the most efficient men in the Insular service, was 除去するd in favour of a young cacique, himself a large landowner of Nueva Ecija. This man was ゆだねるd with the 行政 of a 広大な public 所有物／資産／財産, 含むing $7,000,000 価値（がある） of Friars Land, and with the 政府's 商売／仕事 with a growing multitude of 植民／開拓者s.
That 商売／仕事 now 速く became entangled. Ugly rumours of land スキャンダルs gathered 厚い and 急速な／放蕩な about the new director's 指名する, and before long he 辞職するd his 地位，任命する.
But the 損失 was already done. The cacique Director had quickly disembarrassed himself of the old experienced men of the Land Bureau—American 卒業生（する） civil engineers who had passed the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Civil Service examination before coming to the Islands. 群れているing parientes, clerks and hangers-on soon clogged the 機械／機構 of the Central Office. "To 減ずる expenses," 教育の 必要物／必要条件s were lowered to native High School grade, and the new-type 視察官 rarely bestirred himself to check the applicant homesteaders' papers with the land itself, but sat at 緩和する in some central barrio, recommending the 嘆願（書） of the man most 自由主義の with his cash.
Each 分割 of the Bureau, it is 申し立てられた／疑わしい by many 信頼できる 観察者／傍聴者s, now undid the work of the 残り／休憩（する）, one 認めるing homestead 権利s many times over to as many different applicants for the same 小包, while another ran 調査する lines around already 占領するd tracts but, on the 地図／計画するs that it drew, made no 調印するs of 植民／開拓者s' work and presence. Then also, it is 明言する／公表するd, （機の）カム canny persons blessed with "friends at 法廷，裁判所"—私的な claimants 現在のing with their 使用／適用s for 肩書を与える 個人として-drawn 計画（する）s that showed no 証拠 of the man who had for years lived on and cultivated the sections they 願望（する）d.
In such 事例／患者s, the homesteader lost his land by default. For what had he but his work and his 哀れな self to show as proof that he 存在するd? And a tao has no 権利s that a rich man is bound to 尊敬（する）・点.
Then, as a 今後 step in 自治, they 廃止するd the 法廷，裁判所 of Land 登録, transferring land 事例／患者s to the 安全な abyss of the 法廷，裁判所s of First Instance, which, themselves now autonomized, were buried almost to a 行き詰まり in untouched work. And so it 進歩d, from 混乱 to stark madness, until the central office at last 攻撃する，衝突する upon the expedient of 認可するing everything that （機の）カム in, pocketing the 料金s and leaving the 植民／開拓者s themselves to work out their own 肩書を与えるs and 境界 lines on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, by the 支配する of bolo and of gun.
As for the cash paid in, strange 運命／宿命s befell it, of which, all things considered, perhaps the strangest was discovered by 助祭 Prautch when, in his prowlings, he one day 設立する snugly couched in a Bureau of Lands 安全な the sum of over P22,000, 明らかにする of any 記録，記録的な／記録する of origin. This 結局 証明するd to be an accumulation of 年次の 支払い（額）s from thousands of poor homesteaders whose remittances had never been 記録，記録的な／記録するd, and who, in many a 事例／患者, would surely be 立ち退かせるd from their lands on 得点する／非難する／２０ of 非，不，無-支払い（額） of 予定s.
For some five years this practice served. Then the 立法機関, itself composed 主として of caciques and the lawyers of caciques, decided that better yet might be done for cacique purses. So it passed a new land 行為／法令／行動する, No. 2874.
Whatever its real or 申し立てられた／疑わしい 目的, the 影響 of the new 法律, as far as homesteading is 関心d, is to 取り消す past 伸び（る）s, to wipe out 現在の （人命などを）奪う，主張するs, and to destroy the 未来 chances of the poor Filipino who would own his own home and escape slavery. It 代用品，人s for a （疑いを）晴らす land 肩書を与える a 譲歩 with 制限s—a 罠（にかける） that would break the heart of any poor man 所有するing understanding to see the 脅し it 隠すs.
But the tao has not that understanding until experience bestows it upon him too late. The 法律 is a cacique's 法律, でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd in the cacique's favour.
Having passed the Philippine 立法機関, and in default of any 介入 by Washington, this 手段 became, on April 7, 1919, 法律 of the Philippine Islands.
The 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s of the public domain now went 負かす／撃墜する with a clatter and a bang, and the land-hogs ran wild all over the place.
The 事例／患者 of Blas Ramos would not have become as 広範囲にわたって known as it is had it not, in many of its features, been typical.
Blas Ramos, Ilocano, was a tao tenant—a ありふれた 小作農民 —of the 州 of Tarlac. Growing restive under his landlord's 増加するd exactions, he decided one day to be forever やめる of them. He would turn 開拓する adventurer. He would trek up into the wild lands of Nueva Ecija, whither, for some years now, his brother Ilocanos had been moving.
So he wove a palm-leaf cover to his bull-cart, strapped his rice basket and his cook-マリファナ at its 支援する, put his wife and two children inside, harnessed his carabao between the 軸s and started.
Each noontide the family spent under the cart, eating and sleeping, while the carabao lay in the nearest pool, up to his good old chin in mud and water. Each night the family slept in the cart, the cover tight の近くにd to keep out imps, while the carabao grazed nearby. On through Guimba they moved; on again, to the wild uncultivated lands. And there, after some days ジャングル-scouting, Blas Ramos 選ぶd out a 陰謀（を企てる）, giving wide 寝台／地位 to all 個人として owned land.
ILOCANOS EMIGRATING TO THE CAGAYAN VALLEY
M. M. Newell
THE EMIGRANTS' NOONING
M. M. Newell
Then he （疑いを）晴らすd a 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, put up the frail little shack that was to be his home, and so was ready, when the first rains （機の）カム, to break a part of the 堅い-skinned open grass-land for upland rice. Also, he （疑いを）晴らすd a その上の bit of ジャングル and 工場／植物d it to camotes and beans. Later, so he planned, he would dig a canal to irrigate his 所有物／資産／財産. But one pair of 手渡すs could not get so far so soon. This was in 1914.
But his choice of land 証明するd rather a poor one. The 国／地域 was lean and his first year's 労働 ended in 刈る 失敗. Next season （機の）カム a 干ばつ. After which a silver cloud of locusts, glittering 負かす／撃墜する upon his fields, devoured the little growing stuff that the 干ばつ had spared. Not until the third year had Blas a 収穫 that would 支払う／賃金 his living expenses and leave a bit to lay by toward buying another carabao. For one carabao can cultivate only three ヘクタールs of ground.
Still, he was contented, for he knew that in the long run he could make a decent living.
And then （機の）カム two good years, with good 刈るs.
合間, men moved about and abroad in the land like vultures circling in the sky—watching, watching, 選ぶing out prey. After Blas Ramos's second good 刈る, the 選挙立会人s 始める，決める a 示す against his 指名する.
And so, one day in May, when Blas toiled in the field busy with his ploughing, a 繁栄する-looking stranger （機の）カム striding 負かす／撃墜する upon him wearing a 黒人／ボイコット 直面する.
"What are you about here?" 需要・要求するd the stranger, truculently.
"Ploughing my field for 早期に rice," 再結合させるd Blas, mildly surprised.
"Your field!" shouted the stranger. "My field you mean. You are ploughing my field, you scoundrel. I have bought it and I come to take 所有／入手 of my land. Here is my 肩書を与える, look!"—and he brandished a paper that might have been anything, or nothing, or what he said, for Blas can not read.
Blas knew, all the same, that the man was a 詐欺. And courage 殺到するd up in him from the feel of his own true ground under his two 明らかにする feet.
"I do not believe in your 肩書を与える," said he. "And I don't know you. I have been here five years as a homesteader. I got the land from the 政府. My wife and I have 苦しむd many hardships to make the place. Now it is our home, and we shall keep it."
The stranger was evidently somewhat perplexed at the 失敗 of his attack. A tao, unsupported, will not often 反抗する a superior to his 直面する.
"I advise you," he said, "to get out peaceably. The land is 地雷 and if necessary I shall take it by 軍隊. For which you will be sorry."
With that he 出発／死d, while Blas turned 支援する to guide his carabao before his little old home-made 木造の plough.
Nothing happened, after that, till 早期に July, when the upland rice was sprouting, beautiful to see. Then, in the 冷静な／正味の of a morning, several men arrived with ploughs and carabaos, marched straight into the field, and began to plough up the newly-sprouted 穀物.
急ぐing out to defend his 所有物／資産／財産, Blas 設立する that he who directed the 破壊 was his 訪問者 of the previous May.
"Stand 支援する!" shouted this personage. "I am Manuel Valerio, owner of this land. Stand 支援する, or I and my men will 肌 you alive."
One against so many, Blas gave up the 試みる／企てる and went off to his shack to think. Having thought, he betook himself to a friend who could 令状. Between them, 労働ing ひどく, they concocted and sent a letter to the Director of the Bureau of Lands, 明言する／公表するing the 事例／患者 and asking 是正する.
The Director of Lands, it was said, wrote a letter, in turn, to Manuel Valerio, the cacique, calling upon him to desist from troubling Blas Ramos, the tao.
If such a letter was written it had no 明白な 影響.
収穫 time （機の）カム. Valerio's men had replanted the land whose first 刈る they destroyed, but that second 刈る was poor. Blas's other fields, however, （機の）カム on with a 激しい 産する／生じる. But just as the 収穫 asked for the sickle, Blas Ramos fell ill, so that his wife, and other women, her friends, went out in his stead to 削減（する） the 穀物.—Which seeing, in a 非常に高い 激怒（する） （機の）カム Valerio and （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 the woman, 運動ing her away with 悪口を言う／悪態s and blows of his stick. And she, with welts still rising on her 団体／死体, ran on to the presidencia of Muñoz, the nearest 利用できる hope.
"You can とじ込み／提出する a （民事の）告訴," said the Muñoz police, without 利益／興味. "But nothing can be done. The 裁判官 and the 大統領 are away."
合間, while the woman prayed for help where help there was 非，不，無, while the man lay on his mat, sick of a fever, unable to 解除する his 長，率いる, Manuel Valerio's labourers were busily 収穫ing the entire 製品 of the little farm—about 383 bushels of rice in all.
Having 収穫d it, they 負担d it into their bull-carts and took it away, nor left one 選び出す／独身 cavan behind to save the little family from 餓死するing.
Then, within a few days, Valerio and two policemen appeared from the nearby town of Talavera 耐えるing a 令状 for Blas's 逮捕（する）. The 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 was 強盗, in that Blas, months before, had gathered some 早期に rice—the first fruits of his own （種を）蒔くing—and, with his family, had eaten it. So he was thrown into 刑務所，拘置所, and, the 司法（官） of the Peace 辞退するing him an 適切な時期 to 安全な・保証する 保釈（金）, in 刑務所，拘置所 Blas staid for forty-eight hours.
合間, making use of the 適切な時期 thus 安全な・保証するd, Valerio betook himself to his 犠牲者's little grass home, drove out the wife and children, 粉砕するd the マリファナs and dishes, carried off the trunk that held all the family's 着せる／賦与するing and little 価値のあるs and destroyed the shack.
Blas therefore, coming 支援する from 刑務所，拘置所, had first to 追跡（する） up his 難民 and homeless family and then to decide some difficult questions.
To start over again in a new place, and repeat the 労働s of the past five years of 開拓する work? No. To give up the unequal struggle for freedom and become a peon again, like the 残り／休憩（する） of the Filipino millions? No. He had tasted freedom. The place he had worked for was his home. It was dearer than any slave's life. He would go 支援する and defend it, cost what it might.
The good little wife and the children （機の）カム with him. They 削減（する） cogan grass and rebuilt the shack. They borrowed a cook-マリファナ and began life もう一度.
Valerio was furious at the tao's persistence. 修理ing to his friend, the 司法（官） of the Peace of Talavera, he laid new 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s against Blas—this time for 放火（罪）, as having 燃やすd a house—a house which never 存在するd. Then, in the haste of his wrath, he 演説（する）／住所d himself to quicker methods.
Blas and his family were sitting in their shack around the dinner マリファナ, one noon in May (1919), when up the crackling ladder （機の）カム Manuel Valerio, followed by two men with bolos in their 支配する.
"Get out of this house and off this farm," shouted Valerio, "and be done with you, once for all. You show your 直面する here again on 危険，危なくする of your life."
"I will not," 宣言するd Blas, "this is my own home and I will defend it with my life."
So, at a 調印する from Valerio, the two with bolos 掴むd the tao, and, before his wife's 注目する，もくろむs, first （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 him with the flat of their blades and then bound him 手渡す and foot. Which having done, they ran a long stick through his thongs and carried him, swung like a trussed pig, off and away into the open prairie. Here, under the 猛烈な／残忍な straight sun, they 火刑／賭けるd him out, 武器 and 脚s stretched wide, bending his 長，率いる 支援する sharp and tying it by the neck in such a way that the 十分な glare of the sun must （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 into his 注目する，もくろむs. With a final kick they left him so.
"We shall see," said Valerio, "what the sun can do to melt the will of a stubborn tao. If it is not enough, there are other methods, remember, such as we used in the Insurrection..."
Some hours later two other homesteaders, Mariano Taroma and Leon Antolin, old men, returning from the ジャングル where they had gone to 削減（する） 支持を得ようと努めるd, 設立する him lying there just as his tormenters left him, but unconscious.
They loosed his 社債s and 徐々に worked him 支援する to life. And when they had heard all, they counselled together. Then Mariano spoke:
"We Ilocanos have met the 干ばつ, the locusts, the 台風s and the rinderpest, and we have 生き残るd them all. And now comes an enemy crueller than these—the land-grabber, who has behind him all the cacique's 力／強力にする. We must do our best. Stick to your （人命などを）奪う，主張する, Blas. If you loose, we shall all loose. We will each give rice for you and yours so you shall not 餓死する."
And then one （機の）カム 今後 with the 申し込む／申し出 of room in his shack until better times should arrive. And Blas, daring no longer to remain on his ground, took his family to that friendly 避難. その結果 Manuel Valerio withdrew the two 犯罪の 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s 宿泊するd against Blas before the 司法（官） of Talavera, although no 活動／戦闘 had yet been taken upon either one, and, 掴むing the long-coveted land, cultivated for his own 利益 the fields that had been made 平易な and sleek and rich by the 労働 of the now homeless tao and his little family.
合間, …を伴ってd by the two old men, his 救助者s, who boldly volunteered to serve as 証言，証人／目撃するs, Blas 修理d to the 司法（官） of the Peace of Muñoz and とじ込み／提出するd a （民事の）告訴. The 裁判官 任命するd a date of 裁判，公判. When that date arrived Blas and his two old friends duly appeared, but Manuel Valerio made no 調印する.
Six times was this thing repeated, the 裁判官 改名するing a 裁判，公判 date, the （刑事）被告 ignoring the 召喚するs, the three taos 定期的に obeying, then wearily trudging home again, mocked and unsatisfied, to their own neglected work. Finally, after the sixth 延期, one Nicolas Garcia, notary, hanger-on of the 法廷，裁判所, and friend of Valerio, （機の）カム to Blas 説:
"If you will take me for your counsel, and 支払う／賃金 me thirty pesos, you will be sure to 勝利，勝つ, because the 裁判官 is my 甥."
"But there has been no 調査 of my 事例／患者," 抗議するd Blas.
"That doesn't 事柄. Give me the money and see," said the other.
And so, "because I 手配中の，お尋ね者 the 事柄 to be settled," says Blas, "I paid him ten pesos and asked him to let the 残り／休憩（する） remain as my 負債. After all this the 事例／患者 was 解任するd—によれば the 裁判官 for 欠如（する） of 証拠, though I was not yet 調査／捜査するd."
Blas continues his 声明 in an affidavit 時代遅れの Nov. 4, 1921, on とじ込み／提出する in the Bureau of Lands, Manila. He says:
In the month of September, 1921, the 裁判官 called for me. He said that I was called by him because he 恐れるd that I might 明言する／公表する other things in 事例／患者 the 会計の would 調査／捜査する my 事例／患者. He ordered me that in 事例／患者 the 会計の would ask why my （民事の）告訴 （機の）カム to nothing, I would then say that I myself was at fault, for not having brought 証言，証人／目撃するs, but I did not argue with him. Then he told me again that my 事例／患者 would not have any result. From that time till now nothing has been done, except the 調査 行為／行うd by the 会計の, who told me that I would "just have to wait for the 温和／情状酌量 of the 当局"; but until the 現在の time I have waited for nothing.
Ten months passed before that waiting brought 前へ／外へ fruit other than "nothing." Then, on Sept. 14, 1922, the 会計の (起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事) of the 州 とじ込み／提出するd a （民事の）告訴 in the 地方の 法廷，裁判所 of First Instance against Manuel Valerio and his two 補佐官s in the 火刑／賭けるing-out 事件／事情／状勢, 非難する homicidio frustrado—or 妨げるd 殺人.
The 事例／患者 （機の）カム to 裁判，公判 on April 18, 1923. An 弁護士／代理人／検事 called Hermogenes Concepcion,3 defending Valerio, then 簡単に 明言する／公表するd that Valerio, on the occasion in question, had no 意向 of 殺人，大当り Blas Ramos and that no man can be "妨げるd" in an 意図 he has not harboured.
3 Demócrata member of the Philippine 立法機関 of 1923-24.
Upon these grounds, one month later, the 裁判官 手渡すd 負かす／撃墜する a 決定／判定勝ち（する） 解任するing the 事例／患者. He 追加するd, however, that the 証拠 十分であるd to show that Valerio had committed the 罪，犯罪 of "coercion" and ordered that such a 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 be とじ込み／提出するd.
This new 事例／患者 存在 tried, 弁護士／代理人／検事 Concepción again requested 解雇／（訴訟の）却下 on ground of 二塁打 jeopardy and 得るd for his （弁護士の）依頼人 the 判決 that he asked.
Blas Ramos's pluck had by this time won him friends の中で the handful of Americans in Nueva Ecija who 支援するd him sturdily and who enlisted for him the invaluable attention of Mr. R. McCulloch 刑事, editor of one of the most deservedly 影響力のある 定期刊行物s in the Philippines.
Mr. 刑事's paper, the Philippines 解放する／自由な 圧力（をかける）, now gave to Blas's woes more publicity than was pleasant to the 公式の／役人s responsible. For Blas's story was an utter commonplace in every 尊敬（する）・点 save his own grit.
By hundreds, all over the homestead 領土, the men who, with the 労働 of years, had beaten wild land into service and made it 実りの多い／有益な were 存在 dispossessed. And the Bureau of Lands, 名目上 in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the public domain, was a helpless and unhonoured mess.
Such was the 状況／情勢 when the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 arrived in 1921. The news of its coming spread in the land as a beam of hope for the 偉業／利用するd poor. To it the pluckiest of the defrauded taos now 修理d in search of 是正する, Blas with the 残り／休憩（する）.
The （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 sent out an 捜査官／調査官 to look into the facts. The 捜査官／調査官, returning, 報告（する）／憶測d that Blas and the others had understated their 事例／患者. As a result, a number of 公式の／役人s were 解任するd, a 地方の 会計の was transferred, 裁判官s were 委任する／代表d to open special 法廷，裁判所s for land 事例／患者s, special 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事s were 詳細（に述べる）d to 扱う 犯罪の 商売／仕事, the Land Bureau people were requested to make 組織するd 成果／努力 to settle land 論争s, and things, on the whole, began to look like the 夜明け of a better day.
But the land-grabbers were cunning and 井戸／弁護士席 dug-in. Their 力／強力にする, 影響（力） and means, compared with those of the homesteading tao and the 政府 スパイ／執行官, were 圧倒的な. Besides which, they had already taken good care who 占領するd 政府 places. 殺人，大当り expenses, 殺人，大当り 延期するs …に出席するd the working out of the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限's 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s, most of which died a ぐずぐず残る death in the course of circular 小旅行するs from office to office. 政府 証言，証人／目撃するs were 脅すd into silence. And the new Land 法廷，裁判所s, so hopefully meant, often 単に 現在のd the land-grabbers with a new avenue to their own ends.
Through able use of this machine Blas Ramos's land was now 現実に 法令d to Manuel Valerio, Blas himself getting never a 審理，公聴会. Luckily, however, Blas's American friends learned of the move before it was too late to 行為／法令／行動する. The 事例／患者 was gallantly fought until the 最高裁判所 at last 確認するd the much-耐えるing tao in 所有／入手 of his little homestead.
After this 決定／判定勝ち（する）, Blas Ramos, returned to his 労働, 根気よく ploughed and 工場／植物d もう一度. And while he toiled, （機の）カム one Manuel Valerio, walking over the fields to say:
"Go ahead. I like to see your 産業. When the 刈る is 熟した, I, as usual, will 収穫 it."
This was in the summer of 1923. In November of the year, Valerio made good his word. Blas resisted. A bolo fight 続いて起こるd, in which Valerio was 本気で 傷つける. At the date of my last （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）, January, 1924, Blas was 報告（する）／憶測d still in 刑務所，拘置所, を待つing 裁判，公判 for defending the 所有物／資産／財産 to which the 最高裁判所 of the land had finally 確認するd his 肩書を与える.
No one 論争s that the 経済的な 未来 of the Islands as a self-支えるing country 残り／休憩（する）s on the ability of the people really to 設立する themselves on the land and to work it.
BLAS RAMOS'S WIFE AND CHILDREN
CARABAO CALVES THRESHING RICE
M. M. Newell
No one 論争s that rice is the one 中心的要素 food of the Islands—its life's prime necessity. No one can 論争 that the 年次の rice 刈る is the fruit, never of 広大な／多数の／重要な planters' 投資s, but always of the aggregate 成果／努力s of the poor. And yet, thanks to 法律 No. 2874 and the spirit that bred it, tens of thousands of poor men's 肩書を与える-事例／患者s to-day を待つ 調整, the once-good Land Office, 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なうd in men, money and 器具／備品, is years behind its work, and the all-important cadastral 調査する, to put its 事例／患者 in a 選び出す／独身 word, is hamstrung.
The 態度 of the autonomized Philippine 政府 on such 事柄s, and the degree of 責任／義務 that it 受託するs, may most authoritatively be gathered from a 声明 of the Director of the Bureau of Lands, Mr. Jorge B. Vargas himself, made public in August, 1923:
It is true that the officers and スパイ／執行官s of the Bureau of Lands are now vested with police 当局 over the...public lands...[but] it should be remembered...that Blas Ramos is one only of a large number of public land applicants, of which there were in the first of the month 22,591 in Nueva Ecija alone, and a total of 137,554 throughout the Philippine Islands. If the Bureau of Lands is 推定する／予想するd to give police 保護 to all these applicants against encroachments of いわゆる land-grabbers...who may be minded to take the 法律 into their own 手渡すs...it will be 明白に necessary to place guards on the lots 適用するd for by these 137,000 applicants, a 必要物／必要条件 which is absurdly impossible for the 政府 of the Philippine Islands, let alone the Bureau of Lands to 会合，会う.
The 州 of Nueva Ecija is probably the best rice country in the Philippines. With 十分な utilization of its natural water 資源s, it could 二塁打 its 現在の 生産／産物. Some 得点する／非難する／２０ of sizable rivers run unutilized in the 州 to-day, of which the Talavera alone could irrigate, if put in 完全にする harness, 10,000 ヘクタールs of rice land.
These facts, some seven years ago, 始める，決める Kilmer Moe, American Superintendent of Muñoz 農業の School, to thinking. For almost all the small streams in the then homestead country had already been used, and if more land was to be profitably cultivated more water was 必須の. Mr. Moe, attacking the problem 選び出す／独身-手渡すd, made the 予選 熟考する／考慮するs and worked out a 計画（する）.
No sooner did Mr. Moe 明らかにする／漏らす his 計画／陰謀, however, than 抵抗 直面するd him. The people knew nothing of river 支配（する）／統制する—had never seen it. Therefore the professional troublemaker 設立する in the very words an 適切な時期.
"Again these terrible American exploiters are after our fair Philippines!" they told the open-mouthed taos. "They want them for their 信用s. 信用s are 禁止（する）d of devil-monsters that first 掴む the people's 所有物／資産／財産 and then eat the people up. Now they 計画（する） to charm this river and make it 急ぐ out of its bed, destroy all in its path and cover the whole of central Luzon 深い with 乾燥した，日照りの 石／投石するs.
"Then 非，不，無 of you can raise rice, ever again, and you all will 餓死する.
"But I will defend you! Give me, then, your 指名する on this 嘆願（書）. I will 令状 your 指名する and you will make your 示す.
"Give me, also, fifty pesos, 支払う／賃金ing 負かす／撃墜する what you have, and 持つ／拘留するing the 残り／休憩（する） as a 貸付金 from me till you 支払う／賃金 all. When all the barrio people have done this, I will take the paper and carry it to 知事-General Harrison and beg him, for you, that he forbid the wicked American to commit such a 罪，犯罪."
So the people 調印するd. And in this way one "politico" alone, it is 断言するd, was enabled to 持つ／拘留する 支援する the irrigation work for eighteen months, 未解決の "調査 and 報告（する）／憶測."
However, in the end the wicked American wore 延期するs and 対立 負かす／撃墜する. Living with the thing day and night, he got the money 解放（する）d, got a good engineer 任命するd and, as soon as the cadastral 調査する was 完全にするd, saw to it that the land to be redeemed was 公正に／かなり 部分d out.
Then the engineer, another American, Mr. Baughman, 押し進めるd 今後 the work. At last the dam was done. The 長，率いる-gates, flumes and syphons were finished. The canals, the intake also; and the 力／強力にする 場所／位置, where the channel takes a fifty-foot 減少（する）, giving 力／強力にする enough to mill the whole 刈る of the valley. All these parts and more also had been 完全にするd, and about half the entire 計画／陰謀 was in active 操作／手術 by 早期に 1923.
Only simple 決まりきった仕事 仕事s, such as could easily be finished in 前進する of that 現在の 農業の year,—that is, by July, 1923, remained to be done ーするために 一連の会議、交渉／完成する out the system. Feeling, therefore, that his real work here was 遂行するd, Mr. Baughman now stepped aside in favour of a Filipino 政府 engineer.
In March, 1924—eight months later—the only 農業者s of that new 地域 who had irrigation water to grow rice were those to whom Mr. Baughman, before he 辞職するd the reins, had already 配達するd it.
Yet, in this 事例／患者, as in many a 類似の one in other fields, no real 欠如（する） of good will should be assumed, but rather, passivity, 欠如（する） of 率先, of energy, and of 力／強力にする of 適用するing 調書をとる／予約する-learning to practical problems.
The first 態度 of the 普通の／平均（する） Filipino toward new 建設的な 事業／計画（する）s is an inclination to place every difficulty in their way. Then, when the 事業／計画（する） にもかかわらず begins to operate and he sees that it is good, he says in 影響:
"This looks 平易な. I will take it over—and with it, the credit."
Which having done, he 手渡すs it on to some pariente office boy, and himself returns to his 安定した 商売／仕事 of "politics."
The 州 of Nueva Ecija now produces 毎年 井戸／弁護士席 over 8,000,000 bushels of rice, main food of the Islands, and, were its 資源s 適切に 扱うd, could easily 二塁打 that 生産／産物. The Talavera Irrigation 事業／計画（する）, even in its 現在の 部分的な／不平等な 開発, has 追加するd many times its cost to the value of the lands irrigated. But the Philippine Islands in the calendar year of 1923 輸入するd about 2,462,000 bushels of rice, valued at $3,706,431—a very serious outflow of cash from a poor country in 決定的な need of 開発.
Much as one may deprecate 説 it, no examination of the facts to-day will discredit the general 声明 that whatever has been done for the 進歩 of the Filipino people in the last ４半期/4分の1 century has been done by America, Americans and Filipinos under American 指導／手引. Whatever has been done to their 害（を与える）, loss and 圧迫 has been done by the Filipino himself, unguided.
The American frontiersman would laugh at the idea of himself as an altruist. But many of the pictures in which you 断固としてやる find him an actor tell their own tale. And once and again, out of the Malay 集まり a 人物／姿／数字 appears that doubly 結婚するs him to his 運命／宿命; some simple, uncontaminated tao, showing, against 抑圧者s incomparably worse than was ever that poor mad old German, King George the Third, our very own Spirit of '76. Blas Ramos is one of these.
As for Diego Tecson,1 perhaps he was sent into this world for the special 激励 of such as would grow faint-hearted as to the people for whom he stands. I 本人自身で know the man and his story. I have sat in his house and eaten his salt.
1 The 指名する is here changed for his 保護. But the narrative in no other way 出発／死s from fact.
Diego Tecson was the son of a poor tao. He may be fifty-three or -four years old by now. In the Spanish days before we （機の）カム, he somehow got a 捨てる of learning—got it against all 半端物s, as men will everywhere, when the spirit wills.
Then, in 1902, American schools having opened, Diego began the 同一の 過程 by which so many of our own best men have worked their 上向き way. He first earned a bit of money, then went to school for a few months of desperate grind, telescoping grades as 急速な／放蕩な as he could while the coin would last to keep him alive. Again and yet again he repeated the 過程. Until, when he had 征服する／打ち勝つd a 肉親，親類d of English, he was 申し込む／申し出d, as "一時的な teacher," a salary of seven dollars and a half a month. Out of this he lived and saved until he had 蓄積するd fifty dollars.
Then he went for a year to the High School of his 州, 許すing himself five dollars 月毎の—four dollars and a half for board, fifty cents for laundry, pencils, etc. At the end of each month just five cents remained out of his self-allotted 施し物.
And so he went on, first teaching for 支払う／賃金, saving every 巡査 he could spare, then 熟考する／考慮するing at the high school, spending never a 巡査 he could save.
Until, in 1906, Diego's father 介入するd. "I want you to marry, my son," said he. "You have 熟考する／考慮するd enough. Now you shall settle 負かす／撃墜する to 安定した teaching. And when you have laid by 十分な money you and I will go homesteading, によれば this new American 法律. Then we shall live as 解放する／自由な men, and your children will grow up unafraid, in 繁栄."
So Diego married—married a good, wise girl who had also some schooling from the Americans. And then he took his little wife and went away up to the 国境s of the New Country to teach public school.
They carried with them all their worldly goods. Here is the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）:
1 bowl
2 spoons
1 fork
3 plates
2 一面に覆う／毛布s
50 centavos (twenty-five cents)
1/2 解雇（する） of 船体d rice
2 chicks
As to the people of the barrio to which he was sent, a teacher was a thing without meaning in their ears.
They lived as their ancestors had lived for centuries. They were poor. Thirteen carabao 構成するd the cultivating 力／強力にする of the community and these, almost all, belonged to the cacique, a hard man who never failed to squeeze out the last ounce of service, the last 巡査 in 徴収する, that his 犠牲者 could 産する／生じる.
So the people had learned, long ago, the uselessness of 産業. Why should they 労働 and lay by just for their cacique, when all was done, to come and （土地などの）細長い一片 them 明らかにする? Since they must go hungry anyway, like masterless dogs, why not enjoy the 補償（金） of dogs and 嘘（をつく） about in the sun?
So they lay about in the sun, scarcely 乱すing a 国／地域 whose fruits, had they 労働d to 工場／植物 them, would have been snatched from their lips.
"熟考する／考慮する!" they repeated, after Diego. "Send our children to school? Why?—Wherefore? Don't waste your time on foolishness. Come along 追跡（する）ing with us. That is the only thing 価値（がある） stirring for. By and by we are going to get up and go into the forest after deer and wild hogs. Then we shall eat."
"Sell me some rice to eat," Diego would 再結合させる. "I have work to do. I 港／避難所't time to 追跡（する）."
But they did not want to sell him rice, of which they had so little themselves that they ate but once a day.
一方／合間, at 半端物 hours Diego was building his house—four twelve-foot 地位，任命するs in the ground, a slight 床に打ち倒す でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる, a bamboo 骸骨／概要, and for roof and 塀で囲むs a covering of 審査する-like mats of woven palm. And when his rice basket was nearly 明らかにする, he would trudge some eight miles to the nearest rice-growers, and, if he was lucky, bring home a 支援する-負担. Then in the evenings after work was done, he and his wife would 続けざまに猛撃する out the kernels for next day's food.
And all the time Diego's main 占領／職業 was the ensnaring of pupils, one by one, and the teaching of his school. By the end of two months' work he had two hundred and fifty 正規の／正選手 pupils, barrio children all. And these were 熟考する／考慮するing in a clean and decent house, surrounded by a 井戸／弁護士席-kept garden which itself was neatly 盗品故買者d the whole way 一連の会議、交渉／完成する—the entire 設立 存在 an 反対する lesson to the dirty ragged barrio.
"What's all this!" exclaimed the 地区 監督者, an American, appearing on 査察. "Bless my soul—all this in two months' time? But, look here:—two hundred and fifty scholars is too many for one man to teach. How about your wife, Diego? Could she help?"
They tried her. She could. So the wife was put on salary —seven dollars and a half 月毎の. And now the two together made fifteen dollars a month—much money—of which they saved just half because they bought little but the rice which Diego 続けざまに猛撃するd out in the evenings. And Diego, little by little, grew in the barrio's esteem.
After a while the 監督者 made another 発見. "Diego," said he, "you can 扱う more than this school. You could run a homestead 同様に. Go get one."
So Diego, remembering also his father's 願望（する）s, went to an American known throughout the New Country for his 司法（官） and friendship toward taos and for his knowledge of the rice lands, and said:
"Sir, I would like to have a homestead. Will you help me to choose good land and to get （疑いを）晴らす 肩書を与える?"
"Sure," said the American; and it was so.
By 1907 工場／植物ing time, thanks to his new friend, Diego had his land. So then he took his 貯金 and 投資するd them in 力／強力にする in the 形態／調整 of a 女性（の） carabao. And he engaged a man to direct the daily energies of that dynamo of hope.
In those days there was no irrigation thereabout. So the 刈る must depend on the rains. As for drinking water, Diego carried it from the nearest 解決／入植地, two miles away. And whenever he could 適切に leave school, he trudged over to see his land, his 工場／植物ing, his carabao and him who walked in her footsteps. And, since there was much （疑いを）晴らすing to do —much 激しい 戦争 with cogan grass and vainglorious 少しのd—Diego worked on that 職業, too, in every moment he could spare.
But the season of 1907 was not 肉親，親類d. It was, on the contrary, cruelly 乾燥した，日照りの. And Diego, in lieu of the four hundred bushels of rice he had 推定する／予想するd to 収穫, got only seventeen bushels—not one-fourth of his 投資.
"Diego," said the wife, "you must give it up. This thing is too dangerous. You will spend all our 貯金 on your folly."
Diego almost 産する／生じるd, for the Filipino barkens to his wife in 事柄s of family 財政／金融. Yet for once he 強化するd his 支援する.
"Just give me one more chance," he 勧めるd. And at last she 同意d to let him continue his 実験 for one year more.
Then he and his wife lived on one meal a day, and he bought more seed with the money they saved, and when the time （機の）カム, he 工場／植物d afresh. And the fruit thereof, in 1908, was one hundred bushels of beautiful rice. Which meant food for all the coming year, till next rice 収穫—food for Diego and for his wife and for their 雇うd 手渡す 同様に.
"This," said his wife, "is real 商売／仕事. I cannot leave it to men. I shall now 辞職する teaching and go and live on Our Farm."
So she did. Diego, however, keeping his feet on the ground in more senses than one, went on teaching and saving his 支払う／賃金. But every Friday night he 始める，決める off for his homestead, and every Saturday he （疑いを）晴らすd land.
Next year—1909—he took on two men, with their 援助（する） dug irrigation 溝へはまらせる／不時着するs and 収穫d two hundred and sixteen bushels of rice.
Said his wife: "I am glad of our farm. I will give you, now, more of our 貯金 to 投資する in this thing, which 支払う／賃金s."
Then, in 1910, communal irrigation （機の）カム in by the getting together of homesteading taos, under the American's lead, to make use of small streams in the 地区. That year Diego 収穫d a 十分な thousand bushels.
Said the wife: "It is now best, Diego, that you give up teaching altogether and 充てる all your time to this really excellent farm."
And at the same time the Bureau of Lands, 存在 then alive on the 職業, 知らせるd him that, to keep his holdings, he must now take up 住居 thereon.
Diego 従うd. In 1911 he lived on his land and worked it with seven helpers. This extra 労働, 加える irrigation, 供給するd a 刈る of thirty-eight hundred bushels.
Each year thereafter Diego's 繁栄 増加するd. With 刻々と growing 資本／首都, he acquired the services of more men and bought more and better carabao. In 1912 his 生産／産物 was forty-two hundred bushels. In 1913 it reached fifty-three hundred bushels, and his 指名する became known in the 州.
合間 it had happened that Diego's old father, 支援する in the barrio of his 青年, remembered his own dreams of freedom, and sent to tell his 繁栄する son that he, too, would like to 持つ／拘留する land, as they had planned it years ago.
"You could 賃貸し（する） from the Bureau of Lands a 小包 of public domain, good land, 隣接するing my homestead," Diego sent word 支援する.
So the old man did, and paid rent duly thereon for three or four years. And with his gnarled old 手渡すs he （疑いを）晴らすd his land, Diego helping, and mellowed it and 工場／植物d it and put all his little 資本／首都 into it, 徐々に getting it into 感謝する 形態／調整. So that, in the 収穫 of 1913, it was carrying its first handsome 産する／生じる.
And just then it was, when the 長，率いるs showed golden and the time was 十分な, that, as in Blas Ramos's 事例／患者, a party of 階級 strangers appeared on the fields and deliberately started to 得る the 刈る.
The now-Filipinized Bureau of Lands, you see, having 認可するd the 賃貸し（する） of Diego's father, and having for several years 受託するd his 支払い（額）s on that account, had just seen fit to 認可する a homestead （人命などを）奪う，主張する to the very same ground. And the Bureau of Lands' friends believed in direct methods with taos.
But this time they had miscalculated their taos. Diego and his father, 警告するd on the moment of what was 進行中で, dashed out into the fields to order the newcomers off. The invaders had （警察の）手入れ，急襲d in 軍隊, however, and looked up from their 広範囲にわたる sickles only to 脅す and jeer.
Diego ran 支援する to his house for his gun. Returning on the 二塁打-quick, he saw his father the centre of an ugly （人が）群がる, and himself 急落（する），激減（する）d in to the old man's 援助（する）. As he landed in the 中央 of the mess, one of the strangers 目的（とする）d a wicked 削除する at his 長，率いる. Diego threw up his gun to 区 off the blow, which 削減（する） the 在庫／株 almost in two.
The raider chopped at him afresh. Diego 解雇する／砲火／射撃d, then 解雇する／砲火／射撃d again at another of the ギャング（団） who was in the 行為／法令／行動する of bringing his bolo 負かす／撃墜する on the old man's neck.
Both 発射s killed. After that the nature of the 訴訟／進行s changed, and Diego went to 刑務所，拘置所.
In 刑務所，拘置所 he stayed for six months, during which period the usual two or three Americans moved Heaven and earth to 証明する him 正当化するd in defending his life and his father's life and 所有物／資産／財産 on his own ground.
In the end they 解放する／自由なd him. But it cost the Americans no end of work, it cost Diego very much money; and it cost the poor old man his beloved land.
Because, as the 当局 were understood to explain, "a homesteader is to be favoured rather than a lessee."
Those particular "homesteaders," the richer and the lazier by all the old man's work of years and by the 投資 of all his little 資本／首都, triumphantly enjoy that land to this day.
Diego is 比較して young. Six months' 刑務所，拘置所 and the loss of a lot of money are troubles that he could surmount. Diego is now 繁栄する again and 静める of mind. But the troubles that befell his father struck hard—broke the old man's heart.
"These things are happening all the time to taos like us," said a 隣人 tao, discussing the story. "It may be my turn to-morrow. What hope have we from our caciques? Diego is lucky. That is the only difference. Diego had American friends."
One 推論する／理由 why Diego has American friends lies in his 限定された 建設的な value as a leader in any community in which he might live. 支援する in the barrio in which he and his wife taught school—the barrio where every one was always hungry, where no one tilled the 国／地域 because their cacique robbed them of all their 労働's fruit—Diego's practical 価値（がある） appeared. For, when the people saw him, in the third year of his home-steading, 収穫ing plentiful rice—his own rice on his own land, with no cacique grabbing it out of his 手渡すs, they began to look askance at their 追跡（する）ing—at their own lives of mas-terless dogs catching fleas in the sun. And presently all of themselves they began to ask for homesteading land 近づく Diego.
Then, when they had got it, they 自然に turned to Diego.
"How do you so 栄える?" like children they asked him.
"I will tell you," he answered, "I work eight or ten hours a day. I don't 賭事. I don't own a fighting cock. I don't look for trouble. I make friends with good people. And I work with everybody's 利益／興味 in mind."
Soon his novel 政策 （機の）カム to a 手段 of illustration in their own lives, for, as far as their feebler brains and 女性 wills would 許す, they followed Diego's 追跡する. Upon any special occasion, Diego could even produce their 統一するd strength. At his word that it was good, they would turn out, shack by shack, to their 十分な number, to 削減（する） 小衝突 or to switch the course of a stream for the ありふれた service.
"We must help this man," said the Americans, "and try to 支える his leadership. To 支援する him and keep the wolves off his 追跡する is the best 解除する we can give these people."
So they 支援するd him, making themselves known of the caciques as a 軍隊 that would 個々に rise like the other end of the バーレル／樽-hoop if any one stepped on Diego Tecson. And Diego's 影響（力） spread.
So 事柄s stood when I knew Diego, in the spring of 1924. On the day I left him he had just 結論するd a house-to-house visitation to a 隣人ing 地区 where the taos were poor —so poor as never to have what even they called enough to eat. Poor as only dense ignorance and utter hopelessness could make them, in a country such as the Philippines. Diego's errand had been to 招待する them, one by one, to come to a town 会合 to hear about irrigation—to hear, also, the strange new doctrine of uncoerced, 未払いの community work for the community's good.
"After the 会合 I will take them all out and we will dig a canal," said Diego to me, "and then I will keep an 注目する，もくろむ on them, and see that they don't get idle, but keep at the work and work straight through to 収穫."
And the grounds for believing that he, the 未払いの volunteer, the ありふれた village tao, will do all this, are, that he already has done it, many times over.
As we sat together in his good, clean house, no longer strangers, Diego spoke at 緩和する.
"This 職業 of 地雷," he said, "when you 扱う it 権利, is the best in the world for any man, and the happiest. You are 独立した・無所属. You get more when you work, and いっそう少なく when you don't. And I think that is good.
"As to education—a man is stronger, much stronger, to help his community when he is educated. There are those who would like to help, but who, 存在 ignorant, can't.
"These people know me and love me, and I like them. I 雇う about a hundred of them on my land. I advise them how to live. I show them how to take care of their babies—for of that they know nothing2—how to get more eggs, how to raise more chickens, how and why to 工場／植物 fruit trees, how to save. And I 大打撃を与える at them to （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 負かす／撃墜する their greatest 副／悪徳行為—the 広大な／多数の／重要な 副／悪徳行為 of all this country—賭事ing. And to show them the need of thrift.
2 The death 率 of babies under a year old had been over fifty per cent. "You might think that the struggle for 明らかにする food would teach thrift to us, but it does not. I have seen a man work and pinch for years till he got together two thousand pesos [a thousand dollars]. Then he bought an automobile for three thousand pesos, borrowing the difference from the company of whom he made the 購入（する）. He knew nothing at all about any automobile. Yet, in his vanity, he must 運動 it. So, four days from .the day he got it, he 粉砕するd his new 所有物／資産／財産 to 廃虚.
"Now he has no car, no two thousand pesos, and is so 深い in 負債 over that other thousand that he borrowed that never again in this world will he be a 解放する／自由な man. And he, unfortunately, is no exceptional 事例／患者."
Now I, who 令状, beg careful attention from you who read for the words about to come. I take a man's life in my 手渡すs as I 始める，決める them 負かす／撃墜する, and nothing but their value can in any way 正当化する the 危険. Diego Tecson is a 人物／姿／数字 の中で the dumb 集まりs of his physical 肉親，親類d. His 知能 and his public spirit 階級 him, tao as he is, の中で the highest in the land. As for his courage in putting into words his real thought on the most dangerous of 支配するs, it is beyond 賞賛する.
To give him his 予定, will you please try to realize that 解放する／自由な speech does not 存在する in the Philippines? Any native who indulges in it, 表明するing opinions contrary to the professed 約束 of the leaders of the political 大多数, will be attacked. If he is 著名な, or if he is financially 独立した・無所属 and valorous 同様に, he may not 苦しむ 大いに. But if he is obscure, he will 支払う／賃金 for his boldness through 傷害s, bold or subtle, drawn out to the point of 廃虚; or, not seldom, with his life.
A simple tao, therefore—a dark-skinned Malay 小作農民 who will speak as this man spoke—is a man indeed. As I watched his 直面する, 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な, strong, ennobled with character and 目的, and remembered his background, his 記録，記録的な／記録する and the danger in which he stood, I felt a tremendous thrill of enthusiasm. His words, with all their 激しい 輸入する, must reach America—the true America whose very life-血 is freedom, 司法（官） and equal 権利s for all mankind.
Here, then, is 正確に／まさに what he said, deliberately, carefully, in the 平易な English our schools have given him. I take it, phrase by phrase, from the 調書をとる／予約する that I carried that day.
"This American 政府 is the best we ever had. I am 満足させるd. I could live three hundred years under it. But our 政治家íticos—our caciques—they want Independence from America ーするために get more personal 力／強力にする for themselves.
"I remember very 明確に the days of the Insurrection of Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo's 兵士s would come to you and say:
"'Give me a chicken.'
"If you 辞退するd, they said:
"'You belong to the other party.'
"And that night they 燃やすd your house, stole all your goods and took you away and killed you. Not often did they kill you 簡単に or quickly either. They had ways of making the very idea of death at their 手渡すs filthy and horrible. That very thing is what I am afraid of now, if Independence 生じるs us. It will be repeated at its worst, all over again. For our people are not changed at heart in so short a time.
"There are cacique families now—I can take you to their haciendas—rich in carabao and 一面に覆う／毛布s—rich with goods all stolen from the taos under pretence of wanting them for 'Aguinaldo's Army.' They were in that army—they were generals and 陸軍大佐s. But what they took they 株d with no one, but carried home and hid in their own places to 濃厚にする themselves afterward. I know—we all know—all about it.
"'Independence for the Philippines?' Yes. I want it, some day, but not now. Not till we, the taos, are strong. Now we should all be the cacique's 犠牲者s. If there is to be any 権利 and 司法（官） in that Independence, we taos must first be educated, but, more even than that, we must learn to work. Don't you see that it is not possible for the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to give us independence? It is for us to learn to deserve it and support it. You cannot 'give' us independence. No one can. We taos, who are the big 団体／死体 of the Filipinos, we must make ourselves strong, under your 保護. We must first learn 産業, thrift, co-操作／手術, team-work from barrio to barrio. We must learn how to keep out of the usurer's 手渡すs, how to defend ourselves against slavery, and to have courage to speak our minds and how to stand on our feet. Then, when that is done, the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs will do 井戸／弁護士席 to let us go. But if she does it before that comes, she will be selling us out. She will be selling out the poor man to the 汚職，収賄ing tyrant.
"What happens here now? You know what happened to me—and I was luckier than most, because the Americans helped me. Just take a time when canals are to be built in the rice-lands. It is 激しい work, and it must be done in 前進する of the season to turn the water on. The dams, the laterals and all. When some one opens new fields, the help of every pair of 手渡すs in the barrio is needed, and the rich ask the help of the poor. The poor do as they are asked—and are 難破させるd by it.
"権利 here, of late, a cacique got a barrio's help to dig a ざん壕. And now that, by the barrio's 解放する／自由な 労働, the ざん壕 is done, the cacique is using it to 削減（する） the water off above his poor 隣人s' fields and turn it 支援する whence it （機の）カム. This he does ーするために make the homesteaders' 刈る fail, so that they will get discouraged and give up the lands. It is his way of 利益（をあげる）ing by their long hard work to break in the lands that are their all.
"Because, when they have dropped their good lands, he, the cacique, will 選ぶ them up cheap and turn the water 支援する.
"We せねばならない have an American as director of the Bureau of Lands as we used to do. Then we should have more land cultivated, and we should have homesteaders more 非常に／多数の, more 利益／興味d, and most 確信して in their work.
"We did have an American Director of the Bureau of Lands some years ago.
"Then, before your land 肩書を与える was 認可するd, it was 適切に looked into by an American 視察官 who understood his work and who really went to the place and made a real examination of the land and gave real 記録，記録的な／記録するs. Him nobody could 脅す or buy. We should have all American 視察官s of land. If we had, my poor old father would not have been robbed of all he owned, and left stripped and 哀れな in his last days.
"When the Americans first （機の）カム, we taos were told, by the caciques, that Americans are all 抱擁する monsters who devour everything and who chop off the 長，率いるs of every Filipino they can catch. But then, after a month or so, we saw that Americans 傷つける no one, and paid for every bunch of 気が狂って, every mango, every egg they took. And from that time we knew that if America had not come we should have lost all hope in the world.
"When Aguinaldo's Insurrection ended we taos, wherever his 'army' had been, had no fowls, only small chicks. No carabaos. No more salt. No 刈るs—for no one had 工場／植物d. What was the use?
"Now what we want is a 平和的な 条件—a chance to work undisturbed and to save—to get ready for the 未来. I said I want Independence. I do. We all do. But not for two or three hundred years yet. Let us taos get ready, first. Do not 手渡す us over, helpless as we now are, and ignorant, to the mercy of our robbers.
"Our homesteaders here are very busy raising rice. Very contented. They don't notice what the 政治家íticos in Manila do and say. They would not understand if they did. They could only 計器 what 'Independence' would mean after the change had come. And then they would use their bolos.
"Only those leaders who are strong to-day and who are now speaking in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, want Independence now. All the weak, all the speechless, don't want it, because they know all the 力／強力にする would remain in the 手渡すs of the 抑圧者s.
"We shall not always be afraid before them, if you will give us a chance, and your 保護, to grow strong. But to-day we could not 持つ／拘留する our own. They would take away all that we have 伸び（る）d under America. Quezon, Aguinaldo and those others—they would be the 長，率いる of the Islands. And all their train would have a 解放する／自由な 手渡す against us.
"As to these rice-growers—these homesteaders—if you ask them if they want 'Independence/ they will say yes. Because they have been told by political speech-製造者s that 'Independence' means 支払う／賃金ing no more 税金s and doing no more work —a sort of 魔法 to make everybody rich and idle. But they have no idea at all, beyond that, what the word signifies.
"Ask them if they want America to go away. Ask them how many years they want America to keep on 治める／統治するing them, and you will get the truth—if no politico is listening.
"Or, if they understand a little, they are afraid to speak straight out, because they know that if they are 報告（する）／憶測d to be speaking against Independence, their houses will be 燃やすd, their 刈るs.解雇する／砲火／射撃d, their animals killed and more. Because that is just what is done."
"Independence! Why, we have Independence now!"
In の近くにing this 声明 I wish to 宣言する that I have made what 修正するs I can for exposing its author by printing it. That is to say, I shall be 知らせるd by cable if, after its 出版（物）, any 報復s, direct or indirect, are begun upon the man who has 危険d his life to lay his people's 事例／患者 before America.
And now, perhaps, the time is 熟した for a little historic 調査する of the ground.
Where did all these people come from—these 現在の-day "Christian Filipinos" with whom the earlier 一時期／支部s have been 関心d?
From Indo-中国, from Borneo, from the west and the south, beginning two thousand years or more ago, （機の）カム the ancestors of the tao millions of to-day. Wave by wave they （機の）カム, sailing in their cockleshell boats, through 後継するing centuries. And the first of the lot 設立する already on the 国／地域 a 始める，決める of curious little 黒人／ボイコット fellows—pygmies with woolly 長，率いるs, 広大な／多数の／重要な 発射s with 毒（薬）d arrows, a race both timid and 猛烈な／残忍な.
But, before the newcomers, the pygmies fled to remote mountain forests where, known as "negritos," their 子孫s still 生き残る 不変の. And the ancestors of the taos slipped into the pygmies' nests, squatting on their rich lowlands—the hot, rich, ジャングル lowlands, where men scarcely need to work.
Just as they had come in their cockleshell boats, strangers and foreigners to each other, without intercognizance or 計画（する）, so, party by party, they （軍の）野営地，陣営d upon the land, starting their separate and 関係のない 解決／入植地s. And, as centuries still swung on, so they remained. Each 解決／入植地, as it 徐々に multiplied to many 解決／入植地s, to a tribe, still 保持するd its apartness—its 部族の language and 指名する and habits, its peculiar superstitions and ideas. And each looked at each other askance. No co-操作／手術 存在するd の中で them—no sort of understanding or union. Nor had any 部族の 部隊 a 部族の 政府. But each cluster of families—each village, obeyed its own strongest member.1
Such was the grade of these people in the 生物学の 開発 of man.
Such, too, did it remain, while changing 力／強力にするs （人命などを）奪う，主張するd 所有権 of the islands. The Indo-Chinese, the Bornese, the Javanese, the Chinese Empires in turn took 君主s' 尊敬の印 without 影響する／感情ing, the while, the actual 条件 of the 原始の and 沈滞した 全住民. Never was it 解放する／自由な from foreign dominion, yet never did that dominion touch its life.
Then of a sudden, when the fifteenth century was already halfway spent, a new 惑星 rose. Islam, appearing in the south, 炎上d north and still northward until, by the end of the next hundred years, it had 前進するd as far as the 現在の Manila, with every prospect of casting the 永久の form of the life of the whole 群島.
And this event was only forestalled by the coming of 交戦的な missionary Spain.
Spain, herself 急襲するing 負かす／撃墜する out of the blue, 設立するd one 守備隊 解決／入植地 at Cebu, one on the smoking 廃虚s of the Mohammedan town where Manila now stands, and thence worked south, 工場／植物ing her 旗 along the shores.
But, try as she would, she could never subdue or 大いに 影響する／感情 the 初めは Mohammedanized islands to the far 南西, neither the 解放する／自由な high-mountain peoples—the Igorots of inmost Luzon.
The 残り／休憩（する） of the country, however, she 徐々に assumed, whether 名目上 or in fact, dividing it into 州s, 設立するing a sort of 植民地の 政府, 組織するing 貿易（する）ing 機械／機構, and always, under every difficulty, 押し進めるing her main 目的—to Christianize the people to the greater Glory of God.
This was the 仕事 of the priests, supported at a distance by a mere handful of Spanish 兵士s. The ships of Legazpi, the 征服者／勝利者, brought five Augustinian friars, with but four hundred fighting men.
1 Legazpi's Relation, July 7, 1569. Blair & Robertson, Vol. Ill, pp. 1-2.
Legazpi's priests and their 後継者s 急落（する），激減（する）d into the stark unknown, made 恐ろしい 旅行s, lived and died in hardship and privation of 団体／死体 and soul, in 労働s and dangers untold, that they might bring the heathen "under the bells." You find their big 石／投石する churches to-day, overgrown with ジャングル, 崩壊するing to 廃虚, 支援する in far wildernesses where, with incredible toil, they raised them two hundred years ago. You look at the rudimentary humanity about—so truly rudimentary, still, after centuries of continuance!—and you marvel at the 約束 and courage of those first gentlemen of the Church.
They began the long, slow 解除する from 野蛮／未開. And because of their heroic work and of the faithful support of Spain, the 現在の Filipino 大多数 stand alone as the only large 集まり of Asiatics 変えるd to a profession of Christianity in modern times. The Filipino 借りがあるs to the Roman カトリック教徒 Church, which taught them the outward forms of Christianity, and to Spain, which gave them a bystander's 見解（をとる） of the forms of European 法律, points not often realized or 自白するd.
In the three hundred years of Spanish 支配する evils, however, grew up と一緒に the good. Weak 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs, foolish 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs, bad 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs—and big ones, at that—developed in the régime. A "mestizo" class arose—half-産む／飼育するs—and, as village overlords (caciques), cringing to the Spaniards above, merciless to the Malay below, 濃厚にするd themselves by sucking the life of the people at its roots.
The Church did every one's thinking and preferred 直す／買収する，八百長をするd 境界s. But the few young men that went abroad—mestizos all, or almost all—（機の）カム 支援する with new ideas. And when the 開始 of Suez Canal occurred, bringing suddenly more ships, more strangers, more glimpses of the world, the 動かす of the times had already filtered through, 原因（となる）ing 不安.
From さまざまな roots and 動機s secret societies sprang up. 陰謀（を企てる）s. 共謀s. 井戸／弁護士席-grounded 需要・要求するs for 改革（する）. In 1896 a 限定された insurrection arose against the Spanish 政府.
"BACK IN FAR WILDERNESSES—"
M. M. Newell
IGOROT MOUNTAIN TRAILS
M. M. Newell
This insurrection, led by the mestizo Aguinaldo, lasted but sixteen months and was 構内／化合物d between its leaders and the Spanish 政府 for cash.
合間, life for the island 集まりs flowed on. Between the 解放する／自由な mountaineers of the north and the 解放する／自由な Mohammedans of the south, forever cowered the "Christian Filipino"—the poor old tao in his millions, sweating 血 in the 不明瞭—afraid of all men, all devils and all gods—while the Spanish 支配者 and the little cacique bloodsucker beneath the Spaniard pinned him 堅固に 負かす／撃墜する.
Not a 向こうずねing picture. And if you want 詳細（に述べる）s of its darkest, most hopeless part—the tao's part—you will find a good 取引，協定 of it in The Social 癌—a 調書をとる／予約する written by a Filipino called José Rizal—one who, a little before Aguinaldo, conspired against Spain, but who, unlike Aguinaldo, neglected to cash in.
So that, in the end, he 直面するd a Spanish 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing squad outside the 塀で囲むs of old Manila, and died.
Not a 向こうずねing picture, any of it. And all its ugliness, its savagery and barbarity, was of so long, so 論理（学）の a standing, in so unconsidered, so unknown a world's backwater, that you might have wagered it would go on at its own pace, undisturbed, developing by 進化 only, to the end of time.
And then one 有望な morning in February, 1898, far away in Havana harbour, on the other 味方する of the globe, （機の）カム one 選び出す／独身 flash of 解雇する／砲火／射撃, one 選び出す／独身 衝突，墜落 of sound, and the 戦艦 Maine, officers and men on board, sank to the 底（に届く） of the sea.
The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 宣言するd war on Spain. Commodore Dewey, 命令（する）ing our Asiatic 騎兵大隊, slid over from British Hongkong, いっそう少なく than thirty-six hours away, and grabbed the Spanish (n)艦隊／(a)素早い in Manila Bay.
And the Philippine Islands were 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 領土.
Spain 調印するd the 条約 of Paris, 降伏するing the Philippine Islands as conquest of war. Later again, the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America paid to Spain, which 保持するd the indebtedness of the Philippine Islands, the cash sum of $20,000,000 gold. And finally Aguinaldo and his friends, who had re-appeared from abroad to 追求する a somewhat 疑わしい and troublesome "co-操作／手術" with our 軍隊s, 率直に turned their activities against us, その為に necessitating a （選挙などの）運動をする on our part to 回復する peace to the Islands.
This period is yet remembered by the tao, everywhere, as Diego Tecson remembers it, in 今後-peering dread. For the "Army of Aguinaldo" lived on the land. No poor man's life or 所有物／資産／財産 was his own. And, as with foreboding the poor man now 反映するs, many of those who invented and （罪などを）犯すd upon their fellow-Filipinos the merciless lootings and obscene brutalities of those awful days are yet in their 早期に fifties. Acclaimed in Manila as "愛国者 退役軍人s" they are 政治上 active to-day, earnest 支持するs of the Independence that would give them again a 解放する／自由な 手渡す.
Aguinaldo's "政府" was never a 共和国 even in a 可能性のある sense. It was the grief and despair of its better minds, a 統治する of terror and rapine, 課すd by a handful of barbarians upon the cowering 集まり of their own people.
In March, 1901, Aguinaldo 降伏するd to our 武器. And so, by a third means and for a third time, we 設立するd our 構成要素 所有／入手 of the Philippines, 設立するing その為に our 十分な 責任／義務, before the world and our own 良心, to the whole people of the Philippine Islands.
From the start, we took that 責任／義務 本気で. 議会 passed an 行為／法令／行動する making 開発／利用 of the natural 資源s of the Philippine Islands impossible, 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限ing them for the Island people—a remarkably magnanimous and 建設的な piece of 法律制定. In the Islands themselves our 軍の 知事s and 地方の 行政官／管理者s admirably acquitted themselves of their several 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s. 合間 a competent civil （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, 長，率いるd by 裁判官 William Howard Taft, 労働d to でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる a 始める，決める of 法律s under which we might hope by 約束 and patience, by 司法（官） and hard work, to raise wild men and 原始の peons to the level of a sound and enlightened people.
On July 4, 1901, our 軍の 政府 終結させるd. Most of our 軍隊／機動隊s were 孤立した. And Mr. Taft, as Civil 知事, assumed the 行政 of the Islands.
His 閣僚, 任命するd by the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, consisted of four American Commissioners—Mr. Luke E. Wright, of Tennessee, serving as 商務長官 and Police; Mr. Henry C. Ide, of Vermont, as 長官 of 財政／金融 and 司法（官）; Mr. Bernard Moses, of California, as 長官 of Public 指示／教授／教育; and Mr. Dean C. Worcester, of Michigan, as 長官 of the 内部の. The （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 was その上の 強化するd by the 会員の地位 of Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, and of Señ鉱石s Benito Legarda and José R. de Lu-zuriaga, Filipinos, good men all three.
This （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 form of 政府, 不変の except for 職員／兵員, 得るd until October 16, 1907. Then, as a step in the political education of the people, it became the 参議院 of "the Philippine 立法機関," supported by a new 発明—an elective Filipino 議会—as Lower 議会.
合間, and from the very day of conquest, America in the Philippines had been violently 影響する／感情d by the atmosphere into which she had walked. Physical and social 条件s, as 急速な／放蕩な as the army 明かすd them, 乱暴／暴力を加えるd every tenet of Yankee decency. 燃えて with pity and with righteous wrath, our people flew at the Islands like a White-Wing 旅団 in a sort of 宗教上の War upon ignorance, superstition, 病気 and dirt.
In the town of Manila alone Father McKinnon, padre of the First Californias, opened seven schools before we had been twenty-one days in the place, calling 兵士s from the 階級s to teach. And a-b-c and chloride of lime marched with the marching 旗.
The very words "衛生設備," "検疫," "health 法律s," "医療の care," had neither meaning nor 同等（の） in the islands—a 条件 that our people would not 耐える.
To tell in its proper order all that happened would spin too long a tale. The 命令（する）s of our doctors, sanitary engineers and sanitary 視察官s were driven home by the 会社／堅い 軍の 手渡す. The people fought 支援する with all the 猛烈な／残忍な, がまんするing fury of ignorance and superstitious 恐れる—and fought in vain.
Then we 修理d and built 主要道路s and 橋（渡しをする）s. We made of Manila's impossible 台風-swept frontage one of the safest and best harbours in the East. We elaborately 調査するd and charted the island waters, and we 大きくするd and 完全にするd the Spanish light-house system. We でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd and 制定するd a 計画／陰謀 of 地方の and 地方自治体の 政府. We 修正するd the 犯罪の 法律, 制定するd 植林学 法律s and a general school 法律, 設立するd a school system, 貿易（する） schools, 農業の schools, a university. And we 輸入するd American school-teachers, male and 女性（の）—at one time a thousand in a 選び出す／独身 ark—scattering them broadcast under orders to 教える young Malays out of 正確に／まさに the same text 調書をとる／予約するs that young John Alden was using at home!
We 改革（する）d the 通貨, giving the Islands, in place of the international hodgepodge that had helped to keep them poor, a 安定させるd 通貨 of their own. We 逆転するd the system of 輸入する 義務s that we 設立する—whereby cigars and シャンペン酒 went light-重荷（を負わせる）d while flour and oil paid high. We took a 国勢（人口）調査. Mr. Taft himself went to Rome and 交渉するd for the people of the Philippines, for the sum of $7,000,000, （疑いを）晴らす 肩書を与える to the friars' land.
We made of Manila, that 古代の pest-穴を開ける, a pleasant, almost a clean city. Good public buildings, modern hospitals, 刑務所，拘置所s, schoolhouses and sanitary markets sprang up. Not only in Manila but in the 州s, ports and harbours were 改善するd. The 法廷，裁判所s of 法律 were somewhat 洗浄するd of some of their sins. A 郵便の 貯金 bank, started in 1907, grew apace. Land-調査するs were 押し進めるd. Highroads were built, far and wide and 井戸／弁護士席, incalculably 前進するing the 可能性s of the country.
And, contrary to America's general belief, we did all this and much more also, not at America's 財政上の expense, but wholly out of the 歳入s of the Islands, 遂行するing by an 行政 cleaner and more efficient than we have ever enjoyed at home a 奇蹟 of 業績／成就 and economy.
True to our own conception of a stewardship, we made, from the first, a 安定した 成果／努力 to introduce the Filipino into 政府 service, using him under 指導／手引 and 前進するing him toward 責任／義務 as his ability 増加するd. And by October, 1913, the 過程 had so far 進歩d that the 政府 payrolls showed seventy-two Filipino office-支えるもの／所有者s to every twenty-eight Americans.
These new office-支えるもの／所有者s were やむを得ず of the cacique mestizo class, for the 推論する／理由 that the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the people had not yet time to produce under our school system—the first ever put within their reach—a competent 代表.
It would be idle to pretend that this 政策 of working native 職員／兵員 into the 政府 machine conduced to the quickest 構成要素 results. To have supported our American 長，指導者s of departments with 完全にする staffs of American 専門家s would have been at least to 二塁打 their 業績／成就. But our 最初の／主要な 反対する was, not to raise to ourselves a monument of 構成要素 業績／成就, but to train the people in practice, so that one day, when that training should have struck 深い—should have become no longer an 人工的な 態度 but bone of their bone, spirit of their spirit—they could take the reins and 運動 alone.
That some of them should 願望（する） to 心配する that day was human and natural. Aguinaldo's insurrectionists had raised the 需要・要求する for Independence, and Aguinaldo's insurrectionists were still young men. Independence, その上に, is a talismanic word in mortal ears. But many of the soberer minds felt that a tremendous 適切な時期 was now 申し込む／申し出d them to build, under 技術d and generous 指導／手引 and powerful 保護, 創立／基礎s more solid than any they had dreamed for their structure of ultimate 解放する／自由な nationhood.
And we, of America, sent them as in honour bound our best men—Mr. Taft, Mr. Cameron Forbes, Mr. Dean C. Worcester, の中で the 行政官／管理者s; General 支持を得ようと努めるd and Pershing and 外国人 and Harbord, as 軍の 長，指導者s; Dr. 勝利者 G. Heiser and Dr. Paul Freer, as scientists; 大司教 Harty and Bishop Brent as clergy, only to touch upon the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）. And their 連合させるd 成果／努力 worked with 力／強力にする.
合間, 負かす／撃墜する の中で the unknown 階級s, the best types of disinterested, 井戸／弁護士席-trained, hard-working Americans spent all their imagination, 知恵, courage and strength in teamwork beyond all 賞賛する.
Many of them lost their lives in their devotion to the 原因（となる） they had espoused. Few of them have been either 定評のある or remembered. 非，不，無, I think, grudged the life he gave.
Self-政府 is not a mere form of 会・原則s...It is a form of character...We can give the Filipinos 憲法の 政府, a 政府 which they may count upon to be just,...but we must ourselves for the 現在の 供給（する） that 政府...Self-政府 is not a thing that can be "given" to any people...No people can be "given" the self-支配（する）／統制する of 成熟.1 Only a long 見習いの身分制度 of obedience can 安全な・保証する them the precious 所有／入手...We of all people in the world should know these 根底となる things...To ignore them would be not only to fail and fail miserably, but to fail ridiculously and belie ourselves.
WOODROW WILSON.2
"To fail ridiculously and belie ourselves."
So wrote the 大統領 of Princeton, cloistered and apart, 静める scholar of the science of 政府 and of the history of the world.
And he 追加するd his 表現 of our own 深遠な 負債 to the fact that the men who colonized America and made its 政府 "to the 賞賛 of the world" （機の）カム of a 在庫／株 that, under the 栄冠を与える, had "served the long 見習いの身分制度 of political childhood during which 法律 was 法律 without choice of their own."
Five years later, however, now 長，率いる of a 広大な／多数の／重要な 政党 and 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, Woodrow Wilson sent his message 3 straight to the people of the Philippines. That message 伝えるd the news that he was giving at once to the native 国民s of the Islands a 大多数 in the Appointive （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限. In other words, that he was already placing in their 手渡すs the 支配（する）／統制する of their 法律を制定する 団体／死体.
3 The Corner-石／投石する of Philippine Independence. Francis Burton Harrison, New York, 1922, p. 50.
The dictum was carried by the newly 任命するd 知事-General, Francis Burton Harrison, who himself 率直に accounts it the 勝利者's prize in "a fight for 絶対の 支配（する）／統制する of the purse-strings of the 政府." 4 This is the more 利益／興味ing since Mr. Harrison 明言する／公表するs5 that he 借りがあるd his own 選択 for 任命 to the direct request of a Filipino leader in that same fight for the purse-strings both in Manila and in Washington.
4 The Corner-石／投石する of Philippine Independence, p. 51.
5 Ibid., p. 1.
To go into the personal 記録，記録的な／記録する of Mr. Harrison during his 知事-generalship would be a disheartening thing. He took office on October 6, 1913, and lasted for nearly eight years.
The history of those eight years is the one thing that, before our Filipino accusers, stops an American tongue with shame.
"We could have 除去するd 知事 Harrison at any time," said an 権威のある Filipino 証言，証人／目撃する. "In fact Washington 願望（する）d to 除去する him, but we asked to have him 保持するd. He ふさわしい our 目的."
Said another: "If by his 私的な life and his public 行為／行う he mocked the dignity of the highest office—why should we care? It was your honour in question, not ours."
Said a third: "Some of my political associates think that Mr. Harrison's political 手続き 前進するd our status. As for me, I know that it 始める，決める us far 支援する, and most 不公平に. You had started us on a course of 建設的な training. You were educating our children. You were working our boys up, so you said, in order that, with time and experience, we might develop 構成要素 and ability to 治める／統治する ourselves. You told us that the only man fit for any office was the man best able to do its work. That was hard doctrine for us to credit, we who for centuries have been Spanish-trained. But for fourteen years you 演習d it into us and practised what you preached. So that we were just beginning to take our tongues out of our cheeks and to believe you meant what you said.
AT THE BARRIO WELL. BULACÁN PROVINCE
M. M. Newell
THE HOMES OF THE MILLIONS
M. M. Newell
"And then, all in a flash, you snatch your whole 計画／陰謀 up by the roots, 投げ上げる／ボディチェックする it overboard, elevate a base example to highest office and dash the 政府 into our 手渡すs! You had no 権利 to do it! You had only begun your work when you cast it aside like a thoughtless child tired of a toy.
"You had no 権利 to play with a people's 運命／宿命 that way.
"And when we made a mess of things, as we surely did, and were bound to do, what do you do? Do you say as a just people would: 'It is all our fault. These people are 犠牲者s of our own folly?' Not you! You say: 'Look at the hopeless creatures! They are no more 有能な of self-政府 than the cattle in the fields.' "
All these 声明s 引用するd above are 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する from the （衆議院の）議長s' lips. And it is 井戸／弁護士席 to 耐える always in mind that no such 信用／信任, no such open speech, could be elicited from any 円熟した and responsible man—any man with 所有物／資産／財産 or place or peace to lose—except in circumstances of strictest privacy and under 誓約（する） to 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限 the （衆議院の）議長's 身元 in every way. Under such 条件s the 非，不，無-political Filipino is glad to speak, in earnest hope that his words may reach the people of America and by them be 注意するd. But he will not—for his life he dare not—give his messenger the 権利 to use his 指名する.
The new 政策 of 無差別の Filipinization showed its results more すぐに in some directions than in others, but its general 影響 was a 低迷 all along the line. The 上向き course had been swift—because it was, in fact, wholly the work, not of Orientals, but of high-class Western specialists operating as it were by chance on Oriental stuff.
Now, with that foreign 圧力 弱めるd or 孤立した, the 古代の inherent 軍隊s of inertia, of sloth, of 無関心／冷淡, of ignorance, of cruelty, of greed of place and 力／強力にする, made felt their 負わせる, and sped the 落ちる.
The lean cacique pack, so long kept 餓死するing at the door, had got inside at last.
And the American 知事-General sat 支援する and smiled.
Then, in August, 1916, （機の）カム the passage of the Jones 法律6 by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会.
6 See 虫垂 1.
In the nearly three years that had passed since the 就任（式）／開始 of the new 政策 the 行政 would appear to have recurred with some 疑惑 to its leader's prophetic words. Perhaps indeed, "To ignore them would be not only to fail and fail miserably but to fail ridiculously and belie ourselves."
In any 事例／患者, the Jones 法律, new 有機の 法律 of the Islands, went 今後 to 知事-General Harrison under a remarkable covering letter from the 長官 of War, Mr. Newton D. パン職人.
In it Mr. パン職人 points out the good will of 議会 toward the Islands, but shows that, because of that very good will, 議会 has questioned its own 知恵 in passing the 行為／法令／行動する, 厳粛に 疑問ing lest it has その為に given more in the way of self-政府 than the Filipino people can yet 扱う to their own good.
The 長官, therefore, believes that both the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and the 知事-General are bound to 収容する／認める no 違反 upon the 力／強力にする in their 手渡すs. In other words, both must 発揮する the 最大の care to 許す no その上の 仮定／引き受けることs by the Filipinos of 力／強力にするs that it was the 目的 of 議会 to 保留する. To neglect this 義務, would be to assume an unwise 責任／義務 and to lay Mr. Wilson's 行政 open to 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of 失敗 予定 to a 欠如（する） of 評価 of the mind of 議会 as 表明するd in the Jones 法案.
Serious mistakes, the 長官 主張するs, have already been made in the Philippines, 特に as to the Philippine As-sembly. This 団体／死体, while yet only a prospect, was 熱望して を待つd by the Island people as a panacea for political discontent. The actual workings of the 議会, however, have been branded a 失敗. But the direct 責任／義務 for the 失敗 lies at the door of those whose 義務 it was to 制限する the Philippine 議会 to things by 法律 its 州, yet who, by their too 広大な／多数の／重要な leniency, let it run out of bounds.
Mr. Taft, for example, in 就任するing the 議会, 明言する／公表するd that the （衆議院の）議長 of that 団体／死体 was the second person in the Islands. This, says Mr. パン職人, was wholly outside the 法律 and the 目的 of the 法律. More, it was contrary to world precedent. And yet, because of Mr. Taft's mistake, a 状況／情勢 has been created from which no means of 撤退 has since been 設立する. In the same way more serious 違反s have been broken through the 法律's 趣旨. (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 力／強力にするs 適切に 付随するing only to the 知事-General have been assumed by the （衆議院の）議長 of the 議会, and by him passed on to newly invented の間の-開会／開廷／会期 委員会s with newly-invented 職員／兵員, 設立s—and payrolls. All these encroach upon the 君主 力／強力にする of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. But, the 初めの mistake of permitting their 存在 having been committed, no means of retrieval have yet appeared.
Mr. パン職人 also points out, and with 広大な／多数の／重要な and repeated 強調, the error of former 行政s in permitting 純粋に (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 力／強力にするs to be 演習d by the （衆議院の）議長 of the 議会 and by 法律を制定する 委員会s. The （資金の）充当／歳出 法案s passed under earlier 行政s 耐える 証言，証人／目撃する to the mistake. The 現在の 行政, he is 特に glad to 断言する, will be saved from all such 落し穴s by that 準備／条項 of the new 法律 which 直接／まっすぐに forbids the 演習 of (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 機能（する）／行事s by other than (n)役員／(a)執行力のある officers, and whose 目的 is to put an end to the creeping 違反s of the past.
The passage of the Jones 法律 to which 長官 パン職人 here 言及するs is 含む／封じ込めるd in Section 22, as follows:
供給するd, that all (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 機能（する）／行事s of the 政府 must be 直接／まっすぐに under the 知事-General or within one of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments under the 監督 and 支配（する）／統制する of the 知事-General.
The 長官 of War さらに先に comments on the continuous difficulty heretofore 遭遇（する）d by the 知事s-General in their 成果／努力s to 安全な・保証する passage for good 法律制定. It has heretofore been necessary, Mr. パン職人 明言する／公表するs, 事実上 to 賄賂 the 議会 to pass any 望ましい 法案. This has resulted in the 創造 of multiplied paid 委員会s of the 議会, in the 支払い（額） of exorbitant per diems and salaries and in the 任命 of many unneeded 雇うés of the 議会.
The unfortunate fact that former 知事s-General have 産する／生じるd the proper 力／強力にする of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to encroachment by native 立法議員s will make the course 推定する／予想するd of the 現在の (n)役員／(a)執行力のある the more arduous. But the 目的 of the new 有機の 行為／法令／行動する is unmistakable and cannot be escaped. Therefore, in spite of all difficulty, a new spirit must now be instilled into the 立法機関. The 立法機関 must be made to see and to 受託する the 制限 of its 力／強力にするs. さもなければ, says Mr. パン職人, the 実験 伴う／関わるd in the passage of the Jones 法律 must be a hopeless 失敗.
Filipinization, Mr. パン職人 points out, has been 訴訟／進行 very 速く under Mr. Harrison. Hereafter, Mr. Harrison will take care that no American in higher office be 取って代わるd by a Filipino except where the public 福利事業 is その為に served. As to the lower grades, there should be 進歩 but, 特に in the more responsible 支店s—as the Constabulary, the auditors, treasurers, teachers, etc.—that 進歩 must be slow.
The 意図 of the new 法律, says 長官 パン職人, is to make the 力／強力にする of the 知事-General far greater than it has been in the past. For this it has 供給するd by several 限定された means, 目だつ の中で which is the "包括的な 拒否権 力／強力にする."
The 知事-General of the Philippines, so Mr. パン職人 lays 負かす／撃墜する, must, in any time of 不一致 with the 立法機関, take an inflexible stand against any 行為／法令／行動する 伴う／関わるing a 出発 from our 政策 for the Islands. He must see to it, for instance, and see to it watchfully, that no 差別 against American 国民s, for whatever 原因（となる） or 誘発, be 許すd.
議会 omitted, it is true, to 具体的に表現する in the 行為／法令／行動する a 明確な／細部 条項 to this 影響. And this omission was permitted, says Mr. パン職人, on the special 嘆願 of 確かな persons who 断言するd that the insertion of such a 条項 would 傷つける the sensibilities of the Philippine 立法機関,—which they 宣言するd, for a multitude of 推論する／理由s based on 感謝 for what has been done, would never 本気で 熟視する／熟考する the passage of 法律s 差別するing against American 国民s.
Mr. パン職人, however, 発言／述べるs that he does not consider that this argument would stand much 緊張する in practice.
He emphatically 明言する／公表するs that the most 絶対の 忠義 to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America, 解放する／自由な from a breath of 疑問, must be 需要・要求するd of all office-支えるもの／所有者s in the Islands and that not the slightest 緩和 負かす／撃墜する of any outward form and observance of 忠義 shall be anywhere permitted. And he 引用するs from Section 6, continuing in 軍隊 存在するing 法律, the に引き続いて:
An 不可欠の 資格 for all offices and positions of 信用 and 当局 in the Islands must be 絶対の and 無条件の 忠義 to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and 絶対の and unhampered 当局 and 力／強力にする to 除去する and punish any officer deviating from that 基準 must at all times be 保持するd in the 手渡すs of the central 当局 of the Islands.
Mr. パン職人 then speaks, and with the gravest 軍隊, of the 義務 of the American 知事-General to 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限 to the 最大の the Insular Auditor's office. The Insular Auditor's office must not and shall not be 弱めるd, either by 保留するing （資金の）充当／歳出s for its proper staff, or by attacks upon the civil service. If any such 試みる／企てる is made, says the Democratic 長官 of War, it will be the 義務 of the 知事-General to see to it that the Philippine 立法機関 明確に understands that the 行為／法令／行動する will be regarded in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs as a betrayal of 信用／信任.
Finally, any betrayal of the 信用／信任 暗示するd in the new 法律 so doubtfully 制定するd by the American 議会 can only result in the 撤退 by 議会 of the 力／強力にするs therein 認めるd, and in the justification of the many who believe that the Jones 法律 itself is unwarranted, premature and unwise.
This 文書, which 明白に （機の）カム from an anxious mind, was as 明白に ーするつもりであるd as an 索引 of the dangers of the new 法律.
"Here," it might have said, "is a 地図／計画する of the 拡大 割れ目s that we have doubtfully left to （問題を）取り上げる 未来 growth in the Islands. Be 警告するd of your own 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な 義務, as American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある, to see to it that no unwise or premature or unscrupulous use is made of those 割れ目s, and be 誘発する to forestall vicious 戦略."
長官 パン職人's letter was ーするつもりであるd for the 私的な 指導／手引 of its 受取人. Mr. Harrison, however—so it is 断言するd—without 延期する and without reserve spread that letter wide open before some of the 長，指導者 Filipino 政治家íticos. Its contents were soon bandied about in political Manila. And, with the 広大な／多数の／重要な advantage of that carefully-thought-out 文書 as a guide, neatly 逆転するing its "dos" and its "don'ts" the 政治家íticos proceeded to open the バーレル／樽 によれば the directions on the 長，率いる.
The history of the next five years is a history of 破壊, decay and 略奪する.
A 安定した 生産（高） of 法律制定 began—法律制定 to eat away the 力／強力にするs of the 知事-General—to 土台を崩す the 当局 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, to create ever new 職業s, new salaries and new （資金の）充当／歳出s and to do away with the old 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限s. Mr. パン職人's 公式の／役人 directions in 手渡す, the 政治家íticos carefully did to the Jones 法律—the 有機の 行為／法令／行動する, as it was called—each and every thing that the directions forbade. And then they went on to 発明s of their own.
These things, in themselves, were all or almost all unlawful. But the 有機の 行為／法令／行動する 任命するs (sec. 19) that the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs shall 認可する or disapprove an 行為／法令／行動する submitted to him...within six months from and after its （法の）制定 and submission for his 是認; and if not 認可するd within such time it shall become a 法律 the same as if it had been 特に 認可するd.
But the World War was on, filling all minds. 非，不，無 of the 法律制定 just 述べるd elicited Washington's notice. And 知事-General Harrison, in the whole course of his 行政, used his 拒否権 力／強力にする but five times—and then in minor 事例／患者s.
Thus, without let or hindrance, every department but the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 was cast into the 手渡すs of the cacique politico, lock, 在庫／株 and バーレル／樽. And in every one, the work so carefully, soundly, economically built up during our first fourteen years, went 微光ing.
The 法廷，裁判所 dockets, at the beginning of Mr. Harrison's régime, were 事実上 （疑いを）晴らす. At the end more than 50,000 事例／患者s clogged the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s, hopelessly を待つing 裁判，公判.
医療の, health and 衛生設備 work fell off to a 壊滅的な degree. The death 率 showed this:
1913 ... 19.10 per thousand
1918 ... 40.79 per thousand
Nor is the terrible discrepancy to be accounted for by the fact that 1918 was the year of the influenza.
Rinderpest and anthrax, two deadly 疫病／流行性のs, 激怒（する）d の中で the cattle, 殺人，大当り off hundreds of thousands 毎年 and 廃虚ing thousands of 農業者s whose 暮らし lay with their 草案-在庫／株; and the 検疫s that should have saved them were never 施行するd—for the experienced American veterinarians and cattle-視察官s had all been dropped out of the service, leaving ignorant and venal 地元の caciques to dictate at 楽しみ. Pests 脅すd the rice and hemp, 決定的な 刈るs both, and the Filipinized Bureau of 農業 slept on. The 立法機関 削除するd the （資金の）充当／歳出 for the Bureau of Science—製造者 of ワクチンs, serums, 分析, etc.—the bureau that perhaps 与える／捧げるd more to the Islands' 繁栄 than any other one 器具.
The University, even when American-controlled, had of necessity 持続するd a 基準 lower than those of America because of the 条件 of the country. It had 目的（とする）d, however, by 漸進的な 開発 of the whole 教育の system to raise that 基準. With Filipinization hope died, and 必要物／必要条件s dropped far and hard.
合間, while 質 everywhere went 宙返り／暴落するing, expenses 急に上がるd. During the 行政 of 知事-General Cameron Forbes, who に先行するd Mr. Harrison in office, the 予算 of the 政府 did not 越える $14,000,000. Out of that sum, 知事-General Forbes not only kept up every department in 行政 and 業績／成果, but built 罰金 主要道路s into 事実上 every part of the Islands, その為に 解放（する）ing and 増加するing the country's wealth. His tightly 負傷させる machine continued to run on for a time by 初めの impetus. But while new mileage was built, much of that already 建設するd now 速く decayed, leaving sad 難破 to masquerade on paper 記録，記録的な／記録するs as "first-class 主要道路s."
During Mr. Harrison's 行政 the 予算 発射 up from $14,000,000 to $50,000,000, the country went almost 破産者／倒産した, and at the の近くに of the period it was necessary to create an 付加 社債d indebtedness of $48,000,000.
A 広大な／多数の／重要な 増加する appeared in the country's 歳入. This, however, was 予定 not to 増加するd 生産／産物 but to war インフレーション of the values of sugar and cocoanut oil. The country's almost 破産 （機の）カム, first, from general maladministration, which 含むd a flood of loose 支出 that rose far above the 示す 始める，決める by war prices; and second, from mad . 政治の 投機・賭けるs into banking, 鉄道 管理／経営 and general "商売／仕事," いわゆる.
With 注目する，もくろむs wide open, with our 大統領's 警告 in our ears, we 急ぐd 負かす／撃墜する the 井戸／弁護士席-示すd road to "Fail and Fail Miserably...to Fail Ridiculously and Belie Ourselves."
On March 5, 1921, the day after the 就任（式）／開始 of 大統領 Harding, Mr. Harrison quitted his 知事-Generalship and the Islands.
Up to to-day, America has sent seven 知事s to the Philippine Islands—four 共和国の／共和党のs and three 民主党員s—of which latter, by the way, the first two were 任命するd by 大統領 Roosevelt. Of these seven, Francis Burton Harrison is the 単独の and only one not （刑事）被告, 非難するd and reviled for his 作品, during his time in office, by the Filipino politico.
合間, from half the world away, the smell of the thing had reached America, and the 後継の 行政 could not but see that something must quickly be done to redeem our 指名する in the Orient. The 旅行 from Washington to Manila uses up one month. On May 4th, 1921—just sixty days after Mr. Harding took office—his Special 使節団 to the Philippines entered Manila harbour.
It consisted of two men 論理（学）上 equipped to form and to （判決などを）下す an intelligent opinion on the 支配する in 手渡す.
One, Major-General Leonard 支持を得ようと努めるd, had twice served in the Islands, first as 知事 of the Moro 州 (1903-1906), again as 命令（する）ing the Philippine 分割 of the U. S. Army (1906-8) and was therefore 本人自身で familiar with place and people; besides which he had behind him, in his two and one-half years' service as 知事-General of Cuba, a 記録，記録的な／記録する of 業績／成就 in the only in-any-way-類似の problem that had ever 直面するd America.
The other Commissioner, Mr. W. Cameron Forbes, had been a member of the old Philippines （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 as 長官 of 商業 and Police from 1904. to 1908; had served as 副／悪徳行為-知事 of the Philippines from 1908 to 1909; and had served as 知事-General from 1909 to 1913. As 財政上の and 工学 専門家, Mr. Forbes's 率ing in America is high. His 行政 in the Philippines had been eminently distinguished by 業績／成就, economy and generous devotion. その上の, as that 行政 lay but eight years 支援する, itself 構成するing Mr. Harrison's point of 出発, the whole nature and history of 最近の events needed no interpreter to Mr. Forbes's 注目する，もくろむ.
Both men 命令（する）d the Spanish language.
The 使節団 始める，決める 敏速に to work. And the very first thing that it 設立する, 星／主役にするing it in the 直面する like a ghost on the threshold, was this fact:—The 事件／事情／状勢s of the Philippine Islands were in a 条件 of 絶対の 大混乱. Only money could retrieve them from 廃虚. And the Philippine Islands of themselves could by no means and by no 可能性 raise money. For their credit was killed.
Therefore Major-General 支持を得ようと努めるd and Mr. W. Cameron Forbes, as their first basic 行為／法令／行動する, sent to the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs an 控訴，上告 for 即座の 救助（する） for the Philippine Islands.
And the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs was so impressed by the 緊急 of that 控訴，上告 that it stopped other 事件／事情／状勢s in the 中央 of a busy 開会／開廷／会期 to pass an 行為／法令／行動する 増加するing the 当局 of the Philippine Islands to borrow money.
This life-or-death 緊急 手段 having first been 急ぐd through, the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 settled 負かす／撃墜する to the 詳細（に述べる）s of its 仕事.
It visited 事実上 every part of the 群島 and took 苦痛s to see, listen to and 協議する with, every element of the entire 全住民. It 陳列する，発揮するd an amazing and いつかs rather a disconcerting energy and ubiquity, and it 設立する out a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定.
These findings, checked, re-checked, co-ordinated, boiled 負かす／撃墜する to the irreducible and 軟化するd to the 瀬戸際 of complaisance, it 現在のd to 大統領 Harding in what is 一般的に called "The 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測."
Printed as a 連邦議会の 文書, this 報告（する）／憶測 is yet easily 利用できる. Behind this 報告（する）／憶測 stands a 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of documentation in support, とじ込み／提出するd in our 連邦の 古記録s.
The errand of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 使節団, as defined by 大統領 Harding at the start, was to 決定する whether 大統領 Wilson had been 井戸／弁護士席-知らせるd when he told 議会 1 that the Filipino people were ready and fit to receive 完全にする independence.
1 Message of December 7, 1920.
The 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 使節団's 結論s read, in part:
...the experience of the past eight years, during which they [the Filipinos] have had practical 自治, has not been such as to 正当化する the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 放棄するing 監督 of the 政府 of the Philippine Islands...
Its 推薦s were few and 簡潔な／要約する. They are:
1. We recommend that the 現在の general status of the Philippine Islands continue until the people have had time to 吸収する and 完全に master the 力／強力にするs already in their 手渡すs.
2. We recommend that the responsible 代表者／国会議員 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, the 知事-General, have 当局 相応した with the 責任／義務s of his position. In 事例／患者 of 失敗 to 安全な・保証する the necessary corrective 活動／戦闘 by the Philippine 立法機関, we recommend that 議会 宣言する 無効の 法律制定 which has been 制定するd 減らすing, 限界ing or dividing the 当局 認めるd the 知事-General under 行為／法令／行動する of 議会 No. 240 of the Sixty-fourth 議会, known as the Jones 法案.
3. We recommend that in 事例／患者 of a 行き詰まる between the 知事-General and the Philippine 上院 in the 確定／確認 of 任命s, the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs be 権限を与えるd to make and （判決などを）下す the final 決定／判定勝ち（する）.
4. We recommend that under no circumstance should the
American 政府 許す to be 設立するd in the Philippine
Islands a 状況／情勢 which would leave the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in a
position of 責任／義務 without 当局.
Mr. Harrison, in quitting the Islands, is 申し立てられた／疑わしい 率直に to have celebrated the fact that he was "leaving the 知事-Generalship impossible for any 共和国の／共和党の." He did more than that—he left it "impossible," in his sense, for any American 国民.
The 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測 summed up its 解説，博覧会 of the 事柄 in the second and fourth paragraph of the 推薦s just 引用するd.
Having received the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測, 大統領 Hard-ing turned to its 共同の author, Major-General Leonard 支持を得ようと努めるd, and asked him to 請け負う the actual 救助（する） of the Philippines.
Now, Major-General 支持を得ようと努めるd had but recently 受託するd the office of 大統領 and Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, 事実上 a life position, 申し込む／申し出ing him の中で his own young countrymen at home a field of 労働 peculiarly dear to his heart. And the service that 大統領 Harding now 要求するd of him meant 不明確な／無期限の years of 追放する in a distant land at a 激しい and 上りの／困難な 仕事. But the General's own findings as to the needs of the Islands and as to the 政策 需要・要求するd of America その為に, were the grounds upon which Mr. Hard-ing stood in making the request.
What followed may be taken from the lips of one of the few who really knew—Dr. 勝利者 G. Heiser, Director of the East, International Health Board, Rockefeller 創立／基礎.
Dr. Heiser, as 長，指導者 検疫 Officer of the Philippines from 1903 to 1905, as Director of Health for the Philippines from 1903 to 1915, and as a たびたび（訪れる） visiting 視察官 on the 創立／基礎's に代わって since the latter date, knows insular 条件s, history and 職員／兵員 from inside out. He also knows General 支持を得ようと努めるd. And he thus 述べるs what took place on the evening before General 支持を得ようと努めるd made known his final answer to the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and to the University of Pennsylvania.
"We were sitting there after dinner, on the verandah of Malacañan,2 with the mosquitoes biting our ankles, the little 微風 stirring the palm-leaves, and the muddy river 押し進めるing along in the 不明瞭 beneath. We had been silent a long time, smoking—just we two. And my thoughts had peered into the 未来 until I could stand it no more.—So, out of sheer unhappiness, I intruded into another man's most 私的な 事件／事情／状勢.
2 The 指名する of the 公式の／役人 住居 of the 知事s-General of the Philippines.
"'General,' I said, 'I'm going to give you my advice unasked; I don't see how you can 受託する this position.
"'If you do the 職業 one hundred per cent perfectly it will 追加する nothing to your 評判, while anything short of that will be 掴むd upon by your 対抗者s and will be used to your 傷つける.
"'The 大統領／総裁などの地位 of the University of Pennsylvania carries a comparatively large income—a furnished house and other perquisites—against which there will be no 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s. 反して, the salary of the 知事-General of the Philippine Islands is only $18,000, of which you will have to spend so much to 会合，会う the necessary expenses of 政府 House that you will be literally working for nothing. You know, I know, every old-timer here knows, that when you come to the Philippines you bury yourself alive. The good you do is never realized at home. Daily lies will be told against you. Your every 行為／法令／行動する will be 新たな展開d to appear actuated by ulterior 動機s. And you are too far away ever to answer the 名誉き損，中傷s of those who vilify you. You will 本気で 危険にさらす your 評判 without the 可能性 of 伸び（る） to yourself in 指名する or fortune.'
"The General sat 静かな for a few moments, looking off into the dark. Then, knocking the ash from his cigar, he answered me in words that 燃やすd themselves into my memory:
"'That is all true, Heiser. But I can't help 認めるing, and I hope I can say it without any egotism, that there are very few of us Americans who have had experience in 治める／統治するing dependencies. It so happens that I am one of those men. I have been 知事-General of Cuba, Civil 知事 of the Moro 州, and 命令（する）ing General of the Philippine 分割. And I have travelled very extensively in British 植民地s, where I have 熟考する／考慮するd the problems of 行政.
"'If this Philippine 実験 fails, although the Filipinos are 直接／まっすぐに in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of it, it will にもかかわらず go 負かす／撃墜する in history, and 適切に so, as an American 失敗.
"'Now, throughout my many years of public life, I have always preached the 義務 of service to our country. I have preached it both by the printed page and from the 壇・綱領・公約.
"'井戸／弁護士席, then, I feel that 権利 here I have an 適切な時期 to 論証する to my fellow 国民s that I meant what I said. As the 大統領 is giving me the 適切な時期, I am going to 受託する the position, 関わりなく what it costs me. And, come what may, I shall stick to it to the end.
"'I am a poor man. Yes. That is true. But this is a 出資／貢献 to my country that I want to make.'"
So, on October 15, 1921, he started in—on as thankless a 職業 as ever a man undertook—started in with his 注目する，もくろむs wide open to the cost of it, knowing what lay ahead.
At that moment, it is said, a child might have played with the lions of the Islands. They were not 性質の／したい気がして to roar. In fact, they were 脅すd—so 不正に 脅すd that even the fiercest の中で them talked of retiring to the ジャングル as 疲れた／うんざりした of public life.
The obvious thing for the new (n)役員／(a)執行力のある to do would indeed have been the thing they were all 推定する／予想するing—to make a clean sweep of the 任命する／導入するd machine and start afresh. But such was not the 目的 of the new 知事-General. His theory was that, since he must 扱う these people anyway, in or out, it might 同様に be in—that he would best work upon the 構成要素 in 手渡す with the 道具s that lay readiest.
"Weakling!" cried the American old-timers in the Islands, only half-seeing what he was at.
"Milksop!" cried they. "Granny! Why doesn't he get after the rascals and make them 追跡（する） their 穴を開けるs! Why doesn't he swing the 戦う／戦い-axe?"
But those who called for the 戦う／戦い-axe forgot just what Mr. Harrison had chosen to forget—that the 知事-General of the Philippines is bound to 治める／統治する under the 法律—under the 有機の 行為／法令／行動する. The men whom they would have beheaded were elective officers of an elected 団体／死体.
"井戸／弁護士席, anyway, the 会議 of 明言する／公表する 3 is a mischievous excrescence," our old-timers 追求するd,—"The idea of tying the 知事-General up to what may be a ギャング（団） of conspirators against the public weal! That is ridiculous! Let him begin by 廃止するing the 会議 of 明言する／公表する."
3 The 会議 of 明言する／公表する under the 知事-General consisted of the 副／悪徳行為-知事-General, the 大統領 of the 上院, the （衆議院の）議長 of the House and the 長官s of the several Departments. It was created by (n)役員／(a)執行力のある order of Mr. Harrison and was, whatever its other 質s, one of the 目だつ examples of encroachment upon the prerogatives of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府, as defined in the 有機の 行為／法令／行動する.
Now, the 会議 of 明言する／公表する is indeed an extra-合法的な 団体／死体 without 当局 for 存在 by the 有機の 行為／法令／行動する. The 知事-General probably could 廃止する it at will. Yet the fact remains that all the 集まり of 法律s put through the Philippine 立法機関 in Mr. Harrison's day is so 完全に entangled with the 会議 of 明言する／公表する, the whole 決まりきった仕事 of 行政の 手続き so 負傷させる up in it, as to be inextricable except by means of a major 操作／手術 成し遂げるd by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会.
The heat of the Americans, however, was natural. They were not all paragons, but they had done, as a whole, excellent work in the Islands, 延長するing 貿易（する） and credit, 開始 the country, bettering 条件s everywhere, through many 疲れた／うんざりした years. They had never been rewarded by large 利益（をあげる）. Not one of them had "made a fortune" in any modern sense of the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語. Yet they had continued 安定した, enlightened 労働. They had 観察するd order under many 誘発s. As 長官 パン職人 had so wisely foreseen, they had にもかかわらず become the 反対する of much 不公平な 差別. And they had never received, from any Insular 行政, as much consideration as they probably felt that their 記録，記録的な／記録する deserved.
And yet, the one thing first 現職の upon the new (n)役員／(a)執行力のある was not to jump in and clean the political stables, but to stop the crevasse in the 財務省 dyke—and to stop it quick. For the eleventh hour was past and the twelfth far spent.
When General 支持を得ようと努めるd took office the 政府 was 破産者／倒産した, with a 赤字 of about $20,000,000 and no credit. And the peso stood at 17 per cent 割引. There was no reserve 基金 and no 信用／信任. 商売／仕事 was dead. The 底（に届く） of all things was just about to 減少（する） out.
But the peso, すぐに on General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 任命, began to rise. His 指名する 加える the several 財政上の 対策 that he 押し進めるd through the 立法機関 made it possible to get from America a new 救助（する） 貸付金 of $22,500,000. And his two 連続する 年次の 予算s—those of 1922 and 1923—at last raised things to the 無 point, just as by 技術 and patience, by strength and 労働, a sunken ship is raised to the surface of the sea.
The money that had been lost was Filipino money, lost by Filipinos. The 救助（する） money was American money; for it may be taken as an 耐えるing fact that no Filipino buys his own, or any other 政府's 社債s—not while he can 貸付金 out his 黒字／過剰 at fantastic 率s of usury. And the man who now 治めるd that American 救助（する） money was 決定するd to stand watch over it and see it do its 救助（する） work.
"The lid is 負かす／撃墜する on the 財務省-box," said the new 知事-General. "It still can be opened by the lever of sound 投資 and 合法的な 企業. But 解放する／自由な and unsecured 循環／発行部数 of public 基金s の中で political friends is finished."
"This man 欠如（する）s polish," murmured the 政治家íticos, one to the other. "This is a rough and tactless type. Militaristic. Brusque. How much more agreeable was Mr. Harrison's smile!"
にもかかわらず, they did as they were 企て，努力，提案. For, as has been said, they were 本気で, 本人自身で 脅すd. They acquiesced in a 過激な lopping of overgrown 職員／兵員 throughout the departments; in a 削減 of the 群れている of モーター cars that everybody had 投票（する）d to everybody else; in the number and expenses of the insular ships; in a かなりの variety of other things until the sum of their acquiescing 量d to a total 削減 of 37 per cent in the 年次の expense of the Islands.
And all this necessary work was helped—or so the 知事-General hoped—by his 懐柔的な 政策 of 保持するing the old 閣僚 that he had 設立する in office upon his arrival; of 保持するing the 会議 of 明言する／公表する; and of 労働ing diligently to 持続する 平和的な relations with the 立法機関.
In the 中央 of which the curtain flew up on that amazing divertissement する権利を与えるd "The Philippine 国家の Bank."
The Philippine 国家の Bank was created in 1916, in the joyous days of Harrison. The Philippine 立法機関, in giving it birth, endowed it with the 権利 to 問題／発行する 公式文書，認めるs, to do 商業の 商売／仕事 and to 投資する not more than 50 per cent of its 資本／首都 in 農業の 貸付金s.
The 立法機関 then ordered into the coffers of its new 創造 all 地方自治体の and 地方の 基金s throughout the 群島, 同様に as all 基金s of the Insular 政府, 身を引くing from other banks for the 目的.
Next, it 輸入するd from America Dr. H. Parker Willis, 長官 of the U. S. 連邦の Reserve Board, and made him 大統領 of the bank. Dr. Willis remained in office for nearly a year, gave much good advice which was 終始一貫して ignored, and so 出発／死d. They then put in, as 大統領, Mr. Samuel Ferguson, American, a man whose 資格s are said to have been that he had been clerical 長官 in Mr. Har-rison's office, without one day's experience in banking. He died a year later. His ignorance of banking was inclusive.
Mr. Ferguson having passed on, General Venancio Concepción 後継するd to the 空いている 議長，司会を務める. General Concepción was a small Filipino 政治家，政治屋 with a shady 記録，記録的な／記録する. General Concepcion's その上の 器具／備品 for the 地位，任命する equalled that of his 前任者, excepting for the facts that he had had no clerkship in the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある office and that he was understood to be sober.
Dr. H. Parker Willis, in his 簡潔な／要約する day, had been able to 挿入する a few Americans into the bank 職員／兵員, but to these
General Concepción soon made a final end, leaving but one 孤独な 生存者 and he a subordinate.
This presently （機の）カム to mean that an organization 含む／封じ込めるing not a 選び出す／独身 trained 銀行業者, not one 選び出す／独身 man familiar with bank 詳細（に述べる）, was 扱うing and 投資するing $150,000,000 of values. And, there 存在 no bank examiners, no one was keeping check.
What happened, this vantage-ground once reached, has been 要約するd as follows:
"They (the Filipino 政治家íticos) were like a child with a new toy. They laughed and cried over it, hugged it and kissed it, fondled it, 激しく揺するd it to sleep and then woke it up and jumped on it, banged it with a club, ripped it open and pulled the stuffing out." 1
1 編集（者）の in The Far Eastern Reviepu, Shanghai, September, 1923, p. 583.
By the summer of 1919, rumours of this 過程 reaching faraway Washington led Mr. Newton D. パン職人, 長官 of War, to 権限を与える a bank examination. He 指名するd for the 仕事 Mr. Francis Coates, Jr., （疑いを）晴らすing-House examiner of Cleveland, Ohio, and despatched him to Manila. Mr. Coates began his work on November 30, 1919, continued it for four months and then fell ill. His 報告（する）／憶測 did not reach Washington until September, 1920, and was then incomplete. It did not cover, for example, the 資産s of 機関s and 支店s 量ing to about $13,292,500.
As far as he had got, however, his findings were 利益／興味ing. He said, in part:
The 黒字／過剰 and 利益（をあげる）s of the bank, aggregating P6,196,42 8, are 完全に wiped out by 概算の losses aggregating P10,697,166...The paid and subscribed 資本／首都 of the bank is P12,980,000, leaving a 利ざや of 資本／首都 unimpaired of P8,479,202, against which is scheduled: slow, 非，不，無-liquid and 疑わしい values, P8,-550,107, slow, 非，不，無-liquid and problematical values P6,926,530, and undetermined values of P8,728,353—a total of P24,204,99O.
In 新規加入 to this we have to consider that class of 資産s that is scheduled as "slow and 非，不，無-liquid but 最終的に solvent values" aggregating P25,311,119, and also 非，不，無-liquidity 代表するd by the depletion of (and the necessary 未来 復古／返還 of) the cash reserve 基金 量ing to P30,000,000, and the 証明書 reserve 基金 (of the insular treasurer) 量ing to P80,000,000.
Mr. Coates's 報告（する）／憶測 also showed that the bank's 収入 accounts of 黒字／過剰, reserve and 分割されない 利益（をあげる） had been ひどく padded with sums of 利益／興味 money that never had been collected and that in all 見込み never could be collected. Regarding this practice he said:
The 増加するing of the 資産s by 非難する into them accounts that are known to be worthless or...非，不，無-liquid,...can （一定の）期間 but only one result—災害.
Mr. Coates's entire finding is one 無傷の tale of inefficiency, carelessness and mismanagement. The 長，率いる office in Manila, he discovered, knew little and cared いっそう少なく about the doings of 機関s and 支店s, of which there were forty-five in the Islands. No proper 声明 of the 事件／事情／状勢s of the bank as a whole had ever been made. Credit was 延長するd in one department in entire ignorance of what other departments knew or were doing. 貸付金s were made by 支店s the proceeds of which were used to 支払う／賃金 貸付金s 予定 at the 長，率いる office. No 計画／陰謀 存在するd for any central knowledge and 支配（する）／統制する of the bank's 商売／仕事. As to the 通貨 reserve, this is what had happened:
For twelve years the carefully worked-out Philippine 通貨 system 設立するd in 1903 by the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs had worked 井戸／弁護士席, and the 信用 基金s behind it, —some $40,000,000 gold, had been duly 持続するd in New York. Scarcely had the Philippine 国家の Bank opened its doors, however, when a 安定した （警察の）手入れ，急襲 upon that gold reserve started. 反抗するing the basic 支配するs of 通貨 法律, the 信用 基金s in New York were now juggled into the しっかり掴む of the bank, which すぐに transferred them to Manila and proceeded to 注ぐ them out into the 手渡すs of its friends.
"The stupidity of the 処理／取引 is almost unequalled in the annals of 財政／金融," says a later 捜査官／調査官. But it cannot in 司法（官） be overlooked that while this 卸売 （警察の）手入れ，急襲 upon the people's 基金s was 存在 committed by a handful of excited Malays, too untaught to be 深く，強烈に 非難するd, an American 知事-General 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with 責任／義務 for the entire Islands' 福利事業 sat by and watched, inactive. Or that Washington, whose 商売／仕事 it was, by silence gave assent.
As a result, the 通貨 system later broke 負かす／撃墜する 完全に and the 政府, in a vain 試みる／企てる to 供給（する） gold in New York against which 交流 might be sold, コースを変えるd other 信用 基金s from their 合法的な usage, and, besides, borrowed large sums from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 財務省. Herein lies 大部分は the explanation for the necessity of 増加するing the indebtedness of the Islands by some $45,000,000.2
2 Wright-ツバメ 報告（する）／憶測, （判決などを）下すd November 20, 1922.
Mr. Coates, in his 報告（する）／憶測, paused in 悲しみ to 解任する the high ideals that Dr. Willis had 始める，決める before the bank at its birth, —and then pointed out the spectacle afforded by that 会・原則—an 会・原則 of a size 需要・要求するing the acme of 技術 in 扱うing—now under a 大統領，／社長 "inexperienced in banking and in the 財政上の world of the white man—unsupported by a 選び出す／独身 officer or director who had the necessary experience and 接触する, and 乗組員を乗せた with a 乗組員 of natives—neophytes in the 詳細（に述べる）s of the game."
貸付金s, Mr. Coates 設立する, had been 自由に 認めるd in 完全にする 無視（する） of credit considerations. Politics and 私的な friendships, the only 重要なs to the 丸天井s, had amply 十分であるd to open them wide—or to 調印（する） them tight. 資産s, once acquired, had been looked after and 保護するd with extreme carelessness and procrastination. And the examiner's search 明らかにする／漏らすd 貸付金s in the sum of $4,139,176.50 as to whose solvency the bank's 記録，記録的な／記録するs 含む／封じ込めるd no （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）.
One characteristic 出来事/事件 was the 是認 by Vicente Singson Encarnación and his fellow-directors of the Philippine 国家の Bank of 貸付金s from the bank aggregating $514,252, made in favour of the Compañía Naviera de Filipinas. Of this company Bank Director Vicente Singson Encarnación was both 大統領 and 相当な 株主. The 貸付金s were asked for the 購入（する） of three boats. 利益／興味 on the 量 増加するd the company's 負債 to $674,159.78. To （負債など）支払う, the boats were sold for $197,416.44—the best price they would bring—and the bank lost the difference. Article 35 of the Bank 行為／法令／行動する reads:
The 国家の Bank shall not, 直接／まっすぐに or 間接に, 認める 貸付金s to any of the members of the Board of Directors of the 国家の Bank...
にもかかわらず, many of the Directors of the bank were 設立する to be, themselves, の中で the heaviest debtors.
It was not, however, until the summer of 1924 that 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 緊急 was able to break through the dead-line of political 抵抗 and 安全な・保証する とじ込み／提出するing of 活動／戦闘s against Directors of the Bank, の中で whom was Mr. Archibald Harrison, the late 知事-General's brother. These 活動／戦闘s were brought to 回復する losses 苦しむd by the 政府 through the Directors' malfeasance or through their 失敗 or neglect to 従う with the 法律.
In 反抗 of the 法律, about $3,625,000 had been 貸付金d to 利益／興味s owned and controlled 完全に or in part of directors of the bank, of which 貸付金 over a third at least was dead loss.
Thus Messrs. Singson Encarnación, Vicente Madrigal and 押し通すón J. Fernandez,3 in their capacity of Directors of the Philippine 国家の Bank, lent to themselves in their capacity of 株主s in three several companies, the sum of $2,-150,000; after which 操作／手術 the companies went insolvent. In two other 会社／団体s that borrowed ひどく from the 国家の Bank to the bank's 悲惨な loss, not only Directors Madrigal and Fernandez, but also the 大統領 of the bank himself, General Venancio Concepción, were 株主s. And in February and March, 1919, the 会社／堅い of Fernandez Brothers, of which Director 押し通すón J. Fernandez is 上級の partner, with Director Vicente Madrigal, took from the bank $1,105,420.64, giving as 安全 39,000 bales of hemp valued at $32 per bale. The price of hemp fell, and the bank lost about $850,000 on that one 処理／取引.
3 Mr. Fernandez—it is said on the 主張 of Mr. Quezon—subsequently was sent to the 上院, in the 1923 選挙 and is now 上院議員.
Of this last 事件／事情／状勢, 知事-General Harrison is 引用するd as 説, when the 記録，記録的な／記録する was spread before him:
"It is the most pitiful story I ever heard."
Mr. Harrison, however, was about to slip out forever from under the 廃虚 whose 重荷（を負わせる） the innocent millions of the Filipino people must 耐える these many years to come. His 後継者 プロの／賛成の tern, 事実上の／代理-知事 Yeater, was then 解放する／自由な to cable the 長官 of War:
In my judgment, the 国家の Bank may be 要約するd as drifting with an undisciplined 乗組員, without rudder, compass or captain. The last American leaves this month. The bank needs a 経営者／支配人 and 長，率いるs of departments with bank experience and 財政上の instincts. 在庫／株 has 拒絶する／低下するd to 40. Believe bank solvent, but 単に on 約束, without seeing or knowing.
合間, in 見解（をとる） of the 報告（する）／憶測 of Mr. Coates, Washington had taken 事柄s into its own 手渡すs to the extent of sending out to the bank an experienced 経営者／支配人, Mr. E. W. Wilson of San Francisco, who arrived 早期に in January, 1921, and assumed the 仕事 割り当てるd him.
Then, in March, 1921, （機の）カム the change of 行政 in Washington and Mr. Harding's 就任（式）／開始, closely followed by the despatch of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 to 診断する 事件／事情／状勢s in the Philippines.
And one of the earlier features of that （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限's work was the 取り組むing of the mysteries of the Philippine 国家の Bank by the 井戸／弁護士席-known New York 会社／堅い of Haskins and Sells, certified public accountants.
Messrs. Haskins and Sells's 予選 報告（する）／憶測, first fruit of an examination 継続している over a year, showed that "the 投資 made by the Philippine 政府 in the 資本／首都 在庫／株 of the Philippine 国家の Bank has been 完全に lost...[and] that the bank has operated...in 違反 of every 原則 which prudence, 知能 or even honesty could dictate."
This final 報告（する）／憶測, （判決などを）下すd May 19, 1921, 始める，決める the 主要な／長／主犯 losses at a total of $37,544,500.
The 詳細（に述べる）s, aside from 私的な "accommodations," 含むd such features as the setting up of the Manila 鉄道／強行採決する Company, the Manila Hotel Company, the 国家の 開発 Company as 財政上の feeder to the 国家の Coal Company, the Cebú Portland 固く結び付ける Company, etc., etc. To Cocoanut Oil Companies alone, の中で the 変化させるd 刈る sprung up under the bank's genial 影響（力） like mushrooms on an autumn night, had been 認めるd 貸付金s aggregating $25,905,000 against $10,-500,000 資産s.
On these latter 産業s Haskins and Sells commented:
The 製造業の costs submitted for the year 1920 示す that at the 現在の price for oil and copra most of these companies cannot earn 十分な to 支払う／賃金 the 利益／興味 on the bank 貸付金s...unless 過激な 改良s are 影響d.
Yet copra, in 1920, reached the 頂点（に達する） price of its history—$15, gold, per picul, as against about $4.87 in 1914, $6.25 in 1921 and $6 in 1922.
The seven sugar centrals newly built and 財政／金融d by the bank showed a 類似の 記録，記録的な／記録する.
の中で other 詳細（に述べる）s, Messrs. Haskins and Sells 報告（する）／憶測d:
The foreign department operated under the 監督 of the 副／悪徳行為-Président (M. S. Concepción, son of the 大統領) was 設立する to be 行為／行うd very inefficiently and dishonestly, necessitating 犯罪の 活動／戦闘 against the 長，率いるs of the department. The collection department 記録，記録的な／記録するs were also in bad 形態／調整. Many 延滞の 法案s had 蓄積するd, and, as a result of the laxity in the department, かなりの losses have accrued to the bank. The accounting of the bank 一般に has been 極端に bad. Even where proper 記録，記録的な／記録するs had been 工夫するd they were 一般に carelessly and inaccurately kept. There was no 記録，記録的な／記録する to show the total 義務／負債 of any 顧客...
As to the 交流 losses of the Shanghai 支店:
These losses were the result of 完全に unnecessary and 純粋に 思索的な 操作／手術s in 交流 by the 経営者／支配人, Mr. J. W. Miller, a man with no banking experience who, very ill advisedly, was placed in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the 支店 in Shanghai, where other foreign banks place their most experienced 交流 銀行業者s.
The 解決／入植地 of these 操作／手術s 伴う／関わるd a loss of about P13,-000,000...詳細（に述べる）s of these 処理／取引s were placed in the 手渡すs of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 検察官 for appropriate 活動／戦闘, but no 起訴 resulted because of the 無（不）能 to get Mr. Miller within the 裁判権 of the 法廷，裁判所.
Thus an 会・原則 whose 資産s had 現実に made it one of the biggest banks in the world showed, after five years' 操作／手術 by home talent, first, the loss of the entire 資本／首都 在庫／株, or $17,650,000, of which the 政府 owned $16,-000,000; second, the loss of over half its total insular deposits; third, the tying up in frozen 貸付金s of all its 資産s over and above its losses; and, fourth, hopeless insolvency.
In a word, having hugged their toy and kissed it and 激しく揺するd it to sleep, the children had indeed banged it with a club, ripped it open and finally pulled the stuffing out.
Their only 当惑, indeed, had lain in the question of finding 十分な pretexts for laying 手渡すs upon the 丸天井s.
But, fertile ever in curious expedients, they had 攻撃する，衝突する upon the 計画（する） of sending 前へ／外へ 特使s into 主要道路s and byways to 派手に宣伝する up more borrowers.
Said one of these who had 侵入するd to the 経営者／支配人 of a 商売／仕事 関心 in a distant 州:
"I 代表する the 国家の Bank, and we wonder if you wouldn't like to borrow some money from us."
"I don't need anything now," replied the 経営者／支配人, as one might speak to a wandering 雷-棒 man or a 調書をとる／予約する-スパイ／執行官.
"But listen—we could let you have 500,000 pesos just 同様に as not," 勧めるd the applicant.
Twenty million dollars were thus 貸付金d by the bank to 私的な individuals wherewith to do 商売／仕事 on taxpayers' money in 競争 with men working on normal 商売／仕事 lines and 財政／金融ing themselves.
And it is an 利益／興味ing fact that $20,000,000 is, によれば the 人物／姿／数字s of the American 議会 of 商業, just about half the 量 毎年 taken from the pockets of the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and 現在のd as a 解放する／自由な gift to the people of the Philippine Islands in the form of remission of customs 予定s on Philippine goods entering American markets.
It is understood that one 貸付金 of about $50,000 made direct to Mr. Quezon without 安全, on 存在 暴露するd by the examiner, was very quickly paid up by 確かな of the directors. But indirection, rather than straight personal "貸付金s" to themselves, appears to have been the more usual means by which the Big Caciques and their henchmen made 私的な 利益（をあげる）s.
Haskins and Sells's final 報告（する）／憶測, as of May 19, 1921, reached Manila about 中央の-June, 1922, when General 支持を得ようと努めるd had already been nine months 知事-General of the Philippines. And the 知事-General, in 見解（をとる） of the startling nature of the 文書, みなすd it advisable to have its findings checked.
He accordingly 任命するd Special Bank Examiner Benjamin F. Wright and 国家の Bank Examiner L. H. ツバメ, both men of 円熟した experience and training, to go 支援する once more over the ground and make a 徹底的な revaluation of the bank's 資産s.
The Wright-ツバメ 報告（する）／憶測, as of June 30, 1922, covered a period of a year and a half in which 長官 パン職人's （外交）使節／代表, Mr. E. W. Wilson, had been the Bank's 経営者／支配人.
The 行政 had been re-組織するd. The 大統領 and General 経営者／支配人, the 副／悪徳行為-大統領，／社長 and Assistant General 経営者／支配人, the 経営者／支配人 of the Foreign Department, the Assistant 長，指導者 of the 公式文書，認める-Teller Department, the 経営者／支配人 of the Iloilo 支店, the 経営者／支配人 of the Aparri 支店, 同様に as さまざまな subordinates, had all been 起訴するd and 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 使い込み，横領 and other 犯罪の offences. Four Americans of banking experience had been introduced into the 関心. The bank's 安全s, where possible, had been put into better 形態／調整. But the bank, under Mr. Wilson's 管理／経営, was still running as a feeder to the 政府-owned 商売／仕事s. And, as the new 報告（する）／憶測 put it:
ーするために 会合，会う the 需要・要求するs of the 政府 for the return of the deposits and in order . .. [to] 前進する large sums to the sugar centrals, sugar planters and oil 利益／興味s, the liquid 貸付金s of the bank have been collected, its 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 社債s 大部分は sold, its cash holdings 減ずるd to an 危険な 最小限, balances 予定 from other banks called in... 事実上 no reserves are held for its P32,000,000 循環／発行部数 and P81,500,000 deposits, while the 資産s remaining are...frozen...
政府 necessity, and the 政策 of the 管理／経営 in reinvesting proceeds of liquidation in the hope of "working out" its frozen 資産s, together with its tremendous losses, have brought about a 条件 under which the bank is now operating at a loss in doing 事実上 nothing but 財政／金融ing the 事件／事情／状勢s of debtors...in さまざまな 明言する／公表するs of insolvency...
...These debtors...are 大部分は 責任がある such feeling as 存在するs, that the bank must be kept 無期限に／不明確に in 商売／仕事...It was only through sheer ignorance of banking 原則s that they were 始める，決める up in 商売／仕事 in the first place...and it is little いっそう少なく than 犯罪の to continue them in 商売／仕事 with 政府 基金s...
The Wright-ツバメ 報告（する）／憶測 points out the スキャンダル of a bank 事実上 owned by the 政府 hopelessly insolvent; operating at a loss; operating, therefore, in open and 極悪の 違反 of the 法律 that the 政府 強要するs 私的な banks to 観察する.
It continues:
...The bank has been 合法的に and morally dead for at least two years, though it has been necessary to 注入する into its palsied 団体／死体 a 外見 of life, on account of its and the 政府's 無（不）能 to 返す the 巨大な 貸付金 from the people in the form of its 優れた 循環／発行部数...[and] to 回復する individual...地方の and 地方自治体の deposits...
And の中で its 結論s stands this 声明 with which it 引用するs the 協定 of Mr. Robert F. Herrick, of Massachusetts, who has also 診察するd the Insular 財政／金融s:
...Nothing is to be 伸び（る）d by keeping up a 誤った pretence...The bank at the 現在の time is not 機能（する）／行事ing as a bank...There is nothing which cannot be 伸び（る）d by の近くにing it to the public and 変えるing it into a special 会社／団体 for the 漸進的な liquidation of its frozen 資産s.
合間, the Philippine 立法機関 had not remained 完全に quiescent as to the 事件／事情／状勢s of its offspring. As far 支援する as December 7, 1920, 代表者／国会議員 Claro M. Recto, 少数，小数派 leader of the house, rose to attack a 大多数 法案 供給するing for raising the bank's 資本／首都. Mr. Recto 明言する／公表するd that he and five other members of the House 委員会 on Banks and 会社／団体s had joined in a request to the 大統領 of the 国家の Bank for a copy of the Coates 報告（する）／憶測, but were 辞退するd so much as a sight thereof»
"I thought it useless," said Mr. Recto, "to call upon the 知事-General [Harrison] and the 長官 of 財政／金融...because these officers would 保護物，者 themselves, as did the 大統領，／社長 of the bank, behind 合法的な pretexts." 4
4 Philippines 解放する／自由な 圧力（をかける）, September 1, 1923.
Mr. Recto complains that he and his associates are asked to 投票（する） to raise the bank's capitalization from twenty million pesos to fifty million pesos, appropriating the sum from Insular 基金s, in order to 持続する 政府 支配（する）／統制する of the 会・原則; and yet they are きっぱりと 辞退するd any knowledge of that 会・原則's status. He goes on:
批評 of the bank must have gone beyond the 国境s of the 群島 and must have produced alarm in high places ...to induce the War Department to send here a special commissioner to make a 徹底的な 調査...When this gentleman [Mr. Coates] left the Islands...without 公表する／暴露するing his 結論s, a 嵐／襲撃する of conjecture was 誘発するd...[but] to-day his 報告（する）／憶測 is a mystery to all but two or three men...
And Mr. Recto その上の 示すs his 観察 that the bank 存在するs to serve as a political （選挙などの）運動をする 道具 for the Big Caciques; that the 即座の result of its 操作／手術s has been the piling up of a few big fortunes impossible of honest explanation; that, as to its services to 農業, it has helped no 農業者 save only 地区 caciques controlling 投票（する）s; and that, as to 商業, it has 補佐官d only such 商売／仕事 men as 返す favours.
Neither eloquence nor 告訴，告発, however, 十分であるd to produce the 文書. The 支配（する）／統制する of the Big Caciques was 最高の.
Mr. E. W. Wilson, it will be remembered, arrived from America to take over the bank's managership in January, 1921 —some two months before Mr. Harrison's 出発. It is credibly 申し立てられた／疑わしい that he （機の）カム out under 指示／教授／教育s from Washington to "keep the lid on." And, whatever the main 目的 of such 指示／教授／教育s, if such he had, it is obvious that their observance would operate powerfully to "save 直面する" for the Big Caciques.
It is a 計器, then, of their capacity to realize the nature of their own 行為s and 条件, that they should now 許す a movement in House and 上院 to pull open Mr. Wilson's stewardship of the bank, and thus with one 手渡す to expose the very thing over which the other held the 隠す.
This movement, based on "申し立てられた／疑わしい 乱用s, 不正行為s and 不正s committed in the 雇用 of 専門家s...with fabulous and exorbitant salaries" was, in fact, 単に an attack on the re-分割払い of Americans in the bank's staff.
Mr. Wilson, in a letter 演説（する）／住所d to several members of the 立法機関, met the demonstration with a perfectly human 爆発 of downright speech. He said:
I （機の）カム here under 契約...This 契約 is 限定された and plain. I have put no one in the bank that was not 初めは 熟視する／熟考するd and 明示するd by this 契約 and duly 認可するd by the board of directors of the bank.
If you 願望（する） to 調査／捜査する the bank, let me 示唆する that there is no （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） that you cannot get by calling here...Coates's 報告（する）／憶測 and Haskins and Sells's 報告（する）／憶測 are the most astonishing 文書s that have been 現在のd 関心ing any bank in any part of the world during the last 世代. The いっそう少なく publicity they get, the better for the bank, the Philippine 政府 and the Philippine Islands...It is not necessary to 追跡（する） quail with a 厚かましさ／高級将校連 禁止（する）d...
The letter appeared in the Manila 公式発表 on November 14, 1922. Six days later Mr. Benjamin F. Wright placed the Wright-ツバメ 報告（する）／憶測 in the 手渡すs of the 知事-General.
知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd now 願望（する）d to send the Wright-ツバメ 報告（する）／憶測, in a Special Message, to the 立法機関. This in order that the widest discussion and 熟考する／考慮する might be brought to it and that its lesson might be learned by the greatest possible number of the people.
Before doing so, however, he sent for Mr. Quezon, 大統領 of the 上院, and Mr. Roxas, （衆議院の）議長 of the House, showed them his covering message and asked them if they could 示唆する any alterations that would make their 薬／医学 easier to take.
"I don't want to 傷つける you any more than I must," he said.
Both men read the General's message through, having done which, they said that they could take no exceptions to any part of it.
Then they went 支援する to their 各々の seats as 大統領 of the 上院 and （衆議院の）議長 of the House, as such received the message in 予定 form, and 即時に locked it away in their desks.
Locked it away so 完全に that until, late in August, 1923, a 種類 of 事故 enabled the 知事-General to 解放（する） the message to the 圧力（をかける）, the 大多数 of the members of the 立法機関 remained unaware of its very 存在.
The 即座の result of the 解放（する） was 重要な. The 主要な Filipino dailies burst 前へ／外へ in 爆破s of fury—but at what?
At the 激しい 財政上の blow to the country? At the 国家の loss of credit before the world? At the reflection upon Filipino capacity? At the 犯罪のs who did the 行為? At the self-helpful directors? At the Big Caciques who had engineered the whole 計画／陰謀? At the American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある who 同意d to their banditry?—No and no. Their wrath was for 非，不，無 of these, but all for one 選び出す／独身 man whom they （刑事）被告 of 黒人／ボイコット spite and of an 独裁的な design to destroy the life of the country. Their wrath—the whole of it—was 注ぐd out upon the 現在の 知事-General of the Islands.
And the bank's Board of Directors themselves 急いでd solemnly to 記録，記録的な／記録する their 激しい非難 of General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 活動／戦闘 as "showing ignorance of the 原則s which 治める／統治する 商業の practices in the civilized world."
The 知事-General's Special Message on the Bank, 含む／封じ込めるing the Wright-ツバメ 報告（する）／憶測 with its 要約 of those of Messrs. Coates and Haskins and Sells, was now given all the publicity that any 文書 can 達成する in a country 63 per cent 無学の. And it is not without significance as to the moral 開発 of the people, that the standing and 力／強力にする of the Big Caciques was in no wise その為に stained or 弱めるd.
In the words already so often repeated:—There is no public opinion in the Philippine Islands. The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America has bank-略奪者s and public thieves in high places. But the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, once 知らせるd of the offence, pull 負かす／撃墜する the 違反者／犯罪者. In the 行う／開催する／段階 as yet 達成するd by the Filipino no offence is felt.
As to the 計器 of 商売／仕事 知能 afforded by the event:
Even to this day the Filipino is rare indeed who can descry any 関係 between, on the one 手渡す, the bank's 操作／手術s, and, on the other, the 政府's 使い果たすd 財務省 and the 欠如（する） of means for public work. Few, indeed, are the Filipinos who 認める 知恵 or 司法（官） in the 知事-General's continued 圧力 thus 表明するd in his Message to the 立法機関 of 1923:
I recommend, as the 政府 owns 92 per cent of the 在庫／株, that the 立法機関 take the necessary steps to put the bank in the position which the 法律 要求するs and that it finally assume 責任／義務 for the bank, its 資産s and 義務／負債s.
The Philippine 国家の Bank to-day operates insolvent, 刻々と 増加するing its 赤字, without 合法的な reserves and with no way of acquiring them, still under political 支配（する）／統制する, still running as a solvent bank upon the proceeds of liquidation.
And under these very 条件s, as late as March 8, 1924, a 法案 was passed by both houses of the 立法機関 again appropriating to the ordinary uses of the Philippine 国家の Bank the sum of $12,428,000, 事実上 the whole reserve 基金 of the 政府.
知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd 拒否権d the 法案.
The Filipino 圧力（をかける） thereupon raised an 激しい抗議 against the American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある's malice toward the 広大な／多数の／重要な 国家の 会・原則.
Mr. Quezon, in a public 演説（する）／住所 配達するd at Silay, Occidental Negros, June, 1923, put 容積／容量s in one phrase when he said:
The 知事-General, in the use of his (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 力／強力にするs, may order the の近くにing of the bank, but I can 保証する you that while there is money in the 財務省 the Philippine 立法機関 will open another bank.
There you have it.
When Major-General Leonard 支持を得ようと努めるd was （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America to assume the 政府 of the Philippine Islands, explicit 指示／教授／教育s went with the 職業.
の中で these 指示／教授／教育s stood orders to get the Philippine 政府 out of 商売／仕事 just as quickly as was possible without unnecessary sacrifice.
That is, the new (n)役員／(a)執行力のある was directed to make all haste to clean up the Insular 政府's wild-cat 投資s, working them as nearly as might be into presentable 形態／調整; and then to arrange sales of the 所有物／資産／財産s—or else to arrange 賃貸し（する）s until sales could be 影響d.
合間, and all the time he was "to 妨げる their 存在 干渉するd with by the political element."
"In other words," said Mr. Weeks, 長官 of War, 令状ing on September 19, 1921, "the 管理／経営 of the several 投資s should be made as 独立した・無所属 of political 支配（する）／統制する as it is possible to make them."
These 指示／教授／教育s are （疑いを）晴らす and 限定された. They sound 十分な and seem to 令状 a 需要・要求する for results.
As a 事柄 of fact, what happened?
By way of beginning somewhere, take the 事例／患者 of the Manila 鉄道／強行採決する Company.
The Manila 鉄道／強行採決する, 645 miles of trackage, had been 購入（する）d from 私的な owners by the Philippine 政府 in the days of Harrison.
During the last two years of Mr. Quezon's 大統領／総裁などの地位 of this 鉄道／強行採決する Company—an office that 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd induced him to 辞職する—one hundred and fifty thousand 解放する／自由な passes were 問題／発行するd, each pass valid for travel anywhere on the road throughout the year whose date it bore and good not only for the 受取人 himself, but also for all his family and all his 扶養家族s.
Another useful feature was the 大統領の perquisite of 問題／発行するing 鉄道 契約s, as for coaling, to rich and good personal friends—of 押し進めるing them across the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, like bread cast upon the waters, without the 形式順守 of 予選 企て，努力，提案s.
With these things in mind as 指示，表示する物s of the general 政策 追求するd, it will be 設立する not unnatural that the Manila 鉄道／強行採決する Company has 年一回の lost money—money which the insular 財務省 must 年一回の 供給（する）.
Its 年次の 報告（する）／憶測s, in their balance sheets, show 逮捕する 利益（をあげる）s, to be sure.
But the road has never yet paid a （株主への）配当 on the 在庫／株, has put away scarcely any reserve, has written off 事実上 nothing for 価値低下, and has never been able to 支払う／賃金 so much as the 利益／興味 on its own 政府-保証（人）d 社債s.
合間, the Insular 政府, by 年一回の 新たにするd special 法律制定, has been waiving the company's 税金s ーするために help it make a political 陳列する，発揮する.
This, in 簡潔な／要約する, is still the status of the Manila 鉄道／強行採決する Company. And the ablest of the Filipino 経済学者s have written 声明s for the American 圧力（をかける） to 証明する it a status of 財政上の success.
Now, as to the sugar centrals:
The sugar centrals had cost the people of the Philippines, through their 国家の Bank, from twenty-three to twenty-four million dollars. By the time of General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 就任（式）／開始 the 工場／植物s had 大いに 悪化するd in value, through mishandling and neglect, and the 商売／仕事 itself was kept alive only by 前進する 刈る 貸付金s of the people's money, each year 新たにするd and each year more hopeless of 回復.
This in spite of high sugar prices and of the fact that Philippine sugar enjoys a practical 補助金 from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America, where almost the entire 刈る is sold.
The sugar 輸出（する）d to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in the year 1922, if 義務s had been 徴収するd upon it in 一致 with the 率s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 関税 行為／法令／行動する of 1922, would have paid about eleven million, eight hundred and sixteen thousand dollars into the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 財務省.
The other 政府 企業s showed 事実上 同一の 条件s. 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s composed their directorates. And these directorates, interlocking till 非，不，無 could find 長，率いる or tail の中で them, formed busy bucket-lines to the money-tap in the 国家の Bank. One 選び出す／独身 copra mill drew a "貸付金" of $11,500,000 in a 選び出す／独身 year.
While the war lasted everybody splashed. When the war stopped, tableau!
Such, 概略で, was the 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s that 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd stepped in upon with explicit orders from Washington to "get the 政府 out of 商売／仕事."
And the new (n)役員／(a)執行力のある, 直面するing his problem, saw that all these grisly 骸骨／概要s—鉄道, sugar centrals and the 残り／休憩（する）, 代表するd honest 適切な時期s to fill honest needs; and that, by honest and 有能な 操作者s, they could still be made rich 資産s to the people of the Islands.
So he fell to work and presently was able to 安全な・保証する from first-class American operating companies a most gratifying 返答 in the form of 提案s to 扱う the 鉄道／強行採決する and the sugar centrals and to turn them from continuous losers into good money 製造者s for the Philippine 政府. To give the 詳細（に述べる）s of the 提案s would be too burdensome here, 特に as an intelligent 声明 would necessitate a 集まり of 統計（学） showing 地元の 条件s as 影響する／感情ing the practical significance of the 人物／姿／数字s. 十分である it, then, to say that in each 事例／患者 the 条件, as far as the 商売／仕事s themselves were 関心d, gave occasion for sincere congratulation to the Philippine 政府.
Now perhaps you suppose that at this juncture the Big Caciques felt like men 餓死するing on an iceberg in the Polar Sea who should suddenly sight the Mauretania heaving around the corner. But the truth appears to be that even the wisest の中で them had no real understanding of the 条件 to which they had 減ずるd their country. All they could see was their slipping 支配する on their own toy.
For the 条件s of the 提案するd 契約s 含むd one point that 廃虚d all the 残り／休憩（する）. It 絶対 妨げるd any and all outside 干渉，妨害 with the running of the 関心s, whether in "雇うing and 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing" or in other operating 手続きs.
A 集まり of patronage, with all its political 可能性s, to 嘘（をつく） lost in the 手渡すs of professional 操作者s! Never!
These evil days would pass. This too active 知事-General would go home. 合間, let not the 悪口を言う／悪態 of 科学の 管理／経営 companies 伸び（る） foothold in the land and acquire 権利s and 支援 from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府.
What, then, should be done?
But 欠如（する） of expedients is never the caciques' difficulty. They 急ぐd to the house-最高の，を越すs.
"Our country's 資源s to be given away to foreigners!" they cried abroad. "愛国者s, awake! Shall the wealth of our fair Philippines be abandoned to the 開発／利用 of the American 信用s? This man—this 支持を得ようと努めるd—this Autocrat—he is a creature of the 信用s. Do not believe him. He is trying to 支払う／賃金 his own old political 負債s with the 遺産 of our children!"
合間, while the 権利 popular atmosphere and background was thus 存在 製造（する）d, they held in their 手渡すs a simple little 道具 用意が出来ている under Mr. Harrison's 監督 for just such 緊急s.
They held the Board of 支配（する）／統制する, whose 力／強力にする 十分であるd neatly and 完全に to 取り消す the 知事-General's entire 労働s toward 再建するing their country's fortune.
They 辞退するd the American 提案s. And they left the 鉄道／強行採決する, the centrals and all the 残り／休憩（する） of the sorry lot to run as they run, until, perhaps, 未来 events shall make their 扱うing more 利益／興味ing.
合間 the Philippine 国家の 政府, in the 事柄 of 財政／金融, and by dint of all the 知事-General's rigorous expense-cutting and 漏れる-stopping, was just barely keeping its nose above water.
Now the Board of 支配（する）／統制する is a thing but little heard of outside the Islands. 宣伝 調書をとる／予約するs on the Philippines and on America's relation thereto have a way either of failing to 述べる it or else of gliding over the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, omitting its 指名する.
And yet, more than any other one thing, it 需要・要求するs the attention of the American people, if the American people 本気で ーするつもりである to 発射する／解雇する their 義務s toward the people of the Islands.
The Board of 支配（する）／統制する consists of three members only: The 知事-General as chairman, the 大統領 of the 上院, and the （衆議院の）議長 of the House, each with an equal 投票（する）. In the 手渡すs of the Board of 支配（する）／統制する lies the 任命 of the boards of directors of all 政府 商売／仕事 企業s. It 支配（する）／統制するs the 投票（する）ing 力／強力にする and the 政策s of all 政府 会社／団体s—bank, 鉄道／強行採決する, sugar centrals, all. It 支配（する）／統制するs the allotment of all 基金s for public 作品 and 改良s. It 支配（する）／統制するs the $1,500,000 年次の 緊急 基金, etc., etc., and finally, under 現在の political 条件s, its two native members 絶対 支配（する）／統制する both Houses of 立法機関, their 態度 and their 行為／法令／行動するs.
The Board of 支配（する）／統制する, therefore, having two 投票（する）s to the 知事-General's one, can overrule him anywhere in the wide field of its 裁判権. It is a 純粋に political 団体／死体 and it wholly 支配するs the 商売／仕事 事件／事情／状勢s of the Insular 政府.
These are the 条件s under which our 長官 of War directed General 支持を得ようと努めるd not only to "get the 政府 out of 商売／仕事," but also to keep 政府 商売／仕事 "独立した・無所属 of political 支配（する）／統制する."
These are the 条件s under which America asks her （外交）使節／代表 to 危険 his personal honour in the desperate 試みる／企てる to 支持する her credit in the Orient.
To these 条件s Mr. Roxas, （衆議院の）議長 of the House and member of the Board of 支配（する）／統制する, thus pointed in a public speech 配達するd in Manila on September 9, 1923:
[We] have encroached on the 力／強力にするs and prerogatives of the 知事-General. That is true. We have encroached upon the 権利s of the 知事-General because in that guise liberties are won.
And, finally, these are the 条件s under which Mr. Quezon, 大統領 of the 上院 and second member of the Board of 支配（する）／統制する, dared to say, on September 9, 1923, before four thousand students of the University of the Philippines:
I am betraying no secret if I tell you that our ultimate 目的（とする）...is to make of the 知事-General of the Philippines a mere figurehead. It is unpatriotic for any Filipino to stand by 知事 支持を得ようと努めるd...
The Board of 支配（する）／統制する 存在するs, not by 当局 of, but in 反抗 of, the 有機の 行為／法令／行動する of the Islands. The Jones 法律, as 長官 パン職人, in transmitting it, took the 最大の care to point out, was designed by 議会 not to 減少（する） the 力／強力にする of the 知事-General, but materially to 増加する that 力／強力にする, and, with it, the 知事-General's 責任／義務. As already 引用するd, it expressly 供給するs
that all (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 機能（する）／行事s of the 政府 must be 直接／まっすぐに under the 知事-General or within one of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments under the 監督 and 支配（する）／統制する of the 知事-General
—a 準備／条項 that, as Mr. パン職人 真面目に re-強調するd, was 特に made to 妨げる the encroachments of the past.
The 創造 of the Board of 支配（する）／統制する was a piece of pure outlawry. Its 存在 to-day is an affront to the dignity of America.
Why, then, does not a 知事-General of the Islands who is
stopped in his sworn 義務 by this thing, just as any 後継するing
知事-General who shall 努力する to do his sworn 義務 will
surely be stopped その為に—why does not he 廃止する the Board
of 支配（する）／統制する? This is why:
1. The Jones 法案 is the 有機の 法律 of the Islands.
2. Under the Jones 法案, the 知事-General may 拒否権 new 法律制定; but he has no 力／強力にする to 無効にする 法律s already 制定するd.
3. That 力／強力にする—to 無効にする 法律s already 制定するd—残り／休憩（する）s squarely with the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America.
4. The 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測, （判決などを）下すd December 31, 1921, explicitly recommended that 議会 "宣言する 無効の 法律制定 which has been 制定するd 減らすing, 限界ing or dividing the 当局 認めるd the 知事-General...[in] the Jones 法案."
5. 大統領s and 議会s have 終始一貫して ignored this 推薦 and have taken no 活動／戦闘 in the 事柄.
6. Nothing that Filipino 政治家，政治屋s may do in the way of
lawlessness can する権利を与える an American 知事-General to 無視／無効
the 行為／法令／行動する of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会 under which he himself is
（売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d by America to 支配する the Islands.
Yet in reviewing with Filipino 政治家íticos the history of the 試みる／企てる to "get the 政府 out of 商売／仕事" I was 繰り返して 知らせるd that the 知事-General would have 遂行するd that 目的 had he more sympathetically 扱うd the men with whom he had to 取引，協定.
"The 知事-General could have put it over," said one of the most experienced of them all. "He could have got the 政府 関心s into American operating companies' 手渡すs. But he went about it the wrong way. He would 許す nothing to be done on the 静かな—you understand? He even talked to the 圧力（をかける） about his whole 計画／陰謀 and 手配中の，お尋ね者 general discussion. That doesn't 利益／興味 us at all. That isn't politics. That isn't our way."
合間, 確かな 限定された points 存在する that should not escape careful consideration in America.
First:—The people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, it will be remembered, took up the entire 問題／発行する of 社債s 権限を与えるd by 議会 at the hurry call of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 to 救助（する） the Philippine 政府 from actual 廃虚. 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, on the 問題／発行する of these 社債s, made a most earnest 控訴，上告 to the Filipinos themselves to 証明する their patriotism by something more 相当な than oratory. "Don't 支払う／賃金 another country for the use of money you could and should put up yourselves," he 勧めるd. "Show your public spirit as other peoples do. Show yourself a nation. （問題を）取り上げる your own 政府 貸付金."
But, whatever their 推論する／理由s, they subscribed not one dollar.
その結果, their 政府 to-day is to a large extent 支えるd by the money of 私的な 国民s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America. As a result each year sees four million dollars1 taken from a meagre exchequer and sent to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, ーするために cover the service of 貸付金s, 含むing 利益／興味 支払い（額）s and 沈むing 基金s.2
1 報告（する）／憶測 of the 知事-General of the Philippine Islands for 1923.
2 声明 by Bureau of Insular 事件／事情／状勢s, War Department.
Second:—市民の 責任／義務 is a 感情 yet to be born in the mestizo cacique breast. Mr. 長，指導者 司法（官） Taft, sixteen years ago, wrote of the Filipino of his day:
"The idea that a public office is a public 信用 had not been implanted in the Filipino mind by experience, and the conception that an officer who fails in his 義務, by 使い込み，横領 or さもなければ, was 侵害する／違反するing an 義務 that he 借りがあるd to each individual member of the public, he 設立する it difficult to しっかり掴む." 3
3 Special 報告（する）／憶測 on the Philippines to the 大統領, by Wm. H. Taft, 長官 of War, January 23, 1908, p. 32.
A cameo proof that sixteen years of education have not 十分であるd to alter that 基準 may be seen in the fact that General Venancio Concepción, the first Filipino 任命するd by the Big Caciques to the 大統領／総裁などの地位 of the Philippine 国家の Bank,4 had already been 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 詐欺 committed at an earlier 適切な時期.
4 General Concepción is now in 刑務所，拘置所 for his 行為／行う of that office.
Third:—Mr. Newton D. パン職人, 長官 of War, was 熱心に alive to this characteristic when he wrote 5 to 知事-General Harrison, in his letter of 警告を与える against political piracies upon the Jones 法案, a 特に 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な 警告 against attacks upon the auditor's office. Any move in this direction, on the part of the Philippine 立法機関, will be regarded, says Mr. パン職人, as a betrayal of 信用. And he more than intimates that such a course would 証明する the highroad to nullification by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会, or even to the 撤退 of 力／強力にするs already in Filipino 手渡すs—either one of which steps would be a serious blow to Filipino standing.
5 See p. 93, 賭け金.
Yet, using 長官 パン職人's 禁止 as their luminous guide to contrary 活動／戦闘, the party leaders swept on to a 卸売 attack upon the auditor's office. They did, to a T, the very things the friendly 長官 恐れるd they would do. And their success is now nearly 完全にする. To-day the Bureau of Audits 職員／兵員 consists of some four hundred 公式の／役人s and 雇うés, all of whom are Filipinos save one 独房監禁 人物／姿／数字. The Insular Auditor himself—Mr. Benjamin F. Wright—is an American. And the 戦争 upon the always inconvenient Mr. Wright sleeps not, neither does it 欠如（する） in bitterness. 合間 the mere 容積／容量 of 商売／仕事 daily passing over this one man's desk would make it a physical impossibility for him to have knowledge of the workings of the Bureau 相応した with his 責任／義務.
Therefore, beyond any question whatever, the Insular Auditor should be given trained and competent American assistants, 解放する／自由な from political 支配（する）／統制する, 任命するd by 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 当局. Nor should the 付加 expense 暗示するd, wherever 徴収するd, carry any 負わせる. Not only because the solvency of the 現在の Insular 政府 is 伴う／関わるd, but also because the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府 stands morally 責任がある some $110,000,000 of Philippine 政府 and 半分-政府 社債s floated in America—社債s whose 沈むing 基金s are credibly 申し立てられた／疑わしい, by the way, to 含む／封じ込める a large 量 of worthless 安全s.
知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd from the start has 主張するd on 幅の広い daylight upon all his 訴訟／進行s. From the start, he has held that the one 広大な／多数の／重要な need of the whole Filipino people is to acquire an educated, character-building public opinion; to develop 市民の courage in the minds of the 集まり as distinguished from the little handful on 最高の，を越す.
With this in 見解（をとる） he has sought out and 利用するd every 適切な時期 to broadcast the explanation of his 行為／法令／行動するs, to make known 条件s and their 原因（となる）s, to talk things over 公然と and 一般に to 知らせる the people about their own 事件／事情／状勢s.
All that was materially to be 遂行するd could certainly have been 遂行するd far more 効果的に, more 完全に, more 速く, by a direct 演習 of (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 力／強力にする. But to make the 伸び（る） a 永久の 伸び（る） to the people, it must be not 単に a 構成要素 伸び（る）, but a 伸び（る） in character and capacity, in understanding and in the 力／強力にする of the will.
Such, our 現在の (n)役員／(a)執行力のある has 持続するd, is the argument for the slow methods of 僕主主義.
And, little by little,—exceedingly slowly because of the 欠如（する） of the printed word, because of the illiteracy of the people, and above all because of their centuries of dumb submission to their cacique exploiters,—slowly, slowly, the new idea is beginning to work.
But the doctrine is not an Oriental doctrine. The method is not a cacique method. By no means can it 調和させる with the cacique 計画／陰謀.
"We do not 願望（する） to 可決する・採択する an American ideal," they repeated. "We 願望（する） to develop our own 国家の genius, and to do it in our own way. We are 情熱的な Filipino 愛国者s."
合間 the one 広大な／多数の／重要な hope that at first had 支えるd their courage was fading 急速な／放蕩な.
They really had believed, and had 猛烈に clung to the belief, that the 疫病／悩ます come upon them would soon pass away.
Why not? This 知事-General, unlike his 前任者, was a poor man. His 支払う／賃金 as 知事-General would barely 会合，会う his expenses however 静かに he might run his house. And they knew from their own sources that more than one tempting 申し込む／申し出 招待するd him どこかよそで. Unlike his 前任者, again, he was a man of prominence in world 事件／事情／状勢s, and had much to lose and nothing to 伸び（る） from the little dignity of 治める／統治するing their Islands. He had been sent out, so they believed, to 除去する him from the sight and thought of the American 選挙民. And he would remain only till his own political flair 示すd return to the political field.
"Six months," they had guessed, "a year at most, and we shall be rid of him."
But six months had passed—the year of their 最大の 利ざや—and yet money and place, the two irresistibles, failed to do their work. Still he sat tight—this discomfiting presence —and showed no 調印する of quitting.
And he said such mannerless, heart-breaking things as:
"The lid is 負かす／撃墜する on the 財務省 Box. 解放する／自由な and unsecured 循環／発行部数 of public 基金s の中で political friends is finished."
"Tyrant! アイロンをかける-握りこぶしd militarist! We are a proud people, and he 傷つけるs our sensibilities," they complained—"we are idealistic. Our poets' souls cannot 耐える rough American manners."
And far away in Washington 代表者／国会議員 Cooper of Wisconsin wept over their 悲しみs, while somebody else read yards of 決意／決議s in the sacred 指名する of the Spirit of '76.
Moreover, aside from his 干渉，妨害 with the purse-strings, they saw the foreign 抑圧者 more and more going out into the 州s—out の中で the taos, whom no politico ever visits except to 割れ目 the whip—out の中で the 集まりs of the people in their remotest places. They 観察するd that each time he returned he brought some fresh annoyance, 説 to the Director of the Bureau of Lands:
"Here. See what I have 設立する."
Or to the 長官 of 司法（官）:
"Wake up! Get busy!"
And they saw that, with it all, and にもかかわらず every 障害 they could put in his path, he was 徐々に reaching out for the reins—徐々に 再開するing for the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府 more and more of its self-elected 義務 to see that the Philippine 政府 was run, not for the 利益 of a small oligarchy, but for the 利益 of the whole people.
In 簡潔な／要約する, he was 伸び（る）ing too much ground, this 現在の-day American 知事-General. And the time had come when they, the cacique leaders, must 行為／法令／行動する. They must either turn to, follow the American's lead and work on the 職業 with him, or else they must fight. And, to 援助（する） their 現実化 of this fact, spurring words had come from America, whence their スパイ／執行官s 警告するd them that peace with the 知事-General was poor 戦略, and that war must be 率直に 布告するd and shouted across the ocean if they wished to 保持する for themselves an American 支援.
Thus Mr. Charles Edward Russell, in Washington, wrote Mr. Teodoro M. Kalaw, (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 長官 of the Independence （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 in Manila, pointing out the dangers of 静かな acquiescence.
"...It is the worst possible 策略," he said. ". .. The 必然的な 結論 is that Manila does not care much for independence. The belief that independence is not really 願望（する）d in the Philippines is by far the greatest 障害 we have to 遭遇（する）...If independence is to be won it will have to be soon...The [American] people alone can give you independence. It cannot be bestowed by 大統領，／社長s, 知事s-General or even by 議会. The people alone will decide...A few years from now they will wake up...and then you can whistle for independence.1
1 Published in the Philippines 先触れ（する）, February 5, 1923.
With such nervous 警告s in their ears, with the 政府 商売／仕事s 脅すd, with the tap shut off in the bank, with the malady spreading to the 州s, and with the author of all these 悪口を言う／悪態s 明らかに a fixture in his seat—明白に the Big Caciques could sit no longer inactive. They must 開始する the red 旗.
This 決定／判定勝ち（する） made, all that was needed was a catchword—a 危機. But a reasonable 危機, to a Caucasian point of 見解（をとる）, might have seemed at the moment somewhat hard to dig up.
The thing was done, however, and done with some cleverness. This is the story:—
Ray Conley, American, was an ex-兵士 of the U. S. Army, "honourably 発射する／解雇するd, character excellent." For many years, since the Spanish War, he had served on the Manila police 軍隊 as 長，指導者 of the 副／悪徳行為 squad. And he had developed a capacity 量ing almost to genius in the 追跡 of gamblers and 売買業者s in あへん.
Now, the Filipino is a gambler—a gambler 負かす／撃墜する to his toes. And あへん 密輸するing is a profitable 商売／仕事. 確かな gestures may be made to save the 直面する of the 法律; but really to 干渉する in either 賭事ing or あへん 密輸するing 利益／興味s is a serious 事柄 in the Philippine Islands.
Conley, however, enjoyed his 職業. The 二塁打 危険s of it, and the matching of his Western wits against the wits of the 集まりd Orientals, 誘惑するd him. The life of his life was to catch some 目だつ politico 現行犯で. And, when he was about to 開始する，打ち上げる a 特に difficult or みごたえのある （警察の）手入れ，急襲, he was very likely to send a hint to the American newspaper men. Whereby, whatever the 当局 might do and did do in hushing the 事柄 up, 確かな unhushable 証言，証人／目撃するs to the facts were likely to remain 利用できる.
So Ray Conley, American, 長，指導者 of the 副／悪徳行為 squad, became a 井戸／弁護士席-known, much 恐れるd and much hated man. And, during many years, those whom his 労働s annoyed tried in concert to 勝利，勝つ 解放する／自由な of him.
Then （機の）カム a day, in the autumn of 1921, when Conley, in （警察の）手入れ，急襲ing a 悪名高い Manila 賭事ing house, 設立する の中で his 囚人s four Filipino ladies, wives of truly 目だつ 国民s. The four gave fictitious 指名するs, and were すぐに 解放（する）d from 逮捕（する） by special order of the 事実上の／代理 長，指導者 of Police, a Filipino. But their 身元 is a 事柄 of knowledge.
From that moment attacks upon Conley in the native 圧力（をかける） became open and virulent. He was making 賭事ing 無益な. And so before long the man himself was 逮捕（する）d—on 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of taking 賄賂s from a Chinaman.
The 事例／患者 against Conley was childishly invented. The 市長 of Manila—非，不，無 other by the way than Director 押し通すón J. Fernandez of the 国家の Bank—and the 長官 of the 内部の, Filipinos both, appeared in 法廷，裁判所 as 長，指導者 証言，証人／目撃するs against the （刑事）被告. But their 証拠 on the stand was embarrassingly flimsy. And the other 長，指導者 証言，証人／目撃するs were members of the 犯罪の class who had, themselves, been 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 罪，犯罪s and misdemeanours principally through the activities of Officer Conley.
The whole 事例／患者, in fact, was so palpably a 陰謀，しくまれたわな that the 裁判官, a Filipino, threw it out of 法廷，裁判所.
合間, at the personal requests of 市長 Fernandez and of the 内務長官, 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd had 一時停止するd Conley from 義務. Now, on his 無罪放免, he was, of course, すぐに 復帰させるd. But hardly had he got to work when he was again 逮捕（する）d on 類似の 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s 類似して 支えるd. And again, on 動議 of the 起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事, a Filipino, the 法廷，裁判所 threw out the 事例／患者.
In fact, there was no 事例／患者.
Now, while every native paper in the Islands furiously called for Conley's 長，率いる, the 市長 of Manila and the 長官 of the 内部の once more appeared before 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd 需要・要求するing 適切な時期 to lay 持つ／拘留する upon Conley 直接／まっすぐに.
"No, Mr. 市長. No, Mr. 長官," said the 知事-General. "You have disqualified yourselves. You can't sit in judgment on a man whom you yourselves have already 公然と非難するd in 法廷，裁判所 as 有罪の. I will, however, order an 行政の 調査 by an unprejudiced board, and if 反対／詐欺-ley is 罪人／有罪を宣告するd he shall be punished to the extent of the 法律. But if he is （疑いを）晴らすd, he will be 回復するd to 義務."
"Of course," said 市長 Fernandez. "Of course," said the 内務長官, "if the man is exonerated, we shall, as your Excellency says, 敏速に 回復する him to 義務."
The 知事-General accordingly 任命するd an 調査／捜査するing board, consisting of the Director of Civil Service and the Under-長官 of 司法（官）, Filipinos both, 加える an American 陸軍大佐 of Constabulary. This board, after careful examination, also exonerated Conley and recommended his reinstatement.
But 市長 Fernandez and the 内務長官 made no move to keep their 誓約（する）.
Then the 長，指導者 of Police rose up. "My man is 存在 迫害するd," he 抗議するd. "How can I run a police department if such things happen!" And he went to the 知事-General for 救済.
On July 12th, the 知事-General, as a 思い出の品 of a 誓約（する） unfulfilled, sent to the 内務長官 a copy of the 調査／捜査するing Board's 推薦 for Conley's 復古／返還 to 義務. On July 13th, the 長官 of 内部の 是認するd the papers to the 市長 for 活動／戦闘, 辞職するd his office and left town.
Receiving the 文書, the 市長 of Manila also 辞職するd his office and also left town—without, however, 復帰させるing Officer Conley.
As a result of these two self-erasures, no 公式の／役人 remained between the 知事-General and the 長，指導者 of Police. On July 14th, therefore, upon order of the 知事-General, the 長，指導者 of Police 復帰させるd his man.
Two days later Conley 辞職するd and the 知事-General 受託するd his 辞職.
But on July 15th, the day after Conley's reinstatement, the Filipino members of the 会議 of 明言する／公表する—存在 the 大統領 of the 上院, Mr. Quezon; the （衆議院の）議長 of the House, Mr. Roxas, and the Departmental 長，率いるs—served His Excellency, the 知事-General, with an 最終提案:
If he 受託するd the 辞職s of the 内務長官 and the 市長 of Manila, so they 宣言するd, they, the 会議 of 明言する／公表する would all 辞職する—every 選び出す／独身 one.
"Say to these gentlemen," replied His Excellency in 影響, "that I should be very glad to have the 長官 of the 内部の and 市長 Fernandez 再考する their stand, and will give them to that end twenty-four hours."
Indeed, he went さらに先に than that. Tempering the 勝利，勝つd to their 極度の慎重さを要する self-esteem, he 申し込む／申し出d to 許す the 市長 and the 内務長官 to 身を引く their 辞職s 明らかにする of comment, 声明 or 陳謝. Calling in the members of the 会議 of 明言する／公表する, without heat and with 耐えるing patience he 推論する／理由d and explained to them, still deferring the hour of 活動／戦闘. For in 活動／戦闘 itself he could have no choice. To 許す them their point—to agree that an American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある must never 介入する in Departmental 事柄s—would be to 許す one more move in the game of (v)策を弄する／(n)騎手ing America into a position of 責任／義務 without 当局.
But the Big Caciques had need of an impossible 状況／情勢. For they had need of war. Therefore they stood 会社／堅い on grounds that 裁判官 Sumulong, "the brain of the 対立," did not hesitate to 述べる as "fictitious, 人工的な, ridiculous and frivolous." And late at night on the 17th of July—one day after Conley's 辞職 had been 受託するd—支援する they all とじ込み／提出するd into Malacañan to 現在の their 共同の 辞職.
The "危機" had come at last.
"Your 計画（する）s have been deliberately made," said His Excellency, "and your 活動／戦闘 is in the character of a challenge and a 脅し which I cannot ignore. I 悔いる exceedingly this occurrence...It means an abandonment of your 地位，任命するs and 義務s at a time of 広大な／多数の／重要な 責任／義務, on 申し立てられた／疑わしい 問題／発行するs unsupported by 証拠 and unworthy the attention of serious-minded men.
"I 受託する your 辞職s."
So then they all 屈服するd themselves out and there was an end of it.
But next day the ex-長官s began 個々に to lament. "We didn't want to 辞職する," they 保証するd their 私的な friends who passed it on. "We never 推定する／予想するd it to happen. Quezon told us again and again that there was no 危険—that General 支持を得ようと努めるd never would dare to 受託する our 辞職s—that he couldn't 治める／統治する without us. We had 12,000 pesos a year and an automobile apiece—and good 職業s. We have been getting on splendidly. The 知事-General never disapproved any of our 行為／法令／行動するs or 推薦s. He never even 検査／視察するd our offices in person. He just showed us the general 政策 of what to do, and left us to 熟考する／考慮する out our own way of doing it. What he asked was results. We were learning a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定. He never sent a 法案 to the 立法機関 関心ing any of our departments without working it 井戸／弁護士席 out first with the 長官 関心d. We didn't want to 辞職する, but Quezon was 始める，決める on it for his own sake. He 軍隊d us to 辞職する. He and Roxas didn't sacrifice one cent by their move. They only 辞職するd as members of the 会議 of 明言する／公表する, which office carries no remuneration, not as 大統領 of the 上院 and （衆議院の）議長 of the House. We 長官s are the ones that had to bite off our own noses to please him. But Quezon always thinks only of his own ambitions. And we have got to live here under him, maybe. If we rebelled and America went away, we should be doomed men."
All of the foregoing paragraph will be categorically 否定するd by the ex-公式の／役人s 関心d, unless in most confidential 声明. From their 見地, they say, they must 否定する it. 個人として they 収容する／認める it. 許すing for variance of words, not of sense, it is true of every 選び出す／独身 one of them.
And their 狼狽 was 非，不，無 the いっそう少なく 本物の when their 見えなくなる made no 穴を開ける except in their own fortunes. For the under-長官s すぐに stepped in as departmental 長，率いるs and departmental work continued as 滑らかに as before. The 会議 of 明言する／公表する remained 不変の, except in individual 職員／兵員 and in the 見えなくなる from the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する of Messrs. Quezon and Roxas. Now a 会議 of 長官s, it 機能（する）／行事s 正確に／まさに as did the old 会議 of 明言する／公表する, whose 義務s it has duly 成し遂げるd without interruption.
The 知事-General's entire 活動／戦闘 in the 事件／事情／状勢 was taken with the 十分な knowledge and adhesion of the Director of Civil Service—a Filipino.
The story above narrated gives the 正確な facts in the 反対／詐欺-ley 事例／患者. In them the tale the 政治家íticos tell is not to be 認めるd.
And the 事柄 is here 詳細（に述べる）d at length so 広大な／多数の／重要な 簡単に because it has been characterized in America, where it was never understood, as "a trifling 出来事/事件 関心ing an obscure city 探偵，刑事 in which General 支持を得ようと努めるd officiously meddled."
On this it is fair to comment that no 試みる／企てる to terrorize a police officer from the 追跡 of 義務 will ever be 率d as "trifling" by an honest (n)役員／(a)執行力のある; and that no man's obscurity can 減らす his （人命などを）奪う，主張する to 司法（官） and to the 保護 of the 法律.
But, beyond the question of 権利 and 司法（官）, another feature in the "Conley 事例／患者" forbade America's 代表者／国会議員 to pass it lightly by:
The Jones 法案, in Section 21, 供給するs:
That the 最高の (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 力／強力にする shall be vested in...the 知事-General of the Philippine Islands...[who] shall have general 監督 and 支配（する）／統制する of all the departments and bureaus of the 政府...
Mr. Harrison acquiescing, the Philippine 立法機関 had later 制定するd 対策 直接／まっすぐに 反抗するing the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 法律 just 引用するd. To these Mr. Quezon 率直に pointed as "法律制定 meant by the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 '減らすing, 限界ing or dividing the 当局 認めるd the 知事-General' under the Jones 法律, and which said 使節団 手配中の，お尋ね者 to have 議会 宣言する 無効の."
But, Mr. Quezon continued, "that 法律制定 was duly 報告（する）／憶測d to the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, which failed or 辞退するd to 演習 its 力／強力にする and 当局 to 無効にする the same. It is, therefore, in our 法令 調書をとる／予約するs with the 暗示するd 許可／制裁 of 議会." 2
2 The 国家の 会議, Manila, November, 1923, p. 64.
And 上院議員 Sergio Osmeña drew an undeniably 論理（学）の 結論 when he wrote.3
3Ibid., October, 1923, p. 56.
"Although 大統領 Harding [by his inaction thereon] disapproved the 推薦 of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 使節団 in regard to the Jones 法律, yet he 任命するd General 支持を得ようと努めるd to be 知事-general"...pointing out the 混乱 that must arise from the assumed 対立 of ideas between the 大統領 and his 行政官／管理者.
開始する，打ち上げるd from the ground just 示すd, the Big Caciques now attacked, swinging their "Conley 事例／患者" as a 武器. It was "the culmination of a 一連の 乱用s" they 宣言するd. No American 知事-General had the 権利 to review any 活動／戦闘 of any Filipino Department 長官. 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd had 越えるd his 当局—in fact, had no 当局 in any Department. The word of the 長官s must be final, Jones 法案 to the contrary notwithstanding. These things they laid flat 負かす／撃墜する as 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s preferred.
The 政策 of the Big Caciques was now 減ずるd to one 前提 and one 結論:
知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd 封鎖するd the way of their personal ambitions, since they could make no さらに先に inroads upon American 主権，独立, no さらに先に inroads upon public 基金s and 資源s, while he remained in office.
Therefore, 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd must go.
And, to that end, from that hour, every 行為／法令／行動する and every energy of the Big Caciques has been bent.
"支持を得ようと努めるd must go!" says Mr. Quezon—and has said it so hard and so often that his own words have become his master.
"It is knife to the hilt with him," comment his 静かな compatriots from the 味方する-line. "He has 火刑／賭けるd his all on this and cannot go 支援する. He made the last 知事-General and 支配するd him. Now if he can unmake this one, his 指名する will be 広大な／多数の／重要な の中で us."
"反して, if he can't—he is finished."
So now the war was on—war on two 前線s—the Philippines and America.
And it was a 装置 called the Independence 基金 that made both （選挙などの）運動をするs the more picturesque.
The 行為／法令／行動する creating the Independence 基金 was one of the later fruits of Mr. Harrison's 支配する, 草案d in 見解（をとる） of the 可能性 that his 後継者s in office might 証明する いっそう少なく shy of the 拒否権 than was he. This 行為／法令／行動する appropriated five hundred thousand dollars of public money "to defray the expenses of the Independence （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 含むing publicity and all other expenses in 関係 with the 業績／成果 of its 義務s." And it 供給するd that this credit continue automatically from year to year, "although the （資金の）充当／歳出 行為／法令／行動するs hereafter 認可するd may not make any 明確な／細部 （資金の）充当／歳出 for said 目的."
In enjoyment of means so elastic, 連続する parties of 政治家íticos made excursions to Washington as special 支持するs of the independence of the Islands. They entertained a good 取引，協定. They were 利益／興味d in a Philippine 圧力（をかける） Bureau, which, under 指導／手引 of a 井戸／弁護士席-paid American ex-下院議員, gathered and sent out to a 解放する／自由な mailing 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） all sorts of attacks upon American 行政 and 当局, all sorts of tales not too scrupulously exact as to events and opinions in the Islands. And they, the Independence Commissioners, 本人自身で drew from the Independence 基金 such sums on account of salary, entertainment and travelling expenses as would have made their stay-at-home brothers sit up and 星／主役にする had the 人物／姿／数字s been published in their cognizance.
But their 支出s were jealously guarded from home 調査.
And so, 自然に enough, Manila saw an 年次の 殺到 for 任命 to that （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限. To be able to pocket, like Commissioner Roxas, $112.50, gold, a day, （疑いを）晴らす; to be able to 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する $560, gold, for one dinner—and not be asked for the 指名するs of one's guests; to be able to turn in any expense 人物／姿／数字s, sure of reimbursement without 交渉，会談—are such things to be scoffed at?
Men did not scoff. They 緊急発進するd.
The Independence Commissioner to Washington, you see, drew very かなり more than twice the 支払う／賃金 of the 知事-General of the Islands.
Also, in Washington they had all the fun of 配達するing a 後部 attack upon the 知事-General's 評判; in which movement they were supported, in 議会 and out, by American 政治家，政治屋s of 利用できる 質.
Every bit of venom afloat, every 捨てる of rumour or gossip, from whatever obscure corner, every snarl of party backbiters, their American ex-下院議員's "公式発表" 始める，決める 前へ／外へ in striking dress, ready to be clipped and 挿入するd in American country papers looking for copy. And then, from the Gluetown Goblet or the Smith City Smudge these were gleaned again, 是正するd, and sent 支援する to Manila as indices of American public opinion.
And ever out of the 基金, trickling easily, （機の）カム any sort of persuader, any sort of 誘導, that any delicate 事柄s might need, to その上の 業績／成就 in any delicate direction on either 味方する of the 太平洋の Ocean. The 条件 of the Appropriating 行為／法令／行動する were, as has been said, most 控えめの. You could 招待する anybody "to dinner."
合間, some of the Americans in the Islands began to discuss the 事柄 somewhat as follows:
"Where does this 'Independence 基金' come from?"
"（資金の）充当／歳出 from the 歳入s of the Insular 政府."
"Where do the 歳入s of the Insular 政府 come from?"
"税金s on 商売／仕事 for the most part."
"Who 支払う／賃金s these 税金s?"
"In 見解（をとる） of the way in which Insular 政府 accounts are kept since Filipinization, it is almost impossible to get real 人物／姿／数字s on any 支配する. But no one 論争s that, at the lowest 見積（る）, between 70 and 80 per cent of the 税金s are paid by 'Americans and other foreigners; or that at least 90 per cent of all 小売 and 半分-小売 貿易（する） is done by the Chinese."
"Do these 'Americans and other foreigners' here doing 商売／仕事 want to see these Islands 押し進める off from America and 始める，決める up an 独立した・無所属 政府?"
"They say not. They want peace."
"井戸／弁護士席, anyway, it is 違法な and seditious to lay 手渡すs on public 基金s, built up from everybody's 税金s, and to use them as a 武器 against 存在するing 政府. Or, if it isn't 違法な then something's wrong with the 法律."
The 政治家íticos' （選挙などの）運動をする in the Islands took the form of 封鎖ing 策略 in the 立法機関, and of destructive 試みる／企てるs upon American prestige everywhere. Of 建設的な 法律制定, as 伴う／関わるing major 政策s of 政府, little if any lies to the credit of the 立法機関s に引き続いて the "危機." On the other 手渡す, more than a few 対策 were introduced 簡単に for the 目的 of 製図／抽選 a 拒否権, in order to 蓄積する grounds for pointing to the 知事-General's "独裁的な" methods.
To 述べる these in 詳細（に述べる） would be burdensome. To choose の中で them is difficult. So one may 同様に start anywhere.
Take, then, the （資金の）充当／歳出 法案 of 1923, as an example.
With curious frankness, the 政治家íticos spoke of their 意図 to pass that 法案 in exact （許可，名誉などを）与える with the 知事-General's 予算, excepting one thing:—They would curtail the support of his own office. の中で other impossible losses, he would be 奪うd of his cable clerk and of the use of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある ヨット, the Apo.
Thus he would be 軍隊d into the ぎこちない necessity of 認可するing the 団体／死体 of the 法案, while 拒否権ing that which struck at him 本人自身で.
合間, they carried on, in the 圧力（をかける）, the necessary accompaniment of talk about "支持を得ようと努めるd's Fishing Parties," and the 無謀な squandering of taxpayers' money upon 高級な afloat, until the Apo seemed a sort of golden 船 on which a tyrant sybarite was wont to 逃げる the 義務s of his place.
Now the responsible (n)役員／(a)執行力のある of an 群島 numbering twenty-seven hundred 住むd islands, scattered over a sea area above a thousand by six hundred and fifty miles square has real need of transportation at his personal 命令（する）—has real need of some （手先の）技術 not already committed to schedule service.
Such a （手先の）技術 is the modest little Apo. Fitted up with an office into which the desk-work of the day is bodily transferred, the Apo often puts to sea on a half-hour's notice. And the 知事-General, at his desk in his cabin, 追求するing his 仕事s with scarcely a break, will have put a 集まり of finished work behind him before the first 船の停泊地. Rarely or never does he go on such trips without taking Filipino 公式の／役人s as guests. And it is 正確に in this manner that some of them have first learned the 地理学 of their own islands, or have first seen any 国／地域 other than that of their own particular island of Luzon.
It was in the period of "the 危機," however, that the Big Caciques themselves began to voyage about a bit の中で the Islands, showing themselves, talking anti-America, and explaining to the 田舎の 集まりs that if once they could be rid of the foreign heel upon their necks, they would never have to work any more, but would all bask 税金-解放する／自由な, rich and happy. "That," they said, "is the meaning of Independence! Who is for Independence?"
Everybody.
"Get rid of America!" they declaimed. "Get rid of 支持を得ようと努めるd! Our Philippines for the Filipinos! Follow us, your leaders."
And then, as a sort of rainbow 誓約（する） of joys to come—a sort of 祝賀 of their visit—宣言するd on their own 当局 that the Philippine 立法機関 would remit the 刑罰，罰則 on 未払いの land 税金s, would 投票（する） a largess for 即座の 配当; would 投票（する） a Calamity 基金, let it be called, since, even by the feeblest imagination, suitable calamities can always be discovered.
So therefore, "An 行為／法令／行動する to Appropriate the Sum of $50,000 for the 救済 of Indigent 苦しんでいる人s from Public Calamities" l was introduced in the 議会, while the 上院 brought 前へ／外へ "An 行為／法令／行動する Remitting the 刑罰，罰則 of the Land 税金 in the Philippine Islands for the Year 1923." 2
1 House 法案, No. 875.
2 上院 法案, No. 216.
合間, （衆議院の）議長s in both houses, together with the politico 圧力（をかける）, played proper instrumental accompaniments on the 主題 of 壊滅的な 台風s and other 申し立てられた／疑わしい visitations of Providence that had "prostrated the people," leaving no 頼みの綱 from 餓死 save to a parental 政府's purse.
And it was 正確に／まさに illustrative of the annoying habits of the Apo that, late one night, the little white ヨット slid out from her place in Manila Bay, carrying the 知事-General on an unheralded trip to 検査／視察する the "calamitous" 州s.
For the Jones 法律—in this instance again mocked by the 政治家íticos—支配するs 関心ing America's 代表者／国会議員 in the Islands, that
he is hereby vested with the 排除的 力／強力にする...to remit 罰金s and 没収s and may 拒否権 any 法律制定 制定するd...3
3 Jones 法案, section 21.
Again and again has the 現在の 知事-General 発揮するd that 力／強力にする, 延長するing time of 支払い（額） without 刑罰，罰則 wherever 条件s have 令状d it. But, to be by 法律 the "排除的" 当局, 暗示するs a 義務 to know 条件s before 事実上の／代理.
The 条件s of the 州s, as the Apo visited them, left no room for 疑問. 台風s? Yes, there had been 台風s. Each year brings 台風s. 台風s are what 天候 is made of. But not a 調印する could be 設立する of special necessity.
The 単独の new feature, anywhere, was taos 屈服するd in 悲しみ over the fact that they had paid their 1923 税金s. They had done it, of course, because さもなければ they would be dispossessed of their lands by the 地元の caciques. But now, it seemed, no one who had not already paid need bother his 長，率いる about 刑罰，罰則s for 非，不，無-支払い（額）. Why had they paid, then, since the money wasn't needed! Was it a mistake?
The whole thing, in 簡潔な／要約する, was a farce—the 肉親，親類d of farce that the Islands are 十分な of. The "calamities," such as they were, had occurred only in the course of nature and within a very small area. And yet they were to serve as excuse for 延期するing 支払い（額） of the land 税金s of the entire 群島.
As if, a late 霜 having 損失d the gooseberry 刈る in Genesee 郡, all 税金 刑罰，罰則s should, therefore, be remitted in the 明言する／公表する of New York.
Again, over all the 群島, in whatever direction, such 税金s as remained 未払いの were the 税金s, not of the poor people, but of the caciques.
"For Heaven's sake, don't remit!" said one 地方の 知事. "They've all paid here but the rich men. It's hard enough to get our people to 支払う／賃金 税金s, at best. Don't go spoil what little habit is forming!"
"The only delinquent taxpayers here," said the treasurer of another 州, "are the 長，指導者 政治家íticos—the large land owners."
"America is a joke," this thing told the country. "We, the Big Caciques, tie her 法律s into 屈服する-knots and make and break her 知事-Generals as 控訴s us. The purse-strings are ours, please 観察する. 選ぶ your 勝利者s."
The 法案 remitting 刑罰，罰則s for 非，不，無-支払い（額）s of the land 税金, as passed by the Philippine 立法機関 and 現在のd for (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 署名, carried no 推論する／理由, 始める，決める 前へ／外へ no 正当化するing 原因（となる）. Unashamed and 簡潔な／要約する, it baldly said, "remit."
The 知事-General 拒否権d it; 拒否権d the Calamity 法案 as 井戸／弁護士席.
And then, first 二塁打ing the 量 of the Calamity 基金, the 立法機関 passed both 法案s over his 拒否権.
Again, the Jones 法律 支配するs that any 行為／法令／行動する of the Philippine 立法機関 re-passed over a 知事-General's 拒否権 shall go to the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, who may either 無効にする or 認可する it; and that if the 大統領, for six months thereafter, does nothing, the 行為／法令／行動する automatically becomes 法律, "the same as if it had been 特に 認可するd."
一方／合間 the little ヨット Apo, in spite of the 予算 that 削減（する） off her provender, kept moving. For the Jones 法律, 供給するs that:
"The 知事-General shall have the 力／強力にする to 拒否権 any particular item or items of an （資金の）充当／歳出 法案, but the 拒否権 shall not 影響 the item or items to which he does not 反対する." And その上の 供給するs that, when, at the end of a 会計年度, an （資金の）充当／歳出 necessary for 政府 support for the year to come has not been made, the sum 指名するd for that 目的 in the 先行する （資金の）充当／歳出 法案 shall be みなすd re-appropriated.
These two 準備／条項s saved the Apo to the people's use, and, incidentally, produced many a curious picture. For example:
It was one day late in March, 1924, that the Apo slid up the little-known coast of Palawan Island and dropped 錨，総合司会者 at Puerto Princesa, the 資本／首都 of the 州, a place of いっそう少なく than 6,000 inhabitants.
Now it is 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd's custom, on such 査察 trips, to open 訴訟／進行s by a 早い 調査する of the presidencia, the schools, the hospital, if any, and the 刑務所，拘置所, these points 現在のing some 索引 of 地元の 条件s. And it was in the presidencia of Puerto Princesa that he （機の）カム, this March morning, upon something that excited his 利益／興味. Looking over the mortality 記録，記録的な／記録するs he saw that "a pagan" had recently been killed, in Puerto Princesa itself, by a 落ちる from a tree.
"What," His Excellency 願望（する）d to know, "was a pagan—a wild, shy, inland man—doing up a tree in this coast-town of Puerto Princesa? And, 認めるd the pagan up the tree, how did that pagan—a creature as much at home in trees as a monkey—how did that pagan manage to 落ちる? And 落ちる so hard as to kill himself? Kindly explain."
"Oh"—ran the explanation—"the tree was a cocoanut tree. The pagan was sent up to gather cocoanuts. He fell, and so hard, because he had chains on his 脚s."
"Chains on his 脚s! Why?"
"Because he was a 囚人."
"So you send men in アイロンをかけるs up trees to work? Why was he 拘留するd?"
Then （機の）カム 前へ／外へ the tale—a headless, footless tale—a typical tale of some sort of loss or 告訴，告発 of loss—some 暴力／激しさ of which no one had any （疑いを）晴らす idea either as to 侵略 or as to 攻撃者s, in 関係 with which forty pagans had been dragged 負かす／撃墜する out of the hinterland and 拘留するd in Puerto Princesa 刑務所，拘置所.
A 地方の 刑務所，拘置所, by the way, is a good place to park cheap 労働.
The 知事-General proceeded to the 刑務所，拘置所 and to 商売／仕事. Nor did he stop till the thirty-nine pagans stood before him. All wore 激しい chains. All were as helplessly ignorant of the 原因（となる） and meaning of their 運命／宿命 as so many paroquets. And all had been 囚人s, in chains, "を待つing 裁判，公判" since the sixteenth of the 先行する November. 法廷，裁判所 would not sit until the middle of the に引き続いて April.
確かな 過激な changes, as may easily be believed, started on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す. 確かな simple elucidations of points of decency, 法律, and human 権利s, all news to Puerto Princesa. Also, a 犯罪の 調査 was ordered, to 決定する just who, ーに関して／ーの点でs of 厚かましさ／高級将校連 tacks, was 責任がある 非難するing a shackled 囚人 to death by a 落ちる from a cocoanut tree.
Beyond reasonable 疑問 things are this moment 進行中で in Palawan, in Puerto Princesa, as in hundreds of towns in the islands, every whit the equal of the tale just told. Its main significance, after all, is as a symptom. But if that day's brusque awakening made 後継するing slumber one hair's breadth いっそう少なく 深遠な, much was 遂行するd.
In another 地方の 資本／首都 the 知事-General, 突然に appearing one day in the 中央 of a 豪雨, betook himself straight to the hospital. As he was about to enter the building, he noticed a little heap of something that moaned, lying in a pool of water in the open yard. A ragged 一面に覆う／毛布 covered it over. The General, stooping, 解除するd the 一面に覆う／毛布 and looked beneath.
Straightening again, with an unmoved 直面する, he said to the dapper little hospital 長，指導者 then scurrying 今後 to 迎える／歓迎する him.
"Doctor, why is this poor old woman lying here in the wet?"
"Because, Your Excellency," the Filipino explained, not too happily, "she has an unpleasant 病気, so that it is not agreeable to have her in the 区s, and we have no other place to put her."
"But you have a 選び出す／独身 room for women here," 再結合させるd the 訪問者. "Why did you not use that?"
"Ah—to be sure, yes. Your Excellency's memory is remarkable indeed! But that room is not in order at 現在の. It is やめる unusable—unsanitary—out of 修理."
"I think it must be better than 明らかにする ground, in the 勝利，勝つd and the rain, any way. Let's go have a look." And without waiting to be led, off strode the General, into the hospital building, and straight away to the door of that 選び出す／独身 room that he remembered from his last visit, a year before.
Inside, まっただ中に 条件s of special 緩和する, a sleek young mestizo cacique sprawled upon a comfortable bed, while a friend sat by his 味方する, rolling cigarettes. The 青年 on the bed was a 地方の 公式の／役人 supposed to be in 刑務所，拘置所 を待つing 裁判，公判 for mishandling public 基金s.
BENGUET MOUNTAINEERS
M. M. Newell
IGOROT ON THE TRAIL
M. M. Newell
It was again as an 出来事/事件 of an 査察 voyage の中で the Islands that 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, giving no intimation of his 意向, no chance for 準備s to be made, walked in upon a roomful of lepers, male and 女性（の）, herded together for 未来 disposition. The room was small, and packed 十分な. And the 条件 of its occupants told its own awful tale. For a moment General 支持を得ようと努めるd stood in the doorway in silent pity looking at them, while they, uncomprehending, 星／主役にするd dully 支援する. Then, with a shriek, a young girl, 押し進めるing 今後 from の中で the 集まり, threw herself at his feet, 注ぐing out a stream of Spanish, imploring, sobbing—then springing 築く to stand with 武器 cast wide.
"Look, sir," she cried, "I am no leper. In the 指名する of our 慈悲の God, Who sent you, look!"
The child in very truth was clean and whole—a pretty, delicate creature. Yet for weeks she had been shut up in closest 接触する with these 密談する／（身体を）寄せ集めるd 犠牲者s of the Terror of the Ages, を待つing 永久の consignment to their 運命／宿命.
Her father, you see, had dared to …に反対する the 長，率いる politico of the town. This was the 復讐 of the cacique. It will help to an understanding of the fact that under a Filipinized 政府 few men dare give their 指名するs to any 抗議する against things as they are.
But it is 正確に surprises like these—inconvenient, 慣習に捕らわれない, 広範囲にわたって spread, very often repeated—that have given General 支持を得ようと努めるd the 評判 of "militaristic 帝国主義." Not long ago the 地方の 公式の／役人s in a 確かな place through which he was passing gave a 祝宴 in the second story of the presidencia. It was a 罰金 祝宴, with much food and many speeches, mostly about 即座の Independence, Abraham Lincoln, and Philippines for the Filipinos. At the end the 知事-General gave another 展示 of "欠如（する） of tact."
As the party descended the stairway, he stopped and said: "Gentlemen, I do not know how many of you know what is beneath this stair, but I looked in, on my arrival, and now I should like you to do the same. It is part of the more 即座の 商売／仕事 of your 州."
Underneath that stair, in a small 石／投石する 独房, chained each to the 床に打ち倒す, were a middle-老年の woman and a young man. Both were naked, or nearly so. The one was melancholy-mad, the other merry-frantic. The 床に打ち倒す lay 深い in human excrement.
Such, a few years ago, was the general 条件 of the insane in the Philippines. Such it 広範囲にわたって remained, when 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd took office. In the very 資本／首都 city itself, in the hospital of San Lázaro, 条件s were very closely 類似の to those in that same 独房 beneath the presidencia stairs.
A 不名誉 to twenty-one years of American 政府?
Ah—but remember that the first five American 知事s had all the customs, all the inertia of the age-long past with which to 戦う／戦い in every field. Remember, too, that the sixth American 知事 put his seven years of 適切な時期 into undoing his 前任者s' 業績／成就s. And it is slower work dragging things up hill than 押し進めるing them 負かす／撃墜する.
The Filipinos are probably more 本気で afflicted with leprosy than are any other people in the world. 公式の／役人 記録，記録的な／記録するs show だいたい one leper to every 2,000 of the 全住民. Given such a basis of 割合, we in America would have half a million lepers. 反して, for all our 即位s from beyond seas, we have より小数の than one thousand 犠牲者s of this horror of all time.
Before America （機の）カム to the Islands, no systematic 計画（する） 存在するd there for 試みる／企てるing eradication of the 病気. Under the 後援 of the Roman カトリック教徒 Church, a number of leper hospitals had been started, 顕著に in Manila and in Cebú, but these at best could only 料金d the hungry, as a charity, and rather spread the malady than controlled it.
So the 広大な／多数の／重要な 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of the sick—some ten thousand in number—went 捕まらないで all over the Islands.
Some lay hidden in the houses of their 親族s. Some roamed the village streets, wailing their woes and mingling with the ありふれた life at the 井戸／弁護士席s, in the food-markets, in the fiesta （人が）群がるs. Some, 石／投石するd by the people and driven out from their barrios, gathered in 恐ろしい companies on barren sandbars in the sea. Some haunted forests on the skirts of habitations, fed, if they were fed at all, by uncertain 施し物s of rice and rotten fish left within their reach by givers who fled with 回避するd 直面する once they had 始める，決める their 重荷（を負わせる）s 負かす／撃墜する.
This was as America 設立する it. And our first or 軍の 政府, 認めるing the necessity of attacking the 職業, selected the Island of Culion as the 場所／位置 of a 未来 leper 植民地. But the Augean Stables were not cleaned with one sweep of the shovel, and some years passed before this particular 仕事 met its turn.
To-day Culion is the largest leper 植民地 in the world. And to one man—Dr. 勝利者 G. Heiser—belongs the 十分な credit of its upbuilding.
As Commissioner of Public Health for the Philippines, Dr. Heiser 任命するd himself to this appalling 仕事. Himself he 遂行する／発効させるd it—and as long as it remained in his 支配（する）／統制する it challenged the world's 賞賛.
As a first step, he bought out the 所有物／資産／財産 権利s of such 居住（者）s as were 設立する on Culion, 除去するing the people to the 隣人ing island of Busuanga. Then he laid out and built a 罰金-looking modern town, suitable to the 慰安 of a people who must live long lives and die slow deaths within its 境界s. He 任命する／導入するd a sanitary 汚水 計画／陰謀, a proper water 供給（する）, a lighting system, built a commodious hospital, churches, a community centre, plazas, a 地位，任命する office, and even made a 通貨 peculiar to the 植民地, not to 循環させる どこかよそで.
Then, when the place 近づくd 準備完了, he photographed its many pleasant 面s, showing what it was—a light in the 不明瞭 of native town-building—and sent doctors abroad in the land to lecture to the people, with the pictures to 証明する their words. This was in 1906-7.
At that time no one knew how many lepers the Islands 含む／封じ込めるd, but only that the 悪口を言う／悪態, open or secret, was interwoven throughout the 団体／死体 social, with filaments everywhere.
So the doctors travelled and talked, showing their 保証するing pictures and explaining to the people the terrible dangers to themselves of living with the sick, the advantage to the communities of 孤立するing the 苦しんでいる人s, the advantage to the 苦しんでいる人s themselves of living in such 条件s as Culion 申し込む／申し出d. And then, when 利益／興味 had to some degree been 誘発するd—when some 約束 of co-操作／手術 had been 得るd from 地元の 当局, and when the 充てるd French 修道女s who すぐに volunteered for service were 任命する／導入するd—Dr. Reiser sent out a boat to collect his 患者s.
But on the first trip, the seamen in a 団体／死体—Americans and Filipinos alike—砂漠d ship. The sights they met were too grim, the dangers they ran too 広大な／多数の／重要な. Used though they were to seeing the thing in their daily lives, this 集中 of horror passed their strength. In a bunch they やめる, and not one man of them could be 説得するd or 賄賂d to return to his 寝台／地位.
"All 権利, I'll go myself," said Dr. Heiser, "but I can't run the boat 選び出す／独身-手渡すd. Who's got the grit to help?"
Then up spoke Captain Hillgrove, Maine Yankee, good old sailorman. "Doc, I'll see you through," said he.
"Me too," said Sawyer, Hillgrove's American engineer.
So three good men with their teeth 始める，決める worked the 職業—till a few 伸び（る）d courage to follow them.
From port to port they steamed, the leader 説得するing, explaining, 徐々に filling the little （手先の）技術 with the boldest or the most 反抗的な against a fearful 運命／宿命.
To 引用する Dr. Reiser's own words, as he wrote five years later:1
By 1908 at least one collection of lepers had been made all over the 群島, and in many 州s a number of collections had been made; but there were やむを得ず やめる a number [of the sick] who escaped the 早期に collections and went into hiding, and also a かなりの number who were in the incubation period of the 病気, from 感染 which they had probably received through their 協会 with 事例／患者s of leprosy. So that 事例／患者s still come to notice, and these, as soon as discovered, are 孤立するd, and, at たびたび（訪れる） intervals each year, are transferred to Culion...It is 概略で 概算の that there were 以前は at least 1200 new 事例／患者s of leprosy 契約d each year, and it is believed that now, with the 少なくなるd 適切な時期s of 感染,... at least 600 persons are 存在 saved 毎年 from 契約ing this most loathsome 病気; that this number remain as useful members of society instead of 存在 a 重荷（を負わせる） upon the public during the 残りの人，物 of their 存在.
1 Dr. 勝利者 G. Heiser, "衛生設備 in the Philippines," 定期刊行物 of Race 開発, Vol. Ill, No. 2, October, 1912.
Dr. Heiser omitted to say, however, that he himself made all these collecting trips, in person 集会 his 患者s. He was giving a life 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語, you see, to every man, woman and child whom he took, and the 可能性s of trouble in the wrenching apart of families and friends, the 可能性 of mistakes in diagnosis, and the 可能性s of 試みる／企てるs at 誤った かかわり合いs through ill-will were 広大な／多数の／重要な.
So, やめる 簡単に, he shouldered the whole work.
And, in 扱うing these pitiful people in the painstaking way he did, he exposed himself to the sickness to an extent that might easily have meant the ultimate sacrifice.
Or, were その上の 証言 needed as to the spirit and manner of Dr. Reiser's service, it would be 設立する in the fact that never in all his 旅行s of collecting did the people resist him. Not once did he need to use 軍隊 or to ask the Constabulary's 援助（する）.
As to the life that he had 工夫するd for them in the town that he had built for their 占領／職業, the like of it had never been seen. A 軍団 of doctors and nurses was 絶えず on 義務 there, and the 熟考する／考慮する of the 病気 同様に as the care of the 患者s went 刻々と 今後. But aside from that, the people enjoyed a degree of freedom and 井戸／弁護士席-存在 unheard-of before.
For their friend made them 自治ing. He 始める，決める over them no guards of any 肉親，親類d. He gave them the 政府 of their own town. They elected their own 公式の／役人s, and they made, themselves, the 法律s under which they lived. Thus while, on the one 手渡す, Culion relieved the whole people of the 群島 from the danger of 接触する with the sick, on the other it gave to the leper a real home. In Culion he was no longer an outcast, but a welcome and competent 国民, busy about natural and 生産力のある 追跡s or congenial 楽しみs. He 工場／植物d his garden, 熟考する／考慮するd music, kept a shop, taught school, made useful articles to sell to his 隣人s. He lived the life of a normal man.
合間, the abysmal ignorance of the general populace of the Islands together with their childlike superstition, 現在のd to such 海難救助 work the same 抵抗 that such elements always …に反対する to any 上向き change. It is as if some inexorable 過程 of 進化 would 辞退する to be 始める，決める aside by any 行為／法令／行動する of the genius of man.
And so, while Americans at home played 橋（渡しをする） or ゴルフ or the stockmarket, while Americans from ヨットs and liners visited the spotless 寺s of Japan, or Hongkong's lovely avenues, or sat in the Manila Hotel talking theory with Filipino ladies with American college educations and バタフライ sleeves, the actual life of this our American dependency ran along beside it all—beside, and yet two thousand years apart.
Countless tales—tales from each house, in each barrio, each hour of each day, each year, might illustrate the fact. Take one:
From a 確かな town 広大な／多数の／重要な news （機の）カム 前へ／外へ.
The Christ had appeared. In His Very Person had been seen, first of few and then of many.
So that no man, woman or child in all those parts took thought of any other thing, but all, in wide and wider circles, as word passed from mouth to mouth, dropped their 関心s, 急いでing to the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where the Blessed Presence might be 証言，証人／目撃するd.
The whole countryside was moving. Its whole people was stirred to the depths.
To one man alone the 奇蹟 had first been 明らかにする／漏らすd—a hunter, 進行中で in the forest before the 夜明け. He, silent, crouching, hidden in the undergrowth, the better to watch a water-穴を開ける—for it was 乾燥した，日照りの time, and the animals travelled far to drink—he, the hunter, first saw the 見通し of the Lord.
It （機の）カム in that grey dimness that foreruns the light—the hour of 冷淡な and stillness, when seconds are numbered till the whole of nature 動かすs. The hunter, from his hiding, watched the leaden surface of the pool—watched rather the reeds and big-leaved 工場／植物s that hung above it faintly 解除するing in the 勝利，勝つd.
Suddenly he raised his gun—softly, softly—for meat was 不十分な—he could not 行方不明になる his 発射—and the big leaves were stirring now with something more 執拗な than the 勝利，勝つd. He half rose from his haunches, while his finger twitched the 誘発する／引き起こす 支援する—and then, just in time to be saved the Unimaginable Sin, his 注目する，もくろむs were opened, and he saw.
Saw a 人物／姿／数字 as of a man—yet not a man, but shadowy, 半分-translucent, as of ethereal stuff—saw it part the big leaves, come out through the 屈服するing reeds—descend into the little pool and bathe. And then, just as the first ray of the sun 発射 through the forest, the 証言，証人／目撃する saw it arise again from the water, and, lo—no longer shadowy, but 向こうずねing white —all glistening.
And so, all glistening, did it disappear, in silence, as it had come.
The hunter, as soon as his 四肢s would carry him, ran 支援する to his barrio with the story. That night five 隣人s returned with him to the forest, and, from as far away as they could see the water-穴を開ける, を待つd the hour.
Their reward was 広大な／多数の／重要な. For they, too, saw the 見通し, 正確に／まさに as their companion had done.
"It is the Christ!" they whispered, and, having prayed, themselves descended to the sacred pool and bathed.
Then they went home and told their world. Thereafter each night some chosen few lay を待つing the 見通し that always （機の）カム with 夜明け. And each day, all day, hundreds bathed in that little pool, stirring the water till it was 厚い, （人が）群がるing it 十分な—while the fame of it spread on and on.
On till it reached the ears of a young American constabulary 中尉／大尉／警部補 of the sort that made the 指名する of the 軍隊. And this young person conceived it to be his 義務 to look into the 事例／患者.
So, taking a man or two from his detachment, he 修理d to the forest. There, duly hidden, but の近くに beside the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す at which the 見通し was wont to descend, he, too, lay still and watched, though the people, in their far concealment, knew nothing of his presence.
The hour （機の）カム—and the 奇蹟. Truly enough, in all things as had been told, a shadowy, silent 人物／姿／数字, parting the big-leaved 工場／植物s and the 屈服するing reeds, stepped 前へ／外へ and 負かす／撃墜する, into the pool, and bathed. Then, with the sun, did it rise again, all 向こうずねing, glistening white, and 消える into the bush.
Yet not this time in silence—for silence fled before a boy's （疑いを）晴らす （犯罪の）一味ing laugh and a 脅すd cry. He had made a dash for the 見通し—had that American officer boy—and it had shrieked in 恐れる.
For the 見通し was naught but a poor out-cast leper, a brown man like the 残り／休憩（する）, whose sick flesh, 存在 wet, shone white in the level sun.
With such 構成要素 had our health officers to 取引，協定. Under such dangers from themselves did the people of the Philippines live. Nor has either 条件 materially changed since our 占領／職業. Twenty-five years of public schools cannot wipe out the 相続物件 of all time. Yet, 手段d by the microscope—the clock of ages—there is an 前進する.
Dr. Heiser, at Culion, built up a 広大な／多数の／重要な 予防の and palliative work. His 植民地, started with 600 members, grew 速く, and although the sick still hid and were hidden, to the menace of all the world, yet more and more of them gave themselves up, 誘惑するd by the 慰安s of Culion and by the hope of cure.
But there was no cure.
"I have never felt so ashamed and humiliated," says Dr. Heiser, "as I used to feel when going through that 抱擁する leper hospital, unable to give any real hope. I 設立する no 記録，記録的な／記録する, anywhere, of leprosy cured, not any 記録，記録的な／記録する of 広大な／多数の／重要な 科学の 成果／努力 made. The care of lepers, since history began, had always been left to charity. It was high time to 始める，決める science to work.
"It was then that I heard of chaulmoogra oil, with its surmisable 可能性s. But the nature of the stuff, as we soon 証明するd, made it 事実上 unassimilable. And, hypodermi-cally given, it would not 吸収する. So, we called upon a 広大な／多数の／重要な German 会社／堅い for 援助（する）. They 示唆するd 追加するing ether, or camphor. We 追加するd ether. The mixture did 吸収する—and then, for the first time in the world's ken, （機の）カム 進歩."
"But the 広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty so far," Dr. Heiser continued, "was that it took six months to get results. About this time—1915 —I joined the Rockefeller 創立／基礎 and went to India. There I 設立する a 広大な／多数の／重要な Englishman, Sir Leonard Rogers, knighted for his work in dysentery, and asked him to take up our leprosy question.
"'We have 設立する the first rung in the ladder of cure,' I said, 'but we can't, grope as we will, find the second. Help!'
"So Sir Leonard fell to work. And his gift was a 削減（する） of the period from six months to three.
"Soon afterward Doctors Hollman and Dean, who were working on leprosy in Honolulu under a 連邦議会の （資金の）充当／歳出, made その上の 進歩.
"They 孤立するd the ethyl esters and 首尾よく used them in the 治療 of leprosy.
"And this is the medicament that is 現実に curing lepers to-day—one of the most 満足な 業績／成就s in 医療の 発見.
"I have visited most leper 植民地s in the world. They used to be heartbreaking. Now, having introduced the 治療 in a given place, I come 支援する a few months later to find 直面するs all alight with hope and 患者s eager and anxious to tell all about it—about when they are getting out of hospital, about what they are going to do with their lives in the world that has been given 支援する to them.
"Of those who 契約 leprosy henceforth it is reasonable to hope that over 20 per cent may be cured; in over 60 per cent the malady will be so 逮捕（する）d as to disappear clinically; and in the 残りの人，物 it will go no さらに先に—if it is taken up within the first three or four years of its onset,"
But while these glorious things were 向こうずねing 前へ／外へ in the 幅の広い wide world, 負かす／撃墜する upon the Philippine Islands 厚い 不明瞭 had settled. Harrison had come. Filipinization, 広範囲にわたる through every 支店 of public work, was 速く destroying all that America's science and service had 遂行するd. And the defenceless 犠牲者s in Culion must 株 the doom of the 残り／休憩（する）. The simple truth of this may be 十分に illustrated by the 事例／患者 of the Culion children.
It is 設立するd, then, that children born of leprous parents not only are born clean, but also grow up clean, if 除去するd from the parents and 保護するd from （危険などに）さらす. In Honolulu, during the entire thirty years of American 支配（する）／統制する, not one child of leprous 血統／生まれ has developed the 病気.
In Culion, as in Honolulu, our practice was to 孤立する all children so born. And in Culion as in Honolulu, of those so 保護するd not a 選び出す／独身 child 契約d the malady.
Then （機の）カム Mr. Harrison's régime, general Filipinization, Dr. Reiser's 出発 and, in Culion as どこかよそで, the consequent 無視（する）ing or discarding of modern 基準s. During this period over three hundred children born in Culion fell 犠牲者 to the 悪口を言う／悪態.
All 科学の work, whether pathological or alleviative, died 負かす／撃墜する or out, and the 立法機関 that 投票（する）d "money to 燃やす" into the Philippine 国家の Bank—and 自由に 燃やすd it there —had little indeed to spare to the 囚人s of death. In 1918, when Dr. Denny, last American superintendent, gave up his hopeless struggle and left, two 内科医s 構成するd Culion's 医療の 軍団, 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with the 熟考する／考慮する and care of nearly 4,000 sick.
Then, March 5, 1921, （機の）カム the 見えなくなる of Harrison. Two months later the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, 上陸 in Manila, turned its サーチライト on the Islands. And its rays swept the 冷気／寒がらせる of 恐れる into the souls of the caciques, seven fat years care-解放する／自由な. So they 現実に appropriated $50,000 for Culion, and sent four of their doctors 負かす／撃墜する to 治める the cure.
But service that serves is wont to spring from roots other than 恐れる.
Now, if you stop to look over the main elements in the 事柄, you get something like this:
Leprosy, from the day that Moses 命令（する）d the stricken to cry out "unclean!" has been the loathing and the terror of the world.
Leprosy, for 推論する／理由s as yet undetermined, spreads more 速く in some places than in others, and spreads in the Philippines with extreme 速度(を上げる）; so that the Filipinos, as has already been 明言する／公表するd, 苦しむ more 一般に from its 荒廃させるs than do many other 記録，記録的な／記録するd people.
Leprosy, so science 持つ／拘留するs, is transmitted only by 接触する, and can be utterly stamped out by segregation of the afflicted.
Leprosy can 嘘（をつく） 活動停止中の and hidden for fifteen years or more after the 感染, and, during all that period, can be carried about and transmitted to others by the 感染させるd person.
America, at home, receives Filipinos into her schools and colleges, into her 国内の service, into many の近くに 接触するs—receives them 自由に, and 願望（する）s so to do. Filipinos and Filipino goods travel 自由に in all countries by all conveniences. The Philippines are visited by the ships of the world. And the American 政府, as 持つ／拘留するing 最高の 当局 in the Philippines, is responsible to its own American people and to all mankind for safety in these personal 接触するs and 商売／仕事 取引—for 予定 observance of 法律s of ありふれた weal.
Finally, to American science and devotion, brilliantly 補佐官d by British and by German 技術, is 予定 the honour of finding a leprosy cure.
Having then, the 当局, the 責任／義務 and the cure, had America a choice but to spring to her 仕事?
知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd thought not. When he took office, in the autumn of 1921, fresh pictures lived in his memory, の近くに knowledge in his mind, that forbade a day's 延期する in going to the 救助（する） of these most friendless of earth's lost. The 旅行s of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 had laid 明らかにする before him a world of secret pities and of secret 脅しs.
So, he threw himself into the 救助（する）.
Things, then, began to happen 急速な／放蕩な. By the end of 1921 ethyl esters were 存在 治めるd to 1,000 Culion 患者s. Then a 立法機関 as yet on good behaviour 増加するd the （資金の）充当／歳出. In 新規加入 the 知事-General 徴収するd on the 緊急 基金. In 1922 Culion's staff rose to eighteen 内科医s, twenty-one trained nurses besides the always 充てるd 修道女s, and several minor members, with over 4,000 事例／患者s under the new 治療.
Once a month, at least, the Apo carried the 知事-General himself to Culion—a night's 旅行 by sea. There his 科学の knowledge, as 内科医 bred, enabled him to give the most intelligent 刺激 and support to the pathological and 医療の work, and his active sympathy with the 患者s themselves produced a bettering of 条件s such as より勝るd their experience in a lifetime.
For the first time in years, so they themselves 断言する, they slept warm at night, had 十分な 着せる／賦与するing to wear, had food enough to keep their hunger 負かす／撃墜する, had real nurses and doctors to look to their 苦痛s. For the first time after years during which, they say, they "were forgotten by God and man."
利益／興味ing things—too intimate or too 伴う／関わるing, for the most part, to be 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する in print—are to be learned of all these 事柄s by conversation with Culion's folk. It was one of the rare saints of the earth—one of those who find happiness in の近くに continuous service of a sort that only divine love could 耐える, who 追加するd this:
"You hear it said that lepers' minds are dulled—that they neither 苦しむ nor are 感謝する and glad like other people. It is not true. You have only to see their touching greetings to the 知事-General to realize that. They exhaust their 力／強力にするs of 表現 before him when he comes. They go out to 会合，会う him with 旗，新聞一面トップの大見出し／大々的に報道するs. Again and again they have come to me begging: 'Show us what we can do to make sure that he really knows how much we love and pray him never to go away.'"
And when, in November, 1922, a rumour reached Culion that General 支持を得ようと努めるd was really about to leave the Islands to become 長，率いる of the University of Pennsylvania, they hurried together their knowledge of English in a long 嘆願（書） of which the に引き続いて is a part:
We, the undersigned, unfortunate inmates of the Culion Leper 植民地, 願望（する） to 表明する...our endless 感謝 for the many helps you have already bestowed upon us, both in your personal and 公式の／役人 capacity...
We 謙虚に beg and 嘆願（書） your Excellency not to abandon us without the 保証／確信 that the 広大な／多数の／重要な and noble work you have undertaken for the despised lepers shall be continued...Not a ray of hope shone across our dark and 暗い／優うつな pathway until you became 利益／興味d in our terrible misfortune. With your coming, a new 星／主役にする shone above our 狭くする horizon—The 星／主役にする of Hope. For the first time in our desolate lives an active 利益／興味 has been taken in our 福利事業...Hope has become the very essence of our lives. Through your vivid 利益／興味, the new 治療 has been 延長するd to us, and if same is continued we hope and look 今後 to the day when we shall be able to 出発／死 from this 刑務所，拘置所...to （問題を）取り上げる once more the...life we left behind us when this terrible malady 示すd us as its 犠牲者s, and thus be able to 与える／捧げる our 穀物 of sand and do our bit for the 繁栄 and 福利事業 of our dear 郡. A new 追跡する, thanks to your 利益／興味 in our に代わって, has been 炎d for us across the vale of despondency and despair, 主要な to a new and wonderful 存在...
...The world can never 否定する that before you （機の）カム our newly risen 星／主役にする of Hope was not known then, the world cared very little for our sufferings and 哀れな 存在; and we were left only to eke out our misfortune, the gaping jaws of an open 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な （人命などを）奪う，主張するing us as its prey.
However 条件s have now changed かなり, thanks to the timely arrival of your Excellency, the acclaimed Saviour of we Lepers. When you leave our shores, please be 保証するd that you shall carry with you the everlasting 感謝 and fond memories of unfortunates who have 設立する in your Excellency the angel and conductor of their alleviation and hope for better days to come...
This 文書 bore the 署名s of 井戸／弁護士席 over thirteen hundred of Culion's sick.
The 知事-General 早期に 指名するd an able American scientist, Dr. H. Windsor Wade, to be 長，指導者 病理学者 of the 植民地, and requested him to 行為／法令／行動する as 長，指導者 内科医 until some 井戸／弁護士席-trained specialist could be 設立する for the 職業.
This specialist, unfortunately, was not 来たるべき, a fact resulting in the deflection of the 長，指導者 病理学者's 労働, to a かなりの extent, from the most important feature of the work. For even above the succour of the individual must 階級 the search for the 重要なs to the safety of the world.
にもかかわらず, splendid 進歩 was made—although 人物／姿／数字s on actual 業績／成就 are only by degrees 利用できる. For the malady is slow—slow in developing, slow in 殺人，大当り, slow in 改良 under 治療.
合間 the 報告（する）／憶測s of betterment, of probable cures, spread through the Islands like 夜明け after night. Hundreds of lepers who had still remained in hiding （機の）カム 今後 and begged to be taken to the Island. Rarely, if ever, was it necessary to invoke police 力／強力にする to bring in any 犠牲者, however ignorant or timorous—the good news itself was enough. And every possible step was taken by the 知事-General to spread that news and to 援助（する） and popularize the movement.
In spite of again 増加するd （資金の）充当／歳出s, however, the money 利用できる did not 十分である to carry on the work in the best way. Only about one-third of the sum total could be spared to the curative 治療, the 残り／休憩（する） 存在 necessary for the 明らかにする 維持／整備, 避難所 and 着せる／賦与するing of the sick. And trained help was 欠如（する）ing for the proper keeping of 記録，記録的な／記録するs 必須の to さらに先に 開発 of the cure.
But the number of "消極的なs" was 刻々と rising and the work, as a whole, was such as to 焦点（を合わせる） upon Culion the attention of the 病理学者s of the world.
Then （機の）カム "the 危機"—the 政治家íticos' 宣言 of war on 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd. And to one curious in the psychology of the educated Filipino few things could be 設立する more illuminating than the relation of that "危機" to the 運命／宿命 of the Philippines' helpless sick.
The 知事-General, by word and 行為, had made his own keen 利益／興味 in the 犠牲者s of leprosy, in their 救助（する）, and in the 保護 of the 井戸／弁護士席, a 絶えず 目だつ fact.
Therefore, true to form, the Big Caciques, to 傷つける him, struck hard at the lepers, struck hard at Culion. And all their 信奉者s followed on.
The Filipino 医療の staff on the Island accordingly raised its 発言する／表明する in 抗議する against the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある's visits, as "干渉，妨害." Dr. Wade became the 反対する of fantastic 告訴，告発s and 批評. Every imaginable 障害, petty or 広大な／多数の／重要な, was placed in the way of his work. By word of mouth and through the native 圧力（をかける） tales were sedulously spread abroad of 悲惨 and unhappiness at Culion and of ill-治療 耐えるd by the 患者s, who, it was 申し立てられた／疑わしい, were made the 支配する of frivolous and useless 実験s, while the money that should have fed and 着せる／賦与するd them was 消費するd in labora-torical tricks.
The death 率 was said to be 急に上がるing.
Finally, after a long 一斉射撃，（質問などの）連発／ダム of words, the Caciques showed the 真面目さ of their attack by an extreme 手段. Taking a leaf from Washington's own 調書をとる／予約する, they 発表するd a "調査（する）"—a "上院 調査／捜査するing 委員会" which would voyage to Culion itself and 決定する the truth.
When the hour （機の）カム, however, senatorial courage had somehow oozed away. Just one 上院議員, 加える one 代表者／国会議員, 報告（する）／憶測d at the gangplank as still for the trip, the 残り／休憩（する） of the party consisting of Filipino doctors, with a pair of American "観察者／傍聴者s only."
Their 調査 began on the afternoon of January 4, 1924. Twenty-four hours later they had already shaken Cu-lion's dust from their feet and were steaming 支援する to Manila. But even in those few hours they had got their "facts." Upon which it was solemnly 発表するd, の中で other 知恵s, that Culion 代表するs a useless dissipation of 基金s; that "segregation of lepers, as a 手段 of 支配（する）／統制する, is a 失敗," that 研究室／実験室 器具／備品 （資金の）充当／歳出s should be 削減（する） off forthwith; that Dr. Wade 欠如（する）d 徹底的な knowledge of the peculiarities of the 病気; that the first 必須の to 改良 was the 任命 of a "competent Filipino doctor as 長，指導者 内科医."
Publicity was also given to the idea that "the 孤立／分離 of 非，不，無-leprous children of the 患者s is of 第２位 importance," and Director De Jesus, of the Health Service, was 引用するd as 説 that "the lepers resent the 現在の system of 治療, 明言する／公表するing that the results are 致命的な." 1
1 Culion despatch, January 5, 1924, in Philippines 先触れ（する）, January 6, 1924.
合間, the 機能（する）／行事 of the political Filipino with regard to Filipino lepers had become and definitely remained that of 敵意. Under cover of a solicitude 完全に new, he 現実に began to give thought to the leper's 事例／患者. But the whole 傾向 of that thought was, in 影響, carefully to see to it that nothing of any moment was done for the 利益 of the sick.
In the new cure, the 患者, from the moment he is first 宣言するd "消極的な," should be re-診察するd every week, over a period of two years. At the end of the two years, if no reappearance of 病気 has occurred, he is 解放する／自由な. Now, in the beginning of 1924, 消極的な 事例／患者s were already becoming satisfactorily 非常に／多数の. And the 知事-General's strong 願望（する） was to make a separate 植民地 for these 事例／患者s 近づく, but apart from, the Culion 解決／入植地; a 植民地 where 消極的なs could live in safety from re-感染, yet enjoy the 正規の／正選手 service and 監督 of Culion's 専門家s.
But this, like his 願望（する） to save the little untainted babies, was doomed. Doomed 簡単に because it was America's 代表者／国会議員 that 願望（する）d it. "It is unpatriotic," Quezon had 宣言するd, "for any Filipino to stand by 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd in his 政策s." And a 限定された and 執拗な 成果／努力 始める，決める in, not only to 封鎖する 進歩 in 発見, but to break up Culion itself and 分散させる the 患者s.
"We don't see," Filipino 内科医s 宣言するd, "why any American 外科医 should be 許すd to come here and make himself famous by getting data at Culion and 令状ing 調書をとる／予約するs about our lepers. That is 不正な 開発／利用 of our 資源s. It should be saved until there are Filipino scientists and we can get the credit of it ourselves."
Yet, lest it be supposed that all native 医療の men will be 設立する in one class, here is a 声明 transcribed from the lips of a first-class Manila 内科医 not in the politico field:
"Professionally, I consider that there was and is no need of any '調査' of Culion. Dr. Wade was 任命するd as the best man 利用できる. He is a very good 病理学者. A lot of money has been spent in Culion, it is true, but time has not been permitted it to 論証する its value. Dr. Wade will probably now 辞職する. They will 軍隊 him out, through his own natural pride."
For comparison, and again from my 公式文書，認めるs, take the exact words of a Filipino politico to whom no one would 否定する a place の中で the half-dozen best.
"This Culion 事柄 is a serious grievance. A very 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of money has been allotted to Culion, and all because of 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd. Before his coming, I 保証する you, no such attention was ever 充てるd by us to people like lepers. Oh, yes. No 疑問 it would be a 罰金 thing for the world if a cure for leprosy were discovered. But we do not feel that it is 現職の upon us to make that 出資／貢献."
It is a continual 悔いる and a 激しい 障害（者） to be unable to give the 指名するs of 証言，証人／目撃するs. The Filipino public man who made the に引き続いて 声明 has been taken 完全に 本気で in America in his several visits there.
"In the Culion 事柄," I said to him—this was in January, 1924—"it would seem that your 政府 is actuated by a 願望（する） to make a personal attack upon 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd."
"That is partly true," he replied. "But the 割合 of the （資金の）充当／歳出 for health work allotted to Culion is terrible. I do not know just what it is, but it is terrible. It is more 経済的な to help in other things. Malaria, for example. I am always having to send 薬／医学 負かす／撃墜する to my labourers on my 農園, who have malaria. I can't get 政府 money to buy that 薬／医学. No. I have to 支払う／賃金 for it myself out of my own pocket! This is not 経済的な.
"But the main point is just here:
"We know that in America you think a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 of what you call 福利事業 work and admire a man who excels in it. Very 井戸／弁護士席. We consider that, in Culion, General 支持を得ようと努めるd is 簡単に making a みごたえのある demonstration of 福利事業 work, to 伸び（る） 人気 in America, and we are 決定するd he shall not 後継する. He is overdoing this Culion stunt [sic] and we are going to stop him."
But it may be that a still more 深く，強烈に 重要な 証言 is born in the words of another confidential （衆議院の）議長—a rare type of Filipino professional man—one to be 尊敬（する）・点d as an honest and 井戸／弁護士席-meaning 国民 whose whole 意図 is to steer （疑いを）晴らす of political 社債s and to do what he may for his people.
"Before the 知事-General （機の）カム, Culion was," he said. "Its troubles are 簡単に 欠如（する） of money. And there would be very much more money for that and for schools and for every good work if only our 政治家íticos had not so 完全に plundered the 国家の Bank. But as to leprosy—you know we are not as afraid of that as you are. We are always, at 底（に届く）, …に反対するd to segregation. Family 関係 with us are strong. We do not consider the 病気 very horrible and we want to keep our lepers in our own 世帯s at home."
The history of our health work in the Islands, from 1900 on, is a 事柄 of first-率 significance not to be overlooked or 最小限に減らすd in any intelligent consideration of the status of the Filipino people and of America's relations thereto.
When we took over the Philippines, the 仕事 of 衛生設備 直面するing us was so enormous as to seem impossible. Smallpox was carrying off a 正規の／正選手 年次の （死傷者）数 of 40,000 persons. Asiatic コレラ （機の）カム in たびたび（訪れる） and 破滅的な waves. Infantile mortality—予定 主として to beriberi, which meant 栄養不良, and to tetanus, which meant dirty 扱うing at birth, reached 773.4 per thousand. Beriberi の中で adults killed its multitudes each year. The city water of Manila was poi-sonously 汚染するd and nowhere else in all the Islands was there a 貯蔵所, a 麻薬を吸う-line or an artesian 井戸／弁護士席. In the city 共同墓地s, four or five 団体／死体s were often （人が）群がるd into a 選び出す／独身 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な, only to be 投げ上げる／ボディチェックするd out a few months later to 嘘（をつく） exposed in heaps in the open 空気／公表する. The city of Manila, with a 全住民 of over 200,000 persons, had no 汚水 system, whatever and lay encircled by a moat の中で a 網状組織 of canals, all of which were filled with half-沈滞した house 汚水 絶えず stirred about by 貨物 （手先の）技術 in passage.
No food 法律 得るd and the vilest sort of food 製品s were shipped into the country and 消費するd there. Dysentery carried off its 年次の thousands. Leprosy 存在するd everywhere and spread unchecked. For some million wild people living in a 原始の 明言する／公表する no 効果的な 試みる／企てる had ever been made to furnish 医療の 救済.
In all the 群島 not one modernly equipped hospital 存在するd. Countless deaths occurred, 同様に as countless shocking deformities resulting from 傷害s or sores, all of which could easily have been escaped through ordinary 技術d attention. The 刑務所，拘置所s throughout the Islands were filthy and neglected beyond permissible description here. To 引用する Dr. Heiser1 on that first period:
1 Dr. 勝利者 G. Heiser, "衛生設備 in the Philippines," 定期刊行物 of Raes 開発, October, 1912.
In the days 事前の to American 支配（する）／統制する, the 海上の 検疫 was 行為／行うd upon a basis of 汚職，収賄, with the 必然的な result that an 突発／発生 of any dangerous communicable 病気, like 疫病／悩ます, コレラ or smallpox, in the nearby foreign countries, meant the 早期に introduction of the 病気 into the Philippines. There was no proper 査察 of animals before 虐殺（する） and suitable 虐殺（する）-houses where this work could have been done were 目だつ by their absence. Malaria 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in hundreds of towns, without quinine 存在 利用できる to 戦闘 it. It was no infrequent experience to find imitation quinine pills 存在 sold at fabulous prices in the stricken 地区s, and the poor populace had no one to whom to 適用する with the hope of receiving 救済...
Sections of Manila having a 全住民 of from 5,000 to 25,000, were built up with houses so closely （人が）群がるd together that there was no room for streets or alleys, and egress from these sections had in many instances to be made by the 居住（者）s はうing under one another's houses. Manila is 位置を示すd on a 潮の flat, and...at high tide about half the city was inundated. As this flat land consisted of soft oozy mud [and as 準備／条項s for human waste were of the rudest if they 存在するd at all] the 条件s can be better imagined than 述べるd.
There was no 政治の 準備／条項 for the insane, and it was no uncommon sight to see these unfortunates tied to a 火刑／賭ける under a house or in a yard, with a dog-chain, and it often happened that during 解雇する／砲火／射撃s, which are so たびたび（訪れる） in towns built of ñipa [palm-leaves] they were 燃やすd because no one thought to 解放（する） them. Foods and perishable 準備／条項s were sold under most filthy 条件s...Tuberculosis was responsible each year for perhaps 50,000 deaths through the 群島. No 成果／努力 どれでも was made to teach the people how to を取り引きする this 天罰（を下す）.
No 成果／努力, indeed, had been made to を取り引きする anything. The entire 全住民, from 底（に届く） to 最高の，を越す, was content with things as they were ; 完全に indisposed to agree that any part of their 税金s should be used for sanitary 目的s; and 完全に 決定するd to resist and resent any 試みる／企てる to induce them to alter either their personal habits or their surrounding 条件s.
"It is impossible to 改革（する） the Oriental. Your 成果／努力 would be wasted. Let him live as he likes. He will do that anyway. Spend your strength in 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限ing the health of your own people who come out to 治める／統治する. That is our 政策 and you will find it the only wise and practical one," said other foreign 医療の officers, from their 観察 points in the さまざまな surrounding 植民地s.
追加する to this professional discouragement the fact that whatever was to be done must be done by allottment from Philippine insular 歳入s only, and you have some suggestion of the 仕事 that 直面するd our health officers at the start. And, as if to support the prophets of woe, hardly had the work begun when the Islands were attacked by one of the worst 突発／発生s of コレラ of modern times.
In the struggle that followed our men learned that "the passive 抵抗 of the Oriental"—as one of them wrote—"is a very much more subtle and difficult 軍隊 to 打ち勝つ than is the active 対立 so frequently 遭遇（する）d in the temperate zone. It was soon learned that there was nothing to be 伸び（る）d by using actual 軍隊."
Next, an 突発／発生 of bubonic 疫病／悩ます, 伴う／関わるing the Chinese 全住民 同様に as the Filipinos, still さらに先に 論証するd the fact that nothing could be 遂行するd without かなりの deference to 地元の superstition and prejudices, and without such 妥協s as would 伸び（る） the 固守 of Filipinos 影響力のある の中で the 集まり.
For even the most intelligent of the people believed in their hearts that the 目的 of our new-fangled health 対策 was 単に to make 哀れな, unhappy and uncomfortable the native denizen of the 国／地域. To 戦闘 this idea we 組織するd three hundred boards of health throughout the Islands, putting Filipinos in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金, and bringing the Filipinos to Manila for a course of 指示／教授／教育 in modern 衛生設備 and hygiene. As soon as these began to understand, they were 利益／興味d. And when they tried our anti-病気 支配するs and 設立する virtue therein, they inclined かなり to 影響（力） their fellow countrymen.
It should be 追加するd that our best 同盟（する）, in all this 労働, was the Roman カトリック教徒 聖職者.
合間, 取り組むing the smallpox 悪口を言う／悪態, we planned to vaccinate the entire 群島. Our first idea was to give our new Filipino health boards 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the ワクチン接種 of their several 地区s. But this 証明するd impracticable. For the Filipino health officer quickly developed the characteristic of excusing from ワクチン接種 not only his own friends, but also all other persons 所有するing any sort of 影響（力） that might somehow, somewhere, some day be used to his disadvantage.
Dr. Reiser, our Director of Health, therefore invented a new 計画（する）. This was to have an American 内科医, with a staff of twenty or thirty vaccinators, begin at one 境界 of a 州 and literally march across it, making as he 前進するd a carefully checked, clean and inclusive sweep of every human creature.
Up to this time, in the six 州s すぐに surrounding Manila, some six thousand deaths from smallpox had occurred each year since the memory of man. In the year に引き続いて the 完全にする ワクチン接種 （選挙などの）運動をする not one death from smallpox occurred. Nor did the 病気 recur while this régime lasted.
In 1913, after ten years of work, Dr. Heiser was able to 報告（する）／憶測 an enormous 進歩. Not only the six 州s, but every part of the 群島 to which it was possible to 伝える ワクチン in a potent 条件 had been almost 完全に 解放する／自由なd from smallpox. Over ten million ワクチン接種s had been 成し遂げるd. Five thousand lepers had been segregated—a thing new in the Orient—and the spread of leprosy had been brought under 支配（する）／統制する. 疫病／悩ます had been 完全に extirpated.
コレラ had lost its terrors. Amoebic dysentery had been 大いに 減ずるd, partly by 教育の work, partly by the introduction of better drinking water.
Manila had been given a clean and modern water 供給（する） and a modern 下水管 system—the first in the Orient—on which her death-率 dropped more than 1800 毎年. Her horrible moat and canals had been cleaned of their centuries' accumulation of 汚水. Her streets, that had been channels of filth, were swept daily and her garbage nightly 除去するd, so that she was now one of the clean towns of the world. Crematories had been built and decent 共同墓地s 供給するd, where the dead, singly interred, might 嘘（をつく） in peace till Doomsday.
Wide streets and alleys had been 削減（する） through the congested 地区s, affording light, 空気／公表する and a means of approach, so that garbage carts could get in; and so that, on the 外見 of a dangerous communicable 病気, the 事例／患者 could be quickly reached and quickly 除去するd to a modern hospital built for that 目的. This 詳細（に述べる） alone—this making of 入り口-ways—影響d an inestimable 改良 in the health of the city.
A modern insane hospital had been 築くd in Manila. We had also built a large General Hospital—the best-equipped in the Eastern 半球, 類似の with the best in Europe or America. Here were 扱う／治療するd 80,000 persons a year in the out-患者 clinic alone—persons to whom no sort of 救済 had before been 利用できる.
A nursing school, with over 300 young Filipino men and women as students, by 1913 had already 卒業生（する）d two classes. A 医療の school, under high-class American specialists, was 卒業生（する）ing 地元の doctors from sound, stiff courses. A modern hospital had been 建設するd in the very heart of the wild man's country, where it was doing excellent work.
An anti-tuberculosis （選挙などの）運動をする had been 組織するd with 井戸／弁護士席-scattered dispensaries; with 治療 （軍の）野営地，陣営s and a mountain hospital for incipient 事例／患者s; with a hospital in Manila for chronic 患者s; and with an active 教育の section that did all that is done in the most enlightened American community.
The 刑務所，拘置所s throughout the Islands had been cleaned, and the loathsome 肌 病気s of the 囚人s cured. Beriberi's 原因（となる） and cure had been discovered and its 抱擁する death-率 削減（する） low.
Food 法律s had been でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd and 施行するd. Model sanitary markets had been built and the sale of all perishable foodstuffs 厳しく 制限するd thereto—a 準備／条項 that gives the purchaser the 最大限 choice for the 最小限 成果／努力, that gives the 売買業者 the advantage of の近くに 接触する with his competitors and that gives the Health Service the advantage of 存在 able economically to 支配（する）／統制する the public food 供給（する） with a small 査察 軍隊.
And in Manila, first of all the world, was invoked the 支配（する）／統制する of "運送／保菌者s" in hotels and restaurants—a 支配する whereby no servant may work in any place where food is sold without a health 証明書 showing that he is 解放する／自由な from germs likely to 伝える 病気.
These few points just enumerated are far from covering the ground of actual 業績／成就. But they will show why it was that, during the last four years of the period in question—the period from 1900 to 1913—代表者／国会議員s from Japan, 中国, 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, フラン, Holland, Spain—from 事実上 every nation 関心d in the Far East—（機の）カム to the Philippines to 熟考する／考慮する the new methods that had brought about such amazing results. The 影響, in many countries, was 広大な／多数の／重要な. The 実験 that their 医療の 専門家s had laughed to naught, as the dream of an altruist, had been put to the 実験（する） of practice on a large 規模, had stood the 裁判，公判 of years and now wore the 栄冠を与える of indisputable and brilliant success. The 医療の literature resulting was 証明するing of unequalled 科学の value. The example, altogether, was of the sort that 施行するs a に引き続いて.
And not the smallest of the results was an indirect one—the 製図／抽選 together in hitherto unknown friendly 会議 and co-操作／手術 of the 医療の men of all the Far East, to thé 広大な／多数の／重要な saving, everywhere, of life, 成果／努力 and human values.
This 巨大（な） American 業績／成就 in the Far East is 大部分は 予定 to the genius, devotion and 広大な／多数の／重要な 行政の ability of one man, Dr. 勝利者 G. Reiser. Dr. Heiser, in the beginning of his Philippine work, 始める，決める himself the 仕事 of saving 50,000 lives a year. When he laid his office 負かす／撃墜する he had bettered that number by an 年次の 25,000.
This he did over an area of about 100,000 square miles, working under a civil 政府, and by 説得／派閥 only, never 訴える手段／行楽地ing to 軍隊.
In 見積（る）ing the meaning of 人物／姿／数字s, the fairest comparison will be 設立する in our health （選挙などの）運動をする in the パナマ Canal Zone, for whose 有効性 we 正確に，正当に 推定する／予想する 賞賛する. There our land area embraced only 357.1 square miles, which, in reality meant only a few square miles for the sanitarian to 扱う.
簡潔に, the 基金s for the 衛生設備 of the Canal Zone （機の）カム without stint from a generous 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会. And they could be spent without hindrance—without waiting to educate public opinion—in 直接／まっすぐに 前進するing the construction of the Canal. In the Philippines, on the other 手渡す, every dollar had to be wrung from a Filipino 立法機関 and 進歩 could be made only as public opinion was 徐々に educated to 受託する 改良 in health 条件s. What that means, in a backward, 怪しげな, passively resisting Oriental 全住民 can with difficulty be imagined by the Occidental mind. Finally, for the 衛生設備 of パナマ, there was 利用できる, 毎年, $3.65 per capita. In the Philippines the work was done at a per capita cost of a little more than ten cents.
Such was the status of our health work in the Philippines in 1913—in which year 知事-General Harrison 許すd the Filipino 政治家，政治屋s to assume 支配（する）／統制する.
The result was: first, the 支払い（額）, by the Filipinos themselves, of a fearful （死傷者）数 徴収するd in coin of human lives; and, second, a mortal 脅し not only to America, but to the whole world of humanity.
One 選び出す／独身 item in the 記録，記録的な／記録する is 100,000 deaths by smallpox, 92 per cent of which occurred の中で children born since 1914 and never 適切に vaccinated; for ワクチン接種 under Filipinized 支配（する）／統制する 速く relapsed into a farce.
Typhoid, dysentery, tuberculosis, beriberi quickly 増加するd. コレラ, for many years absent, now 再現するd in 脅迫的な form, got quickly out of 手渡す and 掴むd its 犠牲者s by the 開始するing thousands. Malaria became again a 広範囲にわたる pestilence, in two years carrying off over 90,000 souls. And Dr. Reiser's 準備／条項, by which pure quinine was dispensed at a 名目上の price in every 地位，任命する-office in the islands, 速く sank into oblivion and disuse. By the coming of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, in 1921, not a trace of the practice remained and pure quinine was again beyond the reach of the ありふれた people, while the sale of 偽の quinine at exorbitant 率s had become an 産業.
As an 早期に and direct 演習 of greater 自治, the Filipino 立法機関 減ずるd the already meagre Health （資金の）充当／歳出 by one-third. But Dr. Heiser, whom public opinion in America 支えるd in office while other 長，率いるs fell—Dr. Heiser met that move in a characteristic way.
"Gentlemen," said he, "you are cutting my 基金s. Very 井戸／弁護士席. Then, 自然に, I must 削減（する） my 支出s. You have many thousands of insane in these Islands. But in the 亡命s, which, as you know, are as yet very 不十分な, we have only a few hundred of the worst and most violent 事例／患者s. These I can now no longer 持続する. In letting them out upon the community, however, I must 申し込む／申し出 some explanation.
"I shall therefore, as I 解放（する） them into Manila streets, attach to the person of each a notice, reading:
"'Dangerous Lunatic. Likely to Kill. At Large Because the Philippine 立法機関 辞退するs to 供給する for His Care.'"
"As to the lepers:—I must now, of course, 減ずる the accommodation at Culion. And those thousands of helpless sick people cannot be abandoned on that distant island; therefore, I shall use some of the remaining money in my 手渡すs to 雇う ships and bring them to Manila. My money will then be exhausted.
"So, I shall 解放する them on this town, 直接／まっすぐに on their arrival.
"Some of them are rather terrible to see, and all are 極端に dangerous to have about. Therefore that, too, will need an explanation, which I shall 供給する, on a large 公式の／役人 notice 大（公）使館員d to the 団体／死体 of each leper. The notice will read:
"'解放（する）d, and at Large Because the 立法機関 辞退するs to Appropriate 基金s for His Care.'"
Nor were these idle 脅しs. The American Director of Health meant every word he said. This his hearers knew—knew also that he would carry out his 約束 to the last 詳細（に述べる）.
They therefore 再考するd 軍隊ing his 活動／戦闘 and made the （資金の）充当／歳出s 要求するd.
In the long run, however, victory remained with the 政治家íticos. 徐々に they sapped, 地雷d and destroyed the 広大な／多数の／重要な work of the 先行する １０年間. And Dr. Heiser, seeing the 必然的な 結果, dropped a useless struggle, to （問題を）取り上げる in its stead the Directorship of the East of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller 創立／基礎.
Attacking the people's health defence at its roots, politics now almost 完全に 支配するd the University of the Philippines. The University 医療の School had never 現実に 適用するd for 公式の／役人 率ing in America. Had it done so at any time previous to Filipinization, it would undoubtedly have been （許可，名誉などを）与えるd Class A 基準. But after seven years of Mr. Harrison's régime it was 一般に 譲歩するd that the University of the Philippines 医療の School could not 達成する C Class by American 率ing.
その上の, it was 一般的に 観察するd in Manila that any 医療の student having a friend on the Board of 支配（する）／統制する was 保証するd, whatever his other 資格s or 欠如（する） of them, of 存在 awarded 示すs 十分な to 安全な・保証する his 医療の degree.
And when a degenerating 影響（力） of that 肉親，親類d can reach to 表現 in a 国家の University, it is not difficult to imagine the 毒（薬） infused through other 政治の activities from the same source.
The Philippine General Hospital, so excellently designed and built by Dr. Heiser and Mr. Dean C. Worcester, 徐々に dropped to its 現在の unpleasant 明言する／公表する, wherein scarcely an American, 内科医 or 患者, is able to use it, choosing instead the very inferiorly housed and equipped 私的な hospitals—and responsible care.
And, as a final example of the 影響 of the change, the Bureau of Science, that 広大な／多数の／重要な 権利 arm of health 行政 and 科学の 支配（する）／統制する, was 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なうd throughout, or, in some 支店s 完全に 絶滅するd. This was 遂行するd, first, by debasing the 会・原則 to the level of a political perquisite ; and, second, by a 卸売 基金-削除するing whose 反対する was to （人が）群がる American scientists out of faculty and staff positions. The work done in the 生物学の 研究室／実験室, until then of the most distinguished 質 and of world-wide importance, now no longer enjoyed the 信用／信任 of Manila's 医療の profession. And the Bureau's 出版（物）, the 定期刊行物 of Science, whose standing had been 著名な throughout the world, soon fell to the point where it yet remains—valueless and discredited.
When the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 arrived only a few poor 骸骨／概要s, mouldering here and there, remained to show what and where had been the 広大な／多数の／重要な health work of America.
This, and some ４半期/4分の1 of a million needless deaths, makes one of the prices that the innocent Filipino people continue to 支払う／賃金 for their Big Caciques' seven years' indulgence in 事実上 完全にする "自治."
In making the above 声明s, 同様に as some others in this 調書をとる／予約する, the fact has not been forgotten that the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測 and 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 年次の messages may in part be adduced in refutation thereof. But the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測, with かもしれない 疑わしい judgment as events 示唆する, 緊張するd many a point to favour the picture, and on many a 声明 let its hope for the 未来 開発 of the people colour its 見解（をとる） of their 現在の status. And General 支持を得ようと努めるd in particular has again and again been 有罪の of leaning far over backward in the endeavour to encourage the Filipino leaders to 始める，決める themselves higher 基準s by helping them "save 直面する," and putting 今後 the most charitable 見解（をとる） of their 記録，記録的な／記録する. In return, the Filipino political leader has not hesitated to make use of unbridled mendacity in attacking America and her 行政官／管理者s. It therefore seems likely that a plain 声明 of fact will （判決などを）下す better service both to America and to the Islands than will any その上の flattery.
准將-General Palmer E. Pierce, U.S.A., 解任するs from personal experiences with our Philippine Expeditionary 軍隊s an 出来事/事件 完全に illustrative of life in the Islands.
It was late in the 落ちる of 1899. General Pierce, then, of course a junior officer, was 駅／配置するd in the town of Dagupan, 州 of Pangasinan. The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army's 仕事, there as どこかよそで, was to bring order into the country and to keep watch, 区 and a 規制するing を引き渡す the people.
Therefore when, some fifteen miles 支援する in the mountains, a perfectly new town turned up—a town without a 記録，記録的な／記録する, the army was 利益／興味d.
The first 詳細（に述べる） sent out to 調査／捜査する 報告（する）／憶測d a 団体／死体 of at least 20,000 natives, living in an 明白に brand new "grass" community most unreasonably 工場／植物d in poor, wild land and so 除去するd from sight and 接近 as by that fact alone to 誘発する question. But the question carried no 明白な answer.
So again a 詳細（に述べる） was despatched—again and yet again, at 不規律な times, by different approaches, to make surprise visits.
The surprise, however, never （機の）カム off. On each and every occasion, as our men 近づくd the place, the town 禁止（する）d rose up in its way, made 深遠な 尊敬（する）・点s, and then, marching first up the leafy 追跡する, played the surprise party into bounds with loud 勝利を得た music.
Each 後継するing 探検隊／遠征隊 of enquiry returned to （軍の）野営地，陣営 with the same blank 報告（する）／憶測 as far as 必須のs were 関心d. The town was an uncommonly good town, they said. Too new to have gathered as yet much dirt. Uncommonly 井戸／弁護士席 laid out, in twelve streets radiating from a central plaza. Everybody seemed comfortable and happy and, yes, 特に lazy.
As to why this multitude should so suddenly have appeared in the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, as to what kept it there, our officers, after all their sudden 査察s, remained as wise as before.
At last a detachment was sent to live in the place. But even this, after weeks of 観察, 追加するd to the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） on 手渡す thus scantily:
The townsfolk seemed to be doing little or no 生産力のある work of any 肉親，親類d, and yet to have food and 供給（する）s 十分な for their 慰安.
The 長，率いる man （人命などを）奪う，主張するd to be Jesus Christ, and, under that 肩書を与える, 支配するd over a populace now grown to 25,000.
The radiating streets divided the town into twelve sections, over each of which 支配するd a 中尉／大尉／警部補 of the 長，率いる man, each 耐えるing the 指名する of one or another of the Twelve Apostles.
"Jesus Christ" appeared to be a Spanish mestizo. He was a very dapper, dandified little chap dressed like a young peacock and wore always the most splendid 最高の，を越す-boots as an 必須の to his toilette.
"These people seem 栄えるing," the 居住（者） officer's 報告（する）／憶測 repeated, "but their means of support is invisible. And the town is continually and 速く growing. Families keep arriving from beyond the 境界s of the 州—even from Ilocano towns far to the north. The organization, whatever it is, 作品 perfectly."
合間 a curious succession of 殺人s was occurring, scattered 広範囲にわたって over the 地区. For example, in one village a party of eight or ten strange men turned up one day, went straight to a shack selected 明らかに at 無作為の, plucked out the inhabitants of the shack, a family of nine people 範囲ing from grandparents to babies, led the nine to the town plaza and there 召喚するd all the 村人s to 組み立てる／集結する.
Then the strangers 命令（する）d the 村人s to dig a ざん壕 in the middle of the plaza. They dug. When the ざん壕 was 深い, the strangers produced rattan （土地などの）細長い一片s, bound the 脚s and 武器 of their nine 囚人s, flung them bodily into the 穴を開ける—grandfather, babies and all, and ordered the 村人s to shovel 支援する the earth on 最高の，を越す and to pack it soundly 負かす／撃墜する.
This done, and the 出来事/事件 finished, the strangers said to the 村人s:
"Now we will have four carabao and 確かな other 供給（する）s from you. And hereafter, from time to time, we shall want more. If, when we ask, you do not always 敏速に 従う, we shall 単に come 支援する and bury more families."
Our officers, 審理，公聴会 of this and other such 事例／患者s, more than 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd complicity on the part of the mysterious town. But proof was wholly 欠如（する）ing.
For the populace 捕まらないで had grovelled and cringed too long to 解除する its 長，率いる now. The people's timidity and utter ignorance inclined them to 耐える forever, even as they had 耐えるd, rather than 危険, by （民事の）告訴s, more 罰s, new terrors. Could or would these strange white 兵士s 保護する them from vengeance if they were to dare to answer questions and tell the 身元 of their tormentors? They did not know. Silence—their 避難 of ages—was their safest course.
And yet, even の中で that driven 集まり, an 時折の spirit may rise. As happened when one 独房監禁 tao tramped from his barrio in to Dagupan to 報告（する）／憶測 to young Captain Palmer E. Pierce, U.S.A., provost 裁判官. A party of four, said the tao—three men and a woman—had appeared at his shack 需要・要求するing his pigs and chickens.
"Those are for my own family," the tao had replied.
"Very 井戸／弁護士席," said the 訪問者s, "we won't bother with you now, but you will すぐに have a call from our 兵士s, who will give you the lesson you need."
Then they had left, at leisure; and the tao, slinking out under cover of green, had started at 最高の，を越す 速度(を上げる） for the Americano 地位，任命する at Dagupan.
The party, he 追加するd, （機の）カム from the Mysterious Town.
After that the thing の近くにd 速く. In a few hours' time the tao's 訪問者s stood before Captain Pierce's 法廷, solemnly giving their 指名するs as Saint John, Saint Matthew, Saint Thomas and the Virgin Mary.
Captain Pierce 宣告，判決d the men to 刑務所，拘置所 条件. The Virgin Mary—a peculiarly grim and 黒人／ボイコット old scarecrow who un-shakenly and unsmilingly re-主張するd her divine character—he sent for a sojourn in the guard house.
The news of this 活動／戦闘 spread abroad, carrying with it a new 信用／信任 in our ability and 願望（する） to 保護する the people. Day by day they 答える／応じるd by 投機・賭けるing to speak. Presently enough 証拠 had 蓄積するd to 令状 the 逮捕（する） of all the 主要な men of the Mysterious Town.
In their 裁判，公判 before a 軍の （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, it was now 証明するd that "Jesus Christ" and four of his Apostles were 直接／まっすぐに 有罪の of many 殺人s and had 命令（する）d many more. This they had done, not because any one had dreamed of resisting their 需要・要求するs for 尊敬の印, but 単に to 設立する and 持続する such an atmosphere of terror as would 保証する quick service and save them the trouble of arguing their 事例／患者.
Messengers sent into more and more distant 地域s had raised 新採用するs with the same 約束 that, in essence, anti-American politico 選挙運動者s use の中で the 集まりs to-day:
"Come over to us, and the Lord will 供給する you, 自由に, with all that you need. You need never work again. Only sell all that you have and bring your cash to us."
The 長，率いる man and four apostles were hanged. A 選択 of minor prophets went to 刑務所，拘置所. The town was ordered to break up. In a few weeks twenty-five thousand idle innocents had trudged 支援する over the hills—little or no wiser than they （機の）カム, to return to life in their 初めの barrios.
One 静かな morning years later a fisherman （機の）カム 急ぐing in from his work in Manila Bay with a 広大な／多数の／重要な tale to tell. As he bent over his 逮捕する, he had seen 泡s rising in a 安定した column from the depths. Looking さらに先に, he perceived that the 泡s, like a 栄冠を与える of pearls, 示すd the centre of a shadowy cross stretched upon the surface of the sea. 大いに amazed, he had dipped his cocoanut drinking cup into the 泡ing stream, tasted it and 設立する it 甘い. 甘い water 供給するd in the 中央 of the ocean! On that, he had sped 岸に, aflame with his news. A priest, …を伴ってing the fisherman 支援する to the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, 設立する the stream and forthwith blessed it, 布告するing a 奇蹟. Then the whole 地区 of Tondo flung itself into small boats. And from that moment no one needed to lead the way, for, day and night, the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す was （人が）群がるd with human 貨物s, を待つing their turn to drink.
Two days later one of the liveliest 疫病／流行性のs of コレラ on 記録，記録的な／記録する broke out in the 地区 of Tondo. Dr. Heiser, grappling with it, quickly discovered the history just narrated. Then he, also, made a little voyage—resulting in the 発見 that the unsalted stream and the 栄冠を与える of pearls rose from a 割れ目d city 汚水 麻薬を吸う, whose poisonous contents the people in 開始するing thousands were 熱望して drinking 負かす／撃墜する. And so 広大な／多数の／重要な already was the 持つ／拘留する of the thing upon the whole city that Mr. Taft, then 知事, hesitated forty-eight hours before taking 限定された 活動／戦闘, for 恐れる lest an insurrection be 刺激するd.
In these 出来事/事件s, which could be multiplied by hundreds through all the years and to-day, lies nothing stranger than a repetition of history. The 宗教 of the 征服者／勝利者s takes into its own fabric the 宗教 of the 征服する／打ち勝つd, making a 合成物 of 質 によれば its parts. The Christianity of Spain, as taken on by the lowland tribesmen of the Philippines, became an absorbent of their 初めの 宗教的な beliefs. And these were of a type to select and weld themselves with the apocryphal parts of the new 約束. Thus 発展させるd a childlike and darkling thing upon which the divine nomenclature stands out with something of a shock.
Dr. Manuel Xeres y Burgos, Filipino, 証言するing before the Philippine （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 in Manila, September 7, 1899, said:
...the lower class of civilized Filipinos have a very superficial knowledge of 宗教 and although they practise the forms of the カトリック教徒 宗教 they still 保存する a 広大な／多数の／重要な many of their [former] beliefs and customs...[The old creed] was a 純粋に 部族の and pagan 宗教...In no two places did they have the same beliefs.
Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, in an 演説（する）／住所 to the Teachers' 議会, Baguio, April 23, 1920, speaking of the education of the Filipino people under the Spaniard up to the end of the Spanish régime, said:
The only literature accessible to the Filipinos...consisted of Corridos which 構成する the profane literature, and the Pasiones and the Novenas which formed the 宗教的な reading. Corridos, Pasiones and Novenas were printed in 豊富, in cheap 版s, in Spanish 同様に as in the dialects of the country.
The Corridos are stories in 詩（を作る） about historic events, falsified and fanciful, and love 悲劇s 十分な of wonderful events mixed with divine prodigies and diabolical 魔法s.
And the Novenas, 宗教的な booklets 献身的な to particular Saints, furnished, Dr. de Tavera 断言するs, the connecting 橋（渡しをする） between the old 約束 and the new. He says:
The prodigies について言及するd in these Novenas compare very 井戸／弁護士席 with the enchantments, 魔法s and sorceries of the 原始の Filipinos who invoked the propitiation of their divine spirits by means of 儀式s, sacrifices, charms,...成し遂げるd by their mangkuku-lam (witch)...
All the 恐れる of the mysterious 同様に as the belief of the Filipinos in unseen 力／強力にするs which took away life, attracted misfortunes, gave victory, or conduced to 災害 was 保存するd, changing only the 概念s that they had about the spirits that 治める／統治するd the 事件／事情／状勢s of life and the phenomena of nature.
Dr. de Tavera goes on to speak 特に of the 緩和する with which a people in the 行う／開催する／段階 of 進化 of the simple Filipino puts uncomprehended phrases of a new 約束 in the places of old incantations.
Taking his illustration from the Novena a Jesús, Maria y José (Manila, 1903) he 令状s:
A bad man walking in the middle of the night in 前線 of the church of San Francisco in Cuzco, Peru, saw lights in the 共同墓地 and knowing it to be a funeral, went to the place to 証言，証人／目撃する it. Presently he 公式文書，認めるd that there was a 王位 where Jesus Christ was 設立する seated between Mary and Joseph. Then several demons appeared, each one with a 調書をとる／予約する in his 手渡す. One of them began 告発する／非難するing a bad woman from Buenos Ayres. "Jesus," says the Novena, "pronounced a 宣告，判決 against her of instant death and with it eternal perdition." The demon disappeared in order to 遂行する／発効させる the 宣告，判決. Another devil read from his 調書をとる／予約する that in Chile there was another bad woman. "Jesus 宣告，判決d her to death and 激しい非難." The devil ran to carry out the 宣告，判決. Another one appeared 告発する／非難するing a bad man of Cuzco, and this man was 正確に the same who tarried to 証言，証人／目撃する the scene at the 共同墓地. "When the just 裁判官 was about to 宣告，判決 him to death,...Blessed Mary and Joseph knelt before the divine Master, asking mercy on に代わって of the （刑事）被告, 主張するing that many times he invoked the 宗教上の 指名するs (Jesús, 損なうía y José). Jesus having 否定するd 容赦, his parents begged him もう一度 .. ."
And so, in the end the bad man escapes 罰, because, says Dr. de Tavera, of "the invocation 'Jesús, 損なうía y José' working as a 魔法 決まり文句／製法...The man in question had no other 長所 nor is he enjoined to have one."
Now "'sús-損なうía-José," snapped out like a whiplash, is the commonest of 誓いs の中で the Filipino populace.
But the suggestion that a vague 国境 地域 between new 約束 and old is beset with dangerous and bewildering 霧s and mazes is 伝えるd as follows by Dr. Sixto de los Angeles: í
1 Antropología 犯罪の en Filipinas, p. 119.
平易な credulity...has 構成するd from the beginning to this day one of the defects unfortunately so 普及した still の中で the native inhabitants...As is shown in our annals of the 司法の, superstition 占領するs a 著名な place の中で the factors of criminality in this country.
"Secula seculorum" the familiar but wholly uncompre-hended 終点 words of many a Latin 祈り, are held to have 供給（する）d the 指名する for a sect 広範囲にわたって spread の中で the Islands. Self-styled "Colorums," they 人物／姿／数字 の中で the most 非常に／多数の of many fantastic いわゆる 宗教的な 団体／死体s brought into 存在 between gullibility and greed. And as their fame, in rather 不確かの 形態／調整, has crossed the water, they may the more 適切に be chosen to illustrate their class of the 現在の day.
（人命などを）奪う，主張する has been made for the Colorums that they are devout practising カトリック教徒s, but so final an 当局 as Father Francis X. A. Byrne, S.J., the distinguished Director of the Jesuit College in Manila, is 引用するd as definitely 否定するing that they are Roman カトリック教徒s in any sense at all.
For a かなりの number of years the Colorum sect has been known in the Islands in さまざまな places. Mr. Worcester, 令状ing in 1914,2 speaks of its having a （警察，軍隊などの）本部 on Mt. San Cristóbal, where persons paid large sums to get speech from an oracle whose 発言する／表明する, as later developed, was 開始する，打ち上げるd from a 火山 through a large and carefully 隠すd megaphone against an echoing canon-味方する.
2 Philippines Past and 現在の, p. 944.
The Colorums of Surigao, however, are the special lot whose doings were spread abroad, even to America, in the winter of 1923-4. And their creed, for all its whimsicality, gave rise to rather serious 関心. Their 即座の leaders seem to have been a handful of unknowns who appeared in the barrios some years 支援する, making themselves 目だつ by たびたび（訪れる） church-going and much profession of piety and spreading, the while, a curious fable.
War was coming, so ran their tale. War all over the Islands. Surigao itself would see the first 突発／発生. Thence it would sweep the 群島. Up from the south the Moros would 群れている. 負かす／撃墜する from the mountains and over from Davao the wild men—the heathen Manobos and Bogobos—would 急ぐ 十分な-武装した. And all would join the Surigao Colorums in a general 猛攻撃 upon the 政府. Together they must kill every 政府 公式の／役人—every "反逆者" who 辞退するd to join their army.
Then, after four months of fighting, Dr. José Rizal3 would arrive at the barrio of Socorro, on the Island of Bucos Grande off the coast of Surigao. He would appear in a large ship. In this ship he would 乗る，着手する all the faithful and would carry them triumphantly away to the Island of Cebú. There they would celebrate victory in company with the 宗教上の Child.
3 遂行する／発効させるd by Spain in 1896.
During these festivities a 疫病／悩ます would 勃発する and sweep the earth （疑いを）晴らす of all who had 生き残るd the war yet who had 辞退するd to join the Colorum 軍隊s. The 所有物／資産／財産 of the dead would then be divided の中で the faithful and Dr. José Rizal would be 栄冠を与えるd king. Every one would live happy forever after without 支払う／賃金ing 税金s and without necessity for work.
And that was all—excepting one small 詳細（に述べる）: Before the war there would be necessity for money. The leaders would need money in order that all things might be 用意が出来ている.
A Filipino of many 偽名，通称s, whose 指名する 普通の／平均（する）s "Lan-tayag," had for many years been 地元で operating this 装置. Often 逮捕（する）d and 拘留するd as a 詐欺師, he still returned to his chosen 追跡. And each reappearance counted, it seems, as a new recrudescence of Dr. José Rizal.
In his capacity of leader, Lantayag had many practical inspirations—as for example that of collecting money to build the very big ship that was to フェリー（で運ぶ） the faithful from Socorro to Cebú. Or again, he received 発覚 that the world was lying aslant—was tipping over—必然的に must tip over and 流出／こぼす itself and all the faithful with it straight 負かす／撃墜する into the sea unless something was done to 妨げる.
Happily, 発覚 showed not the danger alone but also the cure:
An 巨大な 量 of the very best hemp rope must be 供給するd, to 攻撃する the world 急速な／放蕩な. And, 自然に, it must be the 仕事 of the faithful to grow that hemp.
So all the Colorums grew hemp like mad. From dark to dark they worked, cultivating wide areas that had never known the plough. They produced such 容積／容量s of hemp—the very best hemp—as had not been seen before. And, as each 刈る was ready, they ran with it and 押し進めるd it into the 手渡すs of Dr. José Rizal and his 中尉／大尉／警部補s; then dashed 支援する, breathless, to grow more hemp and yet more, and more.
And it is 完全に characteristic not of the simple Colorums alone but of the Filipino people as a whole that, in all this 商売／仕事, they appear never to have 問い合わせd as to the literal disposition of their 製品—never to have asked where the rope was made, or just who was …に出席するing to the 職業 of 攻撃するing 負かす／撃墜する the world, or just what was his method of 手続き.
The hemp-growing 産業 was but one の中で many money-making 装置s. Another was a 発覚 that, during or after the war, all streams would 乾燥した，日照りの up and all "反逆者s" would be 削減（する） off from good water. Therefore, 発覚 continued, the faithful must build a 広大な／多数の／重要な water-戦車／タンク in the barrio of Socorro, on the Island of Bucos Grande. And, ーするために 促進する all things (the hour 存在 at 手渡す) they should go quickly and sell their houses and their lands, wherever such might be, and 修理 to Bucos Grande—to Socorro, not forgetting to bring the sales-money with them.
Obediently, the people uprooted themselves. Colorums all over Surigao sold out their 所持品 to their "反逆者" 隣人s at the best 取引s they could 運動 and 乗る，着手するd for the place of tryst.
Lantayag—"Dr. José Rizal"—sat in Socorro already 任命する／導入するd. Daily he 追加するd to his fame by the working of mysteries—such mysteries as are worked by the 工場／植物ing in the 賭け金-room of an スパイ／執行官 who carries the easily-won 信用／信任s of the waiting dupe to the seer behind the scene. Even the wild men—Bogobos, Manobos—began coming 負かす／撃墜する from their hills when Colorum スパイ／執行官s stole の中で them spreading their news:
"If you go to Socorro, to Dr. José Rizal—and have enough money with you—he'll make you see your dead!"
その上の, so Dr. José Rizal 知らせるd his people, 完全に to their satisfaction, Socorro was the Eternal City, and would never be destroyed. To the 残り／休憩（する） of the world, however, Socorro seemed 単に the usual little mess of twenty-半端物 grass shacks squatting on the beach between the two horns of a 三日月 of cocoanut palms.
Its normal 全住民 numbered about 250 souls, all told. But now, with the influx of the faithful, several hundred fighting men lay in the place. Already they had built the 広大な／多数の／重要な 戦車／タンク, against the 広大な／多数の／重要な Draught. Already the 戦車／タンク was filled with the Waters of Jordan, that cured all 病気s of those who bathed therein and drank therefrom. Already they had 工場／植物d 甘い potatoes and fruits. Already, 労働ing 速く, they had 輸送（する）d all their pigs and chickens and cattle to the scene.
In a word, from the point of 見解（をとる） of their simple "反逆者" compatriots, they were a formidable 団体／死体 formidably intrenched for 包囲 or 出撃.
And their 存在 in that 形態／調整 worked much hardship in the whole 州.
On account of them the people everywhere, for 相互の 保護, had 砂漠d their farms to 密談する／（身体を）寄せ集める together in the little coast towns. Some, out of 恐れる, 現実に became Colorums themselves—from no sort of 有罪の判決, but 簡単に in order not to be 反対するs of wrath when the War should begin. From the sea straight up to the 丘の頂上s not a shack remained 占領するd, while in the coast barrios dense overcrowding 脅すd pestilence. Terror 統治するd while the 刈るs went waste. And day by day, spread by スパイ／執行官s sent out from Socorro, the rumour grew that War was about to break.
It was under these circumstances that Captain Juan, of the Philippine Constabulary, felt it his 義務 to take a 手渡す. Was not "Dr. José Rizal" 搾取するing the people, 麻ひさせるing the people, producing 条件s that meant for the people 確かな 飢饉 and 疫病／悩ます?
Therefore it appeared to Captain Juan that he should go to Socorro, find Dr. José Rizal, and pull him out of his snug nest, once more to give an account of himself before a 治安判事 as a 囚人 in 法廷，裁判所.
So Captain Juan, with a 詳細（に述べる） of Constabulary officers and men, Filipinos all, 始める，決める sail for Socorro.
But Lantayag's 地下組織の 知能 sped the news through in 前進する, and when Juan arrived the rascal was nowhere to be 設立する.
Then Captain Juan, not to be 完全に 妨げるd, conceived the idea of destroying the 広大な／多数の／重要な 戦車／タンク and letting the Waters of Jordan 漏れる away. This 活動／戦闘 recommended itself for three 推論する／理由s: First, the 戦車／タンク's 存在 was one of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 誘導s that led the people to leave their homes all over Surigao and to beggar themselves, giving their all to a cheat. Second, the water was a menace of pestilence—a 構内／化合物 of innumerable 感染s, to which more were 絶えず 追加するd by the bathings of the sick. And, third, the 破壊 of the 戦車／タンク, divine appendage of the Indestructible City, might help bring 推論する／理由 to the land.
So Captain Juan destroyed the 広大な／多数の／重要な 戦車／タンク.
At this—as afterward appeared—Dr. José Rizal slipped off from his ジャングル hiding place and sailed away to the island of liohol, whence, in his wrath, he sent 支援する secret messages that the day had come at last—-the day of the 広大な／多数の／重要な War.
And—because 政府 当局 in さまざまな parts of Surigao had several times 宣告，判決d him to 条件 in 刑務所，拘置所—he 法令d that the War must begin with his 復讐—must begin with the 殺人，大当り of all 政治の 当局.
In blind obedience, the Colorums 用意が出来ている to make good. They 所有するd a few ライフル銃／探して盗むs and revolvers and—more important—were 絶対 確信して of their own invincibility and invulnerability against the 武器 of others. For Dr. José Rizal had taught them how to fight.
First and most 決定的な of all—so ran his 支配するs—each man must be 供給するd with an 賭け金ing-賭け金ing, or amulet, consisting of a little 瓶／封じ込める 含む／封じ込めるing cocoanut oil and human bones—preferably a baby's kneecap. With this oil the faithful must cross themselves on forehead, chin and breast, keeping the 瓶／封じ込める on their persons. Then, in Socorro, they were to dig ざん壕s in a demi-lune, 完全に enclosing their 上陸-beach in 前線 of the village—ざん壕s in which they could stand 隠すd up to their necks. The two ends should be held by bolo men. The centre by the men with guns. When Constabulary 兵士s disembarked on the beach the gunmen were to 射撃を開始する and 退却／保養地. As the constabulary 追求するd, the invisible bolo men at the two ends of the demi-lune were to 部隊 and surround the enemy.
But the bolo men must attack with their knife-武器 flung across their 注目する，もくろむs and their 注目する，もくろむs の近くにd. And no one must shout or turn his 長，率いる or cry out.
And above all no one must say "'sús-Maria-José!"
If all these things were 適切に done, then, said Dr. José Rizal, not a 弾丸 could 害（を与える） a Colorum. Each 弾丸, as it struck their 団体／死体s, would turn to water or to a paper wad.
But if any one shouted, or if any one 産する／生じるd to impulse and called—even in a whisper—on "'sús-損なうía-José" then the 賭け金ing-賭け金ing would lose all its 力／強力にするs of 保護.
The 残り／休憩（する） of the episode was sad enough. To try to tell it in space here 利用できる would be to 減ずる a most picturesque 演劇 to a 乾燥した，日照りの résumé. But it lasted for over a month, and had then reached only a 疑わしい and 一時的な 解決／入植地. It cost the life of Captain Juan and a かなりの number of the Philippine Constabulary, officers and men. It carried off a much more かなりの number of the Colorums, who fought with fury—特に after they were told that the death that 弾丸s seemed to （打撃，刑罰などを）与える was, in their 事例／患者, only an illusion; and that, after some days, all the seeming dead would rise and go on living again.
Dr. José Rizal during all this unpleasantness kept himself 安全に out of the way, in the distant island of Samar. And the 宗教上の Child, a 豊富な middle-老年の 商売／仕事 man of Cebú, remained 安全な in his own home where, because of his riches and his many good houses, no one would 宣言する against him. But poor old John the Baptist was killed in the fight at Socorro, and Simeon—he who helped 耐える the Cross up Calvary —was made 囚人 in the same affray.
Incidentally, that Constabulary （選挙などの）運動をする, up to the time when 陸軍大佐 Bowers, a very efficient officer of the old American 在庫／株, went 負かす／撃墜する and took it in 手渡す, once more illustrated this general fact:
The bravery of a Filipino officer may be and often is of a high order. But his judgment, coolness and 神経 are not wholly to be depended upon in sudden 緊急s when the 十分な 責任／義務 残り／休憩（する）s upon his 長，率いる. And the 活動／戦闘 and 意気込み／士気 of his men 反映する this 制限.
As has earlier been said, no middle class 存在するs の中で the Filipino people. For this 推論する／理由 the story of the Colorums is, in its way, 代表者／国会議員. The sect is spread all over the Islands. And the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the Christian Filipinos are of the mental character to 受託する such a belief, or any other fantastic belief that may be 現在のd to them. Blessed Virgins, ローマ法王s and other 宗教上の personages spring up every year, here and there, 発表する their cures and 教団s and get their blind に引き続いて. Nothing is incredible to the untaught child mind. And between this mind and the mind of the "ilustrado"—the person esteemed to be of high education—no medium 存在するs.
The Protestants in the Islands are reckoned to number about 200,000. A schism from Catholicism known as the Agli-payan Church （人命などを）奪う，主張するs something over a million and a half members and appears to be growing. The 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the Christian Filipinos, however, still belong to the Church of Rome.
Of these it may be generalized that the women are devout, but that the men of the upper class, with 著名な exceptions, are wont to give 発言する／表明する to slight esteem for their church. But a feeling remains that the hour of danger or death might 暴露する in the scoffers another 態度.
Of American 使節団s, the Evangelical 代表者／国会議員s, as a 支配する, are 追求するing their work in the Roman カトリック教徒 field. The Protestant Episcopal Church, on the contrary, has 目的（とする）d to 避ける that field, 限定するing itself, aside from its own people in the American and British 次第で変わる／派遣部隊s, to the 非，不，無-Christian elements—as, for example, the hill-tribes of Luzon, the pagans and the Mohammedans. の中で the Mohammedans, however, it does no proselyting whatever, 限定するing itself 完全に to 教育の and social betterment.
The Y.M.C.A., finally, is doing an 必須の 非，不，無-sectarian social work for Filipinos, for the Chinese, and for Americans and Europeans, all of whom 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる its service.
The particular 負債 of the Filipinos to Elwood Brown, for years physical director of the Y.M.C.A. in the Islands, was 温かく 認めるd on the occasion of Mr. Brown's sudden death in America in 1924. When the news （機の）カム over, the Filipino 圧力（をかける） as a whole, without grudging and without 資格, put aside anti-Americanism for the moment to 認める and 賞賛する a true friend's 広大な／多数の／重要な personal 出資／貢献 to the whole people's 福利事業.
One of the most difficult, one of the most necessary, points in thinking of the Filipino is to remember やめる 明確に and all the time that, whatever his individual training and gifts, he is not a dark-skinned white man but a Malay; and to realize その上の, that the fact 暗示するs an historic and psychological background as different from those of the white man as this world can show. To fail in this 現実化 is to become 不正な.
A day or so before I left Manila an American （機の）カム to see me bringing his soul in his 注目する，もくろむs. "You are going to 令状 about these people," he said. "井戸／弁護士席, I have come to entreat you to look for their virtues and to dwell upon those. Your 調書をとる／予約する will be far more useful if you take that course rather than one of 批評."
"Go on," said I—for the man is known for his years of devotion to the people's service—"give me, yourself, the virtues of the Filipino. I will 令状 負かす／撃墜する your exact words."
With a 急ぐ he began: "He is very hospitable. He is courteous and 井戸／弁護士席-mannered. He is good to his wife, indulgent to his children. He loves music. He does not drink to 超過. He 会談 井戸／弁護士席. He has a 罰金 memory. He..."
Silence. Continued silence.
I looked up, my pencil 一時停止するd over my 調書をとる／予約する.
"井戸／弁護士席?" I asked.
But the man was leaning 今後 in his 議長，司会を務める, clutching its two 武器 so hard that his knuckles blanched, while he peered into space with the 緊張するd, incredulous look of one 直面するd with a ghost.
"My God!" he burst out at last in a sort of shrill whisper —"and I've got to live の中で these people!..."
But he was making the mistake, in that moment, of 裁判官ing by the white man's code.
As one old-timer puts it, "To the Filipino an 'honourable man' may commit fifty-seven varieties of 罪，犯罪, as we see 罪，犯罪, without （名声などを）汚すing his 指名する. 'Honour,' 'Self-支配（する）／統制する,' 'Liberty,' are words that to the Malay and the Anglo-Saxon mean 完全に different things."
Le Bon, in his Psychology of Peoples,1 says:
1 The Psychology of Peoples, Gustave Le Bon, London, 1898, pp. 33-4.
The character of a people and not its 知能 決定するs its historical 進化 and 治める／統治するs its 運命...The 影響（力） of character is 君主 in the life of peoples, 反して that of the 知能 is in truth very feeble. The Romans of the decadence 所有するd an 知能 far more 精製するd than that of their rude ancestors, but they had lost the 質s of character of the latter; the perseverance, the energy, ... the capacity to sacrifice to an ideal...
On just these two points—character and idealism—I have before me the 声明 of a man whose 深い sympathy for the people of the Philippines is 証明するd by his whole active life. Himself of high character, idealism, humanity and 知能—a distinguished 国民 of the world, his one 欠陥 as a 証言，証人／目撃する lies in the fact that his 指名する must be withheld. He says:
"These people have no character, and no consciousness of what truth and honour mean. Their old 宗教 has been taken away. Nothing has been put in its place. They have nothing to build character on. And you cannot 適切に call them 'immoral,' for they have no moral idea at all. It is not in them. 'Idealism' is the 質 that they, incessantly, in season and out of season, （人命などを）奪う，主張する for themselves. What do they mean by 'idealism'?—If they mean having a 長，率いる filled with idle clouds of half-formed ideas—shapeless, useless notions without vitality or real 目的—childish, high-sounding, but without thought or actual 意向—then these people are idealistic, yes. But if idealism means a 質 of mind through which a man will constructively 労働 toward the good, on 原則, because it is good, and not for personal reward; if it means serving others unselfishly, then there is not one idealist の中で these people."
It should be explained of this 証言 that it was tacitly meant to 関心 the upper-class Filipino—the mestizo, cacique class—with whom the （衆議院の）議長's special intimacy 存在するs.
To it he 追加するd:
"Any man who 始める，決めるs out to help them help themselves, in whatever direction, will soon be driven to 認める two 最初の／主要な facts. First: that the one 広大な／多数の／重要な 根底となる is to build character. Second: that the 単独の 動機 that will 影響（力） the Filipino is vanity. 簡単に vanity. So surely vanity that the wise course is to 認める it and use it as a 道具 to beguile him to better things.
"And yet—they have some way of winding themselves around your heart. They are a most lovable people!"
El 審議, one of the best-known Manila newspapers, said editorially, 早期に in January, 1924:
It is sad to 自白する that vanity の中で us 占領するs a pre-著名な place, 特に if an occasion affords for "showing off." For the few examples of generosity shown in the erection of school edifices and other public buildings, we have in 交流 the glaring example of 自由主義の 出資／貢献s for the 選挙 of a queen, a goddess, or a 星／主役にする, in a carnival or other festival. Twelve thousand pesos were recently spent to have a beauty sit in a seat of momentary duration.
The educated Filipino—the "ilustrado"—continually says of himself that he is "極度の慎重さを要する" and "proud."
If pride be 述べるd as man's 関心 about his opinion of himself, while vanity is his 関心 about others' opinion of him; if pride is based on actual 所有／入手 of 質s 願望（する）d while vanity aches 単に to be thought to 所有する them,—then it is vanity, not pride, that distinguishes the Filipino.
Many 固める／コンクリート misfortunes may 生じる him—many clippings of plumage and tyings of 手渡すs and yet the 重荷（を負わせる） may be lightly carried if he has not been made to "lose 直面する."
He may be caught in depths of mendacity and 二塁打-取引，協定ing—may be discovered in 状況／情勢s that, to a white man, would mean the depths of shame;—yet, by his code, no shame lies in it unless the 事柄 be so 扱うd as to 傷つける his "amor proprio"—his self-love.
A 裁判官 of the 法廷，裁判所 says:
"A politico recently asked the 知事-General to 任命する him to the 立法機関, to one of the few seats filled by (n)役員／(a)執行力のある choice. In making his request, he 知らせるd His Excellency that he, the applicant, was a friend of 地雷 and had been under my orders for many years. The 知事-General referred the 声明 to me for 確定／確認.
"'Yes,' I replied. 'This man was certainly under my orders when I made him return 440 pesos to a poor Igorot whom he had grossly defrauded. And again, twice again, he was under my orders, when I 宣告，判決d him to 条件 in Bilibid 刑務所，拘置所.' "
"Another politico （機の）カム straight to me to ask me to recommend him to the 知事-General for a place of honour and 信用. And yet I had 宣告，判決d him, also, twice over, to 条件 in Bilibid. I 特記する／引用する these 出来事/事件s to show that their 基準 of honour is not ours; that from our point of 見解（をとる） they have no sense of 責任／義務 or of shame, nor any conception of what we mean by the 条件. I do not 非難する them; it is in the logic of their history—I 単に 明言する／公表する the fact."
Educators of all grades, up to the highest, 明言する／公表する that Filipino students as a 事柄 of course 試みる／企てる to cheat in ex-活気／アニメーションs. To make the 試みる／企てる to cheat and to be caught in the 行為／法令／行動する means no shame. The thing that counts is the 安全な・保証するing of the diploma no 事柄 by what method. But to see the trait 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する in print, from an American 圧力（をかける）, will certainly gall that amor proprio. Not because of pricking 良心, but 簡単に because some hint of inferiority will be felt to be 暗示するd.
In the 事柄 of B.A.'s, M.A.'s, Ph.D.'s and the 残り／休憩（する）, the stranger is often amazed and perplexed by the number and variety of such トロフィーs （人命などを）奪う，主張するd by a 選び出す／独身 very young Filipino, male or 女性（の）, since の中で the white races only a prodigy of 知能 could have learned so much in so short a lifetime. Leaving Filipino-conferred degrees out of the question, American 会・原則s of learning are not a little 非難するd in this 事柄 by Americans long at work in the Islands. The ultimate 利益／興味 of the student, they say, is 貧しく served by too 自由主義の overseas friends.
On this point one of the first and most experienced of the educators gave the に引き続いて opinion—an opinion the more 価値のある since many of his confrères 表明するd 類似の 見解（をとる）s.
"Our young Filipino 'pensionados,' sent to America by 政府 基金s for their education, 現実に 苦しむ in the long run from the American spirit of fair play that goes beyond fairness. Seeing them 熱望して doing their best, and, in 見解（をとる） of their background, admiring their 成果／努力, this spirit gives them credit beyond their 砂漠s, puts half-earned rewards in their way, and sends them home with very serious 事例／患者s of 'swelled 長，率いる,' much 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なうd for usefulness to their own people.
"As students they 現実に are cleverer than the 普通の／平均（する） Anglo-Saxon, in the sense that they しっかり掴む theories more quickly. The 推論する／理由 is that, as a race, our judgment is much more developed than theirs. There is nothing in their minds that 要求するs to be 納得させるd, but only an all-receptive blank, on which an eager, childlike memory prints formulse and phrases. Thus with 施設 and 速度(を上げる） they acquire a superficial 外見 of capacity.
"But in 支配するs such as political 経済的なs—支配するs where 調書をとる／予約する-knowledge must be turned to the sound and 正確な 推論する／理由ing-out, in new fields, of 原因（となる） and 影響 and to the making of 初めの working deductions therefrom—the Filipino, however long the 殴打／砲列 of letters after his 指名する, manifests extreme incapacity.
"He will make a learned and facile speech. He will 令状 a high-sounding treatise, deft in the use of technical 条件 and 井戸／弁護士席-calculated to impress a reader unfamiliar with the facts. But the facts themselves he has but dimly perceived and has never understood in their 幅の広い and comparative meanings. Illustrations of this will be 設立する in articles by Filipino authors on the 支配する of the 政府 商売／仕事 企業s 与える／捧げるd from time to time to the American 圧力（をかける）.
"In an academic 実験（する） the Filipino student may very probably carry off the highest honours in a class of many 国籍s—as, indeed, he recently has done in Johns Hopkins. But thus far it has been exceedingly rare to find him 首尾よく 適用するing his theoretic knowledge to the solving of 構成要素 problems not 特に 述べるd on the pages of his school text-調書をとる／予約する. As a field man, in practice, he comes to a 行き詰まり, a stranger to the 道具s in his 手渡す, unless some competent director is over him to tell him in 詳細（に述べる） what to do, and, more 特に, to see that he does it. Field work of all sorts 滞るs, dies and lies unburied, shrouded in 文書s embroidered in 罰金 words, when its direction is left to native 長，率いるs alone."
To the Filipino public, a college degree is like an 賭け金ing-賭け金ing to a Colorum. Its mere 所有／入手 is 推定する／予想するd to 行為／法令／行動する as a 押し進める-button to the impossible.
In America, the highest degree from the best 農業の college 勝利，勝つs for its owner no more than a 裁判，公判 at any 農業者's 手渡すs. The cleverest 卒業生（する）, unless his background be one of long practical experience, must serve his 見習いの身分制度 as ありふれた labourer, and be watched and 実験（する）d therein before the 農業者 will 危険 him in any foreman's 職業 in 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of 在庫／株 or 刈るs.
の中で the Filipinos, however, the mere 所有／入手 of a Cornell or a Wisconsin diploma is held to qualify a man for departmental 行政. And nothing in the result discredits our American 警告を与える.
At a Y.M.C.A. student 会議／協議会, held in Baguio in the winter of 1923-1924, 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd 演説（する）／住所d the 会合. Toward the end of his speech he 強調するd the need of filling all 政府 places by the 基準 of 長所 alone. "We want, everywhere, the men best qualified to （判決などを）下す the best public service," said he.
Then he made his adieux.
One of the most active 政治家íticos, Mr. Camilo Osias, 大統領，／社長 of a 私的な political training （軍の）野営地，陣営 called the 国家の University,2 護衛するd His Excellency from the room. It is 報告（する）／憶測d that when, a few minutes later, Mr. Osias returned, he took the audience into his 信用／信任 as to what had happened without.
2 Not to be 混乱させるd with the University of the Philippines.
"You agree with me, Osias, don't you?" he 引用するd the General as 説. "You believe that we want the best men we can get, no 事柄 who they are? The country's work comes first, before friendships or party."
"Yes."
"You agree that we don't want Ph.D.'s as such? We want the best men."
"Yes," said Mr. Osias. "Yes—and we don't want any American B.A. put over a Ph.D. Filipino."
From the audience 広大な／多数の／重要な 賞賛, Mr. Osias had, by his own 関わりあい／含蓄, defended his country's honour against an enemy, and had come off 勝利を得た, with the last word.
But, in the 中央 of the 賞賛, another Filipino sprang to his feet 需要・要求するing a 審理，公聴会. His 指名する was Roasa.
"You're not fair, Osias," he called out. "You tell your own story and stop where it 控訴s you. You don't tell what the 知事-General said in reply. He answered you squarely and considerately and kindly, and what he said was this:
"With a little care and 外交, Osias, that 状況／情勢 can be 避けるd."
"An 出来事/事件 like this," said its 語り手, "gives the 最大の 慰安 and 激励 to us who are working for the Filipinos. Many of them have courage enough to follow strong leaders anywhere. But very few have the moral courage to stand up and …に反対する their friends."
Moral 基準s of any sort are 一般的に the fruit of old 相続物件 borne up on supports of public opinion.
When their only sources of knowledge have been 十分な of pictures of morals as 原始の as those of Greek mythology, where should the people have learned another 基準? The churches 嘆き悲しむ moral 違反s, but little actual loss of public credit appears to follow the most 極悪の of these. Or, if notice be taken of them, it is rather for political convenience.
The facts on this general 支配する, as reached through 権威のある channels, are scarcely printable in any 調書をとる／予約する for general readers. One thing, however, must be given 発言する／表明する. It is the 抗議する of a most 充てるd 内科医, now 井戸／弁護士席 on in a second １０年間 of continuous 医療の and surgical service in the Islands. For obvious and imperative 推論する／理由s this 内科医 may not be 指名するd. To do so would be to end 突然の a career of the 最大の usefulness. But the （人命などを）奪う，主張する of almost a 得点する／非難する／２０ of years of 科学の life-saving service 自由に （判決などを）下すd to the Filipino people in the 指名する of 慈悲の America 命令（する）s the most attentive and respectful 審理，公聴会 from the American public.
This 内科医 has 真面目に requested to be thus 引用するd to the people at home:
"We cannot build on a 創立／基礎 of degradation and filth. We have done a 高くつく／犠牲の大きい wrong, both to ourselves and to the Filipino people, in telling them always how 罰金 they are—in 布告するing always their remarkable 前進する in so short a period as a ４半期/4分の1 century—in 部隊ing in a 共謀 of silence as to their faults. Making all allowances for natural differences in the nature of races, there are some things that we cannot 容赦する if we 受託する any かかわり合い from our own Christianity. One of these is the 乱用 of children. The youngest 犠牲者 of 強姦 for whom I have had to care—and she terribly torn and 感染させるd—was three weeks old. Those of six months or a year—of two, four, five years—are very ありふれた. Fathers and brothers are often the 違反者／犯罪者s. The children of girls of twelve or fourteen not seldom belong to their own brothers, fathers or uncles. The victimization of little school-girls by their school teachers as the price of passing examinations is, in the 州s, almost a 事柄 of course. And in any of these 事例／患者s little or no public 利益／興味 is felt—no reprobation. Between the 最高の，を越す and the 底（に届く） of the social ladder there is often little to choose. Of course honourable exceptions 存在する. But we, in our 井戸／弁護士席-meant flattery, have made it a habit to talk only of those exceptions. To tell the plain, straightforward truth would be the truest 親切, and would undeceive Christian people at home who think America's 義務 to the Filipino is almost 完全にするd."
The position of the Filipino woman is in many ways good. Except where poverty 強要するs, she is rarely a drudge. Many women are practicing lawyers, doctors or dentists. の中で the ilustrados, the married woman やめる 一般的に 持つ／拘留するs some 支払う／賃金ing position, as librarian, teacher, 長官, which she 追求するs in 新規加入 to her 世帯 cares; yet not to the neglect thereof. She 扱うs and sells the 刈るs, where such are owned. She is the 世帯 商売／仕事 長，率いる, frugal and thrifty in 管理／経営. She 持つ／拘留するs the 世帯 purse, 支出するs as she sees fit, and carries the 重要なs. More than that, the husband rarely 乗る，着手するs upon any new 企業, makes any important 購入（する） or sale, or 請け負うs any sort of 商売／仕事 without first asking his wife's opinion, by which he usually がまんするs. The 態度 of Diego Tecson, shown in an earlier 一時期／支部, furnishes an example true to form.
In a roomful of University-trained Filipino women of the cacique class, I once raised this point.
"Is it true/' I asked, "that you are the 商売／仕事 長，率いるs of the 世帯—that you receive from your husbands their salaries or incomes and expend them によれば your own judgment? That if, for example, a house is to be bought or rented or built or 修理d, it is the wife who sees to it, not the husband?"
"Certainly it is true," they all replied.
"Do you mean it literally?" I 追求するd.
"Certainly," they repeated. And then, as if puzzled by the unsatisfied 主張 of the question, one of them 追加するd:
"We should think it very undignified of our husbands if they engaged in such 事柄s—mere 商売／仕事."
"What, then, are the proper 追跡s for men?" I asked.
"Oh, politics," （機の）カム the quick reply. To which all the room heartily assented.
The women, it is 一般に held, show, on an 普通の／平均（する）, stronger moral natures, greater moral courage and more 安定 of character than the men, 構成するing the sounder element of the 全住民. Their 耐えるing is modest, 精製するd, graceful and attractive. They have pretty social 業績／成就s. They are 充てるd mothers, and, although in the care of their young children they are perhaps more indulgent than 控えめの, they go to endless sacrifices to 安全な・保証する what they 持つ／拘留する to be the proper education of those that 生き残る to later years.
知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, who has taken every 適切な時期 to 表明する his 賞賛 for the 英貨の／純銀の 質s of the Filipino women, has never 中止するd to 勧める their men to 認める them the 選挙権／賛成. Every 法案 that has reached the 立法機関, on this errand, has, however, been 静かに （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するd. In his 年次の Message to the Philippine 立法機関 of 1922, General 支持を得ようと努めるd gave the most telling place in the 文書 to this paragraph:
There is one final 推薦 to which I 真面目に 招待する your favourable consideration, and that is the 拡張 of the 選挙権／賛成 to the women of the Philippine Islands under the same 条件s and to the same extent that you have 延長するd it to the men. Such 活動／戦闘 will tend to build up and 大いに 延長する enlightened public opinion, to raise the 基準s of public and 私的な morality, to 増加する 利益／興味 in public 事件／事情／状勢s, and 大いに to 改善する the efficiency of the 政府; in a word it will tend to the 進歩 and betterment of the people of the Philippine Islands.
Again, in his Message of 1923, 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd 緊急に repeated his 嘆願 for the women. And in his 報告（する）／憶測 to the 長官 of War, 時代遅れの December 31, 1922, he said:
One of the strongest 影響（力）s for building up 利益／興味 in proper 地方自治体の and 地方の 政府 comes from the 非常に／多数の women's clubs. They have done excellent work, 特に in に代わって of child 福利事業, public health, public 指示／教授／教育, 私的な and public morality and in the 刺激するing of 利益／興味 in 地元の 政府—地方自治体の and 地方の...I am 納得させるd that the 拡張 of 選挙権／賛成 to women...will be to the advantage of the people of the Philippine Islands.
知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd's その後の 年次の messages have continued to 支持する the 手段 which, however, elicits faint 利益／興味 from the 政治家íticos.
The public work 現実に 遂行するd by Filipino women is 著名な in comparison to the past, however, rather than for its actual 現在の 容積／容量. But it makes a 希望に満ちた beginning on a 抱擁する 仕事 waiting to be done.
"THE Filipino"—so says one of the wisest of them—"loves dress and 高級なs. If he has not a Rolls-Royce it is only because he has not yet 捨てるd together the price. Once he has it, then he wants extra nickel trimmings to spread money upon. He wants the dearest and the showiest always. He loves to entertain, and thinks it beneath his dignity to entertain frugally. More than that, he must do it handsomely, and he will not hesitate to 急落（する），激減（する） into 負債 for the 目的.
"If he is a landlord and has a season of bumper 刈るs, he will bring his family to Manila, buy diamonds and （土地などの）細長い一片 his purse 明らかにする, long before next 収穫 season. Then, to get goods to tide him over the hungry space, he will go, not to a bank but to a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 house. And, once he is on those 調書をとる／予約するs, his own habits see to it that he 急落（する），激減（する）s deeper and deeper and never goes 解放する／自由な again."
Captain J. Y. Mason Blunt, 令状s:1
The Filipino...is やめる as fond of money as any Caucasian, but has no 評価 of its value in the European or American sense of the word. His idea is that it should be used while he is able to enjoy it and not be hoarded until he is past the age of doing so, leaving it for some one else to spend. その結果 while young he will squander it...
What Americans call "the dignity of 労働" is meaningless to him. He can see nothing to admire or 尊敬（する）・点 in it as an idea, because he considers work in itself 単に an inconvenience, to be 避けるd if possible.
1 >An Army Officer's Philippine 熟考する／考慮するs, Manila, 1912, p. 9.
And it is. this conception, 養育するd by his Spanish 相続物件, that leads him to 目的（とする） at the 法律 or even at a picayune 政府 clerkship, leaving 農業, 製造（する）, 工学 or any sort of 生産力のある 占領／職業 in a sort of tacit disrepute.
法律 peculiarly 控訴s him. He feels a comfortable dignity in it. In other directions he has little 率先, but in 法律 his sinuous mind, quick in subterfuges, expedients and 罠（にかける）s, finds a natural field. It is the 相続するd mind of the Oriental, Latin-mingled, Latin-trained.
The 熟考する／考慮する of 植林学 is 申し込む／申し出d by the 政府 in most attractive form, but enjoys no 人気, although a good 供給（する） of trained foresters must long continue to be one of the 決定的な needs of the Islands. Smacking of the 国／地域, 植林学 欠如（する）s distinction.
To 引用する a practical 地元の 当局:
We had last year over three thousand young chaps who were 熟考する／考慮するing to become lawyers and only 200 半端物 who were 熟考する／考慮するing to become 農業者s. In other words the 見込みのある parasites より数が多い the 生産者s 15 to 1. And yet 農業 is and must always be the one 広大な／多数の／重要な 主要な支え of the Islands, with no second in sight. We have only eleven or twelve hundred educated doctors の中で eleven to twelve million people. But we have four times as many lawyers as we can use, and their 割合 grows 年一回の. The point is, our people love to talk and argue. They love to orate.
合間, in many a 地方の barrio home, the son, returned from the University, lounges idly in the 前線 window all day long, his splendid presence there and his でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd diploma on the 塀で囲む 存在 reward enough for the old parents who have sacrificed much for the honour of pointing to an "ilustrado" offspring.
A young Filipino 公式の／役人 now working hard to help his people 証言するs:
"The 大多数 of 候補者 lawyers who are sent from the 州s to be educated are 迎える／歓迎するd with enthusiasm, when they come 支援する, by the people. They are given 祝宴s and are looked upon with pride and hope, as saviours to be. But instead of helping the people of their home country and 株ing with them what they 伸び（る）d in Manila, they quickly become caciques, join a political party and are 正確に／まさに as bad as the old ones, preying on the poor. The 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing idea 関心ing the tao is that he 存在するs by divine Providence for the 慰安 of the city gambler. As far as we have yet developed, education only results in その上の 圧迫 of the poor."
The man just 引用するd has 展示（する）d much moral courage in his own work day by day. And yet perhaps the most 控訴，上告ing proof of his 誠実 lies in the fact that when he sees a real 激しく揺する ahead—a real show-負かす／撃墜する—when he must either solidly withstand some formidable politico or else fail utterly on his 職業, he is wont to go to his American superior for help. "Will you please 扱う this 事例／患者?" he 率直に begs. "I am afraid to 試みる／企てる it, I can't count on myself, I might 産する／生じる."
Another illustration of the 質 last 示すd may be 設立する in the comparative 影響（力） of American and Filipino Health 公式の／役人s:—A rich man in the city keeps a filthy backyard in which wicked smells and mosquito 産む／飼育するing-穴を開けるs abound. The Filipino sanitary 視察官 goes in, sees the 条件 and 通知するs the owner.
"What do you mean!" blusters the rich man. "Nonsense! My yard is perfectly clean."
"Why, of course it is!" 再結合させるs the 視察官. "But you see, here is this brute of an Americano, my 長，指導者. He will have these silly notions, and he 軍隊s us to carry them out. It is our ありふれた misfortune, as slaves to foreigners. And so, although your yard is beautifully neat, you will have to do the foreigner's will."
So the owner cleans up and one more malaria 危険 is gone.
But, if the 長，指導者 of the Health Work is a Filipino, another answer 会合，会うs the 視察官's request.
"悪口を言う／悪態 your impudence!" shouts the cacique. "I'll see whether such things can be said to me!" and off he goes to the 長，指導者 Health Officer's office.
"What do you mean by sending your whipper-snapper to tell me to 'clean up' my beautiful place?" he 需要・要求するs.
And the 公式の／役人, appalled and shocked at the unpleasantness of the 状況／情勢, 急いでs to わびる and to smooth it 負かす／撃墜する.
"Of course it was all a mistake!" he repeats. "The man was やめる wrong. I know that your yard must be in perfect 条件..."
And so the smells and the mosquitoes remain undisturbed.
On general 原則s the Filipino dislikes the unsuave, and is ever inclined, 関わりなく his personal knowledge or opinion, to say the thing he thinks his interlocutor 願望（する）s to hear.
The （人命などを）奪う，主張する of kinship is very potent, often 構成するing a generously 認めるd 肩書を与える to 株, at need, in all a man has. Ob-versely, it operates to becloud the sense of 地雷 and thine in the trustee of public or 私的な 基金s, when a kinsman calls.
Another Filipino virtue—尊敬（する）・点 for age and seniority—is so 支配的な as often to become a 落し穴. A young doctor, for example, will throw to the four 勝利，勝つd all his exact modern knowledge 伸び（る）d in some American 医療の school to 適合する without 抗議する to the opinion of an old practitioner whom he knows to be fatally wrong. And this he does 簡単に because the old fellow is an old fellow and has been wrong such a long time.
The Filipino daily, El 審議, laments the Filipino's 完全にする "absence of the spirit of co-操作／手術." 2
2 January 8 or 9, 1924.
The root of this trait lies 明らかな in the people's 早期に history. The 初めの 解決／入植地 of the 初めの emigrants 永久的に 決定するd the general human type of a given locality and the 境界s thus 設立するd have in all things 生き残るd.
One of the most discerning of the University of the Philippines faculty speaks of his students thus:
"When they say 'Filipino' they are not thinking of all the tribes that carry the 指名する. They are thinking only of their own tribe. In the University, as in politics (and the University is riddled with politics) it is therefore difficult to keep out favouritism based on 部族の affiliation. I have known an 指導者 in this University to give two-thirds of his class a failing grade because of their having said something in 批評 of his, the 指導者's, tribe.
"They were Tagalogs and Visayans. He was an Ilocano. They did not want an Ilocano 指導者. So they mocked him and he flunked them.
"Tagalogs and Visayans are 大いに in the 大多数 in the University. Ordinarily they pull dead against each other, 簡単に as such, in everything, even in electing class officers. Occasionally all the other tribes 連合させるd will 量 to enough to 軍隊 the Tagalogs and the Visayans to hang together to keep the others out. But the idea that they all could and should work as one, for the ありふれた good, is to-day a 概念 utterly beyond them."
This trait is not an undergraduate's tradition, like our own Freshman-Sophomore wars, but a 限定された characteristic of the people. Many thoughtful Filipinos not committed to politics 明言する／公表する that in their opinion, 部族の jealousies would 証明する too strong to 許す any ありふれた 政府, but for the controlling 手渡す of some foreign 力／強力にする.
This sense of individualism—of separateness—this 欠如（する） of fellowship and of 責任／義務, 存在するs as a 根底となる 負かす／撃墜する to the 初めの 部隊. Patriotism, to the 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数 of the Filipinos, means, therefore, an 成果／努力 for personal 利益（をあげる）. Though he will not 収容する／認める the truth of this 声明, and perhaps has not 分析するd his own mind so far, his 行為s furnish 一貫した proof. It is almost impossible for him to understand in his heart the 可能性 of any man's or any nation's 事実上の／代理 on a disinterested 動機. It is like trying to visualize a new 最初の／主要な colour; he has no grounds for a start.
Education, to him, has ever meant just this one thing: a means for escaping work—never a means to 力／強力にする for more and better work. With this in 見解（をとる）, it will be seen what curious 混乱s are 招待するd to his mind when we ingenuously spread before him our own American school textbooks, without change and without 準備 for his utterly different needs. 解釈する／通訳するing our 国家の history by his own race experience, he innocently 始める，決めるs up 平行のs where 非，不，無 存在する.
The models for which our 調書をとる／予約するs 招待する his 賞賛 are Abraham Lincoln, Daniel Webster, Patrick Henry. In them he 必然的に 直す／買収する，八百長をするs his 注目する，もくろむs upon the 構成要素 end 達成するd—not upon 予選 training. He looks, not upon the rail-splitter hewing a way through hardship; not upon the 明らかにする-foot boy 決定するd by endless 成果／努力 to wring his place from 運命／宿命; not upon the 愛国者 literally ready to give his all to his country, but 簡単に upon the 大統領, the orator, the public favourite. 簡単に upon the finished 製品, whose 味方する he would reach at one step—by acquiring a college degree, no 事柄 how.
Lincoln—Webster—Patrick Henry. Orators all. How all-十分な, then, the calling of Orator!
The typical Filipino 苦しむs cruelly under ridicule. Sarcasm means nothing to him, but ridicule kills. And yet his sense of the ridiculous is weak. The solemnity and persistence with which he commits himself to this practice and career of oratory—in which, by the way, he excels—the 切望 with which, from childhood's hour to 熟した old age, he will listen to and admire the other man if only the other man will listen to and admire him—give proof enough of this.
And yet oratory, in the Philippines, is rather a sickness than a joke. Oratory is a menace to the 未来 nation.
Behind the dazzling cloud of rhetoric and for all his borrowed 式服 of noble phrases—"スローガンs"—the man is untouched still.
In a sudden 嵐／襲撃する of bitter self-dissection—of bitter 憤慨 against the nation whose blindness, as he said, had driven him so far, one mestizo 公式の／役人 宣言するd himself thus:
"You Americans do not know how to 扱う us. You take the position that we are all brothers—you and we together—we your equals. 反して every one of us knows in his heart that he is not. This puts us in a 誤った position because you ask too much of us. You ask too much of me. More than I can 実行する. You talk about 'honour' and 'truth' and 'golden 支配する' and 'ありふれた decency.' I can see what you mean. But I feel no impulse 答える／応じるing in my own heart to those words as you mean them. They are not a part of my mentality and when you put me on my honour or leave things to what you call my good 約束 unchecked, you cruelly and stupidly doom me to 失敗 and that is true of all of us. Remember, it is you, not we, who said in the beginning that we are your equals. You perhaps try to mean it, but we know it is not true. It is shallow self-righteous cant. You don't know how to 扱う us—and you are very hard on us, because of it."
The churches, though endeavouring to train native clergy, have all 設立する need to bring out men from home. In the Roman Church young Jesuits of the best ability are now 存在 輸入するd from America, and it is everywhere 明らかな that the native type, with rare exceptions, cannot 持つ／拘留する church work up. Oriental 無関心／冷淡 to 苦しむing, Oriental 無関心／冷淡 to the 福利事業 of the 集まりs, Oriental 欠如（する） of 利益／興味 in or sense of 責任／義務 for the poor, the sick, the helpless, Oriental 欠如（する） of 率先 and of self-支配（する）／統制する are the 特徴 that produce this result.
Blunt 特記する／引用するs a 井戸／弁護士席-known 二塁打 殺人 committed by the only painter of 公式文書，認める that the Philippines have produced.3 The artist, a member of the cacique class, killed his wife and her mother in their apartment in Paris. "While the 悲劇 was going on," says Blunt, "a son and brother of the 犠牲者s was calmly walking up and 負かす／撃墜する a 中庭 below, although he knew his mother and sister were 存在 killed. This 陳列する，発揮するs the strangely impassive 味方する of the Filipino character."
3 An Army Officer's Philippine 熟考する／考慮するs, p. 13. See also La Gazette des Tribunaux, Paris, February gth, 1893.
The French 法廷，裁判所 that tried the 事例／患者 認めるd extenuating circumstances in the racial status of the 犯罪の.
"If a horse 落ちるs 負かす／撃墜する in the street, you stand by and laugh. If any one helps him up, it is an American. Do we call ourselves a civilized people?" Dean Bocobo of the College of 法律 is 引用するd as 説 to Manila audiences.
But not by a 選び出す／独身 exhortation, not by 簡潔な／要約する １０年間s of 影響（力）, can 古代の viewpoints be transformed.
Here is a story—a ありふれた little story of to-day:
Up 近づく the north-east 境界 of the 州 of Nueva Ecija the new 主要道路 会合，会うs the mountains 長，率いる-on. 会合，会うs and suddenly attacks them, zigzagging up and sharp up till it 現れるs on the "高さ of land" at Balete Pass. Gates 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 the way at intervals, for the road is too 狭くする to 許す the passing of 乗り物s in safety, and it takes good 運動ing under the best of 条件s to make those perilous turns. So Gustave goes not up till Alphonse is 安全に 負かす／撃墜する.
One noonday, last March, I arrived at the 最高の，を越す of Balete southward bound. And the gate was 負かす／撃墜する. Of the several Filipinos who sat about the place one volunteered the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） that an automobile was 開始するing and should soon appear.
合間, glad of a chance to look about on foot, I left my car and started to stroll 負かす／撃墜する the ジグザグの. In two minutes the sharp swing of the road had shut me 完全に away from humanity into the unknown.
On the left the mountain rose almost straight, gloriously 木材／素質d, threaded with little streams. To the 権利 it dropped as precipitously, where from the dizzy 辛勝する／優位 one looked 負かす／撃墜する upon tiers on tiers of enormous treetops. On I strolled, and still on, 誘惑するd always by the secret beyond the next grim shoulder of 激しく揺する.
It was very still. The 時折の fluting of a 独房監禁 bird stood out like a silver thread upon dark velvet. Still and soft and hot.
Yet not やめる still.
From above on the mountain 味方する, somewhere behind the forest 審査する, （機の）カム at intervals a rhythmic sound as of （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing upon a metallic 器具, mingled with 詠唱するing 発言する／表明するs of men. Somewhere up there, as I knew, live 確かな of the 長，率いる-追跡（する）ing people. Only two months before, indeed—in January, 1924—a party of Ilongot tribesmen, coming 負かす／撃墜する from these same mountains, had taken three 長，率いるs in a place but a few miles distant from the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where I now stood.
The Ilongots （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 metallic 器具s and 詠唱する. And when they take human 長，率いるs it may be for mere 目的s of 記録，記録的な／記録する, without any personal rancour at all. So that almost anybody's 長，率いる might do.
They have a special knife for the 目的, and they make no noise. In fact, if it is your 長，率いる that they 願望（する）, you will probably never get knowledge of the fact unless the welcoming angels subsequently 知らせる you.
All these things I thought of, 存在 several corners 除去するd from the gate at the 最高の，を越す of the pass. And at first their consideration brought a little tingle of excitement.
There, certainly, were the 有能な Ilongots の近くに at 手渡す. Here, also, was I, with my 長，率いる on. No 証言，証人／目撃するs about. And nothing more was necessary.
For a moment or two I rather enjoyed the 十分な flavour of the thing. Then I climbed straight 支援する up that ジグザグの very 急速な／放蕩な indeed, having been gone, as I now suddenly realized, two and three-４半期/4分の1s hours.
At the 最高の，を越す my car still stood, of course. The gate was still 負かす／撃墜する. The 駅／配置する keepers still idled about. Three of them.
"This gate has been 負かす／撃墜する at least two and three ４半期/4分の1s hours," I said.
"Yes," they answered, "longer."
They spoke fair English. Spruce young high-school Filipinos with 政府 職業s.
"That," I 追求するd, "means that a car is in trouble somewhere between here and the next gate below."
"Undoubtedly such must be true," they agreed, pleased to converse.
"A car in trouble for over two hours, and no one has gone 負かす／撃墜する to see what is wrong?" I asked.
"No. No one."
"They may be in some difficulty that they can't 扱う without help. They may stop the road forever, unless some one goes to their 援助（する）."
"Why, yes, that may be."
"Or," I went on, warming up to the 支配する, "the driver may be taken ill. Or the car may have gone over the 味方する and every one in it may be 傷つける or killed."
Politely they listened to my 憶測s, 集会 in their 十分な numbers to do so. They were 静める, and 完全に detached. Not in any way did they see a personal 耐えるing in the 主題. A discourse on petrography would have stirred them as much.
Suddenly I turned from warm to very hot and boiled over in sincere and open wrath.
"How is it possible," I exclaimed, "that you—the whole lot of you, able-団体／死体d educated young men—can stay here dozing half the afternoon when you say, yourselves, that people may 嘘（をつく） bleeding and helpless just below. You know that, and yet you never 動かす yourselves to find out!"
I stopped for breath, glaring the 激怒（する） I felt. Then one of them unlimbered his thought.
"Madam," he said, "it would be 罰金—very 罰金 indeed—if one of us were paid to go 負かす／撃墜する the road, at times like this, to see what is wrong. It would be very 罰金. But nobody, you see, has that 職業."
"No," chimed the others, brightly, "that's just it. Nobody has that 職業."
America's history in the Philippine Islands from the beginning of the Civil 設立 until to-day 自然に divides itself into three periods—the 建設的な, from 1900 to 1913, the Destructive, from 1913 to 1921, and the Reconstructive, which, beginning as 1921 drew to its の近くに, is still in 進歩.
Of all three the last has been immeasurably the most difficult—a 条件 大部分は bred by the 厚い cloud of ignorance that on every 味方する enshrouds the scene of 活動／戦闘.
Dense as it is, American ignorance of Philippine 事件／事情／状勢s scarcely, if at all, 越えるs the ignorance of the Filipino people in the same direction. And such an atmosphere cannot but create the 最大限 of 当惑 to an American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある in the Islands.
"I complain that America learns about Philippine 事件／事情／状勢s only from American 政治家，政治屋s, who get their （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） from Filipino 政治家，政治屋s. And 政治家，政治屋s belong to no country, but are a 悪口を言う／悪態 ありふれた to all, 関心d with nothing, anywhere, but their own personal 進歩."
These are the words of a Filipino 商売／仕事 man, a かなりの 卸売 merchant—spoken in February, 1924, in Manila.
Carrying out his thought, I later asked an 著名な Filipino 政治家，政治屋, a leader of the 大多数 party:
"Why does your （外交）使節／代表 in Washington talk as he does in 証言するing before our 連邦議会の 委員会s? Those 委員会s are serious 団体／死体s whose time is 価値のある to America. They 支払う／賃金 that young man the 儀礼 of respectful attention. And you and I agree, in reading the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the 審理，公聴会s, that he 乱用s 議会's 儀礼. His 声明s are often distortions and worse, not of opinion but of fact. He will surely get caught one day. And that cannot but be 高くつく／犠牲の大きい to those who give him his 長，率いる."
"Yes," said my 報知係. "I begin to 恐れる so. The trouble is, he is too young."
To ask a Filipino for an opinion on the work of the 現在の American 行政 量s to asking for an opinion on 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, since the whole 傾向 of the last two régimes has hinged on the personalities of the two American (n)役員／(a)執行力のあるs.
Mr. José Abad Santos is an able lawyer and an ex-member of the 閣僚—one of those who 辞職するd at "the 危機." Up to that time as 司法長官 and 長官 of the 司法省 he had been a useful and diligent member of the 政府. His 声明 runs:
"知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, had he come in Mr. Taft's place, would have been 許容できる and probably successful. Neither Mr. Taft nor any other American could 後継する as 知事-General now. We have 進歩d too far. We want 自治.
"The Jones 法律 is our 憲法. 知事 Harrison's 原則 was that under that 法律 the 知事-General's 当局 is 限定するd to our foreign relations. In 一致 with this 解釈／通訳 we passed a かなりの number of 法律s 関心ing our 内部の 事件／事情／状勢s.
"These 法律s the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測 pointed out to the 大統領 and 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs as 法律s that should be 廃止するd. The final 力／強力にする lying with Washington, we waited for Washington's 決定／判定勝ち（する）. 議会 remained silent and has taken no 活動／戦闘. Mr. Harding's personal 返答 was: 'We shall take no backward step.'
"From these circumstances we have drawn the only deduction possible—すなわち that 議会 disapproves the findings of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes 報告（する）／憶測 and 支えるs our 解釈／通訳 of the Jones 法律; and, その上の, that Mr. Harding was of like opinion.
"議会 and the 大統領 are our 法廷，裁判所 of last 訴える手段／行楽地. The question has been put squarely up to them, and they by silence have （判決などを）下すd their 消極的な 決定／判定勝ち（する） on the 推薦s of General 支持を得ようと努めるd.
"The Jones 法律, like most 法律s, is 有能な of more than one 解釈／通訳. We and 知事-General Harrison agreed on our 解釈／通訳. The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会 and the 大統領, by silence, 味方するd with us. Now comes a new 知事-General and gives us a new 解釈／通訳. "We are now told by some Americans: "'Ah, but this is a 共和国の／共和党の 行政. Mr. Harrison and Mr. Wilson were 民主党員s. Under another party you must 推定する／予想する another 政策.'
"Where does that leave us? Each time you in America change parties, are we in the Philippines to 推定する／予想する a change of the 法律s under which we live? Evidently this is literally the 事例／患者. Is it reasonable to think that we can ever 同意 to live under a 政府 that 治めるs with so uncertain a 手渡す?"
My 公式文書，認めるs 記録，記録的な／記録する a large number of such opinions, very few of which may here be せいにするd to their sources by 指名する. Each 声明 now to follow comes, however, from a mestizo Filipino in high standing in the cacique 階級s, whether in public life or in other fields. And each is chosen for the 推論する／理由 that it 代表するs the 私的な 表現s of a かなりの class.
An 著名な 合法的な personage not in politics, a man of undoubted 誠実, said to me, in March, 1924:
"I consider the Jones 法案 a 手段 for 実験（する）ing our ability to run our international 事件／事情／状勢s without 干渉，妨害 from the 知事-General. The 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 went to the 記録，記録的な／記録するs and 設立する we had gone astray—that we had not done as 井戸／弁護士席 as they hoped and 推定する／予想するd. The 知事-General [支持を得ようと努めるd] has not 越えるd his 力／強力にする. He has been careful. He is （刑事）被告 of 乱用ing the 拒否権:—We must remember that the 拒否権 力／強力にする is given for a 推論する／理由—to check movement harmful either to the Filipinos or to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. It has been used by General 支持を得ようと努めるd so often as to make the impression of arbitrariness. But many of the 法律s 提案するd in the 現在の 立法機関 are 提案するd 単独で to 軍隊 the 拒否権, so that the cry of tyranny may be raised.
"Again, our political leaders 告発する／非難する General 支持を得ようと努めるd of spite against the country in his 活動／戦闘 on the Bank and the 鉄道／強行採決する. As to the Bank, the 活動／戦闘 of the 知事-General was just and considerate. As to the Manila 鉄道／強行採決する, unfortunately the impression was 始める，決める going that the 知事-General sympathizes with the 広大な／多数の／重要な 利益／興味s in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and wants to その上の their wishes here. It must be considered that, when we bought that 鉄道, it was not so much to make money as to 支配（する）／統制する the 所有物／資産／財産. We were told that the 王族 of England had 利益／興味 in the road and that England might therefore 抗議する against our independence. Mr. Harrison 本人自身で gave much 通貨 to this idea, and it was 一般に believed. I do not yet know the truth about it.
"The greatest trouble here is made by Americans themselves —people in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs who continually 需要・要求する 調査s and 除去s. It may not 傷つける the 反対する of the attack in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, but it certainly 傷つけるs your 知事-Generals here. And, far more than that, it very 本気で 損害賠償金 the prestige of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in the 注目する，もくろむs of our people.
"No one can get far into our political atmosphere without finding that we have lost our 尊敬（する）・点 for the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, not as a man, but as an 当局. Whoever he is, he is so soon gone that we always feel his 証拠不十分. Because his 後継者 急いでs to overturn all that he did his 約束s or his 脅しs therefore mean little. 大統領s seem not to dare to begin to 扱う us, knowing that they cannot make good whatever ground they take. And the same with 議会. At best we have lost our 尊敬（する）・点 for 議会 too. American training does not produce the 肉親，親類d of man we need here.
"Your type does not want to waste time on the little 儀礼s that in the Orient go a long way. But even Mr. Taft would have been savagely attacked if he had come here instead of General 支持を得ようと努めるd. You Americans せねばならない understand that no 知事-General coming here after Harrison could escape 広大な／多数の／重要な trouble if he tried to 治める／統治する によれば the 法律.
"I was recently listening to two members of our 立法機関 while they discussed the best means of getting rid of General 支持を得ようと努めるd. One 支持するd the method of nagging 迫害, at 現在の in use. The other said:
"'We are making a stupid mistake. Let him rather have his own way and never 干渉する with him. In that way he will 速く build up such a 広大な／多数の／重要な 指名する, here, by 遂行するd work, that he will be the obvious man for the 大統領／総裁などの地位 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and will be called home for the （選挙などの）運動をする.'
"知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd has made mistakes, but it would be a 致命的な mistake to 除去する him. First, the prestige of the whole American people in the Orient is 伴う／関わるd. It will be very 本気で 損失d if, in answer to the noise and 計画／陰謀ing of our 政治家íticos, you 身を引く him. It would only 招待する more 不安. Our 政治家íticos would get the idea that all they have to do is to whistle and the 長，率いる of any American 落ちるs.
"And then, General 支持を得ようと努めるd has only just now worked this country's 財政／金融s out of 破産. It took 広大な／多数の／重要な 技術 and knowledge to do it. 今後, if Washington supports him as it should, and if he continues his 政策 of 非，不，無-aggressiveness, he will be able to make a success of his 行政. The worst is past. After the 大統領の 選挙 things will settle 負かす／撃墜する so that he will be able to do his best for the Philippines.
"It is a very 広大な／多数の／重要な mistake under any circumstances to change 知事-Generals as America does. The English system is the 権利 one. Their men serve in a given country years and years before they are ゆだねるd with the 知事／長官の職. They go into office knowing both the people and the language. And then, 示す you, the British 政府 支援するs them.
"You Americans are not good 商売／仕事 men. You don't understand that your (n)役員／(a)執行力のある must be 支援するd. You seem always half-hearted—always afraid of taking any stand and sticking to it. How can we 尊敬（する）・点 you? Your 証拠不十分 負傷させるs and 反乱s us.
"If you could only have the English way. They know how to 扱う us!"
The man who speaks next is a mestizo merchant of the best standing, of large means and of an unusual knowledge of the world beyond the 群島.
"As to the 知事-General, I believe he （機の）カム out in the best 約束 to do his best for the Filipinos. He may かもしれない have 行為／法令／行動するd against the Jones 法律, for the Jones 法律 is not （疑いを）晴らす. Where the 法律 is （疑いを）晴らす, then 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd has followed it. Where it is not （疑いを）晴らす he has chosen the 解釈／通訳 best for the people's need. He may have been 権利 or he may have been wrong, as far as the inward 意向 of the 法律 is 関心d. But, in any 事例／患者, his 解釈／通訳 of the 法律 is for the good of the people. In his place I would do as he has done. He may have made mistakes, but I think his judgment has been sound and good. I think his 目的 has always been so."
Now follows a 目だつ lawyer, an active member of the 対立, a man 一般に 尊敬（する）・点d:
"I do not like it to be thought that the Filipinos are unap-preciative of what the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs has done for them. They are not. But up to Harrison we had little or no political experience. Then （機の）カム Harrison and, 明らかに by 指示／教授／教育, threw everything suddenly into Filipino 手渡すs. It was 極端に 不公平な. We were 完全に unprepared, and 自然に 不名誉d ourselves. Then （機の）カム 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, who has tried to steer a middle course, and who is, in consequence, decried by the Americans here as too soft, and by the Filipinos—in public speech—as the opposite. The 告訴，告発 that the 知事-General had 乱用d the 拒否権 is very loud and wholly 誤った. Every one of his 拒否権s has been necessary."
One of the University faculty, a man 目だつ の中で the 大多数 政治家íticos, says of the 現在の 行政:
"We 苦しむ, under it, from 欠如（する） of consideration of our needs. The central 政府 should be fatherly. But General 支持を得ようと努めるd 拒否権s 救済 対策. The Calamity 法案,1 for example. And he 支払う／賃金s undue attention to the 願望（する）s of the Moros. We do not know his 動機s. They may be honest, but we think they are spite. He would have been better earlier in our history. Taft or Forbes would now fail. We consider that Canada and Australia are far better off than we. Their native 知事s 扱う／治療する on equal 条件 with the British 首相. We go to Washington as a small boy—as an inferior to a superior, 嘆願（書）ing."
1 See pp. 146-8 賭け金.
A successful mestizo （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 merchant who hates politics and eschews them in the 利益／興味 of his 貿易（する） says:
"You are not good colonizers. I 大いに prefer the British way of 率直に colonizing, and then 扱うing the 植民地 with a 会社／堅い 手渡す for its own best good by a 安定した 政策 that never changes no 事柄 what happens in the Mother Country. What America does is to keep us always in a ferment of 不確定, making us a toy of her 国内の politics. You have done a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 for us materially, but that is because for a long time you sent us a 始める，決める of first-class men.
"And yet I don't know that we need to be very 感謝する to you. You don't give us much real thought in Washington. If you did, you would not have let Harrison, a bad man, play mischief with us so long undisturbed, and you would now not leave a good man unsupported, while you seem to be as much afraid of our rascal caciques as we are. Or else are you charmed by their 悪賢い tongues? Or else—and this I think is the truth—you are not 'minding your own 商売／仕事.'
"Without 協議するing us, you made us your 商売／仕事. Now I think the least you can do is to take the trouble to look into our 事件／事情／状勢s as they 現実に 存在する and use better judgment as to what these people are—both yours and ours—who blatherskite about us in Washington."
Having 引用するd so many 匿名の／不明の （衆議院の）議長s, it is a 楽しみ, now, to give the word of one who is never afraid to be 引用するd—Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, man of European cultivation and experience, 国民 of the world, strong-hearted gentleman.
"The first of all this trouble was that 大統領 Roosevelt took 知事 Taft away too soon. I told Mr. Roosevelt so.
"In America you like to say: 'No man is irreplaceable.' But that is not true.
"England knows. Look at Egypt. She kept Lord Cromer there for many years.
"It is like a general 命令（する）ing a （選挙などの）運動をする. There is something very personal in the art of 主要な men—an individual, personal element. You cannot change leaders without upsetting and unsettling everything in the field.
"You should not change our 知事s so often. You 乱す all 進歩.
"The 状況／情勢 is now impossible. How it will come out I don't know. But I say this:
"The 解答 is in Washington."
This 調書をとる／予約する's 目的 is to furnish 構成要素s, not to draw 結論s. And if the 構成要素 seems いつかs rather rough, it may be remembered that there is no 親切 in glozing the 患者's 事例／患者 to the 内科医.
No people in the world, as far as 記録，記録的な／記録するs 存在する to show, are 影響する／感情d with a larger number of inherent 病気s than are the Filipinos. Over 90 per cent have 腸の parasites. Probably half have tuberculosis.
Thirty-eight thousand die 毎年 of malaria. Five hundred thousand are always in 冷気／寒がらせるs. 研究 has 証明するd that the diet of the 集まりs—おもに polished rice—is 完全に 不十分な to human needs, and that beriberi, a 致命的な sickness 予定 to insufficient nourishment, is 刻々と 増加するing in the Islands. This general 明言する／公表する of 栄養不良, coupled with the many 限定された maladies from which the people 苦しむ, and with the fact that their ありふれた habits of eating might have been expressly designed to produce 感染, makes 肉体的に poor 団体／死体s whose 抵抗 to any and all 病気 is terribly low.
These circumstances 構成する a 純粋に 生物学の viewpoint, 耐えるing 直接／まっすぐに on the ability of the Filipinos to 持つ／拘留する their own with other races いっそう少なく 本気で handicapped.
"How," asked an 著名な world-sanitarian, "can they stand the 強調する／ストレス of modern civilization until they get their 団体／死体s into better 形態／調整?"
But to change the dietary and living habits of any people is no 平易な 事柄. Even with 絶対の 当局 it could not be done over night, 特に when the general 知能 is low, and where every stratum of the social fabric has almost 平等に to be 納得させるd and taught.
The question is also 大部分は 経済的な. The income of the 普通の／平均（する） Filipino having a wife and three children to support is, as has already been said, not over $6.00 a month. With that sum of money to live on, with 条件s of 農業, of 財政上の 頼みの綱 and usury, of land 任期 and peonage, such as are to-day permitted or 課すd by a Filipinized 政府, the 集まりs' 力／強力にする of self-help, like their hope of human mercy, is slight indeed.
Hookworm, with its tremendous 持つ／拘留する upon the populace, is probably 責任がある much of the lassitude of character—for the 欠如（する） of 連続 of 成果／努力, 明白な everywhere. Even at the 最高の，を越す of the ladder the whole 現在の-day history is a tale of grand beginnings,—of ambitious conceptions begun with a 繁栄する, carried on for a 簡潔な／要約する day and then let 落ちる, forgotten, as a child 減少（する）s and forgets a toy.
It would be too much to せいにする all this to a physical malady—and the malady is to-day 存在 戦闘d, after a fashion and in a 手段, by the Filipinos themselves. But it is scarcely reasonable to 推定する／予想する a hookworm-sapped people to stand up straight and vigorously fight their master—that very same hookworm that has them 負かす／撃墜する for the count.
One direct consequence of the Filipino's small bodily strength is seen in high costs of 生産／産物. The experience of the Manila Electric Company illustrates this point. It shows that while Filipino and American may be 交流d, man for man, in the light 職業s, as street-car 操作者s, three to four Filipino 跡をつける labourers are 要求するd to do the work that in America one white man does. 追加する to this 人物／姿／数字 the expense of the much greater 監督 要求するd in using Filipino 手渡すs, and you find 跡をつける-work costing nearly as much in the Philippines as in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.
Carried into other fields and considered with the fact that the Filipino's 行う 大いに 越えるs that of the labourer of Java, 中国 or Japan, the physical factor gives an element not to be overlooked in 重さを計るing the chances of Filipino 製品s in a 競争の激しい market where they must 会合，会う on equal 条件 those of other 熱帯の countries. And this 条件 will not be 大いに 影響する／感情d by the direction in which markets are sought.
In hemp, the Philippines are in a 手段 安全な—with a safety 残り／休憩（する）ing on nature's own gift of a fibre 工場／植物 that makes the best rope in the world. But, 裁判官ing by the insane flaccid-ity, the pottering idleness with which, in the winter of 1923-4, the Filipinized 農業の Department and the 完全に preoccupied 立法機関 直面するd a deadly hemp pest, the life of the Philippine hemp 産業 depends on its unaided 星／主役にする—and may at any moment flicker out for all time.
But in 輸出（する）s other than hemp, Filipino 生産者s have the world to 直面する if America's special favour is 孤立した.
The probable 影響, in such an event; is thus 予測（する） in the minutes of the 年一回の 会合 of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking 会社／団体 held on February 23, 1924.
In the Philippines 貿易（する） has been 繁栄する 借りがあるing to the high prices still obtainable for their 主要な／長／主犯 輸出（する）s—sugar and hemp. Should their political status remain as it is and their favoured position as regards the U. S. 関税 be 持続するd, a few more years should see a 完全にする rehabilitation of the 財政／金融 of the Islands.
This favoured position is the 主要な支え of the 輸出（する） 貿易（する） of the Islands and, should it be 孤立した for any 推論する／理由, the 見通し for merchants and 農業 would be 極端に disquieting.
Nor was this opinion 限定するd to foreign 観察者／傍聴者s.
The uncertain mind of the American 議会 as to 認めるing Philippine independence 反映するd 広大な／多数の／重要な general uneasiness の中で 商売／仕事 men in Manila in the winter and spring of 1924. It is my personal experience to know three men of means—two of them merchants—who decided at that time to 危険 their fortunes no その上の.
"It will be too late to sell out at fair 率s when America has 発表するd that she is going," said one of these three, on a day late last March. "My 利益／興味s are 激しい. They cannot be quickly 変えるd. I reckon that your country will soon tire of the importunities of our 政治家íticos and will 誓約（する） them what they ask—at longest in ten years' time. I have 重さを計るd the chances and I have waited as long as I dare. Yesterday I started in on a final and 限定された 計画／陰謀 of getting 徐々に rid of all that I own here and of transferring my 投資s under another 旗."
In 新規加入 to the three men above 示すd I am 知らせるd of several others—Filipinos all—who are 可決する・採択するing the same course.
In listening to these merchants, one does not get, after the first formal 行う／開催する／段階 is 削減（する） through., a very flattering reflection of America. Again it is impossible to use 指名するs, but I 引用する 非，不，無 but men of importance.
This （衆議院の）議長 is a Spanish mestizo, an importer:
"We do not want this country to become a 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 領土 because we know that, if it were so, all its 商売／仕事 would be assumed by the 信用s. They would know how to see to it that the 法律s here, as in America, favoured them. We have never had a 権利 関税 here since the American 占領／職業. You are still 審議ing your own 関税. 権利 there at home you have never been able to decide what is good for yourselves. How, then, should you know how to make sound 関税 規則s for a stranger country, thousands of miles away, living under 条件s in every way different from yours?
"What we need here to 静かな our troubles is a political 鮮明度／定義—i.e., to be told by America 正確に／まさに what she ーするつもりであるs to do with us.
"But if you will let us make our own 経済的な 法律s I don't care what you do with the 政府.
"This talk about political independence is mere idleness until we first shall have 設立するd 経済的な independence.
"It is as childish as the boy who 宣言するs himself '独立した・無所属' of his father and then goes 支援する home for his pocket money or his keep.
"I am in favour of 解放する／自由な 入ること／参加（者） of American goods into our ports. America is 君主 here and has done much for us. She is therefore する権利を与えるd to 確かな 特権s. But America enjoys in the Philippines not only 自由貿易 but also 関税 保護. The 関税 she puts on British, Japanese and other goods is prohibitive. The result is that she has no 競争 in the Islands; 1 that the prices for American goods—which people here must buy or go without—are very high. その結果 our 利益（をあげる）s as importers are small. We don't want you to acquire any more 支配（する）／統制する over our 資源s.
1 Compare 人物／姿／数字s given on p. 7 賭け金.
"As to Independence, I do not want Philippine Independence now. If you 引用する me in that, I shall have to say, 公然と, that you are not speaking the truth, and even at that you will have done me a lot of 害（を与える）. But neither I nor any other Filipino 商売／仕事 man wants Philippine Independence. Only college students and 政治家，政治屋s cry for it. The students 簡単に because they have been taught the cry by the 政治家，政治屋s. But not even the 政治家，政治屋s—not one—really want Independence. I know them all—and I know what I am talking about. Yet, having started their noise as a means of making a living, they have to keep it up."
Here follows the 声明 of a professional man of 目だつ 合法的な standing and ability—one whose life is lived in Manila の中で his brother mestizo ilustrados. He talked with 広大な／多数の／重要な care and earnestness, anxious to make the most of what he called a unique 適切な時期—to 表明する his 見解（をとる） to the American people without sacrificing both position and peace by exposing his 指名する:
"We are not ready for Independence. Independence without army or 海軍 would be 単に 名目上の, for we should 落ちる into the 力／強力にする of another nation, as Japan or 中国. Our people believe, because our 政治家íticos tell them, that under Independence they would 支払う／賃金 いっそう少なく 税金s and would be freer in every way than they are now. All that is now 得るd by our 税金s is needed to 持続する what we now have. 現在の 財政上の 条件s forbid the 仮定／引き受けること of さらに先に expense on 政府 account, such as the construction of defences.
"To show the 流布している ignorance on these 事柄s, in a 最近の 会合 of 目だつ Filipinos and Spaniards we spoke of means of defending ourselves as an 独立した・無所属 明言する／公表する, その結果 one of the 真っ先の men 現在の said:
"'That is a 詳細（に述べる）. We can fight with our teeth.'"
"We fought Spain with bolos, not teeth. But times have changed and we could not fight a modern 軍隊 even with ライフル銃／探して盗むs.
"I have often thought that a good 手段 to sober us would be to 行為／行う parties of our responsible men through Corregidor—to show them guns, 弾薬／武器, 量s, and to tell them the actual cost of these things. Then they might see that not all our 政府 資源s 献身的な to that one 反対する, the 要塞 at Corregidor, would 十分である to 持続する it.
"Not long ago I met a Major of the Reserve 軍団, a 井戸／弁護士席-known American, a flier, a man friendly with the Filipinos. He said, in a company of Filipinos:
"'It would be 平易な to defend this country with twenty airplanes.'
"At the time, I had no 絶対の knowledge to 論争 him, but I know now that twenty airplanes would be no use whatever against, for example, a Japanese 軍隊. They also have airplanes and much else beside.
"As for the Major, his speech was a very harmful one, a very unfriendly one in fact, for he played upon the ignorance of my people.
"The 需要・要求する for Independence—that was to be 推定する／予想するd from the first day of American 占領／職業. We were told we were 存在 用意が出来ている for 独立した・無所属 政府; and from time to time, ever since, individual Americans have encouraged the idea. Even the training in the American public schools here in the Philippines develops the natural wish for Independence. But the greatest 障害（者） of all, for contentment and peace, comes from the Americans の中で us. A 広大な／多数の／重要な many Americans have come here really to do their best for the islanders. But many bring with them their race prejudice and make us feel it.
"If they were content to keep 完全に away from Filipinos, socially, as the English do in India, it would be far happier for both 味方するs, and the race feeling would not be so much noticed. But they make the mistake of mixing in some degree, and then their race feeling becomes evident. This gives the 扱う to the Spanish friars, who are eager to point out to us the difference between the American and the Spanish 態度 toward us, to 誘発する その為に our 傷つける pride and to 刺激する anti-American feeling.
"Many Americans here 支持する 直す／買収する，八百長をするing the 未来 status of the islands—that they shall become a 領土, or that independence shall be 認めるd on a 直す／買収する，八百長をするd date.
"I regard both these things as impossible.
"Anything done now to 直す／買収する，八百長をする our status as a 領土, or any 約束 to give us our independence in a 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of years, would mean nothing to me because I know that no such 約束 could with certainty be 実行するd. Take the 約束 to make us a 領土 in five or ten years' time: when that time had elapsed, the American people would realize that, 存在 made a 領土, the Islands would 必然的に next 需要・要求する statehood. It would not be good for America to have in her 議会 立法議員s from so 広大な／多数の／重要な a distance, with 利益／興味s that might 井戸／弁護士席 be foreign to the 利益／興味s of the nation. And this fact would soon become 目だつ to the public mind.
"In the same way, I consider that no 約束 to give freedom twenty-five years hence could be binding. No one can see what 条件s will 得る or what consideration will have to 支配する twenty-five years hence. This 事柄 of Independence and of status cannot be settled now. It should be settled by our sons or our grandsons.
"特に in a democratic country like America, political and social 条件s can never be foretold. The preamble of the Jones 法律 was a very 広大な／多数の／重要な mistake.2 Americans （人命などを）奪う，主張する it is meaningless—a mere sop to the Filipinos. But I （人命などを）奪う，主張する that it is a 約束. Yet, even so, it is very vague. Who is to be the 裁判官 when our 政府 is stable? Surely not we. No man can be 裁判官 in his own 事例／患者."
2 The Jones 法律 itself 含む／封じ込めるs no について言及する of the question of 未来 independence for the Philippines. But the preamble, in its second 条項, gave the text for much of the 現在の argument. See 虫垂 I.
It is probable that no one who has not really worked in the Philippines, の中で the Filipinos, and on this general 支配する, can fully realize the value of the foregoing 証言s—the difficulty with which men's 信用／信任s are 得るd in a country where 恐れる pulls always at the 肘, and where the consequence of betrayal is 破壊. The words here 引用するd will sound commonplace enough in 解放する／自由な America. In the Philippines, with the 影をつくる／尾行する of Independence always in the 空気／公表する —with the ever-現在の 恐れる that America may 身を引く and leave 解放する／自由な vengeance in the saddle, they are as startling as public 自殺.
Again I 引用する a distinguished Filipino lawyer: "One question I would consider 事前の to Independence: "We now shut out the Chinese and Japanese—or try to do so—not very 効果的に. If we were 独立した・無所属 could we keep them out? If the Chinese （機の）カム by the thousands and millions we could not 生き残る. They are born and trained to a strenuous life. They can live where we would 餓死する. We have so 平易な a 気候 that we are soft. We could not fight them off. We should have to let them come. Our people have taken 非，不，無 of these serious things into account. I don't dare talk 率直に to my Filipino friends. There is no use arguing where arguing won't help. But I say, regarding the Chinese and Japanese, that apart from any 軍の 侵略, we would find them trying to 支配する commercially and we should have to 尊敬（する）・点 their wishes. Under our 旗 they would 追い出す the English and Americans in a few years. If American 製品s had to 支払う／賃金 here the same 義務 as those of Japan, they could not compete with Japan. I know the Japanese. As to the belief that they would fight the 戦う／戦い of the Orient against the West, they would as quickly fight Filipinos as Chinese or ロシアのs. There is no racial 団結 in the Orient. We could 連合させる with the Chinese, but not with the Japanese. Their idea of greatness is too big.
"As to 開発／利用 of our 資源s by Americans, we 恐れる it as a 未来 danger, but 非，不，無 has as yet taken place. There is no big American 商売／仕事 here now.
"It may 公正に／かなり be said, with 非難する to America, that the shyness of American 資本／首都 to come here 妨げるs our 開発. Our own people are not 投資家s, but, beside that, aside from a very few fortunes, we have very little wealth.
"You may say 資本／首都 is 保守的な and likes to be 保証するd of the 条件s of a country in which it is to 投資する. To that I answer: 'Yes, but that fact in no wise alters the real question nor does it 除去する your 非難する. For America should know what is going to happen here. She has the 力／強力にする to dictate. Therefore she has the 責任／義務. If our 条件s are so uncertain that we cannot attract the 資本／首都 we need to develop our 資源s, then that sad 条件 is the fault of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America and of nobody else.' "
The に引き続いて words are those of an 優れた mestizo merchant with 利益／興味s all over the Islands:
"We are not ready for Independence. We 欠如（する） the first two requisites—money, and good leaders—responsible, moral, Christian men educated in experience. In leaders we must have both honesty and experience. Either one without the other will fail and we have no such combination now 明白な in our political 階級s.
"We need a protector. Who shall it be? Japan? We don't know her Why not America, who has already 前進するd us so 大いに in 構成要素 things? But has she yet 前進するd us so much in moral and spiritual things? You have done much for us, but you should do far more.
"At the 底（に届く） of the 需要・要求する for Independence lies 主として
amor proprio. So many Americans make light of us. Not your generals and 陸軍大佐s, but your little 中尉／大尉／警部補s and their wives. Not your 主要な／長／主犯 商売／仕事 men, but their office clerks. We understand this やめる 井戸／弁護士席. And yet they sting our pride; and because we are stung we say, 'Give us Independence of these people. Get them out of our country, no 事柄 at what cost! '
"This is 特に true の中で our young and 過激な element who go in more for talk and know nothing of the meaning of talk. They feel they would rather be poor and 解放する／自由な than have the help of people who look 負かす／撃墜する on them. I thought that myself before I had wealth. Poor people and young people always think so, for they have nothing to lose."
From another 合法的な light comes this 表現:
"If America goes, the first 経済的な result will occur at once; it will be the 落ちる of the peso to its metal value and the 見えなくなる of all value in the 通貨 of the Islands. The land 税金s have never been gathered in 十分な, and our people will never gather them—whether through favouritism or through slackness. The 税金s at 現在の, 加える all other 歳入s, do not 会合，会う the expenses of the 政府, and the Insular 政府 has to borrow from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. From whom shall we borrow if America leaves 完全に? America will then no longer lend at 4 or 5 per cent and 社債s 税金 解放する／自由な. We should have to 支払う／賃金 her what other countries 支払う／賃金. Or the American people might not then （問題を）取り上げる a 貸付金 on any 条件. Who, then? Some other country? Japan? Perhaps, but on very profitable 条件 and with 譲歩s 認めるd. And if the 条件 were not met, she would not then give herself the trouble of conquest by 武器. She would find an easier way 効果的な.
"We could never, of ourselves, produce the means to run a modern 政府. Some other 力／強力にする, beyond 論争, would すぐに take us. Our people, though lightly 税金d now, will 服従させる／提出する to no more."
非，不，無 of the men 引用するd in this 一時期／支部 is a 政治家，政治屋. All are either 商売／仕事 or professional men in active life. But it is to be remembered that the politico, not the 商売／仕事 or professional man, is speaking for the Philippines in Washington today; that the politico is training the minds of the young 近づいている mestizo student class who will take the 現在の political leaders' place.
To go into the political argument is remote from the 目的 of this 調書をとる／予約する—excepting in so far as it is tied into a 熟考する／考慮する of the character and mentality of the people. 出資／貢献s to character 熟考する／考慮する come, for example, from the 返答 of the politico to 確かな 限定された questions.
"How do you 提案する to 持続する your 政府, with American markets no longer 現在のing 解放する／自由な 入ること／参加（者） to your goods; with America no longer carrying your expenses for foreign 代表 in 領事館s and 大使館s all over the world; with the sums now spent in the Islands by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army and 海軍 削減（する） off; and with the necessity of floating your 貸付金s without 支援 in foreign money markets?"
This question, asked of dozens of professional Independentist 政治家，政治屋s, produced always the same result. To choose the words of 上院議員 Osmeña:
"Those are 詳細（に述べる）s to which we shall …に出席する after Independence is 認めるd."
The answer has been so uniform in 影響 that it is useless to 重荷（を負わせる） the page by requoting it in わずかに different phraseology. It is understood that no more explicit 声明 has rewarded the 調査s of Washington.
A その上の obvious question, often put, is this:
"In 見解（をとる） of the length of time in which you have been asking for Independence, it is fair to assume that you have a 計画（する） for 会合 the costs of 国家の defence out of your own 資源s. What is the 計画（する）?"
Here, again, a 事実上 uniform answer is received. The に引き続いて—one of the most 詳細（に述べる）d and perhaps the most intelligent—was given me by the 主要な／長／主犯 Filipino political 経済学者.
"Of course we realize that we must raise more 明言する／公表する 歳入s by 課税. But that will be easily done. We can live on 50 per cent of what we spend on living now. Our 気候 is favourable. Our wants are simple. Given a few years' time we can find new markets, and become indifferent to those of America. Besides, if the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs should 課す 税金s on 輸入するs from the Philippines, we should 報復する by 税金s on 高級なs from the 明言する／公表するs, such as automobiles. But the 影響 on us! of your 税金ing our 輸出（する）s would not be 広大な／多数の／重要な. As to the direct question of defence, we have a citizenry willing to fight. We have no land 境界s.3 We have small vulnerability.
3 The coast line of the Islands, however, 対策 10,850 法令 miles.
"But we 持つ／拘留する we shall not be attacked. We are so rich that the 相互の jealousies of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 力／強力にするs will defend us—the one against the other. その上の, 軍の 専門家s say that in ten years timé we could be （判決などを）下すd impregnable."
Q. "As 独立した・無所属? At your own cost? What money will 供給（する） your defences?"
A. "We can build 潜水艦s—and airplanes also."
Q. "Do you know what they cost?"
A. "No. I have not looked into that 詳細（に述べる）. But you must remember that in 1898, when America took the Islands, we had a strong arm able to defend the country. We therefore 持つ／拘留する that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, in leaving the Islands, has a moral 義務 to leave us 同様に off 比較して for self-defence, as we were then. In fact, we feel it the continuous moral 義務 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to see to it that we are never attacked by any 力／強力にする at any time. We 推定する／予想する that."
This 声明 shows the 長，指導者 political 経済学者 of the country looking to a 50 per cent 削減 of living 支出s 徴収するd on the whole people to produce 歳入s 十分な for 国家の defence. In 関係 herewith it is illuminating to 解任する:
First:—That seven years of practical 自治 減ずるd the country to 破産.
Second:—That two years of very skilful work by a 有能な American 行政官／管理者, 加える generous help by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府, pitted, after the first fright, against the frenzied 抵抗 of the political leaders, barely 後継するd in 回復するing credit and balancing 歳入s and 予算.
Third:—That the whole cacique class, to which our political 経済学者 belongs, does not 越える six or seven per cent of the 全住民.
Fourth:—That the remaining 93 or 94 per cent whom he 招待するs to 減ずる their living 支出s by 50 per cent to 支払う／賃金 the price oil a second 実験 in 自治, are now fighting for their lives against tuberculosis, beriberi and hookworm on an 普通の／平均（する） sum of $70 per family of five, per 年.
One final ちらりと見ること must now be, given to the status of the "Independence 基金."
In preface it should be 解任するd that the Philippine Islands, in 一致 with the 準備／条項s of the Jones 法律, are continuously 代表するd in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs by two 居住（者） Commissioners. These men are chosen by the Philippine 立法機関 and 持つ／拘留する office for three years. Out of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 財務省 they are paid mileage, salary and allowances 同一の with those of our Congressmen, and they are （許可，名誉などを）与えるd, by 法律, 公式の／役人 承認 in all 連邦の Departments. The Filipino 政治家íticos, however, saw use for その上の 代表.
They therefore 原因（となる）d their 立法機関 to create a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 of Independence, consisting of the 統括するing officers of both Houses of 立法機関 and of such other members as these two might select. The creative 行為／法令／行動する was 可決する・採択するd on November 7, 1918. The 義務s of the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, in 簡潔な／要約する, were to 熟考する／考慮する and recommend as to the 交渉 and organization of the independence of the Philippine Islands; as to 安全な・保証するing 外部の 保証（人）s of the 安定 and permanence of independence and of 領土の 正直さ; and as to 組織するing a new 内部の 政府. The （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 was given 全員出席の 力／強力にする to 行為／法令／行動する for the 立法機関 and to 代表する it during its 休会s; to 任命する and 教える スパイ／執行官s and 使節団s who should serve either at home or abroad; and to 演習 "all other 機能（する）／行事s and 力／強力にするs that the 統括するing officers may みなす necessary incidental to the carrying out of the 目的s of the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限" which （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 "shall continue to 存在する until the 目的 for which it was created shall have been 達成するd."
The newly created 団体／死体 すぐに 任命するd "an 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 使節団 to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs" to be 統括するd over and directed by Mr. Quezon. This 使節団 was to be composed of not over twenty-five Filipino 国民s, as 指定するd by the 大統領 of the 上院 and the （衆議院の）議長 of the House. To the 法律を制定する 決意／決議 認可するing the above 協定 was appended the に引き続いて 条項:
Be it その上の 解決するd, That, to defray the expenses 出来事/事件 to the fulfilment of the 義務s of the 使節団 referred to in the 先行する paragraph, any 基金s appropriated for the Philippine 立法機関 or for either of the Houses thereof, are hereby made 利用できる.
And a second 決意／決議 認可するd by Mr. Harrison helped out as follows:
Such per diems or 付加 補償（金） may be 認めるd as the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 may 権限を与える, any 準備／条項 of 存在するing 法律 to the contrary notwithstanding.
But the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 was to receive more 限定された and special 財政上の care. On December 15, 1920, Mr. Harrison 認可するd 行為／法令／行動する No. 2933, 供給するing a self-perpetuative million peso 年次の （資金の）充当／歳出, payable out of the Insular 財務省 "to defray the expenses of the Independence （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, 含むing publicity and all other expenses in 関係 with the 業績／成果 of its 義務s" and no questions asked.
Yet, as has already been 示すd,4 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な 疑問 arose in other ４半期/4分の1s as to the 合法性 of such use of public 基金s—疑問s that would have 原因（となる）d 誘発する 活動／戦闘 but for the 不本意 of 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd to take any avoidable steps 似ているing repression of a 国家の impulse toward freedom. Again and again, 公然と and 個人として, he had said to the 政治家íticos:
4 See pp. 142-4 賭け金.
"You 告発する／非難する me of 存在 the enemy of your independence. I am its best friend and 労働者. I show you the way to 証明する your 事例／患者 before the people of America. Show 業績／成就 in public 作品. Show care of your 欠陥のあるs, your helpless, your sick. Show care for the 福利事業 of your women and children and in an honest 願望（する） to 保護する the 権利s of your 集まりs and of foreigners. Show 建設的な 法律制定, a building up of your 農業, 商業 and 財政／金融 and an intelligent co-操作／手術 with America's proven friendship. Let me be your lawyer, take my advice, and I will 勝利，勝つ your 事例／患者."
Their answer had been barrenness and fresh cabals. And yet, 希望に満ちた always, and 患者, the 知事-General spared the Independence 基金, for its 指名する's sake, till the eleventh hour.
At last, on or about February 15, 1924, Mr. Benjamin F Wright, the Insular Auditor, definitely 尋問 the 合憲性 of the 行為／法令／行動する of the Philippine 立法機関 creating the standing million-peso Independence 基金, 一時停止するd その上の 支払い（額）s under that 行為／法令／行動する. In 詳細（に述べる）, he 通知するd the Special 使節団 then in Washington that he would 一時停止する 支払い（額） of its per diem 未解決の an 調査 and 決定／判定勝ち（する） on the question 伴う／関わるd; that he would 許す $10,000 to settle its accounts in America up to March first; that he would 許す another $10,000 for home-coming expenses; and that, in lieu of the 一時停止するd per diem, he would 認可する 保証人／証拠物件s for actual expenses and for all proper and 合法的 支出s. He 知らせるd the 使節団, however, that the 支払い（額）s would be made, not through its Washington 支出するing office, but through the U. S. Bureau of Insular 事件／事情／状勢s in Washington.
This step 誘発するd frantic denunciation from those 直接／まっすぐに 影響する／感情d and was followed by wild misrepresentation as to the nature and consequences of the Insular Auditor's 行為／法令／行動する. Mr. Wright 合間 received the hearty 私的な thanks and congratulations of many of the most important Filipinos in Manila, and even the native 圧力（をかける） was not without its favourable 返答. On March 5, 1924, La Nación (Filipino 独立した・無所属), said:
The 決定／判定勝ち（する） of Insular Auditor Wright...calls attention to the fact that （選挙などの）運動をするs for Independence should be 持続するd with 私的な and not public 基金s, as is evident here, considering the sources of the 税金s; out of every million pesos collected into the 財務省 eight hundred thousand come from foreigners. Although it is true that this money, upon entering the public coffers, becomes the 所有物／資産／財産 of the 政府, yet it is a fact that these taxpayers will not 支払う／賃金 a cent 任意に to carry on such a （選挙などの）運動をする.
Upon the Insular Auditor's 告示 of 一時停止するd 支払い（額）s, a movement was すぐに started in the Philippines to 論証する the strength of the Independence movement, by raising through popular subscription a new million-peso Independence 基金 beyond the Insular Auditor's reach.
But the Filipino people are little used to public giving. Subscriptions accrued with difficulty. Some of the big gifts at first 布告するd turned out to be either the I. O. U.'s of insolvents, or else no gifts at all, but 単に vague 約束s of 貸付金s or 前進するs. 悪意のある 報告（する）／憶測s （機の）カム in of ゆすり，強要 （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd upon the always victimized Chinese merchants of the 州s—of deceptions practised upon the Moros of the South—both to swell the new 基金 from sources fundamentally averse to Independence. Small 政府 雇うés complained, when they dared, of 徴収するs 課すd upon their slender 支払う／賃金. Individuals lamented that they 恐れるd to 辞退する 出資／貢献s, yet 激しく begrudged money wrung from their 手渡すs only "to be squandered by gamblers in Washington." And presently even the political 圧力（をかける） began to rail at rich 立法議員s who fought for the chance to go junketing to America at public expense, but who now 設立する no cash in their 私的な money-捕らえる、獲得するs to give "for their country's good."
A かなりの although 論争d sum was finally, however, raised. And because this "Independence 基金," whatever it was, （機の）カム through individual 成果／努力, public 利益／興味 for the first time enquired as to its 行政. La Nación said:
The 有益な 影響（力） of the 活動／戦闘 of Insular Auditor Wright is now 存在 観察するd, for at the 会合 of the 国家の 委員会 for the Independence 基金, 代表者／国会議員 Rafols explained the necessity of strict economy by 廃止するing superfluous services and 減ずるing salaries. It "is understood that an, account of all the expenses and activities of the independence （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 will be 現在のd to the public, together with a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of all the 雇うés and their corresponding salaries which until now have been kept from public knowledge...The sending of useless 使節団s, like that which went to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs knowing that it would find 議会 延期，休会するd and 大統領 Wilson in Europe, will not be repeated.
Yet not so easily, nor at all, did the 公式の／役人s of the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 accede to the 需要・要求する for publicity in the 事柄 of disbursements,—and the Filipino 圧力（をかける） agreed that it was not always advisable to publish expense accounts. El 審議, for example, was ready to 譲歩する that the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 should enjoy "intelligent publicity 両立できる with secrecy which they have a 権利 to, in 見解（をとる） of their delicate work."
But in June 4, 1924, the Manila Times (American) carried an open letter from 代表者／国会議員 Gregorio Perfecto of the 国家の 委員会 on Collections, giving a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of the 減ずるd salaries or per diems as allotted from the new Independence 基金. Aside from accounts with 受益者s in the Philippines, this letter gave 人物／姿／数字s as to the members of the 使節団 then in Washington as follows:
Manuel L. Quezon
For 着せる／賦与するs, P1800 ($900) 月毎の.5 Per diem during stay
in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, at P180 a day, P5400 月毎の.
Manuel Roxas
For 着せる／賦与するs, P1800 月毎の.5 Per diem, during stay in
the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, at P180 per day, P5400 月毎の.
Sergio Osmeña
For 着せる／賦与するs, P1800 月毎の.6 Per diem, during his stay
in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs at P90—P2700 月毎の.
Claro M. Recto
For 着せる／賦与するs, P1800 月毎の.5 Per diem, during his stay
in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs at fgo—P2700 月毎の.
5 Two days later the Philippines 先触れ（する） せいにするd to 代表者／国会議員 Perfecto an indirect 声明 to the 影響 that this sum 代表するd, not a 月毎の but a total 着せる／賦与するing allowance per person. The point is insufficiently 設立するd.
This 声明 omits について言及する of expense, entertainment and transportation 手はず／準備.
Next day, however, the Philippines 先触れ（する）, violent Independista 組織／臓器, had a moment of emotion.
In the past 愛国者s not only fought but died for their country...To-day we still have 愛国者s who are also fighting for their country...They are paid hundreds of pesos a day and are 祝日，祝うd and 祝宴d and honoured.
And on 最高の，を越す of that—
P1800 given them for 井戸／弁護士席-tailored 控訴s that Beau Brummell may hide his 直面する in shame when they appear on Pennsylvania Avenue, spick and （期間が）わたる, the cynosure of feminine 注目する，もくろむs.
How times change!
Poor Juan! 6 It is to weep!
6 Juan de la Cruz is the 象徴的な 指名する of the tao.
On April 30, 1924, the 司法長官 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs （判決などを）下すd his opinion on the question raised by the Insular Auditor as to the 合憲性 of the 行為／法令／行動する of the Philippine 立法機関 creating a standing Independence 基金. Upon this opinion, the Insular Auditor made final his 中断 of 支払い（額）s under the 行為／法令／行動する.
Without going into the grounds of the 司法長官's 決定／判定勝ち（する） it may be 明言する／公表するd that he held the Philippine 立法機関 to be wholly outside its 力／強力にするs and 州 in the 事柄s 関心d. Once again it was 展示（する）d as committing its constant 罪／違反—overlaying and confounding the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある with the 法律を制定する. Once again it had broken the Jones 法律, and at several major points. Once again it had encroached upon 当局 belonging 単独で to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会. As an epitaph upon the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な-石／投石する of the thing, the Insular Auditor 引用するd Mr. 司法（官） Field:
An 憲法違反の 行為／法令／行動する is not a 法律; it 会談するs no 権利s; it 課すs no 義務s; it affords no 保護; it creates no office; it is, in 合法的な contemplation, as unoperative as though it had never been passed.
The Independence （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 still 存在するs. But its million-peso special 製図／抽選 account upon taxpayers' money is cancelled.
The 記録，記録的な／記録する of the 現在の American 行政 in the Philippines has thus far been touched only here and there. It is a 広大な／多数の／重要な and a strange story, and, to be 扱うd adequately, would 要求する a second 容積／容量. Think for yourself what needed to be done, and then be 保証するd that an honest American 試みる／企てる has been made to do it.
Passing over the 復古／返還 of credit to a¡ 破産者／倒産した and discredited 政府, the 復古／返還 of 通貨 values and of the 消えるd reserve 基金, and the balancing of the 政府's 予算, all 遂行するd in two years' time by sheer 技術 and persistence, not only against the 穀物 of the machine but against the machine's furious 対立—passing over these points as already 記録，記録的な／記録するd, we may ちらりと見ること here and there in other directions. For instance:
With the coming of 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, the use of the 政治の health structure as a political perquisite could no longer go on undisturbed.
"The tremendous waste of human life in these Islands can and must be stopped," said the new (n)役員／(a)執行力のある, 早期に.1
1 Message to the Sixth Philippine 立法機関, October 27, 1922.
And continued not only to say it but to 行為／法令／行動する upon it so vigorously that the idea has become almost as afflicting as that 具体的に表現するd in His Excellency's companion 判決: "解放する／自由な and unsecured 循環／発行部数 of public 基金s の中で political friends is finished."
The attacks of the political leaders upon this salient have been ceaseless and not without 影響. But, in spite of their sapping and 採掘, General 支持を得ようと努めるd had 後継するd, by the end of 1923, in 軍隊ing 負かす／撃墜する the general death-率 by 14 per cent below that of the last year of Harrison. Real ワクチン接種 （選挙などの）運動をするs have been 新たにするd; smallpox has almost disappeared; コレラ, too, has been driven out; the fight against tuberculosis is once more 再開するd—and so it continues along the line.
Again:—By the end of the second year of General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 行政 either he or a member of his staff had visited every 刑務所，拘置所 in the Islands, had 調査／捜査するd its 条件 and had looked into the 事例／患者 of each several 囚人. The result has been, not only a 広大な／多数の／重要な 改良 in the 刑務所，拘置所s themselves, but the 解放（する） of a large number of persons frivolously or needlessly 限定するd, and the turning of thousands of wretched, 病気d and useless lives into sound 生産性 moving toward freedom.
A third example of 再建 is the checking of the 疫病／悩ますs of locusts, of rinderpest and of anthrax that the previous lax 政府 had let loose upon the Islands. By the practical support of General 支持を得ようと努めるd, Dr. W. H. Boynton, inventor of the rinderpest serum, was first able to put his 広大な／多数の／重要な 発見 into such 形態／調整 as to serve the whole 群島. This one thing has already saved the 農業者s over 110,000 draught animals, the main-springs of their 暮らし. The autonomized 立法機関's political plays are still 傾向がある to 再生する their old fruit—有罪に loose 検疫s. But to General 支持を得ようと努めるd's strong, though ever handicapped, 介入 is 予定 to-day the 生き残り of the draught animal in the islands.
Coming to the schools, public 指示／教授／教育 has 命令（する）d the 知事-General's lively 利益／興味, and, besides a continuous 成果／努力 to raise fallen and debased 基準s in general, he has laid particular 強調する／ストレス on the importance of farm schools, on the teaching of 貿易（する）s and of 国内の science, and on the 熟考する／考慮する and cultivation of the English language. The （疑いを）晴らすing-out of American school-teachers, now so nearly 完全にする, is 速く 減ずるing the tongue taught in the 州s to ''bamboo English." Many of the Filipino teachers themselves now speak a 種類 of patois 危険に 近づく plain pidgin. And a 際立った if somewhat covert 傾向 is observable, on the part of the political leaders, to 最小限に減らす the importance of English, in favour of the 愛国的な values of the dialects to the 集まり. Mr. 司法（官） Taft thus 分析するd this last feature:
The 成果／努力s of the American 政府 to teach the ignorant their civil 権利s and to uplift them to self-治める／統治するing capacity find only a languid sympathy from many of the "ilustrados." From them comes the only 反対 to teaching English to the ありふれた people, lest they lose their 国家の character...The real 動機 for the 反対, whether conscious or not, is the 願望（する） of the upper class to 持続する the 関係 of the 判決，裁定 class to the serving and obedient class.
Mr. Manuel Roxas, speaking in Washington on Feb. 17, 1924, before the House 委員会 on Insular 事件／事情／状勢s, said:
We have about three important dialects in the Philippines, but...I do not think the difference is any greater than that which 存在するs in the English spoken in the different 明言する／公表するs of the Union.
The fact is that of the eighty-seven 際立った native dialects spoken in the Philippines, some 異なる in about the same degree that German 異なるs from English, while a large 百分率 of the 残り／休憩（する） 異なる as French 異なるs from Italian. Their continuance in popular use is one of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 軍隊s against the people's emancipation and 開発.
General 支持を得ようと努めるd, as America's (n)役員／(a)執行力のある in the Islands, has 終始一貫して and vigorously 押し進めるd 軍の training for young 非軍事の Filipinos. For this he has been 厳しく 非難するd by persons who feel that such training, given such 国／地域, can only produce a bantam turkey-cock spirit.
But General 支持を得ようと努めるd has 表明するd his belief that his 義務 is to 前進する the Filipino in every practical way toward ability for self-政府. He 持つ／拘留するs that any people 願望（する）ing to stand alone must be 用意が出来ている for self-defence. Therefore he has spared no 苦痛s to give these people a 核 of trained 兵士s.
In his Message to the 立法機関, of 1923, he says:
The 軍の training 部隊s 設立するd in the University of the Philippines and the Ateneo2 are 進歩ing satisfactorily. They are 組織するd on the general lines followed by Reserve Officers' Training 軍団 organizations in colleges and universities in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs...[This training] should be 延長するd until it 含むs all those of suitable age and physical 条件, not only in the University of the Philippines, but in other universities, and normal and high schools, throughout the Islands. This is as important a step in the organization of the Islands for defence as is the 開発 of our natural 資源s, 商業 and communications for the 設立 and 維持／整備 of the [独立した・無所属] 政府 you 願望（する）. This training tends to make better 国民s, to build up a spirit of service, to create 尊敬（する）・点 for the 構成するd 当局, 法律 and order, and to give those who receive it better 団体／死体s. It makes them more 効果的な 労働者s, 同様に as 準備するs them to 発射する／解雇する efficiently their 義務 to their country in 事例／患者 of need.
2 Jesuit school for young men and boys in Manila.
The several 軍団, 特に that of the Ateneo, turn out very smart 演習s, and the young men 熱心に enjoy and 願望（する） the training. How 大いに they need its physical part their amazingly frail little 団体／死体s, when seen in uniform, the more conspicuously 証言する.
From the Filipino 政治家íticos, however, comes a continuous 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of （民事の）告訴 of General 支持を得ようと努めるd's "軍国主義." This is 配達するd for 消費 in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and illustrates the shrewdness with which they choose 武器s. Knowing the 障害（者） that the word "軍の" may become to a public man in our 僕主主義, they have used that circumstance to the 最大の in the 製造（する） of a special bit of （選挙などの）運動をする publicity in the form of a （民事の）告訴 against the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある's "軍の 助言者s."
The facts are these:
First: The 責任／義務s of the 知事-General are 広大な／多数の／重要な. No one man, by any approach to ubiquity, can 本人自身で 監督する them all. He must, その結果, find assistants whose whole time he can 命令（する） and whose 忠義 he can 信用.
Second: In the 現在の 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s, 事実上 every educated and trained Filipino 縮むs in terror under the whip of leaders who 公然と非難する any man daring 率直に to 援助（する） America in the person of her (n)役員／(a)執行力のある. その結果 no American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある can rely for loyal, 選び出す／独身-目的d support in any 緊急 完全に on Filipino counsel.
Third: The Insular 予算 makes no 準備／条項 whatever for the 雇用 of special assistants to the 知事-General.
Therefore: 存在 in imperative need of assistants, for the responsible 扱うing of his 職業, General 支持を得ようと努めるd took those assistants from the 単独の 利用できる place—the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army; because 部隊d 明言する／公表するs Army officers are paid by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America. The only 税金 in any way laid upon the Insular 政府 by the use of these officers was a per diem of five dollars apiece.3
3 This per diem of $5 apiece for the 知事-General's assistants was omitted from the 予算, by the same 立法機関 that 削減（する） off the 準備／条項 for the ヨット Apo (see pp. 144-8 賭け金). The 出来事/事件 may be compared with the allotment of per diem 加える transportation and special entertainment 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s, to the Filipino Independence （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 in Washington. See pp. 143 and 241-2 賭け金.
With the last-given point in 見解（をとる） it is illustrative of the insincerity of the Filipino political leader toward his own people that Mr. Camilo Osias, 大統領 of the 国家の University and one of Mr. Quezon's 権利-手渡す men, should 令状,4 in a string of 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s preferred against our 現在の (n)役員／(a)執行力のある:
4 国家の 会議, Manila, October, 1923, p. 30.
He has surrounded himself with a Kitchen 閣僚 composed of men more or いっそう少なく 軍の, chosen without regard to the wishes of the people, who foot the 法案...
Mr. Osias's 声明 解任するs the 表現 of our old and unterrified friend, 助祭 Prautch of the rice 米，稲s:
"'Surround himself with 軍の men?' Of course he does! He can't have those こそこそ動くing caciques around him and 信用 his orders to be done. General 支持を得ようと努めるd is the most disinterested, unselfish gentlemen I have ever met. He has done what he saw to be 権利 and then has sat 負かす／撃墜する silently and let them bark. Far from 存在 a 軍の 独裁者, he has fouled his 手渡すs with washing their sores. Suppose yourself in his position and that you were to surround yourself with a lot of Filipinos as 助言者s and 補佐官s. There would always be an incentive for them, as for any person living here, to colour things for later on. These 軍の men are 解放する／自由な. They have no 関係s, no 義務s, nothing to 恐れる, nor to hope. They are not to be here to-morrow. Any one who is going to live here would be sorely tempted to temper the 勝利，勝つd. The 軍の 補佐官s may not be as 患者 as I am, and of course they are brutes if they don't Gustave-Alphonse all over the place. I will also 収容する／認める they are not trained liars."
准將 General Frank R. McCoy, General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 長，指導者 "軍の 助言者," is genuinely liked, even beloved, by both classes of Filipinos and throughout the Philippine Islands. The other two, 陸軍大佐 Gordon Johnston and 陸軍大佐 George T. Langhorne, kindly, faithful men both, have 証明するd their 利益／興味 in the ありふれた 福利事業 by tireless service.
Any Filipino who 適用するs the word "militaristic" to them is in the position of the downy chick who should 適用する the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 to its 幅の広い-winged mother 女／おっせかい屋.
Just before I left America for Manila Mr. Edward Clark Carter, late 長，指導者 of the Y. M. C. A. with the American Army in フラン, asked me to 耐える 特に in mind, in the Philippines, the question whether General 支持を得ようと努めるd might have 演習d to advantage "a greater tact and sweetness" in 取引，協定ing with the people. An 適切な時期 arose to 服従させる／提出する that exact question to a man intimately 熟知させるd with the facts, a の近くに friend of Mr. Carter's, whose 当局 I had good 推論する／理由 to believe would 満足させる the inquirer's mind. He said:
"In the first place, it must be remembered that General 支持を得ようと努めるd, where 摩擦 is felt, is not 取引，協定ing with the Filipino people. He is 取引，協定ing with a very few men—whose whole game in life is to take advantage of any 証拠不十分 of an American 知事 to acquire that 力／強力にする for their own personal aggrandizement. As it is, the 批評 of most Americans here is that General 支持を得ようと努めるd has 陳列する，発揮するd too much patience and kindliness to these 政治家íticos.
"I do not think he has. I think his has been an astonishing 業績／成果. He has never 許すd the personal 味方する to 影響（力） his judgment or his personal 治療 of these people, under the most 激しい 誘発. You have seen his patience under 解雇する／砲火／射撃. He has never once 許すd his temper to show.
"It is an Anglo-Saxon 業績／成果 as against Oriental trickery, treachery and sidestepping behind the scenes.
"And then his physical 業績／成就 of standing the ゆすり for three years has been astonishing. We have all tried to get him to take a leave of absence and go home, but he has been so tied up in his work that he would not think of leaving. He thinks only of his work and his 利益／興味—which is, the Filipino people. Both he and Cameron Forbes like the Filipino people, and the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the Filipinos like them. This tempest in the teapot, on 最高の，を越す, is just a natural human 現象, having nothing whatever to do with the real 態度 of the 集まり. With them the relations of the 知事-General are pleasantness itself.
"Tell Ned Carter to 始める，決める his mind at 残り／休憩（する）, and be proud of one 広大な／多数の／重要な American."
Rather an 利益／興味ing 出来事/事件 occurred when the late Lord Northcliffe visited the Philippines, in 1921. Enthusiastically welcomed and 祝日，祝うd by the Filipinos of Manila, he was twice 説得するd to 演説（する）／住所 large 会合s. Upon all occasions his speech with Filipino 政治家íticos 含む／封じ込めるd an 予期しない element.
"Almost everywhere that I have been in the world," he repeated, not a little to their 当惑, "I have been approached by Filipinos with a request that I use my newspapers to 支持する Philippine Independence. It has never seemed to occur to these men that I come of a nation of colonizers, that I have 熟考する／考慮するd this 支配する, that I understand it and that I cannot but take 楽しみ and pride in this good Anglo-Saxon 業績／成就 of America."
"No people in the world," he said, speaking at the University of the Philippines, "have had a fairer 取引，協定 than you. I know of no other nation that would have 補助装置d you to do what you have done in so short a time. I am very sure that with no other nation could you have 影響d an 協定 by which such a small and scattered people as you are, by comparison with...the 広大な／多数の／重要な countries to the north of this place, would be saved the cost of the 保護 of your country. I wonder if you realize what it means to come from a land like I do, where we are 税金d up to the 最高の，を越すs of our 長，率いるs to support a 広大な／多数の／重要な 海軍 and army. You have all that 供給するd for you. You have a 状況／情勢 not unlike that of the 広大な／多数の／重要な British overseas 明言する／公表するs, Australia and Canada. You have the widest liberty that I have ever seen （許可，名誉などを）与えるd, and you have 非，不，無 of the expenses of saving your 存在. I talk very 率直に about these things because I can say what Americans do not say. I tell you やめる 率直に, were it not for the American 旗 in my opinion you would 中止する to 存在する. You imagine that your wealth is not known to the whole world. Are you aware that some countries are so overcrowded that they must go somewhere? Do you imagine that they would not come here were it not for the American 旗? How could you defend your few millions against the thousand millions who are not so very far away?
"いつかs I 会合，会う your Filipinos who talk about independence. I tell them they have it, and, 同様に, one of the finest blessings in the whole! world, and I have travelled a 広大な／多数の／重要な 取引，協定 throughout the world. There are no better schools than those I have seen this morning and I am bound to say I have never seen more intelligent pupils. But, let me repeat: that would not 妨げる your country 存在 吸収するd were it not for the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. Perhaps some of you may travel and see the land hunger that 存在するs in other parts of the world.
I am very sure you will then realize what it means to 所有する, 一連の会議、交渉／完成する about you, the 知恵 and strength of the American people.
"Their last example of generosity was to send you one of their greatest 国民s [General 支持を得ようと努めるd], If you knew his 記録，記録的な／記録する as 井戸／弁護士席 as I do you would know that you have a wise man, that you have a just man, that you have a strong man. Strength of character is 大いに to be 願望（する）d in the 知事 of a new people, and you are a new people. The Filipino of to-day 耐えるs no relation to the Filipino of fifty years ago. Fifty years ago the Philippine Islands were known for but two things, cock-fighting and hemp. To-day the Philippine Islands are becoming known throughout the world as the centre of the greatest uplift the world has ever known. You have done wonders in the very few years of your new life. But always remember that under no other people or with no other people could you have 遂行するd what you have 遂行するd with the 援助（する） of the Americans."
Now, of the Filipinos 引用するd in 最近の 一時期／支部s, all were city-folk. Mestizos—either Chinese or Spanish. Members of the small cacique class.
But do you remember the 知事 of the 州 of Pam-pangas,5—that little square, pure-血d Malay 農業者? He who fights like an Anglo-Saxon for the underdog? He who comes straight out, as 不十分な a mestizo dares to come, and 反抗するs the Big Caciques to their teeth? He who does this, not for his own advantage, but in に代わって of the victimized millions of his poor brother Malay 農業者s—the real people of the Islands?
5 See pp. 42-46 賭け金. Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., 令状ing in 1725, （人命などを）奪う，主張するd to have （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd in the Pampangans a 緊張する of 優越 to the other tribesmen. He said: "The Pampangans are truthful, love their honour, are very 勇敢に立ち向かう, and inclined to work; and are more civil and of better customs. In regard to their 副／悪徳行為s (for they are in the last 分析 Indians like the 残り／休憩（する）) they keep them more out of sight and covered. In all things the Pampangans have a nobleness of mind that makes them the Castilians of these same Indians. その結果 these people must be distinguished from the 残り／休憩（する）. Blair and Robertson. Vol. XL, p. 252.
井戸／弁護士席, that same little square dark-brown fighting man did a thing in the 高さ of the cacique war upon America that, for clean valour of spirit, few Christian Filipinos could be 設立する to match. As his 即座の reward, the politico 圧力（をかける） called him too base to couple in 指名する with Benedict Arnold or with the faithless Brutus. His 行為 as a 事柄 of fact was worthy of the minute-men of Lexington—and more than that, for the enemy he 反抗するd is no chivalrous kinsman, and no 戦闘の準備を整えた brethren stood at his 支援する.
Olimpio Guanzon, then, 知事 of Pampangas, （機の）カム out in the Manila Times, on November n, 1923, with a sort of 布告／宣言. Printed on the 前線 page, under his own 指名する and 肩書を与える, with big 長，率いる-lines, it was more startling in its boldness than can easily be realized in a country of 保護するd liberty and of 解放する／自由な speech. This is what he said:
"によれば the theory of the Coalitionists,6 ーするために be a 愛国者 one has to be anti-American or anti-支持を得ようと努めるd.
6 Quezon's party. See p. 126 賭け金.
"Now, may I ask what bad thing has America done during the twenty-five years in which she has been on Philippine 国／地域 that she should be 扱う／治療するd thus?
"Is it because she has implanted here freedom of culture, education, speech, 嘆願（書） and the 圧力（をかける）?
"Because she has 再編成するd the 行政 in the Philippines?
"Because she has 建設するd 地方の roads all over the country?
"Because she has brought over here her best teachers to teach us and educate us along modern and democratic ways?
"Because she has 建設するd public buildings, public markets, hospitals, 橋（渡しをする）s, artesian 井戸／弁護士席s, systems of irrigation, parks, an 水槽, dikes, etc.?
"Because she has built the city of Baguio, and 埋め立てるd lands left by the sea (which we never dreamed of doing) and now used by 倉庫／問屋s, the custom house and the piers?
"Because she has pacified Mindanao and 変えるd its inhabitants into 国民s?
"Because she has given into Filipino 手渡すs all positions of 責任／義務 except that of the 知事-general, 副／悪徳行為-知事-general and the 地位，任命するs in the 最高の 法廷，裁判所?
"Because she has 同意d to 設立する here a 田舎の credit system, one of the good things 就任するd during the American régime, to help the small 農業者s, with the その上の 安全 that usury shall be done away with? Unfortunates!
"And 支持を得ようと努めるd, what bad thing has he done to be 扱う／治療するd thus?
"Because he has equalized the expense of the 政府 with its income, for when he （機の）カム there was more expense than income?
"Because he has 減少（する）d the number of automobiles in the 政府 service by selling them, when in their 維持／整備 millions of pesos were spent 毎年?
"Because he has given a 直す／買収する，八百長をするd allowance to 地方の 政府s?
"Because he has 除去するd some unnecessary 雇うés placed by conscienceless 政治家，政治屋s to 安全な・保証する 投票（する）s?
"Because he has 改善するd Philippine 通貨 by putting it at par, when except for his 誘発する 活動／戦闘, good financier that he is, our 通貨 would have been the same as the German 通貨?
"Because he wished to の近くに the Philippine 国家の Bank and all its 支店s, 同様に as to sell the sugar centrals because of bad 管理／経営, some of the latter 存在 unable to 支払う／賃金 支援する the 資本／首都, and much いっそう少なく the 利益／興味?
"Because he has asked the 立法機関 to pass a 法案 which would 許す the sale of 社債s in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 量ing to P150,000,000 of which P130,000,000 were to be used in 支払う／賃金ing depositors of the bank?
"Because he has ordered the 裁判，公判 and 同意d to the 監禁，拘置 of some of those who have robbed the Philippine 国家の Bank? (I say some, because the really 有罪の parties are 解放する／自由な.) 7
7 See p. no 賭け金.
"Because he has changed the directors of the Philippine 国家の Bank and the 鉄道／強行採決する which, because of mismanagement on the part of Filipino directors, put them on the 瀬戸際 of 廃虚?
"Because he has ordered the reinstatement of Conley after he was absolved twice by the 法廷，裁判所s and once by the 委員会 指名するd to 調査／捜査する him 予定 to 欠如（する） of proofs?
"Because he has given to a 委員会 of Demócrata 8 代表者／国会議員s his 布告／宣言 and 報告（する）／憶測 of the bank examiners which the 大統領，／社長s of both houses of the 立法機関 tried to keep secret?
8 "Demócrata" is the 肩書を与える of the 少数，小数派 party.
"If the leaders had borne themselves honourably and impartially, I am sure that such スキャンダルs would not have occurred, and perhaps we would have been 独立した・無所属 by this time. But, instead of punishing the 有罪の, they were given the reward of good positions, and therefore instead of stopping the evil, it was 高めるd.
"Why should we not lose in our 企業s when the men placed in the 職業s did not have any experience, but were made directors or 大統領，／社長s without even filling the positions of clerks in the 会・原則s?...
"It is better to keep silent, for the mere について言及する of these things makes my 血 boil."
Up to this point we have been deliberately speaking only of the Christian Filipino—Malay tao or mestizo cacique—the man of the hot lowlands, whatever his 血. Now we turn to the mountaineers—the "wild tribes" of Luzon.
These are often classed together under the 指名する of Igorots or Igor rotes. The Igorots proper, however, number only about 70,000 and 構成する but two of the 際立った racial groups 住むing Luzon's high mountains. With such groups are also 含むd the Bontocs, Kalingas, Ifugaos, Apayaos, Gad-dangs, Ilongots and others, to the number, 概略で, of 450,000. No 正確な 国勢（人口）調査 has ever been taken.
The Ifugaos and Bontocs are of mixed physical types, の中で which the Malay predominates. With the Igorots, the Mongol 血 stands out. The Kalingas, Apayaos, and Gad-dangs are 主として Indonesian.
All are dark-skinned folk 事実上 unmixed for many centuries, during which time they have continuously 住むd their homes of to-day.
In general, the hill peoples are classed as 半分-civilized. Yet one of the Ifugaos' handiworks 階級s の中で the wonders of the world—the greatest system of 石／投石する-塀で囲むd rice-terraces in 存在. Covering the mountain 味方するs from base to 首脳会議 and often sixty feet in 高さ, the length of these terraces totals about twelve thousand miles. The 国／地域 that fills them has been brought in baskets on men's 支援するs. They are irrigated by a most efficient 計画／陰謀 of canals and 溝へはまらせる／不時着するs—溝へはまらせる／不時着するs often several miles long. Their 年次の upkeep costs a tremendous 量 of 労働 and their 初めの construction, so scientists 計算する, must have taken two thousand years.
の中で other cultural features 展示（する）d by the I fugaos in ありふれた with the Bontocs and the Igorots, are their building of 相当な pyramidal-roofed houses 完全に of 支持を得ようと努めるd, elevated on 木造の 中心存在s equipped with ネズミ-guards in the form of 中心s; their excellent 手渡す-ぼんやり現れる weaving, their 支持を得ようと努めるd carving, pottery-making and basketry; their 初めの use of open and 戦術の methods of 戦争; their strong hereditary-一族／派閥 type of social organization; their 高度に developed system of 私的な 所有権 of real 所有物／資産／財産 and of 法律s of 相続物件; 1 their 激しい sense of personal dignity, of individual 権利s and of liberty, 適用するd 平等に to both sexes.
1 R. F. Barton, Ifugao 法律, University of California 解放する／自由なs, 1919.
In their 国内の relations, and in their 態度 toward women in general, the mountain people 異なる radically from the lowland Christian tribes—Tagalogs, Visayans and all the many 残り／休憩（する）. With the Ifugaos, for example, genealogies are often 保存するd for from fifteen to thirty 世代s. This care for the line of 降下／家系 is a part of a system 伴う／関わるing 厳密に 観察するd marriage 法律s, which, if not the 法律s of the occident, are at least as rigorously 施行するd as ours.
As to 宗教, the hill peoples are diversely pagan, yet their beliefs, says Dr. Beyer,2 "must not be 解任するd as mere superstitious practices." For their creed is a 井戸／弁護士席-developed polytheism 類似の to that of Greece, 保存するd and served by an 組織するd 聖職者 発揮するing a かなりの 影響（力） in the community.
2 H. Otley Beyer, 全住民 of the Philippine Islands, Manila, 1917, p. 16.
Spain scarcely touched these people. They and their country were poor. Their fastnesses were exceedingly difficult of 接近. Their life was Spartan and, 原始の as were their 武器—spears, hatchets, 屈服するs and arrows—their fighting spirit made them not a little formidable. So during all the 時代 of Spain, a simple manhood escaped the 刑罰，罰則s of civilization, 保存するd 損なわれていない its 古代の rigorous 法律s, and kept its physical 明言する／公表する uncontaminated. Divided by 変化させるing racial 相続物件s and by separate tongues, the several tribes and even their 一族／派閥 subdivisions lived with little or no intercommunication and gloried in continual 戦争 one upon the other. In this 戦争 it was the ありふれた custom to 耐える home as 勝利者's トロフィー the fallen enemy's 長，率いる. Hence the mountain tribes have been known as "長，率いる Hunters."
Between the Filipino of the lowlands and the "Igorot" of the hills no 社債 nor 関係 has ever 存在するd. The Filipino from a distance despises and resents the mountaineer—and 乱用s him when he can. の近くに at 手渡す he 恐れるs him. The mountaineer from any position despises and resents the Filipino, 辞退するing with indignation to be 含むd under that 指名する.
The late Dean C. Worcester, who served for many years as 内務長官, says: 3
All the 非，不，無-Christian tribes have two things in ありふれた—their 不本意 to 受託する the Christian 約束 and their 憎悪 of the several Filipino peoples who profess it. Their animosity is readily understood when it is remembered that their ancestors and they themselves have 苦しむd grievous wrong at the 手渡すs of the Filipinos. In spite of all protestation to the contrary, the Filipinos are 絶対 without sympathy for the 非，不，無-Christian peoples, and have never 任意に done anything for them, but on the contrary have shamelessly 偉業／利用するd them whenever 適切な時期 has 申し込む／申し出d.
3 The Philippines Past and 現在の, pp. 661-2.
America's first approach to the mountains, by the blessing of Providence, was good. We sent splendid young men to 炎 our way there—men chosen as if by special inspiration, for their steely 神経, their instinct for 司法（官）, their humour, humanity, kindliness and horse sense.
By true service, and by a 本物の passion for their 仕事, these young men made the word "American" synonymous with "Friend," to the mountain people. And their 同盟（する）s in that 業績／成就 were the doctor and the nurse.
Much has been said, in earlier 一時期／支部s, of our health work in the Philippine Islands. Yet here again the 支配する must be approached and from a new 面. For the white 魔法 of the sanitary officer was to 供給する a touchstone to the wild man's heart—to 勝利，勝つ by beneficent subterfuge a better victory than that of 武器 and 血.
In this novel （選挙などの）運動をする our 長，指導者 Health Officer 工場／植物d his staff in little 一時的な dispensaries here and there on the 辛勝する／優位 of the mountain 地域s. And each doctor scouted about the doctoring 商売／仕事 cannily, 静かに, playing for 信用／信任, watching, ever, for the chance to do a みごたえのある cure.
The mountain tribes in general were and are superior to the lowlander in physique and in general health. But some の中で them bore the 重荷（を負わせる） of 苦痛s or disfigurements that simple 技術 could 除去する. Yaws, for example—a horribly distorting 肌 病気—much afflicted 確かな of the peoples; and the cure for yaws is 平易な to 成し遂げる. Dr. Heiser thought it 合法的 to make use of that point to 伸び（る） credit for the white man's civilization. So he worked out a 計画（する）.
Now the hill man rarely bathes when he is sick. He 包むs himself in a 一面に覆う／毛布, which he does not 除去する while the illness lasts. Also, he is apt to be somewhat vague in his count of time.
"Take this stick and keep it 急速な／放蕩な," said the American magician to the yaws 犠牲者. "You see, I have tied ten 宙返り飛行s of cord 急速な／放蕩な around it, at 正規の／正選手 intervals. Each morning, 正確に／まさに at sunrise, just as the first straight ray strikes over the hill, you take your knife and you 削減（する） off one 宙返り飛行. But on no account, at any time, let your 注目する，もくろむs see the surface of your 団体／死体. When the last 宙返り飛行 is 削減（する） off, take off your 一面に覆う／毛布 and bathe. Then look. 合間, 嘘（をつく） still in your 一面に覆う／毛布. Now just let me 押し進める this 薬／医学 into your 肌."
So then the doctor made his hypodermic 注射 of the 君主 麻薬. And the sick man, on his part, faithfully did as he was 企て，努力，提案. On the tenth day, as the last 宙返り飛行 of string fell from the stick, he took off his 一面に覆う／毛布, bathed, looked, and, behold, his 肌 was clean!
The 影響, in his ingenuous mind and on the minds of all about him, was enormous.
After that, the doctor could 転換 his little shack さらに先に up into the high wilderness. And so, move by move, before they realized it, he was already 設立するd の中で their villages, a 急速な／放蕩な friend whose word all would follow and 信用. Thus he, at length, could introduce his friend, the American school teacher. And so at last, through the children, American 影響（力） began to 押し進める 自由に toward 進歩 and peace.
Another 広大な／多数の／重要な 影響（力） for good, の中で the mountain people, was the character and work of the late Dean C. Worcester who, as 長官 for the 内部の, developed a wizard-like intuition as 井戸／弁護士席 as a 広大な／多数の／重要な-hearted sympathy and understanding as to the mountain peoples. の中で other civilizing 装置s he started の間の-部族の cañaos (feasts) to bring together on a friendly basis of 楽しみs 株d men who, in all the ages before, had scarcely met except in deadly 戦闘. At these cañaos he introduced 運動競技の games, to which the people took with avidity. And his introduction of the 強く引っ張る-of-war was perhaps the greatest 選び出す／独身 element in the stopping of 長，率いる-追跡（する）ing.
"Look here"—Mr. Worcester would say—"you fellows 手段 the strength of your 一族／派閥s by the number of fighting men's 長，率いるs one can take from the other. Here is a new way —American fashion. Let each 一族／派閥 選ぶ its six best men. Then we'll have a 鯨 of a cañao and each six shall pull other sixes, till it is whipped. In that way—by seeing who is left in the end—we'll find out the strongest 一族／派閥—and we'll find it out without 弱めるing everybody's show by continually 殺人，大当り off the 軍人s. What?"
They were willing to try. They tried. And then, to the last 投票（する）, they were for it. And the sight of those gorgeous brown 団体／死体s, 緊張するd to the 十分な of each muscle and tendon in one 広大な／多数の／重要な moment of do-or-die—is a thing, once seen, that no man has ever forgotten.
Also, it 満足させるd the "長，率いる-追跡（する）ing" appetite.
In these and 類似の ways, by tact and firmness, by 好意／親善 and understanding, was 安定した 進歩 made without exposing an innocent, 原始の people to the usual forerunners of "civilization"—whiskey, the shotgun, 病気, the exploiter, the cheating 仲買人, 宗教的な 混乱s and learning to 嘘（をつく）.
And thus a wise and beautiful work went on—until the coming of Harrison.
From that point the tide turned. American 知事s of the Mountain 州 disappeared, and with them the spirit of service. The tribesmen from then 今後 were made to 受託する their old enemies as 支配者s. Lassitude, carelessness, 無関心／冷淡, 無資格／無能力 at best, characterized the new 行政. The result was a heart-breaking waste of the past.
A different 知事-General now sits in Manila, but his 手渡すs are tied. He may 任命する the 知事s of the Mountain 州, but the Philippine 立法機関 must 認可する his 任命s. And it 認可するs only its own 肉親，親類d.
The 廃虚 of a 広大な／多数の／重要な beginning is not yet wholly 遂行するd. The mountain people still believe in America. A simple, loyal folk, they still 信用 their friend. But America's help is almost gone from them. She has 手渡すd them over to 破壊, and she 強化するs their enemy's 手渡す.
Aside from the schools—of which the best is the Farm School at Trinidad—all that is done for them now is done by 私的な 成果／努力—by General 支持を得ようと努めるd's personal friendship and by the mountain 使節団s of the Protestant Episcopal Church and of the Church of Rome. Happy in spirit and in 職員／兵員, the work of these 駅／配置するs is so excellent as to be cordially hated and insidiously attacked by the cacique politico.
The mountain 使節団s, strange to relate, are short-手渡すd. I know of no place in the world where young men and women volunteers of hardihood, spirit and parts and of some 私的な means of support can hope to get 支援する a more exhilarating reward for 制限のない personal 支出.
This "wild man" of Luzon is a physical 勝利 十分に dressed in a gee string. He is industrious, 勇敢な, imaginative, frank, loyal, honourable. He has not yet learned to 嘘（をつく） or to squirm. He has not escaped his 株 of vanity, but he is not conceited—not an egoist. He has no yearning for 高級なs that his own prowess or 産業 may not 満足させる out of the means that a frugal Nature puts in his 手渡す. He is the best 農業者, the best engineer and the hardest 労働者 in all the 群島. He has had to throw his whole strength against the unkindness of his native 激しく揺するs to ひったくる from them food enough to keep him alive. He can grow just so much rice. If that fails—飢饉 catches him. He has never a 利ざや of 黒字／過剰. Each year, at best, brings him three hungry months in which food is 不十分な. Also the 空気／公表する of his country is gloriously good. And at night it is 冷淡な. So he is strong of 団体／死体—and strong of will. His pride has been to 持つ／拘留する his own in 武器 against the 一族／派閥s. No lowlander, no outside people, has ever 支配するd him or made him はう. He stands up straight before you with level 注目する，もくろむs, 捜し出すs no subterfuges and tells you the truth.
You can give him a 抱擁する 負担 of 供給（する）s to carry—one that you yourself can scarcely 解除する, and then you can forget it. For all alone, he will pack it on his 支援する a hundred miles across the mountains, through 激怒（する）ing streams and 嵐／襲撃するs and untold hardships and bring it 安全に to your door. He will not have broken open or lost a 選び出す／独身 小包, nor will he have loitered on the 追跡する.
Experienced American school teachers agree that the mountaineer radically 異なるs from the Filipino, in that the former does his school work not to escape work, but with the 限定された 目的 to be of practical help to his own people. And, through every discouragement, he 固執するs to that end. Mountain children, given an equal chance, in the end equal the Filipino in capacity. For what the mountaineers 欠如（する） in custom and 施設, they （不足などを）補う in virility, 決意 and persistence 支援するd by superior physical and moral stamina.
Carrying the comparison その上の, these teachers 主張する that the mountain 青年 are more modest than the lowlanders, more tractable, readier to take advice, and better able by character and by inclination to 吸収する American 基準s of thought.
The boys often walk a month, in continuous 旅行, to get from their remote eyries to the 農業の schools at Muñoz or at Trinidad. An ordinary 出来事/事件 was that of the 旅行 of a party of little girls from far Sagada to 復活祭 School at Baguio, in the season of 1923. …を伴ってd only by an American priest, they walked the whole distance barefooted, five days and nights of it in a 激怒（する）ing 台風, soaked to the 肌 and always shivering 冷淡な, each child carrying her own food. Each nightfall they made a 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and steamed a little of the water out of their bits of 着せる／賦与するs. As 夜明け broke over the 嵐／襲撃する-swept 頂点（に達する）s up they got, and off again. And always they laughed, wholly cheerful, wholly self-扶養家族, wholly 決定するd and undismayed.
Individual Americans have given these people their very best; for their 特徴 are of the 肉親，親類d that go to the root of Anglo-Saxon sympathy, and their 障害（者）s of the sort that the Anglo-Saxon by instinct lines up to 戦闘. Individual Americans will continue to give them their best, in a losing fight, if such it must be, to the end.
I have talked 個人として to a hundred mountaineers, more or いっそう少なく, of the さまざまな tribes. To each one I said in preface just what I said to the lowlanders of all degrees—"I have come to find out your mind. I want to carry 支援する to America a true 報告（する）／憶測 of what you think and 願望（する）. I will 伝える your message whatever it is. And if you 信用 me I will not betray your 指名する."
They received this 控訴，上告 with 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な attention. All were ready to speak, 説 that the 適切な時期 to 演説（する）／住所 themselves 直接／まっすぐに to America had never been 申し込む／申し出d them before. Many 追加するd that they did not care to 隠す their 指名するs; for if America remained to 保護する them they 恐れるd nothing, while if America should go, their lives were 没収される anyway. Not a few, having spoken once, requested next day to speak again, in order, having meditated, to amplify or 強調する their previous 声明. Several times since returning home I have received enquiries from scattered points in the mountains: "Have you told our words to the people of America? Have you told them our trouble? What do they say? Will they help?"
I now feel 正当化するd in 断言するing that the に引き続いて 声明s 表明する the mind of the whole mountain people, and that any 必須の 相違 will be 設立する to come from some rare individual who has been 孤立するd and either terrorized or tempted beyond his 力／強力にする to resist.
In essence, the 声明s agree so 完全に that to 引用する a few is to 表明する them all. But, にもかかわらず the courage of the 証言，証人／目撃するs, it would be inexcusable to expose them by 明らかにする／漏らすing their 身元. Malay vengeance waits long for its prey.
The question put was this: "Do you 願望（する） to see the Independence of the Philippine Islands, the 設立 of native 政府, and the 撤退 of America?" And I endeavoured to 伝える the enquiry without colour or 主要な.
A Kalinga 表明するd his answer thus:
"Mr. Quezon, of course, tells everybody that all the people in these Islands want Independence. My people don't want Independence. For that only means Tagalogs いじめ（る）ing us. Let more of us be educated first. If Independence （機の）カム now, 非，不，無 of us is competent to fill higher offices. They would send Filipinos to 治める／統治する us, and then there would be trouble. My people are very anxious to send their children to school now that they see what schools can do. They say that if the Filipinos would spend some money to give us schools and hospitals and nurses, and teach some of us to be doctors, instead of sending 使節団s to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, they would have some use for Filipinos. The trouble is, my people, except a few students who read papers, don't know what goes on. The low-landers think themselves above the mountain people. They always say 'Igorots know nothing. They can't 持つ／拘留する office.' "
A Bontoc said:
"Most of my people are still savage. They can't read or 令状. But they do not want to be under the Filipinos. Since Spanish times we have known them. 政治家íticos have not changed. No Filipino 取引，協定s 正確に，正当に with us, and there will certainly be insurrection in our country if Independence comes. We have public schools and are going on all 権利 up to now, but that is just because one American is left with us. He is our old friend. We 手配中の，お尋ね者 him for 地方の 知事. For he is just. He can 支配（する）／統制する our peoples easily because he uses an equal 手渡す. All Filipinos are Ilocano or Tagalog or something else. All favour their own 味方する and 非，不，無 would give us, even here in our own country, any chance. But the Filipinos will not let us choose our own 知事."
The に引き続いて is the 声明 of a Benguet—a magnificent physical type:
"We know that we are behind in civilization. And we know that if the Filipinos were in 十分な 力／強力にする, instead of teaching us they would make us their workmen. They would take from us all our wealth—our land and our animals, and raise our 税金s. That is the beginning of what 'Independence' would mean to us.
"I know that the 知事-General knows that the Igorots are against Independence, because, whenever he comes to the mountains, the 代表者／国会議員s of all the different tribes make 旅行s to him, asking him to use all his 力／強力にする to save us, that Independence shall not come.
"Most of the educators の中で us, in the public schools, are Ilocanos. They seem not to want any of us to show 進歩. Filipino 公式の／役人s almost never 雇う those of us who have a little education and so give us a chance to learn more. 権利 now there are several of us fitted to be 長官 of a town, or foreman of road building. I think we natives should be given 適切な時期s. But foreign Filipinos get them all.
"We Igorots want an American 知事. This 現在の one is a Filipino. He sits in his house with his wife. He never goes around to find the people's need.
"The Filipinos trick us and steal from us. If one of them steals a carabao, he will 勝利，勝つ, if he is rich, for the 裁判官s are Filipinos, and they will sell the 事例／患者 any time. The Igorot is sure to lose unless he 支払う／賃金s the 裁判官 often. And the Igorot is poor."
Said a Bontoc—one whose experience 越えるs that of most:
"These Filipinos who have been put over us are really trying to 扱う／治療する us better than they have ever done before. But I do not think their hearts are changed. They hate us. It has happened that Americans have taken pictures of Igorots and said 'These are some of the people of the Philippines.' And that makes the 政治家íticos angry for they think it puts Independence 支援する.
"It is true that my people are very dirty. Like pigs. And ignorant. But we want to do better. We want America to stay by us and guide us till we learn how.
"The mountain farm schools are the best for us. We can't keep our health in the lowlands. But the real 利益 is they teach us on the farm schools how to go 支援する and live prosperously in our own place. But the 政治家íticos hate our farm schools, and are always trying to 押し進める away our American teachers and put in little Filipinos who know nothing but what is in their little 調書をとる／予約する. We, who are 農業者s for thousands of years, we can tie them all up in their little 調書をとる／予約する.
"We want to go to America to 熟考する／考慮する. But they only send Filipinos as pensionados. Only the American missionaries have sent any Igorots to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.
"At the time when 知事 Forbes went through the Mountain 州 1 the 地方の 知事 did a trick. 知事 Forbes had received the buknuns (長，指導者s) 個人として and let them speak their hearts to him. And the 地方の 知事 was afraid of this. So when 知事 Forbes was gone, this Filipino behaved like his 肉親，親類d. He sent a paper around to the 長，指導者s of the towns and barrios of all the Mountain 州 and said:
1 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, 1921.
"'調印する this paper. It is a paper 説 that all the tribes and peoples are now at peace together, によれば the 法律.'
"And then, when there were sheets and sheets of 指名するs, they wrote above them something that said: 'We the undersigned do hereby—so and so—and we want Independence 権利 away.'
"Our Mountain 地方の 知事, 存在 a Filipino, did that trick.
"I suppose the paper was sent to Washington.
"If I could go to Washington I would go to 議会 and stand up and say:
"'Don't leave the Igorots! For goodness' sake don't leave us. This is the 祈り of every Igorot: "Be over us. Be our 後見人. Don't leave the Philippines. Be over us." '
"By 法律, one Igorot is 任命するd by the 知事-General to 代表する us in 立法機関. But he cannot do a thing for the Mountain 州. Because he is only one. He is nobody there. He is ignored.
"If America goes, we shall be 偉業／利用するd and maltreated worse than the Spaniards ever maltreated the Filipinos. I myself know the Filipino 上院議員 who was asked what would be done for the Igorots under Independence.
"'Done for them?' he said. '皆殺しにする them.'
"And that is true. They would."
Another Bontoc 証言するd:
"We don't want Independence. We know too much. We would be 扱う／治療するd like hell. The Ilpcanos, 特に, 乱用 us Igorots instead of helping us. They will 略奪する us. They 略奪する us now, and cheat us. And their teachers will not give Igorot boys a chance to learn.
"Our mountain people want to be separated, in 事例／患者 of Independence. If it comes, and if America won't keep us, but, against our will, gives us to the Filipinos, to be their slaves, we will make a 反乱. And of course there will be fights between the tribes too. Now, having some Americans still in Bontoc, we live in peace—except for the 証拠不十分 of the 知事, who is a Filipino. Our 知事 should be a big, strong 長，指導者, and wise and just, like the Americans, and able to travel from place to place, to explain and 納得させる. We Bontocs, Kalingas, Ifugaos, Apayaos—we are not yet civilized. We need much help, yet, before we can 持つ／拘留する our own."
The mother of an Igorot buknun sat in her house on the 山腹, surrounded by little children, plucking rice-穀物 from its straw. Her wrinkled old 直面する was all sparkling with smiles, the 提起する／ポーズをとる of her 長，率いる and the brightness of her 注目する，もくろむs curiously birdlike. Her 発言する／表明する, like her 直面する, crackled with life and humour.
"If America went away, the Filipinos would raise the price of everything, and take away all that we have learned and 伸び（る）d. America has shown us how to live and how to help ourselves. There would be nothing for us if Americans went away. When the Filipinos speak, they seem all 権利. But we are no match for them yet. We are ignorant still. Do not let America go till these children's children are as wise as theirs—and have guns."
Then comes a scene on a mountain-最高の，を越す. The moss-green slope is clouded blue with ageratum and 花冠d with small white roses, golden-注目する，もくろむd—ありふれた 少しのd of a glorious land. 負かす／撃墜する, 負かす／撃墜する and away over the mighty hills like stairways of the hosts of heaven run the rice-terraces. The 空気／公表する is （疑いを）晴らす and 有望な and 冷淡な as the 空気／公表する at sea. The few little thatch-roofed houses where we stand blend into the surface of things as do the 激しく揺するs and the tufted grass. Under their eaves many jaw-bones hang and swing, in long encircling 列／漕ぐ／騒動s.
THAT MOTHER OF AN IGOROT BUKNUN
M. M. Newell
"Why the jaw-bones?" I ask.
"Because the spirits of the ancestors like to see them," a jolly old man in a gee string makes reply.
Then comes the 長，率いる of the village, with three of the 主要な／長／主犯 men. One might be a Sioux Indian or a Roman of the days of Caesar. Their speech is 井戸／弁護士席-重さを計るd, unhesitating, sure. Their 耐えるing is essentially 均衡を保った. "The Filipinos," says the 長，指導者, "欠如（する） the spirit to help any one. They certainly would never help us. They will try to 略奪する us if America leaves. Then we shall fight, although our chance is poor."
Says the Roman: "We mountain tribes are all divided now. The American headmen were bringing us together and making us one. Now, under the bad change, under these Filipinos that have been put over us, we divide again and lose what we had 伸び（る）d. Before Independence comes, we in the mountains should first be reconciled and 部隊d, as one people. Then we should be able to 保護する ourselves. I have seen a Filipino arguing with our people and 説: 'When we are 解放する／自由な you will have more money. Therefore put your 示す on this paper for Independence.' But I know that when 税金s are not paid at the 権利 time, then the 税金 is 二塁打d. And then, if the mountain man does not borrow money of the rich Filipino to 支払う／賃金 it, he goes to 刑務所，拘置所. And if you do borrow of him, then you work for him as a slave the 残り／休憩（する） of your life—or, go to 刑務所，拘置所."
Said an Apayao with a 直面する 幅の広い as the sun:
"We people of the Mountain 州 are not yet half educated—not even educated enough really to know what America has been doing for us. If Independence （機の）カム now, there would be a 広大な／多数の／重要な 革命 against the Filipinos. With knives and spears—because we must fight with what we have. And each tribe will fight each other again, and go 支援する to taking 長，率いるs as before America （機の）カム.
"Tell me this: If America must listen to the Filipinos, who are 誤った, why must she not listen to us?"
In the 開始／学位授与式 paper of one of the class of 1924 in a mountain school appears this barbed passage:
"Let us take to heart the sad spectacle of many of our young lowland brothers who have acquired their education for the 目的 of escaping worlt, for the 目的 of 汚職，収賄ing on their own of the tao class, and on us mountaineers...Let us here 真面目に 解決する that we will always endeavour to carry out the tenets of 司法（官） whether we be 取引，協定ing with the most exalted of the land or the most forlorn and ignorant of our fellows. Let us here 解決する never to be mouthing parasites, who prey on the ignorant and orate on the 原則s of liberty, of which we 所有する more than any people under the sun. Let us make our work and 行為s talk for us, leaving mouthing to 女性 men.
"We are of a sturdy race. Our forefathers were mighty 労働者s and mighty 軍人s—else our race would have 死なせる／死ぬd from the earth. So let us 正当化する our 遺産 and show that through our training we are better men than our fathers, and not above laying our 手渡すs to the plough or the building of a road or a 塀で囲む. We have sturdy 支援するs and strong hearts. Let us so build our farms, our roads, our 州. And above all let us build our fellow tribesmen into a homogeneous race who will love 司法（官） and freedom and never be afraid to raise their 発言する／表明するs and their 手渡すs against those who would 侵害する／違反する that ideal."
"All mountain people love 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd," said a Benguet 長，率いる man. "We would do anything he asks, because he is a man, and our friend. We do not like weaklings, nor liars. We love General 支持を得ようと努めるd. Once he called us together at a cañao and talked to us about a new thing. About eating dogs. He explained that Americans do not eat dogs because dogs are friends. He said that a dog's 直面する shows that he has a heart like a brother, and that dogs should be considered like children—taught 知恵 and obedience, and loved. He asked us not to eat them any more because it made Americans feel sad and strange. So we have not eaten dogs since, although we have been very hungry and いつかs there has not been the smallest fish in any stream, nor any meat for months. Many Filipinos eat dogs, though they pretend they do not. And they can always get other meat. We often can get no other meat. But we are 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd's friends. And he asked us not to eat dogs."
"Bontocs don't understand Ifugaos' speech," said an Ifugao. "No one understands any one else. Only our boys who understand English; they can all understand each other. And no Filipino understands any of us. In the old days this seemed to us the way of the world. Now we see it is a 広大な／多数の／重要な danger. Much evil can come that way. It would be a terrible thing if Independence （機の）カム while we are still like this."
And then he told me a story:
Late in the year 1922, he 関係のある, there was much 混乱, in one of the far mountain 地区s, over a question of 税金s. The people did not understand, and the Filipino 公式の／役人 would not or could not explain to them. He only 脅すd. And they did not understand.
"The American 知事-General 需要・要求するs money/' said the Filipino. "You must 支払う／賃金."
So the tribe took 会議 together and said this:
"If 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd wants anything of us, that thing must be 権利. He is our friend. We know that. He has come to visit us. He has talked with us around our 解雇する／砲火／射撃. He has taken our 手渡すs. His word is enough. But is this his word? The Filipino is lazy and a trickster, and he has no love for us. We know that. Can we believe him now?"
Again and again they discussed it. Finally their 決意／決議 was でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd: They would 危険 nothing, neither disobeying their friend nor 存在 tricked by their enemy. Four of their wisest men, 出発／死ing 内密に, should go to their friend and ask him to explain to them the truth.
So the chosen four, old men all, started out to walk to Manila. To walk, because they had no money to 支払う／賃金 carriage even over that last small section of the road on which carriage could be had. A month's 旅行 it was, of constant trudging over the high 勝利，勝つd-swept 追跡するs and then 負かす／撃墜する into the lowland heat, where the mountaineer wilts in an hour.
At last Manila lay before them—a strange and monstrous sight. With 解除するd hearts they entered the town. Now they would see their friend. He would welcome them in his house, as they had welcomed him. He would 元気づける them and give their 疲れた／うんざりした old 団体／死体s 残り／休憩（する）.
"Please tell us the way to the house of the 知事-General?" they asked of one of the city （人が）群がる.
But the man only 星／主役にするd.
"That must be a stranger here," one said to the other. "We will try again."
"Please tell us the way to the house of the 知事-General?" This time it was an older man to whom they 控訴，上告d.
But the man, laughing in their 直面するs, left them without a word.
And so the day passed. Faint with 苦悩, hunger and 疲労，（軍の）雑役, dazed by the （人が）群がる and its mockery, yet ever repeating their 嘆願, the four old strangers 逸脱するd through the streets—they who were men of 駅／配置する, 尊敬（する）・点d in their own place—they who had never left their spacious hills before. But not a soul took pity on them—not a creature was moved to compassion by their all too-obvious 苦しめる.
The Bureau of 非，不，無-Christian Tribes 存在するs 表面上は for the care of these people—but it is 重要な of its 質 and 影響（力） that not one Filipino out of the 星／主役にするing city-ful who saw these 目だつ 訪問者s cared to connect them with the Bureau or to get an interpreter thence.
Four old men in gee strings, の中で the sleek, smart, jeering （人が）群がる—four old mountaineers, foot-sore, famished, pleading, pleading—and not a soul to help.
That night they slept by the 道端. Next 夜明け they began again. But the people only jostled and gaped and jeered. No one could or would understand. No one would help.
At last, broken-hearted, they turned toward home. They had not seen the 知事-General. They could not find him. And their strength was gone.
Their hearts were broken—and their work undone. So—three of them died by the wayside in the first three days of the homeward march. The fourth alone, 押し進めるing on and still on, 生き残るd to be 救助（する）d by the man who told this tale. And the tale is true.
But probably not even the tale ever got to General 支持を得ようと努めるd. It is of the ありふれた stuff of daily history.
Now for a people of character 大部分は antipodal to that of the Christian Filipino. Now for the inhabitant of the other end of this 1,150-mile-long 群島. Now for the Moro—the man of the Far South.
Yet first this shall be 明言する／公表するd:
The Moro country, over which our 旗 飛行機で行くs, yet of which we have scarcely heard, must during the last three years have 不名誉d our 指名する の中で nations ; must have 軍隊d itself on the notice of the world by a 卸売 madness of 大虐殺, but for one thing.
That one thing was the personal 影響（力）, not the 公式の／役人 力／強力にする, of Major-General 支持を得ようと努めるd.
いっそう少なく and いっそう少なく is it possible for our (n)役員／(a)執行力のある to bring any actual 救済 to a 状況／情勢 daily more scandalous. For no step that he might take—no 任命 that any (n)役員／(a)執行力のある might make with a 最初の／主要な 見解（をとる） to serving the 利益／興味s of the 全住民 関心d—would be 確認するd by the Filipino 立法機関.
Manila, under 存在するing 原始の means of transportation, seems as remote from the Moro country as does Constantinople from New York. The little ヨット Apo makes trips there, carrying the 知事-General, or one of his 補佐官s, from time to time to visit the people. But the 知事-General cannot even 約束 them help—for America's 手渡すs are snared from her 義務 by a 絡まる of lawless 法律s. He can only 緩和する their over-重荷（を負わせる）d minds by listening to their woes. He can only 新たにする their 現実化 of his personal good-will and 正直さ and, in return, ask for その上の forebearance. Then he must sail away and leave them to their 恐れるs and their 運命.
Without General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 指名する, and the 約束 the Moros 耐える him 本人自身で, the peace could never have been kept. Yet without some strong 中尉／大尉／警部補 駅／配置するd by the 砕く-magazine itself, to see and quench at birth each sudden burst of 炎上, peace had scarcely been possible. Each needed the other. And so, where our American (n)役員／(a)執行力のある was 権力のない to place a helper, 運命／宿命 gave him a helper of whose 存在, perhaps, he scarcely knew—and with 運命／宿命's own 軽蔑（する） of 見込み.
Young Alvarez—Milton Alvarez—was an American. His mother （機の）カム from Saint Paul, Minnesota, his father from Spain. Young Alvarez was lean and dark and aquiline, with （疑いを）晴らす and strikingly large grey 注目する，もくろむs, a high-橋（渡しをする）d, high-bred nose, a Spanish mouth, a leader's jaw, and a 解放する／自由な 解除する of the 長，率いる that, out of the blue, gave you the word "hidalgo."
その上の, the character he happened to have was 国家的に important. He curiously 連合させるd a high, 冷淡な courage, physical and moral, with a white-hot 炎ing devotion; an impersonal tenderness of spirit with a 冷気／寒がらせるd-steel 力／強力にする of 目的; an 激しい inner 孤独 with an utter absence of self-関心. He could have loved the comradeship of men—as he did that of 調書をとる／予約するs; but he did not need men's 是認. He 苦しむd cruelly under the misjudgment of his own 肉親，親類d; yet hugged it の近くに as a fiercer 刺激（する） to that self-immolation that 原因（となる）d it. He had the 直面する and the mind of a 熱烈な 知識人 ascetic. He was so proud that he never knew his pride, nor thought 関心ing it. In earlier days he would have made a 広大な／多数の／重要な gentleman and 兵士, a 広大な／多数の／重要な saint and 殉教者 of the Roman カトリック教徒 Church. As it was, his 星／主役にする made him an American born, trained him as an engineer, broke him in in Hawaii and in Mexico, and finally dropped him 負かす／撃墜する on Zamboanga, western tip of the island of Mindanao, to run the 支店 関心s of a 会社／堅い of American 仲買人s.
God knows how it could have happened—what was the meaning of it all. The Moros say God sent him. 合間, he worked along on his 職業, 開始 貿易（する）ing 駅／配置するs, 設立するing sawmills, 工場／植物ing cocoanut groves, 刺激するing 生産／産物 の中で the people—and always, by instinct, living his way into their lives.
A scholar by nature and habit, he soon mastered their tongues and their peculiar written Arabic. They were wild men—poor men—men always in danger and surrounded by wrath. A simple folk and friendless.
And he, Alvarez, seeing all this, put into his 取引 an extra 手段 of good will. He gave them fair prices for their few wares, helped them escape the human sharks that forever beset them, showed them how to save something of their own. Or, where they had already fallen into a 罠（にかける）, he would 運動 off the enemy, if that might be, and 解除する the 犠牲者s out.
So throughout the island of Mindanao and over the Sulu Sea, the Moros （機の）カム to know and 信用 Alvarez and finally to make 巡礼の旅s to him, bringing their mystifications, their troubles and their 恐れるs.
As for the man himself, 限定された orders from his 会社／堅い 要求するd that he "steer （疑いを）晴らす of politics." For the 会社／堅い's 投資s were 激しい and they would not 危険にさらす their fortunes by mixing in the troubles of the day. All 会社／堅いs, all 政府s, indeed, give like 指示／教授／教育 to their 代表者／国会議員s in Moro land.
And all but Alvarez obeyed.
But Alvarez could not compass it—if "steering （疑いを）晴らす of politics" meant standing 静かな on the sidelines watching 勇敢に立ち向かう men baited, gagged and done to death without a 冒険的な chance.
Not that he used his 主要な／長／主犯's time for such 事柄s. Not he; he did his 会社／堅い's work 井戸／弁護士席. But he took no time for himself, cutting his hours of sleep till scarcely enough remained to keep his 団体／死体 and soul in fellowship.
And the Moros sought him always more and more, until it seemed that he had dealt with every 段階 that trouble could take in those troubled and 恐れる-harried lives.
Yet, in the end of the third year, it chanced that a new 嘆願 reached him. The 嘆願 of an 孤児 girl of noble 血, shut away in school and 約束d in marriage by her old uncle to a man she abhorred.
"I cannot marry him," she said. "My father would never have asked it of me. But my father is dead. My father was the Datu Rajah Muda Mandi, friend of America. And now in my 苦しめる, I hear of an American who is the friend of all Moros. Of him, 存在 helpless, and for my father's sake, I beg help."
"Who is this girl?" Alvarez asked of the 長，率いる men.
"Who, indeed!" they repeated. "We do not know. Speaking of the flesh, she is our 広大な／多数の／重要な Datu's daughter—Rajah Muda Mandi's little daughter, whom he most dearly 心にいだくd. Rajah Muda Mandi was the strongest 支配者 we ever had, and the wisest. Had he lived we had not so 欠如（する）d counsel. But since he left us, we have marvelled 関心ing her. For she is so altogether good, so 静める, so gentle, so 純粋に loving and so 甘い—so 十分な of 親切 without a cloud—that 非，不，無 of us has seen her like in woman's 形態／調整. And we question if an angel, for Allah's ends, can have taken woman's form."
On these things all agreed, speaking with a hushed and special reverence.
Then Alvarez went to the 後見人 uncle, asking him to consider the hardship to his little niece 伴う／関わるd in such a match; and, having talked long and 根気よく, he 出発／死d with a mind at 残り／休憩（する）, believing his point won.
But again, after some weeks, the messenger returned. "My uncle 圧力（をかける）s harder. He does not relent," ran the girl's entreaty. "I have heard of your intercession, but it has not availed. Again I implore your 援助（する）, for I cannot marry that terrible old man."
Once more Alvarez went to the uncle, this time with heat, for he felt himself tricked. And in the course of the argument thus 刺激するd, he perceived with stupefaction an unimaginable thing: The uncle believed that Alvarez 手配中の，お尋ね者 the girl for himself. So, 明確に, believed all the other Moros 現在の—men of 階級 and office の中で their people.
"No!" cried the American. "God is my 証言，証人／目撃する. No! I have never once laid 注目する，もくろむs on your niece nor spoken to her. I know nothing of her except her 苦しめる under your 厳しい 手渡す. And as for marriage, be sure that I shall take no woman till, after years passed and my work here done, I go to live in my own country."
Through the 黒人／ボイコット, glittering 隠す of the Moro's 注目する，もくろむs the hint of a smile gleamed and was gone. He answered at length —suavely. But under his words still appeared his 不変の rnind. In the other's most desperate 否定s he still saw nothing but ぎこちない manœuvres to 減ずる the sum of gifts by Moro 法律 payable to the 後見人 of the bride.
Baffled, furious, Alvarez flung hot 否定s 支援する. At last the Moro laughed aloud. As the two men parted, their 注目する，もくろむs met like the 衝突／不一致ing of drawn knives.
That night Alvarez sat late at his desk. Midnight still 設立する him there, the strong 微風 from the ocean teasing his heaped-up papers, and 押し進めるing eternal mosquitoes 支援する into the dripping heat. One o'clock—two o'clock. Careless as ever of time, he worked on—till, out of his own immersion, he grew suddenly aware of a small 厚い scurrying sound—growing—growing—of little 急いでing feet and 広範囲にわたる 衣料品s—of a presence, a stifled cry, a 急ぐ, and a 隠すd girl's 人物／姿／数字 crouching at his feet.
In the doorway now stood an older woman—a Moro of 階級, as her dress and 耐えるing showed.
"I, too, am a daughter of Rajah Muda Mandi," said she, breaking the breathless hush. "My little sister, there, would come to you, to-night. It was not fitting she should come alone. Our uncle says that he will give her, in the morning, to that man. And our uncle keeps his word.
"If there be no way of escape, then she will go now, and kill herself. I will take her, 静かに, where it may be done.
But first, she would come to thank you. It was needful to wait long till she could steal out unobserved, while those who watched her slept."
Alvarez 星／主役にするd at the （衆議院の）議長—statuesque, sombre, dispassionate. And then he 星／主役にするd 負かす／撃墜する at the little gasping 人物／姿／数字 at his feet, all 列d and hidden in its 隠す.
In that one moment his whole life （疑いを）晴らすd before him. He saw, as a 見通し, the 目的 and the end.
Brought from the width of the world to this far, hidden place, his soul and brain had heard a 発言する／表明する that no other creature seemed to hear—the call of a wild, strong people in the agony of death. Now alone he stood between them and their persecutors.
In one 荒涼とした glare of light, he 調査するd the road ahead—barren 激しく揺する, beset with 憎悪, lies and 暴力／激しさ, （人が）群がるd with hopeless 労働s for a friendless 原因（となる）—a road lonely as death and as bitter, with death at the end. As he looked, it was as if a 手渡す pointed out his mortal 社債s—his personal 願望（する）s—his hopes of place or 緩和する or love. In a sort of ecstasy of immolation he 掴むd them all, tore them loose and flung them behind.
From that point on, he was always to know his way, without one 影をつくる／尾行する of 疑問.
As to this child at his feet, because of his 選手権 she had already been 指名するd too often in talk. Now, behold her under his roof, and at night.
And his life was 誓約（する）d to the service of her people.
Therefore, for his part, what yesterday was madness to-day was a 命令（する）:
"If your sister 同意s I shall marry her before the sun is up. So she will be my wife, and 安全な," said Alvarez to the 年上の woman. "Then to-night you shall stay here. Myself I will sleep outside, so that no one enters. Now, do not 解除する her 隠す till I am gone."
Four years later, Alvarez told me the story, beginning in the small hours of the night, on shipboard in the Sulu Sea.
The 長，率いる of a carabao was dimly 明白な beyond his shoulder. That half-naked snarl of humanity, our fellow 乗客s, coiling in the blackness of the deck, occasionally thrust out a 脚 or an arm, or coughed or groaned in its sleep. Also, the secret service 秘かに調査する then watching us—a long, yellow mestizo with a half-Spanish 直面する—squatted against the deck-house just ahead, listening backward like a cat.
And all this was commonplace enough.
But that Alvarez, the detached, the abstract, should speak of himself was startling. Somehow, it stood at once （疑いを）晴らす that the thing had never happened before and that it had, coming now, an importance—like the 調印 of a last testament.
He spoke 静かに, 直接／まっすぐに, without self-consciousness and without reserve. He might have been talking of a stranger to us both. And he asked no secrecy—a fact that, at the time, made his 信用／信任 inviolable.
Since then, all is changed—so changed that to keep 約束 means, now, to tell the whole.
"You married, not a woman, but a 原因（となる）," I said, when his tale was done.
"Yes," he agreed, "I never heard her 発言する／表明する or saw her 直面する till she was my wife. I 手配中の，お尋ね者 that memory, for a 調印する to myself that I had 'married a 原因（となる）.'
"But the people were 権利 in what they said of her. She has indeed the nature of an angel. Not once in the four years of our marriage have I met a frown on her 直面する, or heard a shade of sullenness or 怒り／怒る in her 発言する／表明する. She is sweetness, tenderness, innocent gaiety itself—and as obedient as a good child. When I go on hard 旅行s into dangerous places, she 主張するs on coming too—to cook my food lest it be 毒（薬）d and to care for me if I am sick or 傷つける; for she knows, as I do, that I am no more likely than her father was to die a natural death. She is as fearless as the bravest man. Several times she has saved my life. My house under her 影響（力） is a sure 港／避難所 of unruffled peace and lovingkindness. Her little brothers, who live with us, 扱う／治療する me with a deference and 尊敬（する）・点 that never fail, and they obey at a hint as though obedience were a happiness. I shall have no children of my own. But no man could have a sweeter home.
"My house has become, 合間, the 会議-place of the people. And—these, you see, are an imaginative and mystic race—they have discovered in me, they say, some strong physical likeness to the Datu Rajah Muda Mandi, whose 指名する they venerate, and who died—'suddenly'—before I （機の）カム into their lives. Therefore, because of my relation to them and to their Datu's favourite daughter, they believe that his spirit is somehow reborn in me for their help and 指導／手引. They come from 広大な／多数の／重要な distances bringing their troubles. I have had to build a place to 避難所 them. One never knows at what moment or in what numbers they may appear, and they must have such 保護 and privacy as we can get. The secret service men follow me night and day, as you have seen..."
In those strange 会議s by Alvarez's deciding word was many an 突発／発生 forestalled—many a 炎上 smothered 負かす／撃墜する that was ready to 炎 into hell.
As to the secret service men, it is an amazing sensation, at first, to be 絶えず 跡をつけるd about by 秘かに調査するs. I, too, became used to the の近くに attention of the 一連の会議、交渉／完成する 黒人／ボイコット 注目する，もくろむ 適用するd through a nearby 割れ目—of the ear yearning thitherward from a carefully 回避するd 長，率いる, of the presence under the 床に打ち倒す, on the stair, in the gallery, at the door, in the opposite window—or even, at some 批判的な moment, and on some queer pretext, in the very room in which I sat. To a 静かな American 国民 going 率直に about 合法的 work under the American 旗, it has an irritating as 井戸／弁護士席 as comic 影響 to be so intimately watched. At times there （機の）カム an almost uncontrollable impulse to fling 前へ／外へ the English of it, in words of one syllable. Yet, after all, these human barnacles might develop some 力／強力にする to 妨げる the 職業 on 手渡す—which was not yet finished. So one pretended not to see.
Therefore, what happened all of itself, one day at sea, helped wickedly.
We were 長，率いるing for Jolo, Sulu's city. I stood by the 今後 rail, watching the island's profile grow against the sky. Next me stood a young Moro 長，指導者. Next him lounged one of my guard of 秘かに調査するs, his character, as such, 恐らく unknown to each and all.
"What," asked the 秘かに調査する of the Moro, "is likely to happen to strangers who go inland over yonder?"
"Ah," said the Moro, his thin lips curving in a blade-like smile, "'a stranger going inland in Sulu,' you say? 井戸／弁護士席, much would depend on that stranger, of course. Now, if he were a Filipino going to preach independence from America, we should 簡単に 削減（する） off his 長，率いる. But if"—and here the （衆議院の）議長 smiled again, radiantly—"if that Filipino スパイ／執行官 were also, by any chance, a secret service man—we should first—ah—削減（する） out his tongue—like this," and he pointed his words with the hint of a gesture brittle with live technique.
Then first it was that I しっかり掴むd this fact:—The Moro has often a strong and whimsical sense of humour—the Filipino 事実上 非，不，無 at all.
"Mono" is the Spanish word for Moor.
The Spaniards, when they entered the Islands in the latter part of the sixteenth century, 適用するd the 指名する to the people of the southern 群島. This they did because the people of the southern 群島 were Mohammedan, and because, to a Spaniard, the words "Mohammedan" and "Moro" were synonymous.
Between the Moros and the "Indians," as the Spaniards called the tribes of the northern 群島, the newcomers 設立する a wide difference, both in character and in status. The "Indian" was a docile, light-brained child-savage, cribbed in his own small ジャングル 範囲, without 井戸／弁護士席-formed 宗教的な beliefs, without 法律 or 組織するd 政府, without 調書をとる／予約するs or written 記録，記録的な／記録するs, without any art save the most rudimentary.
The "Moro," on the other 手渡す, was a 闘士，戦闘機, a sea-rover, a reader of the Koran and a 充てる of the Prophet. His 民法s, like those of his 宗教, with which they inseparably interlocked, were 直す／買収する，八百長をするd and （疑いを）晴らす. His 計画／陰謀 of 政府 and of 公式の／役人 支配（する）／統制する, though simple, was 円熟した. His better classes read and wrote their own languages, using the Hindu syllabaries and the Arabic alphabet. He had a 限定された system of education. His written 記録，記録的な／記録するs, histories, genealogies and 宗教的な 作品 had been 保存するd for many hundreds of years, and the pride of a 長，指導者 was in his collection of manuscripts.
He 陳列する，発揮するd much 技術 as a carver of 支持を得ようと努めるd and of ivory, as an inlayer of precious metals, as a 労働者 in gold, アイロンをかける, steel and bronze. He had a 井戸／弁護士席-developed 生産力のある sense of beauty in form and line. His weaving was remarkable both in 質 of fabric and in decorative design. He fought in metal armour of his own making, cast bronze or 厚かましさ／高級将校連 大砲 for his 要塞s, and made 味方する-武器 and gun-砕く.1 He built excellent swift boats of さまざまな sorts and sizes, and was a master 航海士.
1 Miguel López de Legazpi to Felipe II, July 25, 1570, Blair and Robertson, Vol. Ill, pp. 109-112.
He dealt in 罰金 pearls, which his 広大な／多数の／重要な men 所有するd in 量s. His light-winged （手先の）技術 分配するd silk, amber, silver, scented 支持を得ようと努めるd and porcelains, from 中国 and Japan. From Luzon and the Visayas he took slaves—many slaves to do his menial work. In fact he 永久的に 会社にする／組み込むd the word "visaya" into his language as meaning "slave." From Borneo and Malacca he carried home 厚かましさ／高級将校連, 巡査, アイロンをかける, rubies, diamonds and spices. And his town of Jolo in the island of Sulu was a centre of 貿易（する） and the one city of the Philippines.
He cultivated his 国／地域 with 技術, dwelling の中で gardens and 井戸／弁護士席-tilled fields and lived 井戸／弁護士席 on his own 製品s. His 主要な／長／主犯 personages had sizable 木造の houses decorated and equipped, after their taste. The 集まりs also lived in 木造の dwellings and were better 宿泊するd and fed than were the northern islanders.
The Moro had a strict moral code and obeyed it. Public opinion, 残り／休憩（する）ing on the 法令s of the Koran, was exceedingly strong. By it the chastity of women was held inviolable. And any 違反 was visited, by 法律, with the swiftest and fiercest of 罰s. The Moro's code as to 所有物／資産／財産 権利s, as to 罰s, 刑罰，罰則s and 補償（金） for 殺人s and for 傷害s, as to 相続物件, as to the 保護 of children, as to 負債s and debtors, as to 名誉き損，中傷, was circumstantial, （疑いを）晴らす and plain. And it 絶対 治める／統治するd his daily life.
He was a polygamist, a slave-支えるもの／所有者 and a most 遂行するd 著作権侵害者. But, によれば his 宗教的な teachings, each of these things was 権利. His piracies and his slave-（警察の）手入れ，急襲s he 演習d upon infidels only. He seldom 弱めるd his fibre by a disloyalty to the 命令（する）s of his own 厳しい 法律.
歴史的に, the "Moro" was an 初めの Indonesian pagan, whom the Chinese had known, 貿易（する）d with and economically 影響（力）d since the first century A.D. and upon whom the Hindu 君主s of Java had laid their 手渡すs before the thirteenth century. This latter 接触する had coloured his thought with Brahminic or Vedic beliefs and had given him the elements of Hindu civilization.
It was about the year 1380 that the first Mohammedan teacher, an Arab, visited Sulu and the 隣人ing islands—to find in the nature of the people a strong natural sympathy for Islamic doctrines. The seeds so 工場／植物d made 平易な the way of 後継するing Mohammedan princes—missionary 征服者／勝利者s from Borneo. These while 保持するing their suzerainty over north Borneo and their 所有／入手s therein, became lords of Sulu, and, before another century had passed, 堅固に 設立するd their 支配する in the whole southern 群島. Here the 約束 of Islam, assimilated by the native 在庫／株, developed therein a wild strength and daring, a vigorous spirit of independence, with the frankness that comes from long enjoyment of 交戦的な civil liberty and of obedience to 法律.
The people thus formed by 運命／宿命—熱烈な religionists, tremendous 闘士，戦闘機s, 繁栄する, proud, and 解放する／自由な as the 勝利，勝つd—carried the 基準 of Islam north through the Islands. The 暴君s of Sulu, in particular, supported the 前進する of a remarkable succession of Mohammedan missionaries. Yet, even without the 有罪の判決s of the sword, the creed itself would have won the island peoples. But for the sudden 外見 of Spain, and the 衝突／不一致 and 行き詰まる that resulted, in a very few years more the whole Philippine 群島 must have been Mohammedanized.
As to the methods and 動機s of the two 競うing 軍隊s —Spain and Islam—三日月 and Cross—必須の differences were few. Both 行為／法令／行動するd from sincere and 激しい 有罪の判決, to the glory of God. In that 原因（となる） both 燃やすd towns. Both slew with enthusiasm. Both died as 殉教者s. Both took 略奪する and 尊敬の印. Both （軍用に）徴発する／ハイジャックするd and enslaved the vanquished. Both 需要・要求するd acknowledgment of the one True 約束 必須の to 救済.
When the two met, 長，率いる on, Spain drew the first 血. This was at Manila—then a Moro outpost. Rajah Soliman, 知事 of the town, returned to the Spanish 予備交渉 a stiff answer— "...they should understand," he said, "that the Moros were not painted Indians...They would not 許容する any 乱用, as had others. On the contrary they would 返す with death the least thing that touched their honour." 2 But Spain surprised the fort, destroyed it, killed the 守備隊, 燃やすd the town and 掴むd the 領土 for His Most カトリック教徒 Majesty.
2 ツバメ de Goite and Juan de Salcedo. Voyage to Luzon, 1570.
In 1578, having with little or no difficulty 設立するd 支配（する）／統制する of the childlike lowland 全住民 of the northern islands, Spain turned her mind to sterner work. She sent a (n)艦隊／(a)素早い against Jolo, rich market of the Malay East. The errand of the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い was to 需要・要求する that the 暴君 of Sulu 降伏する all his 弾薬／武器 and 大砲 and all his fighting ships, and 中止する 貿易（する） with all countries other than Spain; to exact 支配（する）／統制する of the Sulu pearl 漁業s; to destroy all イスラム教寺院s; to 掴む and bring away all Mohammedan priests and teachers; to 公然と非難する the doctrine of Islam as wicked and 誤った; to explain the heaviness of the costs incurred by His Majesty of Spain in 伝えるing this （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）; and finally, in 見解（をとる） of those costs, to collect a 尊敬の印 of the best pearls in 手渡す, as an earnest of more pearls, hereafter continuously to be produced by Sulu for the satisfaction of His Most カトリック教徒 Majesty.
These 需要・要求するs, 現在のd out of the blue, to a strong, old and unconquered people, produced no fruit other than the rousing of 猛烈な／残忍な 憤慨 and the 開始 of a 明言する／公表する of war. Continuing for three hundred years, that 衝突 was to 逮捕（する） the 進歩 of the "Moro" peoples, draining their strength and 資源s and turning it all to 武器. And it was to cost Spain herself a 広大な／多数の／重要な and profitless loss of men and treasure.
The fortunes of the struggle swung to and fro. Once and again Spain 工場／植物d her 旗 on Sulu 国／地域, only to be dislodged by Moro valour. In 1635 she 安全な・保証するd a 明らかにする foothold, held it for nine years, and was then 軍隊d out. Before her 避難／引き上げ, however, she 影響d an 不快な／攻撃 and 防御の 同盟 with the 暴君 of Sulu, professedly to 安全な・保証する peace between the two 加盟国s, and to insure the 援助（する） of each 力／強力にする to the other in 事例／患者 of foreign attack.
Spain, in this 条約, 認めるd the 主権，独立 of the 暴君 of Sulu in his own 領土s of Borneo and the southern islands. Not for two centuries thereafter did she re-設立する herself on Sulu 国／地域.
合間, にもかかわらず, she 切り開く／タクシー／不正アクセスd and worried at the lesser towns of the Sulu coast and at the lesser 扶養家族 islands, forever 略奪するing, 燃やすing, destroying; forever 殺人，大当り such life as she could reach by means of swift （警察の）手入れ，急襲s from her hovering ships; and いつかs 嵐／襲撃するing Jolo itself. In return, the vintas of the 暴君 would surprise the Spanish ships and board them, to kill and be killed, while other vinta (n)艦隊／(a)素早いs, darting away to the north, （警察の）手入れ，急襲d the "Christian" islands and wiped out coast 解決／入植地s. To these, though her 旗 floated over them, Spain could give small 保護 against the 武器 of the south. And the ships of the Moros, returning from swift sorties to Luzon and the Visayas, （機の）カム laden with 貨物s of 選ぶd women and of boys—for they counted it too wearisome to teach the "Indian" men to work. Of both they kept the best, and sold the 残りの人，物 in the markets of Borneo.
（警察の）手入れ，急襲ing 支援する and 前へ／外へ thus continued during the first hundred years. Then, in 1737, 暴君 Alimud Din I 批准するd a new 条約, in which both Spain and Sulu again 誓約（する）d themselves to 相互の 援助 in time of need and to new 成果／努力s for order. Alimud Din faithfully kept his word, doing his best to keep his people in 手渡す. He 改訂するd Sulu's 法律 code and judicial system. He 原因（となる）d the translation into Sulu of さまざまな Arabic 調書をとる／予約するs on 法律 and 宗教. And he encouraged, 合間, the use of Arabic の中で the people and as the 公式の／役人 tongue. He 造幣局d a coinage. He 学校／設けるd さまざまな social 改革（する）s, which his 後継者s continued. Incidentally he is the direct ancestor of all the 主要な／長／主犯 Sulu cjiiefs of to-day.
Nine years after Alimud Din's 即位, the King of Spain asked 許可 to send Jesuit missionaries to JoJo to teach the Christian 約束. This 許可 the 暴君 gave—but with 悲惨な results. For the zeal of the missionaries led to 広大な／多数の／重要な and greater exasperation of the people, who had not forgotten Spain's 誓約（する） to 尊敬（する）・点 their 約束. At length they rose to 退位させる／宣誓証言する the 暴君 and to 運動 the Jesuits out. The latter escaped in haste, while the 暴君 himself fled to Manila to ask Spanish 援助（する）, in 一致 with 条約 条件.
At Manila Alimud Din was received with princely honour. Triumphal arches were flung across streets lined with 2,000 men-at-武器. In the 指名する of the King of Spain, the 知事-General lavished upon his 訪問者 現在のs of gems and silks and gold and 用意が出来ている a 罰金 house where the 暴君 and his large retinue were entertained at the King's 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金.3 But a year and a half passed before Spain saw fit to make good her 条約 誓約（する）. 合間 the Sulus （警察の）手入れ，急襲d the northern 群島 with 新たにするd enthusiasm.
3Blair and Robertson, Vol. XLVIII, p. 150.
At last, in May, 1751, Spain sent an 探検隊／遠征隊 to Sulu, which 交渉するd 条件 for the return of Alimud Din. A Spanish フリゲート艦, it was agreed, should bring the 暴君 as far as Zamboanga. There he should be met by a Sulu 護衛する befitting his 階級 and brought home.
All this was duly 成し遂げるd—excepting the 必須の part. The Sulu 護衛する, consisting of the 暴君's own young sons and daughters, with several high 高官s and their 各々の retinues—217 persons in all—was 掴むd by the Spaniards on its arrival in Zamboanga and, with the 暴君 himself, was shipped off to Manila, there to be thrown into 刑務所，拘置所.
The news fell upon Sulu with an intolerable shock. The people's passion of 激怒（する） brought them together for better and stronger organization, better and stronger 器具／備品, better fighting 形態／調整 than ever they had before 達成するd. The whole Sulu nation flung itself upon the islands of the north, 略奪するing, destroying and carrying away 捕虜s, both Spanish and Indian, in a 一連の （警察の）手入れ，急襲s of superlative daring.
Then Spain, in high 会議 at Manila, 宣言するd a real war of extermination. To 強化する her 正規の／正選手 軍隊／機動隊s—part Spanish, part native—she called in the Visayan corsairs, 認めるing them special 特権s in return for help against the south. They were to have carte blanche for 殺人，大当り, 破壊 and 略奪するing, and, 供給するd they equipped themselves, they were to keep all the 略奪する. その上の, they were to have or to sell, for their own 利益（をあげる）, all 女性（の） 捕虜s, and all males under twelve and over thirty years of age. Old people and 手足を不自由にする／（物事を）損なうs they were to kill on sight. Males between twelve and thirty years Spain agreed to take off their 手渡すs at from two to three dollars a 長，率いる.
Not without 推論する／理由 did the courage of the Visayan 無法者s need this stimulation. And the Sulus' 復讐 for their activities made 1753 the most terrible year in all the 猛烈な／残忍な 記録，記録的な／記録する. Every part of the Visayas was 荒廃させるd by the (n)艦隊／(a)素早いs of the south and Luzon itself paid high for Spain's broken 約束 and for the 傷つける dealt Sulu honour. Spanish priests were 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する on sight, towns 減ずるd to ashes and 望ましい 捕虜s in thousands carried away into slavery. In a word, Spain's sword turned 支援する upon herself.
The 暴君 Alimud Din lay twelve long years in that Spanish 刑務所，拘置所—until I763-4 Then England, who had 嵐／襲撃するd and taken Manila as an 出来事/事件 in her war with Spain, 配達するd him from his bondage and 復帰させるd him on his 王位.5
4 "He would probably have been put to death but it was 恐れるd that the Moros would 報復する by 虐殺（する）ing their Christian 捕虜s, who numbered some 10,000." Blair and Robertson, Vol. XLVIII, p. 165.
5 Blair and Robertson, Vol. L, p. 43.
But Sulu wrath still 燃やすd. In 1769, Sulu ships 急襲するd 負かす／撃墜する upon Manila taking 捕虜s from her streets. （警察の）手入れ，急襲ing, with all its grisly fruits, 増加するd. But Jolo itself, for the interval, enjoyed comparative peace.
Piracy with the Sulus was a 罰金 art. 論理（学）上, perhaps, they had as much 権利 to that pastime as Spain had to harry them on their own 国／地域 for their unswervable 約束 in their God, and for their pearls. Yet it was their piracies that, in the end, broke them.
For the 広大な／多数の／重要な 力／強力にするs, in 結局の 反乱, brought such 脅すing 圧力 upon Spain either to police her seas or 服従させる／提出する to having it done for her, that Spain put desperate 成果／努力 to the 仕事. In February, 1876, she attacked Jolo with a 軍隊 of nine thousand 軍隊／機動隊s, partly native Filipinos officered by Spaniards, and 含むing one 大隊 of a 半島 大砲 連隊, a company of mountain 大砲, five 連隊s of infantry, and ordnance and engineer 軍隊／機動隊s. These were …を伴ってd by twelve gunboats under steam—which latter decided the day. For the Moro had no steam （手先の）技術. After 激しい losses on both 味方するs Jolo fell.
But, although 征服する／打ち勝つd by 軍隊, the Sulus by no means 受託するd 敗北・負かす. Their city 占領するd and ひどく 守備隊d by the 勝利者, their 支配者 除去するd, their 長，指導者s 分散させるd, the people themselves remained 反抗的な. Loyal to their 暴君, their 約束 and their country, the ありふれた people resented as an intolerable humiliation and offence the 侵入占拠 of the stranger and infidel upon sacred 国／地域. Their history and their 宗教的な-civil 政治の 計画／陰謀 fostered in 広大な／多数の／重要な and small alike independence of spirit, personal dignity, self-尊敬（する）・点, strong will, 無謀な bravery. Life itself meant nothing to them, as against Islam and honour. No 敗北・負かす could bend such a people to submission.
Sulu had never 所有するd a standing army, but, of her teeming 全住民, every able-団体／死体d male was a shipbuilder, a pastmaster of sailing and a first-class fighting man, alike on land or sea. A war such as Spain 行うd against them could mean only a war of extermination.
Leaderless as they were, each individual man and boy now became, by his own direction, a dynamo of vengeance. The Spanish 守備隊 in Jolo, for all its size, lived in terror—terror of the individual human creatures at its 支援する.
At last, after a year and a half of hopeless 衝突 between the 閉じ込める／刑務所d-up, 神経-racked 守備隊 and the furious and desperate people, （機の）カム a wise Spaniard, 陸軍大佐 Carlos 市場ínez, as 知事 of Sulu. He, by 技術 and tact, and by 協調 with an 平等に wise and skilful Sulu 長，指導者, Datu Harun al Rashid, arranged with the 暴君 a 条約 to stop futile 流血／虐殺.
This 条約, the last of many 調印するd with Spain, and never 廃止するd, 安全な・保証するd to Sulu the 解放する／自由な 行政 of all her 内部の 事件／事情／状勢s, with the undisturbed enjoyment of her own 法律s and all her old 権利s of 貿易（する）. It gave the 暴君 direct 接近 to the Spanish 知事-General of the Philippines, over the 長，率いる of 軍艦 指揮官s or of the 知事 of Sulu. It 認めるd the 暴君's 特権 to collect 義務s from foreign 大型船s outside of Jolo and to 扱う all Moro delinquents and 犯罪のs. It 認めるd the 権利 of all the people of Sulu to "use muzzle-負担ing ライフル銃／探して盗むs and lantaka" (Moro-made 大砲). And—most important of all—it re-断言するd the 誓約（する） that the customs, usages and 宗教 of the people should be held inviolable. It 供給するd a 直す／買収する，八百長をするd 年一回の 支払い（額） from Spain to the 暴君 and to the members of the 暴君's 会議. It 影響d the 承認, by the 暴君 and his 会議, of Spanish suzerainty. And it settled the status of Sulu as a protectorate of Spain, not a dependency.
It was this 条約 that America 設立する in 軍隊 when, in May, 1899, she took over from Spain the 要塞 of Jolo.
合間, over to the east of the Sulu 群島, の中で the Moros of Mindanao, Basilan and the lesser islands, a 平行の 演劇 had been 制定するd. There, during the last ４半期/4分の1 of the sixteenth century, Spain 圧力をかけて脅す（悩ます）d the country, 誘発するing 恐れる and 憎悪, 殺人，大当り and 存在 killed, but making no real 進歩 toward 占領／職業. Underestimating, at first, the 質 of the people, the Spanish brought to Mindanao only such "軍隊s as had 十分であるd for the 早い and 平易な conquests of the Visayas and Luzon.
In 1598, however, General Ronquillo was ordered "to make a last 成果／努力 against the Mindanaos, doing them all possible 損失." Setting out from Oton, February 8, 1597, Ronquillo sailed for the Mindanao river, meaning to proceed その為に up into the country of the 暴君 sa Maguindanao. At the river's mouth he stopped to 修理 his ships and 蓄える／店 his 弾薬／武器, then ran up until he met the enemy's 大砲 outposts, where he stopped to reconnoitre. Here, he 報告（する）／憶測d: 1
On the third day, as the work of reconnoitring was 訴訟／進行, a large ambuscade of Indians attacked us in the open 近づく a palm-grove. As was learned later, they numbered about two thousand. They attacked us with the greatest fury and 決意, in small 団体／死体s of skilful 軍隊／機動隊s...Of a truth they showed 明確に that they were 勇敢に立ち向かう; for I do not believe that there are many peoples who would attack with so gallant a 決意, when they were 武装した with nothing but 保護物，者s and campilans.
I 工場／植物d my 殴打／砲列 of eight pieces...Although I 乱打するd the fort hotly, I could not 影響 a 違反 through which to make an 強襲，強姦. All the 損失 that I did them by day, they 修理d by night...I reconnoitred the fort...It is 位置を示すd at the 入り口 of a lagoon, thus having only water at the 支援する, and swampy and marshy ground at the 味方するs. It has a frontage of more than 1,000 paces, is furnished with very good transversals, and is 井戸／弁護士席 供給（する）d with 大砲 and arquebuses. Moreover, it has a 溝へはまらせる／不時着する of water more than 4 brazas [24 feet] wide and 2 深い, and thus there was a space of 乾燥した，日照りの ground of only fifteen paces where it was possible to attack; and this space was bravely defended...The inner parts were water, where they sailed in 大型船s, while we had no 地盤 at all.
1 Don Juan de Ronquillo to 知事 Tello, Mindanao, 1597. Blair and Robertson, Vol. IX, pp. 284-6.
Under the circumstances General Ronquillo decided that to 交渉する and retire were wiser than to fight. In his その後の 報告（する）／憶測, he 追加するd:
These Indians are not like those in Luzon, but are accustomed to 力／強力にする and 主権，独立...2
2Blair and Robertson, Vol. IX, p. 289.
And again:
...the inhabitants are Indians only in 指名する—a 広大な／多数の／重要な 軍隊 is needed, 同様に as much 弾薬／武器, ーするために make them 支払う／賃金 尊敬の印.3
3 Ibid, p. 292.
The Jesuits, however, still 圧力（をかける）d the Spanish 政府 to 占領する southern Mindanao and 特に to 工場／植物 a 要塞 at Zamboanga for the 保護 of their missionaries and of Christian ships. At last, in 1635, a strong 探検隊／遠征隊 現実に began the erection of a fort at Zamboanga.
Thus time wore on. In 1848, the 進歩 made toward pacification could be 公正に／かなり 手段d by the 出来事/事件 of Balan-gingi. Balangingi, an island not six miles square, lying between Jolo and Basilan, is scarcely more than a mangrove 押し寄せる／沼地 half awash の中で 暗礁s and shoals. Its inhabitants were Samáis—a Mohammedan sea-race that build their houses over the water and 減少（する） from their doors to their boats.
Four forts, with 塀で囲むs of ３倍になる 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of piles 含む／封じ込めるing 大砲 embrasures, 構成するd the island's defence. The Spaniards attacked in 大いに superior 軍隊. The Moros fought 猛烈に. When the 塀で囲むs fell and the end was sure, they first turned their krises upon their wives and children, then 急ぐd out to 確かな death from the Spanish guns. 集会 up the 略奪する—in this 事例／患者 rich—the Spaniards then proceeded utterly to destroy all of use or value, 負かす／撃墜する to the last cocoa-nut tree, that the island 含む／封じ込めるd. The Moro dead numbered about 500. It is said that there were never any Moro 負傷させるd when a fight was done.
Yet, out of pure 反抗, a Samal datu 新たにするd 解決／入植地 and built a fort on this same island within the year. And so, with attack, 反抗 and 早い 反撃, the hopeless fight went on. At last, about 1861, and 主として by means of steam coast-guard 大型船s, Spain 減ずるd Zamboanga and Ba-silan to a sort of 嵐の and intermittent 受託.
非，不，無 of all these activities appreciably 影響する／感情d either the primeval pagan 全住民 住むing the 内部の of the island, or the 猛烈な／残忍な and proud Lanao Moros of the lake 地域 high in the Mindanao hills.
Such were the peoples of the southern 群島, whose 運命 fell into our 手渡すs from the broken しっかり掴む of Spain.
As for America's 衝撃 on the Moro mind, the Moro saw small 推論する／理由 or beauty in the 外見 on his horizon of a new foreign 加害者 of his liberty. いつかs he 交渉，会談d, いつかs he fought, his women fighting at his 味方する—together casting away their lives. And American 軍隊s 鎮圧するd these 突発／発生s bloodily—perhaps also from 欠如（する） of understanding of the mind and background of the 対抗者—from 欠如（する） of 力／強力にする of direct speech or intelligent 解釈／通訳, either way.
But these fights had one 広大な／多数の／重要な 長所 over the fights with Spain—they were 決定的な.
Fortunately, the first men we sent out to make the beginnings of 政府 were of our best. Bolton, 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する alone in far Davao without 軍隊／機動隊s at his 支援する, 治める／統治するd seventeen fighting tribes—治める／統治するd them easily because of his even 手渡す, his manhood and his sympathy with the people. Stader dispensed order, 司法（官） and humane good humour in the Sulu Sea. Febiger's 指名する is yet remembered with affection by the Maguindanaos. Bullard and Pershing, at opposite ends of Lake Lanao, had each such 支援 の中で the Moro 長，指導者s as, for its sheer energy, almost 原因（となる）d a war.
These and other young army officers 類似して placed 扱うd each his own 職業 by personal 影響（力） and prestige, by individual touch, more or いっそう少なく 首尾よく, to the best of his imagination. They 需要・要求するd order and （判決などを）下すd such 保護 as was possible. They tried to 避ける idle 摩擦 and to give no needless offence to 古代の prejudices or customs. When 反乱s broke out they struck 速く and hard. They 行為／法令／行動するd as men to men. And 簡単 and 司法（官） gave the two 広大な／多数の／重要な 基本方針s for all that they did.
The honourable and intelligent relations of these young 兵士s were the origin of the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 約束 in America yet held by the Moro of to-day.
In 1903 we 築くd the whole Moro country into a "Moro 州"—the largest in the Philippines. We gave it an 有機の 行為／法令／行動する, and we sent it General Leonard 支持を得ようと努めるd as first civil 知事—under orders to keep peace if he could but to bring on trouble if he must. The 政府 that General 支持を得ようと努めるd 始める，決める up was practical, plain, quick in 活動／戦闘, and 極端に elastic. He did everything through the 長，率いる men, whom the Moros by their own 法律 and custom were used to 信用 and obey. When he punished, he punished memorably, （疑いを）晴らすing the sky like a 雷雨 and leaving no 影響 of grudges. He 許すd the Moros to follow their own habits and choice wherever their ideas did not 衝突 with American 決定的な 原則s—as they did in the question of slavery.
And, where he could, he made use of his personal advantage. For example:
Up の中で the Lañaos, where the men still look like Old Testament heroes, where the earth is tilled like a garden, where the houses of the aristocrats are beautifully carven, where armourers and jewellers excel, live many chieftains, each 認めるing as higher than himself 非，不，無 but Allah and the 暴君 of Stamboul. They are like 長，率いるs of the fighting Highland 一族／派閥s in the days of Wallace and of Bruce. Each lives in his own 要塞／本拠地, his people in 武器 about him—anywhere from fifty to a thousand men. Each 持続するs his priest and his 教える for his sons. Each, when he goes 前へ／外へ to fight, shuts his women and his cattle into his fort for 保護 from his antagonists. And each would die a thousand deaths rather than cede a point of 宗教, of custom or of pride.
One day, after General 支持を得ようと努めるd had served for some time as civil 知事 of the Moro 州 and had become 井戸／弁護士席-known to its people, a long cable message （機の）カム through from the 陸軍大佐 of an infantry 連隊 just newly arrived at （軍の）野営地，陣営 Keithley, the 連邦の 地位，任命する at Lanao. The 暴君 of Uatu, said the 陸軍大佐, was 報告（する）／憶測d to have acquired some slaves. The 陸軍大佐 had sent to the 暴君 需要・要求するing the slaves and an explanation. With outrageous firmness the 暴君 had answered that he was giving neither. The 陸軍大佐, therefore, was 準備するing an 探検隊／遠征隊 with 軍隊／機動隊s to wipe the 暴君 out, which 探検隊／遠征隊 would start as quickly as possible.
General 支持を得ようと努めるd read the message without enthusiasm. In the next breath he dictated an answer. But now the cable 辞退するd to work. In the few moments between the 歓迎会 of the 陸軍大佐's message and the General's 試みる／企てるd reply, an 地震 had happened along and 難破させるd the wire.
"McCoy," said the General to his 補佐官. "Get yourself out to Lanao, hot foot, and save our old friend the 暴君."
So it happened that the officer who is now 准將-General Frank McCoy of brilliant history, 訴訟／進行 from Zamboanga 兵舎 to Lanao at the velocity 示すd, touched （軍の）野営地，陣営 Keithley on the very hour of the 探検隊／遠征隊's 出発. In General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 指名する, he ordered a 停止（させる） 未解決の 交渉s. Then he sent word to the 暴君 of Uatu as to an interview.
DATU RAJAH MUDA MANDI WITH KAMLIYA, HIS WIFE
支援する （機の）カム the answer: The 暴君 would come anywhere to see Datu McCoy, excepting to （軍の）野営地，陣営 Keithley. The American there was the 暴君's enemy.
"Datu McCoy," therefore, left （軍の）野営地，陣営 and, やめる by himself, moved over into the open country. Thither （機の）カム the old 長，指導者, eager to 注ぐ out his tale and ready and glad to hear, to 譲歩する, and also to do anything on earth that his good friend Datu 支持を得ようと努めるd might wish. But nothing at all, he 断言するd, would he do for that mannerless upstart at Keithley.
And so was settled, to everybody's satisfaction and to the 強化するing of friendship, what had nearly cost the lives of an unknowable number of American 兵士s and of a whole Moro 一族／派閥, besides starting a new grievance.
The 衝突／不一致s that （機の）カム were いつかs violent and 高くつく／犠牲の大きい and never wholly 中止するd. But more and more the Moros submitted to a 手渡す that in the main they 認めるd as just 同様に as strong, meting out 利益s or 刑罰，罰則s によれば 砂漠s.
And, as had happened before, a man of honour, patience, tact, and intelligent good-will 存在 設立する to approach the Moro, the Moro met that man in 肉親，親類d. Thus, General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 政策 and personal 耐えるing toward the Moros of Mindanao drew 前へ／外へ on their part a remarkable character—Datu Rajah Muda Mandi,4 the most 影響力のある 長，指導者 those parts had ever known. Of him Dr. N. M. Saleeby, scientist and scholar, who has earned by long and 実りの多い／有益な years of 熟考する／考慮する in the Moro country a 権利 to credence, 令状s: 5
4 Cf., p. 277 賭け金.
5 Najeeb M. Saleeby, History of Sulu, Manila, pp. 252, 263.
A の近くに 観察 of Datu Mandi's ability and 態度 toward the 政府 （判決などを）下すs it （疑いを）晴らす that the 影響（力） this man could bring to 耐える on his people was 巨大な...There never 存在するd a Moro 長，指導者 more tactful, pliable, 強烈な and favourable to the 再組織 of the Moro community and its system of 政府 along modern and civilized lines.
The help of one such personage より勝るd in 有効性 an army. A word from him brought to pass with certainty and 速度(を上げる） things for which 軍隊／機動隊s would have killed and been killed in vain.
On the 会社／堅い 創立／基礎 of friendliness, service and 相互の good 約束 that General 支持を得ようと努めるd then laid, his 後継者s as civil 知事s of the 州 built. Through these days 広大な／多数の／重要な Moros 指名するd their sons "支持を得ようと努めるd," and "Scott" and "Bliss" and "Pershing." And poor Moros called their sons "Dooley," "Tompkins'" or whatever epithet 述べるd their particular friends in the 階級s.
It was in 1911 that General Pershing, then 知事, asked the Moro chieftains to give up their 解雇する／砲火／射撃-武器.6
6 (n)役員／(a)執行力のある Order No. 24, 政府 of the Moro 州, September 8, 1911.
"How then," asked the 暴君 and the datus, amazed, "how then should we defend ourselves against our enemies?"
"Who are your enemies?" asked the 知事.
"The people of the north—the Filipinos—they who have been our slaves since time began—whom the Spanish brought to fight against us—whom America has now 強化するd and 武装した—who hate us and 恐れる us to the 骨髄 of their bones —the little Filipinos are indeed our enemies."
"Who would dare make war on you?" （機の）カム the answer. "Is not the 保護物，者 of America held above you? Whoever should attack you would その為に attack her."
"But will America always remain with us? Will America always be our friend and 保護する us?"
"America will 保護する you always."
Yet still the datus hesitated.
"Why do you hang 支援する? Which is it you question:—America's strength, or her honour? If you 信用 her, give me the guns."
So, though from 激しい hearts, the datus' word went 前へ／外へ, over the seas, into the mountains and the ジャングル, up the long rivers, out の中で the lakes. And from 近づく and far, by rising thousands, the precious guns （機の）カム in. Some were held 支援する, through invincible 恐れる and 疑問. Yet each American commandant of a remote outpost became the 受取人 of many 武器s, 自由に 降伏するd, for 約束 in our word.
By the latter part of 1913, the 軍備縮小 of the Moros, not only of guns but of fighting knives and spears, was 事実上 完全にする.
合間, in October, 1913, Mr. Harrison reached the Philippines as 知事-General. And he, the Moros 存在 then as nearly helpless as man could make them, started in with despatch to "Filipinize" the Moro 領土s.
It will not be necessary to trace the sequel step by step. Mr. Harrison's 反対する was to 証明する the homogeneity of the entire 全住民 of the Philippine Islands—and to 証明する it at any cost—by 軍隊 if not さもなければ demonstrable. The entire 全住民 must appear to be a 選び出す／独身 people—需要・要求するing Independence with one 発言する／表明する.
Therefore the 有機の 法律 of the Moro 州 was now discarded, the general 法律 of the Islands was 適用するd—and trouble began.
Trouble would have rolled up faster but for the character of the first 知事 under the new order—Mr. Frank W. Carpenter, an experienced and tactful American able to 海難救助 all possible good out of the 状況／情勢, able to 説得する the Moros to many 譲歩s to which they could not have been 軍隊d. But no 行政官／管理者, however able, could alter the general 傾向 of the new 政策—in 予定 course of which the whole Moro country was 分裂（する） up into a 始める，決める of little 州s, each with its separate 知事 and officialdom, and all operating under a system 絶対 理解できない 同様に as abhorrent to the people 関心d.
Under the discarded 有機の 法律, an a-b-c 政府 using 部族の 区 法廷，裁判所s and other elastic channels familiar and 許容できる to the people was 徐々に building up good will and 信用／信任, 徐々に bringing about a 平和的な 明言する／公表する of mind, 徐々に getting land 肩書を与えるs （疑いを）晴らすd, 徐々に effacing の間の-一族／派閥 反目，不和s, 徐々に introducing schools and 徐々に stopping the habit of 殺人，大当りs. 司法（官）, 合間, was 速く and cleanly 治めるd. The people were spared the 混乱 and irritation of many 税金s. 政府 ran on next to nothing. A small 投票 税金, 加える customs 領収書s, 加える an insignificant sum from the Insular 財務省, not only paid expenses but served to build roads and other public 改良s 同様に. Slowly but 刻々と the people were 答える／応じるing —coming up.
But the 使用／適用 of the general 法律s of the Island, 十分な of 新たな展開s and entanglements, 激しい with 集まりs of red tape and paper-work, at once developed the 必然的な. The Moros' training had not fitted them to 扱う anything of the 肉親，親類d. Filipino mestizos therefore, could be plausibly 注ぐd in, to fill the new offices. Carpet-bagging in its most vicious form began, spread and 繁栄するd. A preposterous 総計費 quickly piled up. Little 地区s that, by the 有機の 法律, were 進歩ing reasonably under one American 行政官／管理者 with the help of two assistants, now fretted and chafed under a third-率 Filipino 知事 surrounded by seventy-半端物 ilustrado clerks. The 歳入 was 消費するd in salaries. （資金の）充当／歳出s from the Insular 財務省 went the same way. The building of public 作品 事実上 中止するd. The people were 悩ますd and puzzled by a growing 集まり of strange imposts, for which they got no return—except more clerks with more salaries. 税金s on 井戸／弁護士席s, 税金s on 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大なs, 税金s on 選ぶing up an armful of firewood on the beach, 税金s on cutting one's own 木材／素質, more than the 木材／素質 was 価値（がある）, 税金s on 殺人，大当り one's own cattle, 税金s on digging a 穴を開ける, 税金s on the little 列／漕ぐ／騒動 of 火刑／賭けるs that the poor man 始める，決めるs in the shallows of the river in 前線 of his hut to enclose a space of water perhaps two by three yards square, in which his babies may bathe 安全な from crocodiles. 税金s, in a word, on any 行為／法令／行動する or any 反対する that might flit across the fancy of a little 公式の／役人 wanting 基金s.
But the general atmosphere may better be felt through one Moro's words:
"In the beginning of this thing, 非，不，無 could understand. Datu 支持を得ようと努めるd was far away in his own country, 準備するing his tribes for a war. 非，不，無 could 協議する his 知恵 now. Day by day, the Americans left us and Filipinos stepped into their places. We Moros could not understand. Our hearts were troubled and our 長，率いるs 傷つける. Each 一族／派閥 herded apart in its own place, stricken with 疑問 and 恐れる and 疑惑s—like men astray by night in an enemy's country, listening in the dark.
"Our Moro country, we heard, was to be our country no more, but Filipino country—治める／統治するd by Filipino 法律. A pack of little scribes and clerks and 副s who had sat in the American schools in the north till their sharp slaves' wits and their glib slaves' tongue had learned a 集まり of 令状ing and of chatter too hard for any Moro to comprehend, 群れているd in to 支配する our land. And the strong and 安定した 手渡す of the Americans, our friends, was 取って代わるd by the uneasy clutch of the slave a-horseback, in whose mind 憎悪 and vengeance worked with 古代の 恐れる.
"Thus （機の）カム the 天罰（を下す） of Harrison.
"In those days 迫害s began, wrought in secret and covered with 罰金 words. Cruelties and humiliations （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd through orders that no man could しっかり掴む. And no longer were the datus of the Moros interpreters of the orders to their people. No one 解釈する／通訳するd. Only, the Constabulary punished when the mysteries were not 成し遂げるd. And the Constabulary itself was fallen low. For its American officers had hurried away to a War—that distant War for which Datu 支持を得ようと努めるd was making ready his tribes—and into their places, too, the little Filipinos stepped, with small hearts 法外なd in gall. And these did not 捜し出す their 目的 straight, like men, but crept cowards' ways, with bitter cunning 押し進めるing Islam toward sheer 自殺 through 激怒（する） and shame.
"For if I have no 武器 but this you see—my short work-knife—while my enemy has guns that kill at half a mile, is it 戦う／戦い, or is it 自殺 if I begin the fight?
"Yet the 半端物s were greater far than that. For the guns were 保護するd by America. Whoever raised his 長，率いる against the Constabulary, or any word of theirs, raised it against America. So much every Moro understood, and, believing that the woes now 激しい upon us had come not by America's treachery, but rather because her 注目する，もくろむs were 回避するd for a space, we would not 危険 her wrath till we were sure. These many years she had been our friend. Her honour and her 司法（官） we had 証明するd. Now she was busy with far wars. Surely her （外交）使節／代表 in Manila must be 乱用ing her 約束. Let the Moro then keep 約束, 耐える in patience and wait for America to turn again and remember her word. What had she 誓約（する）d when she asked us for our guns?
"But to 耐える grew daily harder. And many men, indeed, took their 世帯s in their vintas and 出発／死d into Borneo, 捜し出すing the known 保護 of the British 旗. For both we and our fathers have seen that 司法（官） がまんするs thereunder. And, by every 調印する, it was here the 始める，決める 意図 to goad 武装解除するd Islam into scattered 突発／発生s and 反乱s—that, here a family, there a 一族／派閥, by 平易な 行う／開催する／段階s, the guns of the Constabulary might shoot them 負かす／撃墜する.
"Also ships （機の）カム from the north bringing 負担s of Filipinos to whom were allotted ground. And when, again and yet again, these people, poorest of their 肉親，親類d and brought in droves, like cattle, without price or 成果／努力 of their own, were 流出／こぼすd on the land, the dullest of the Moros saw all too 明確に what was meant. We were to be written 負かす／撃墜する より数が多いd, in our own country. They said they 手配中の，お尋ね者 intermarriages. But 井戸／弁護士席 they know no Moro will take a Filipino for his wedded wife.
"Since the beginning of the world we have 支配するd our part of Mindanao and all the multitude of the southern 小島s. We have owned it as Americans own America or as 中国 is owned by the Chinese. The Spaniards did, in truth, try weakly to bring the slaves to settle here; and in latter 平和的な days yet others crept in to prey upon the timid folk of the inner hills. [The pagan tribes.] Yet they are foreigners all—all these visayas—these slaves—these Filipinos—侵入者s on Islam's 古代の birthright.
"All land is Allah's. And nothing in the Koran shows that 税金s may be paid to any man. But now the new 法律 says that land-税金s must be paid, and 支援する land-税金s, and 税金s for ever-multiplying other things—all at 率s so さまざまな that any child must perceive in him who gathers the 税金s him who invents their size. A man might be ordered to 支払う／賃金 two pesos or fifty pesos for the same 事柄. And, if he 反逆者／反逆するs, he takes the chance of the ジャングル 追跡する with the hungry ライフル銃／探して盗む of an enemy at his 支援する.
"And while he treads that 追跡する, he knows his women at home 嘘（をつく） at the mercy of the Constabulary men—the little Filipino Constabulary men!
"To Islam, all the world knows, the honour of women is sacred. The 刑罰，罰則 of sin is death. And this, taken with the hate and the lewdness of our enemy, gives him his dearest chance."
Space forbids a 詳細（に述べる）d description of this period. What happened in the north happened in the south, but with virulence enormously 増加するd by the virility of the southern 全住民.
The Moro is wont to speak of time not by years but by 指名するd intervals. Thus the interval from 1913 to 1921 is 一般的に 指定するd by the Moro to-day as "the 天罰（を下す） of Harrison."
In the 中央 of it 知事 Carpenter was 事実上 孤立した and his place taken by a typical Filipino cacique. The Constabulary, now almost wholly officered by Filipinos, became in 影響 a 挑発的な 団体／死体, pitted against the helpless Moro 全住民. The 態度 of the small Filipino 政府 公式の／役人s everywhere saddled upon the people was 背信の, greedy and vindictive. 法律s and 規則s multiplied like 飛行機で行くs on a dung-heap—and the poorest and remotest Moro, who had no chance of 審理，公聴会 of the 法律s, who could not have understood the 法律s even if he had heard them, since they were not given in his language, was 罰金d, manhandled and 迫害するd for every smallest omission or （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限. Let him resist on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, and on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す he paid the 刑罰，罰則 with his life. Let him 控訴，上告 to 司法（官）—and "司法（官）" wore him out, 団体／死体, soul and means, with summonses to 法廷，裁判所, meaning long and 高くつく／犠牲の大きい 旅行s; with deferred 裁判，公判s, meaning months wasted in 高くつく／犠牲の大きい idleness and summonses 新たにするd, while his family lay exposed to attack, while his 刈るs went to 廃虚 and while some little carpet-bagger, 製造業の a pretext, jumped his land.
And yet, through it all, the Moro held to his 信用 in America. In no point perhaps does he show difference from the Christian Filipino more 明確に than in this—that his mind could so receive and keep the impress of America's honest men —and that against all 外見 he could 持つ／拘留する 急速な／放蕩な to what 量d to an abstract ideal through sufferings and humiliation such as Spain at her worst had never been able to （打撃，刑罰などを）与える.
Many things of many sorts illustrate this characteristic. One of them was the Moro 返答 to the Liberty 貸付金s.
Here, in preface, it may be said that the Moro 長，率いる men everywhere （機の）カム 今後 敏速に, with a 有罪の判決 and a liberality in strong contrast to the 行為／行う of the cacique of the north. But the amazing thing was the 返答, man by man, of the Moro ありふれた people. For example:
In the little island of Cagayan Sulu—a place where a peso looks as large as the moon—the 全住民 numbered about 5,000. On the 誓約（する） and request of the American 政府 these islanders had 手渡すd over all their 武器—800 ライフル銃／探して盗むs and their fighting knives. A few years later, while their consequent sufferings were より悪くするing day by day, they were told that America 存在 at war needed their help. And those few people, at the word, laid 持つ／拘留する upon their tiny hordes and subscribed a sum that must indeed have "傷つける."
Again, in the Cotabato 地域 word went 前へ／外へ that America asked the Moros' 援助（する）. Thousands of poor Moros, each carrying his few coins, （機の）カム streaming in from remotest places to put their money 負かす／撃墜する—"for America, our friend." Some fifty thousand pesos—twenty-five thousand dollars—was the total of the Cotabato Moros' 出資／貢献. "It was indeed an enormous sum to raise from such a source," to 引用する the man who collected it, "but they 手配中の，お尋ね者 to know only one thing—that it was indeed America, not the Filipinos, who would have their treasure."
Yet still the evils grew without 救済—a tale of shame. Until at last, in the spring of the eighth year, （機の）カム one sharp ray of light to cleave the bitter blackness: Rumour of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 abroad in the world.
Becoming すぐに personal, as happens in Moro-Iand, the tidings took this guise:
"Allah has heard us. Datu 支持を得ようと努めるd is coming 支援する. Bad days are done."
And when the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 reached Lanao, in the 中央の-summer of 1921, it 設立する the datus and their people gathered in strength 熱望して waiting. 厳粛に, with 燃やすing 注目する，もくろむs, they stood up, turn by turn, and gave their 証拠—a hard sum total for Americans to hear, in a land "保護するd" by America. In 最高潮 each man solemnly 断言するd his unalterable 願望（する） and that of his people that America remember her 誓約（する） and return to them, to 治める／統治する them forever under the American 旗. Explicitly, they did not wish to 治める／統治する themselves, having 設立する, through America's 早期に help, that they did better under her care. Finally:—Rather than be 支配するd by Filipinos they would assuredly all die.
"We hear the visayas' talk," they said, "of 'Philippines for the Filipinos.' If that be just, then why shall not the Moros' country be for the Moros? The Filipino, as our writings show, has never dared to show his 直面する の中で us except as a slave or a 罪人／有罪を宣告する or as brought and 保護するd by some foreign 力／強力にする. The land, under Allah, has been Islam's these many hundred years. By what sort of 権利 are we now bound 手渡す and foot and 配達するd, 非武装の, into the 手渡すs of strangers and enemies?
"Stay with us. Take away this 悪口を言う／悪態d Filipino Constabulary and we will 誓約（する） our word upon the Koran before our priests that we, the datus, will bring in all men who commit 罪，犯罪; also that there will be no 反乱 nor any 対立 to any 法律s, so long as the 法律s be 法律s 課すd by Americans and carried out by American officers.
"We know that America is just. We have 証明するd her 司法（官）. And she （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 us in honourable war. We submitted, having fought our best and 存在 truly beaten by better men than we. Our Koran says there is no shame in that. So now America is our Father and our Mother によれば our 法律s. And we have 信用d her. And when we knew that Datu 支持を得ようと努めるd was coming 支援する at last, our hearts were 解除するd up to Allah in 賞賛する."
The （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, having heard the datus and their people behind them, passed on its way. And one by one, soon and 刻々と, the 長，指導者 of those who dared so to 証言する before it or to 調印する the プロの／賛成の-American 嘆願（書） that the datus had 現在のd, were 殺害された—選ぶd off by Constabulary guns.
Not 率直に for that offence, but for pretexts, as pretexts arose. Any little thing.
Or, if you 十分に break a Moro's heart, he, 存在 事実上 weaponless, will 招待する you to come and kill him. Then, putting on a 罰金 white 式服 newly sewn by his wife for that day's wear, he will walk out upon your 列／漕ぐ／騒動 of Springfields to be 発射.
What has been practised in Filipinized Lanao is 近づく enough to 殺人 to make the word turn pale. And what has been practised in Lanao is fully matched, point for point, in other parts of the unhappy Moro 領土.
Now to account more 特に for the 明言する／公表する of that once 正確に，正当に famous 団体／死体, the Constabulary:
組織するd in 1903 by General J. G. Harbord, the Constabulary of the Moro country was 初めは enlisted 主として from Moros themselves and officered by young Americans from the 正規の／正選手 army. It was then a 罰金, loyal and exceedingly useful 器具 for inducing 法律 and order の中で the Moro people. But, 即時に Filipinization began, the Constabulary became its prime 的. First the red fez was debarred—pride and distinction of the service. Then the Moro enlisted 職員／兵員 was 速く 押し進めるd out and its places filled by Filipinos. 合間 Filipinos, as has already been said, 取って代わるd the American officers.
Thus was created an organization whose トン has become not only lax but undeniably inimical to the people over which it is 始める，決める, an organization by 法律 in part under the 知事-General, but 現実に under the 影響（力） of the politico 軍隊s at Manila, to which it looks for rewards.
Working 公正に／かなり creditably in Christian Filipino country, the Constabulary の中で the Moros is to-day a 悪口を言う／悪態—a 悪口を言う／悪態 that would be blacker but for the sadly 妨げるd 成果／努力s of the rare remaining American officers. The Filipino Constabulary officer in Moro 地区s often 連合させるs in his 選び出す／独身 person the 力／強力にするs of 副 知事, 治安判事, public 検察官，検事, jailer and collector of 投票-税金s 同様に as 製造者 of 逮捕（する）s. The 緊張する is more than he can 耐える.
Things thus moved on, without 可能性 of change for the better, 井戸／弁護士席 into the second year of 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd's 行政. Yet, although the 手渡す of the Filipino was 激しい, the Moros as a whole managed to keep themselves in check.
"We will be good," they said again and again, "and wait the day of Datu 支持を得ようと努めるd. We know he will not forget."
To them, you see, "Datu 支持を得ようと努めるd" means America.
And then while in Manila was brewing the Big Caciques' 宣言 of war—the "危機"—（機の）カム Quezon himself—大いに daring, up into Lanao to make a speech. In June, 1923, he made that speech to the 組み立てる／集結するd 長，指導者s and people. And his judgment signally failed him there. For he fell into two errors: He attacked the Moros' friend and he 脅すd the Moro people—脅すd them with "墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な consequences."
"America's day is done," he said in 影響, by 報告（する）／憶測 of many hearers. "Her 政府 in the Philippines to-day is a fable. It is the Filipino 立法機関 that 治める／統治するs you Moros. This man 支持を得ようと努めるd is a figurehead. It is only a question of a little time and every American in the Islands will be chased out. You Moros will do 井戸／弁護士席 to 服従させる／提出する to us now."
As he uttered the words, one old datu fainted dead away, 落ちるing where he stood. The 残り／休憩（する） rose to the challenge as one man. Whatever 影響 such words might have had upon a Filipino audience, to an audience of Moros they （機の）カム like oil to 解雇する／砲火／射撃. Seeing America attacked, seeing their friend attacked, they stood up straight before the 加害者 and 反抗するd him to his 直面する. It was the 返答 to the Liberty 貸付金 over again and in far costlier form—for this—and they knew it—was to cost them their lives.
長，指導者 の中で the spokesmen was the strongest man in Lanao, Ami Binaning. Frank, intelligent, direct as an Anglo-Saxon, he had been the first of the datus to send his boys to school, the first to 支払う／賃金 his 税金s, the greatest help to the American 政府, the best and most powerful 影響（力） for 法律 and order in the 地域. And his feeling against the cutting loose of the Moro countries from America had been from the first outspoken and extreme. On the visit of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 he had 宣言するd with 強調 to that 影響. "Let the Filipinos go where they will. But they shall not 治める／統治する us. And we Moros will stay under America. Give us the American 旗," he had said. Now, in Quezon's teeth, and with the Filipino Constabulary hedging him 一連の会議、交渉／完成する about he repeated his 宣言. "You shall not 治める／統治する us. We stay with America."
Quezon listened, smiling.
"Go ahead and talk now, all of you," he 再結合させるd, they say. "Soon there will be neither American 政府 nor American men here. And then, you friends of America, you—had better （疑いを）晴らす off to the hills."
As he 中止するd speaking the datus went straight out and pulled 負かす／撃墜する the Filipino 旗, wherever they 設立する it, leaving the 星／主役にするs and （土地などの）細長い一片s to 飛行機で行く alone.
For it is the custom in Philippine 政府 places to 飛行機で行く the Filipino 旗 and the American 旗 together.
すぐに thereafter a young son of Ami Binaning （機の）カム 負かす／撃墜する from Lanao with a message from his father to a 確かな American living on the coast.
"It seems that my days are soon done," that message ran. "I will not longer 危険 staying in my house, which has already been 発射 up. I am going with my family into the hills. It is because of my words to Quezon—of which I shall 撤回する nothing. This is to 保証する you of my good friendship, and if, as I think, the Constabulary kill me soon, to say good-bye."
The mere fact that he did so 身を引く furnished their pretext. He had become a 反逆者／反逆する they said—had gone on the warpath.
The 避難 he chose was an abandoned and ruinous stockade standing on a little hill in the wilderness, where a tumbledown shack 申し込む／申し出d 避難所. There he led his family—three young men, two women and a little child. There, as soon as they had 跡をつけるd him, （機の）カム the Filipino Constabulary, some twenty strong. And when they had closely surrounded the place, Ami Binaning, with his only 武器—his little short-bladed work-knife in his 手渡す—for he would not die 非武装の —Ami Binaning walked out, with his boys at his 味方する, and （機の）カム before them. And so they 発射 him 負かす／撃墜する. Also, they 発射 and killed the 非武装の boys and the women and the little child. Without any pretext of 戦う／戦い, or excuse of women fighting. For no one fought at all. They had nothing to fight with.
They 簡単に died—for honour and for America.
After the 殺人，大当り of Ami Binaning 事柄s grew 速く worse. The Lanao Moros felt a 負わせる of personal loss. All Moros believed that so 目だつ a 殺人 was ーするつもりであるd as an 強調 of Quezon's 脅すing speech. They resented the affront to America—and 推測するd uneasily as to how it （機の）カム that such an affront could be dared. Was America fallen upon evil days of 証拠不十分 and decay—an old watch-dog grown blind and deaf and toothless? Was the end of the world at 手渡す?
And then, as if planned as a 誘発する to gunpowder, （機の）カム the next move. It took the 形態／調整 of an 同一の letter 演説（する）／住所d to the 大統領，／社長s of municipalities, 調印するd by Teodoro M. Kalaw, 長官 of the Filipino （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 of Independence in Manila.
Under date of August 22, 1923, the 文書 read in part:
Unless we are mistaken, the next 議会 will again see a 戦う／戦い 王室の between the 支持者s of Philippine Independence and the 支持するs of retention. I...point out to you and to the 地方自治体の 会議...the necessity and convenience that the 会議 認可する, as soon as possible, a 決意／決議 表明するing faithfully and 心から its 見解（をとる）s and 願望（する）s regarding the 未来 political status of our country. Such a 決意／決議 is 絶対 necessary...as the enemies of our 原因（となる） are engaged in spreading the news that independence is 願望（する）d only by a few Filipinos, and that a 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数 of our people prefer the continuance of American 主権，独立...
When this letter, carefully phrased, but with an 明白な 関わりあい／含蓄, became known の中で the Lanao Moros, they understood it to mean that the Filipinos had 宣言するd war on the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. And at that, almost to a man, they 布告するd themselves for America to the finish—they with no guns, surrounded by 武装した enemies.
解雇する／砲火／射撃 flashed all 負かす／撃墜する the 階級s. Young 長，指導者s （機の）カム out, each with fifty to a hundred men at his 支援する and swore on the Koran before their priests—the unbreakable 誓い—to die fighting. Poor men and women on their individual 率先 did the 同等（の）. For this, it is 証言するd, some were dragged under the staff of the 旗 they 宣言するd for, ordered to look up to it, since they liked it so much, and then clubbed with ライフル銃／探して盗む butts. Others were punished in other ways. After which, such as remained alive repeated just what they had said before. One whole village was killed off at this time. And, with few exceptions throughout the Moro country, such Filipino 公式の／役人s as up to now had seemed to 目的（とする） at 司法（官） so suddenly slacked off that the theory of chance coincidence in the 傾向 of events grew day by day いっそう少なく tenable.
Now to speak in particular of the Zamboanga 地域:—The town of Zamboanga stands alone—a unique 事例／患者. Its 核心 is the old Spanish fort. Around that fort 嘘（をつく） the 軍の 兵舎, once （警察，軍隊などの）本部 of the American 知事s of the Moro 州, now given over to a detachment of Scouts. Hugging the 兵舎, again, （人が）群がるs the little modern town, with a 全住民 主として Filipino.
These Filipinos have sprung in the main from a nearby 刑務所，拘置所 始める，決める up in earlier days to take the 洪水 from Bilibid. The 刑務所，拘置所, in its turn, disgorged its 卒業生（する）s upon the land. And the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs thus 解放（する）d—for the most part foreigners on an unwelcoming 国／地域—自然に 密談する／（身体を）寄せ集めるd for cover as closely as possible under the guns of the Spanish 要塞, there making their 解決／入植地. In later days—days of Filipinization—Filipino clerks and officeholders implanted in numbers have been 追加するd to their compatriots in Zamboanga town.1 Around the 外国人 islet so 建設するd the native Moro 全住民 spreads off and away over land and sea.
1 その上の, Zamboanga to-day has its small American and European element—主として bank people, 副／悪徳行為-領事館 staffs and the staffs of 貿易（する）ing 会社／堅いs—and its Chinese 蓄える／店-keepers. Taken together, 排除的 of Filipinos, these 支払う／賃金 98 per cent of the 内部の 歳入 and 94 per cent of all 税金s. They have, however, no 代表 on the 地方自治体の board and no 発言する／表明する either as to 査定／評価 率s, which have いつかs been quintupled for Americans, or as to the disposition of the 税金s collected. Since Filipinization 税金s have 二塁打d, 改良s have 事実上 stopped, and public 所有物／資産／財産 and public 公共事業（料金）／有用性s alike are 落ちるing toward decay.
It was this islet, with its scattering offshoots, that, in 1922, put into office the first elected 知事 of Zamboanga 州,2 a young Filipino ilustrado 指名するd Saguin—a quaint little 人物／姿／数字 perched like a toy on the 議長，司会を務める that General Pershing once 設立する 非，不，無 too small.
2 In this year four 州s—Zamboanga, Agusan and Davao in Mindanao, and Nueva Viscaya in Luzon, for the first time elected their 知事s by the 投票（する） of the people. The 百分率 of 投票者s 普通の／平均（する）d about 5 per cent of the 全住民.
In the beginning Saguin to all 外見s was the best 地元の Filipino that could have been chosen—really anxious to do good work. But it would have been 不公平な to 推定する／予想する him to develop character and 抵抗 strong enough to keep on the rails, with the 圧力 from Manila 急ぐing up as it did in the autumn of 1923. From the autumn of 1923 知事 Saguin began to travel sidewise and to become, to his credit be it said, an uncomfortable young man.
By December he had already sand-bagged his 記録，記録的な／記録する, except as a politico 道具, and the Moros, who with their soothsayer's gaze look any man through to his farthest 味方する, knew 正確に／まさに his 負わせる and his 手段. Which was why they took him in part as a joke.
On December 31st—Rizal Day3—1923, Zamboanga town, obedient to Manila's orders, held a parade—a demonstration with 旗，新聞一面トップの大見出し／大々的に報道するs, 目的（とする）d against subservience to America, against General 支持を得ようと努めるd, and in especial against the segregation of the Moro country as a 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 領土, which idea is 心にいだくd by Moro hearts.
3 A holiday invented by Mr. Taft during his goyernor-generalcy, as an 成果／努力 to create public spirit の中で the Christian Filipinos. Mr. Taft's idea was that if a 国家の hero could be given them, a much-needed ideal might, in time, grow up around that 指名する. No Filipino was thus known to the people. Mr. Taft, in 協議 with the best 利用できる advice, decided, therefore, to 選ぶ out José Rizal, 遂行する／発効させるd by Spain in 1896 for sedition, and, by a 審議する／熟考する publicity （選挙などの）運動をする, artificially to create him the Filipino hero. This was accordingly done.
All this they might have done without 誘発するing counteraction. But when, in 提起する／ポーズをとるing the 長，率いる of their column to be photographed in the public square, they deliberately 工場／植物d Moro 人物／姿／数字s as 明らかな leaders in the 最前部 of the （人が）群がる, they touched a live wire.
The onlooking Moros drew apart for 会議.
"We must 即時に make a parade of our own. We too must wear tags, carry 掲示s and be photographed," they decided; "we can't let this thing stand alone."
So some 急ぐd to buy card-board—with their own money, be it 観察するd—while others sat 負かす／撃墜する to 工夫する mottoes and build 掲示s. 合間 three boys who had learned to print in Bishop Brent's school dashed off to 雇う the school 圧力（をかける）.
Those three volunteer printers, toiling at the 圧力（をかける）, turned out eleven hundred tags. Then the 構成要素 gave out, although Moros long after （機の）カム flocking, begging for tags, under the impression that tag-wearing, somehow, would help the 原因（となる）.
With the 速度(を上げる） of high excitement the work was finished, and when, on the afternoon of the same day, the Moro parade 前進するd through the town, every 行進者 who could get a tag wore a tag 布告するing his mind.
And so this 反対する-行列 負傷させる 一連の会議、交渉／完成する and 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the town and its 郊外s. Every soul who could lay 手渡すs on such a prize carried an American 旗. At their 長，率いる swept one big American 旗, carried by a man with a fez. Beside the 基準 moved a large white 掲示, the paint yet wet, 手渡す-printed in English and reading:
We Are Not Ungrateful
To the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs
The 発言する／表明するs of the Moros
Are Not Heard in Manila
Except by Our Friend
General 支持を得ようと努めるd
BUT, YES, WE'LL HAVE NO BANANAS!
A twin 調印する 側面に位置するd it, written in Spanish, translating thus:
Luzon and Visayas for
The Filipinos
Mindanao, Sulu, for
The Moros
Long Live General 支持を得ようと努めるd.
And then （機の）カム another touch of that Moro humour so curiously un-Filipino, so curiously Anglo-Saxon. To explain, it must be prefaced that the word "saguin," which is the 指名する of the Filipino 知事 of the 州, means "白人指導者べったりの東洋人."
Slowly rolling in the lead of the 行列 moved a 選び出す／独身 automobile 含む／封じ込めるing three datus of the first 階級—men perhaps thirty years old. And these three, as they reached the 政府 Building, flung the whole of their lusty 発言する／表明するs into one burst of 明確に enunciated song.
"But, yes, we'll have no 気が狂って,
We'll have no 気が狂って to-day."
Then on they swung, gently economizing their 肺s in the interlude, to 開始する，打ち上げる interminably into a 十分な-throated roar on reaching the classic 差し控える.
Saguin, in his turn characteristically, saw nothing funny about the 業績／成果, but writhed under the shrieks of the enchanted （人が）群がる. On the morrow, it is said, he 問題／発行するd an order 課すing a 罰金 of nine pesos upon any Moro who should again sing the song. But this is as it may be.
In any 事例／患者, the three malicious young datus were 納得させるd that the inward 力／強力にする of the 白人指導者べったりの東洋人 song, which they had but just discovered and learned, was 明らかにする／漏らすd to them by their kindly genii that day.
Humour enough floats in the field—as, for example, that unwittingly afforded by Mr. J. S. Alano, Filipino politico of Zamboanga, when recently asked:
"Why, then, if you Filipinos really want Independence, don't you work for it for yourselves, and let the Moros keep their own country as they choose to have it?"
"Impossible!" （機の）カム the 抗議する 報告（する）／憶測d. "Why, that would mean America 判決，裁定 in Mindanao and Sulu. Then all our northern people would move 負かす／撃墜する here 権利 away—and whom would we, in Manila, have left to 治める／統治する?"
But life in the main is 悲劇の in the south, and 十分な of 悪意のある portent. The Moro Parade in Zamboanga brought evil fruits, one of which was a 迅速な （選挙などの）運動をする on the part of the Filipinos to gather Moro 署名s for Independence 嘆願（書）s. The methods first 雇うd were directed at barrio 公式の／役人s.
The 任命 of barrio 大統領，／社長s and 中尉／大尉／警部補s had been necessitated in Moro land by the 使用／適用 of the general 法律 of the Islands. And where 非，不，無 but Moros lived, or 願望（する）d to live, such 任命された人s, 自然に, must be Moros. In Zamboanga, Filipino スパイ／執行官s now 小旅行するd the 州, 需要・要求するing of all Moro barrio 公式の／役人s that they 調印する Independence 嘆願（書）s. On their 拒絶, almost all were at once 除去するd from office and the 地区 left as a 支配する without 地元の 政府,—for the 推論する／理由 that not one Moro could be 設立する who would 調印する the paper. Or, where some individual could be so 説得するd, his standing and 質 was such that the people 辞退するd him obedience.
This method 証明するing barren, the 労働者s 可決する・採択するd another 計画（する）. On any pretext they collected 署名s—long sheets of 署名s or of thumb 示すs, affixed to blank paper. And in this, because of the means they used, they were at the start successful. But few Moros of position could be so caught; almost at once even the simplest folk became too 怪しげな to be 扱うd except by 軍隊; and soon a sort of general panic 始める，決める in as to what might be 進行中で in the dark.
Now, it is indicative of the nature of the Moros and of their difference from the Christian Filipino, tao or cacique, that in this crux the ありふれた people often 行為／法令／行動するd for themselves. Not a few wrote letters to 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd in the endeavour to 相殺する a 誤った use of their 指名するs by trick or 偽造. These letters, they later （機の）カム to believe, were mostly stopped in the mails, never reaching their 目的地.
合間 by hundreds, other poor Moros flocked to Al-varez—Alvarez, the only American in all the 州 who dared listen to their woes and give them counsel in their need.
"I never know how many I shall find waiting at my house when I go home at night," he told me, "ten—fifty—a hundred—"
And often I, who 令状, 設立する them there—strange, savage-looking men.
"What is this we have 調印するd?" they asked. "We were snatched from the road as we passed, and brought into an upper room before two strange Filipinos. We heard they were 知事 Saguin, and Guingona, a 上院議員. And there, beside the two, stood Constabulary with guns. And they asked us foolish questions, like 'Do you want good roads?' 'Do you want lower 税金s?' And, 'What are the 指名するs of the men in your village?' Then they wrote all the 指名するs 負かす／撃墜する on paper. After that they 需要・要求するd our 署名s, on the same paper, which had no 令状ing excepting columns of 指名するs. They must have got hundreds of 指名するs on papers whose uses we do not know. Can those be 嘆願（書）s pretending that we ask for Independence? Have we been tricked into 調印 away our country? What shall we do?"
And then at last （機の）カム Manila newspapers, drifting slowly south, speaking of Independence 嘆願（書）s received—of anti-支持を得ようと努めるd 嘆願（書）s, 調印するd by many datus and high Moros. At that the feeling rose to distraction.
I remember a night 十分な of 星／主役にするs and 急ぐing 勝利，勝つd and the sound of surf—and the 形態／調整s of lotus buds asleep in the moonlight—and a 薄暗い light 落ちるing on the scarlet 式服 of an old man—on his 悲劇の 直面する—and his 疲れた／うんざりした 手段d 発言する／表明する—and his words to me:
"But lately I asked General 支持を得ようと努めるd for his help in getting 司法（官） for a man of 地雷. He helped me, kindly, as we Moros know he always will do when he can. And now comes this lying paper. And my heart is sick for 恐れる lest he believe I really could be ungrateful—that I could attack him—him—our friend—and in the 支援する. You are going north when you leave us. To Manila? Yes? Then I have a favour to ask. Will you take a paper that I shall bring you? Will you carry it with your own 手渡す to the 知事-General's door? For we think our sendings never reach him if we 信用 them to the mails."
He gave me the paper in duplicate, sworn and 調印するd. "You may keep one for the people of America," he said. "No one but you, these many years, has come to us from the people of America, to sit 負かす／撃墜する with us day after day in our own places, to travel to see us where we live and to hear our 発言する／表明する. Tell the people of America all. Beg them to help us. Beg them to remember the past. Tell them my 指名する, and who I am."
Every Moro said, "Tell them my 指名する." To do so would mean their 確かな death.
Thus runs the old man's 文書:
部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America,
Philippine Islands,
州 of Zamboanga.
Datu...存在 duly sworn, upon his 誓い 明言する／公表するs:
That he has been 知らせるd that his 申し立てられた／疑わしい 署名 is 大（公）使館員d to a 嘆願（書） asking for Philippine Independence and 含む／封じ込めるing 声明s said to be derogatory to his Excellency 知事-General Leonard 支持を得ようと努めるd. That the affiant has never 調印するd any such 嘆願（書）, but that he has always, during the many years he has known 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd, had the greatest 尊敬（する）・点 and 賞賛 for him, both as a man and as a public 公式の／役人.
That he has never been a party to, nor has he ever 調印するd a 嘆願（書） or 文書 非難するing the 知事-General in the slightest degree. The affiant is in favour of the segregation of Mindanao and Sulu and Palawan from the Philippine "Islands and the re-organization of same under the American 旗 as an unorganized 領土 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, or さもなければ as 議会 may みなす best.
From Cotabato, from Lanao, from Palawan, from Jolo, the Moros 注ぐd out their written 抗議するs. To several of these I gave 安全な 行為／行う. 得点する／非難する／２０s more I heard by word of mouth. Of these I 特記する／引用する but one—that of a datu of 古代の 降下／家系, of high standing の中で his people and by them 大いに 尊敬（する）・点d. This man thus 表明するd to me his troubled mind:
"I have been loyal to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs for twenty-five years. With Datu Rajah Muda Mandi, I fought and worked to keep the peace for America. I have learned to love America. I am an old man now, and it is too late to change. But the 保護 of America seems 孤立した from us. We see how General 支持を得ようと努めるd is 妨げるd, by the 法律s made during the 天罰（を下す） of Harrison, from giving us any 救済. And we know that the 予防 is real because our old friend would surely help us if any man could. And now these Filipinos that have thrust themselves upon us—they 迫害する us with strange 税金s—and then they use the very money they wring from us to 軍隊 us away from America and to clutch us under their own 力／強力にする.
"And now it seems they 始める，決める our 指名するs on 誤った 嘆願（書）s to send to America, 説 that we ask for this evil thing. And, taking our money, they go themselves to America and pretend to speak for us. When I discovered this I （機の）カム in fury to talk with Alvarez—the only friend left in our country to whom we can 緩和する our hearts. I said:
"'I am going to make war. I am going to call out all my people. And the women shall sew white 式服s for my fighting men and we will all die.' For this shame is endless, and without sense.
"But Alvarez said, 'No, Datu, Islam needs men. Wait. America will remember one day. But it is true that America never hears of your troubles. How can she learn? Do not think ill of America. She is very far away.'
"Then I said, 'I will go の中で my people on an errand.'
"Now we of Islam have seen that in Alvarez the Datu Rajah Muda Mandi returns to us at times to counsel us in need. And at those times we see the Datu Rajah Muda's very 直面する.
"Thus now perceiving, I replied:
"'So be it. I will 出発／死 and go の中で my people on an errand.'
"Then I went 前へ／外へ to my people, and said to them, in all their villages 組み立てる／集結するd:
"'The Filipino takes your 税金 money and with it sends to America other Filipinos to speak folly in your 指名する, 説 that you want Independence and to be 治める／統治するd by Filipinos. I ask you now:—If we Moros send true Moros to America to tell the truth for us, how much will you each give to help? For the 旅行 is dear. I do not ask your money now, but I want to know what may be counted upon.'"
The 返答 was like the 返答 to the Liberty 貸付金.
And the secret service 秘かに調査するs whom 知事 Saguin had 始める，決める upon the old man's 追跡する 選ぶd up the news and ran home with it.
Saguin, alarmed, himself dashed out into the old 長，指導者's 領土, telling the people from village to village that 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd was no longer in 当局, that America's time was done, and that their 義務 was to "tie up" their datu and send him in to 刑務所，拘置所.
Upon learning of this, によれば my custom in such work I went 直接／まっすぐに to 協議する 知事 Saguin. I sat with him in his office and told him at length the stories as I already had them, asking for his comments and 是正s.
式のs! His comments did not help. And he himself stood 明らかにする／漏らすd therein dancing on hot griddles to his master's whip—ashamed—afraid to stop, afraid to go on—above all most horribly afraid lest by some nightmare chance he might have 選ぶd the losing 味方する.
And just then, still その上の to the poor man's bewilderment, （機の）カム a 報告（する）／憶測 that the little ヨット Apo was about to visit Zamboanga!
At that, from all directions, a general movement of the Moros of the 州 始める，決める in toward Zamboanga town. Again, the Filipinos took alarm, and in the 辺ぴな 地区s 地元の 公式の／役人s hurried about hotly 脅すing with 罰金 and 監禁，拘置—in one place with twenty pesos 罰金 and two years' 監禁，拘置—any and all Moros who should dare go to Zamboanga either to 迎える／歓迎する the 知事-General or to 現在の to him any sort of （民事の）告訴 or 嘆願（書）.
Had they the 権利 to 施行する such 脅しs? The simpler Moros did not know. But they knew the Constabulary guns.
の中で foreign 観察者／傍聴者s who have lived for a ４半期/4分の1 of a century with the Moro, but one 証言 can be got as to Moro morality.
"If a man wants to draw from a Moro a 黒人／ボイコット look and a 権利 手渡す quick to the knife-hilt," says one, "let him make some risqué 発言／述べる in the presence of Moro women."
"逆転するing the Filipino," said another—and I 引用する no weak 証言，証人／目撃するs—"the Moro is no sniggerer. He sees no humour at all in unclean language, stories and pictures. They 簡単に disgust and 感情を害する／違反する him."
As to the women themselves, no New England American is more careful of her honour. The Moro girl feels that she belongs to her father or her family until her marriage. Then she belongs to her husband. Custom, 厳しく 施行するd, forbids that any man outside those bounds so much as touch her with a 手渡す 申し込む／申し出d to help her across a road. In earlier days a woman dishonoured was placed in a fish-basket filled with 石／投石するs and dropped into the sea. By the letter of 現在の Maguindanao 法律 関心ing 姦通, both parties to the 罪，犯罪 are to be buried in the earth up to their necks and then 石／投石するd to death.
But, so strong is Moro public opinion—so wholly does that まとまり formed by Islamic 法律 and 宗教 治める／統治する Islam's daily life—that offences of its moral code are exceedingly few.
Yet, by late 人物／姿／数字s, over 72 per cent of all 罪，犯罪s committed in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu are 性の 罪，犯罪s. Of these, over 50 per cent 伴う／関わる the 行為／法令／行動するs of Filipino school-teachers or small Filipino 公式の／役人s.
By the Manila politico much is made of the fact that the Moro 反対するs to sending his daughters to school—"because," says the politico, "of his bigotry." The Moro does 反対する to sending his daughters to school, and the true 推論する／理由 has just been given.
The one excellent school—the one piece of true 人道的な work in all Moro-land, apart from Bishop Brent's lesser place in Zamboanga, is the Moro 教育の 創立／基礎's school at Jolo—a scrupulously 非，不，無-proselyting 成果／努力 also 設立するd by the Bishop and that gentle and fearless lady, Mrs. Lorillard Spencer; 大部分は 補助装置d by Mrs. Thomas Emery of Cincinnati and Mrs. Willard Straight of New York. Mrs. Spencer spends much of her life on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, with the small American staff. Her 静かな 影響（力） and the affection and 忠義 with which she and her work are regarded by the Moro people, are incalculable 力／強力にするs for good. A 減少（する） in the bucket, maybe—this Moro 教育の 創立／基礎—but the sort of 減少（する） whence 傷をいやす／和解させるing rivers spring. I visited it, saw its work and heard its 賞賛するs with 深い 感謝. It is an oasis of honour in a 砂漠 of reproach.
Almost all public schools in Moro-land are taught by male Filipinos. And the male Filipino school-teacher in the south is the same character, with the same habits, that he is in his own country. The difference in 返答 lies in the different moral 質 of the populace. Put American teachers—or even Filipino women—in place of the Filipino men, and you find the Moro, other things 存在 equal, ready to send his children to school. But he will not willingly 耐える seeing his son made personal servant to the Filipino school-master in lieu of 存在 taught. And, above all, he will not see his daughter 売春婦d.
I 特記する／引用する the 事例／患者 before me of a Moro in 刑務所，拘置所 because he 辞退するd to send his daughter to school. The Superintendent of Schools—an American—called on him there to 調査／捜査する.
"I am afraid for her. Afraid of that Filipino teacher," said the 囚人.
"But you are wrong. The teacher is a reliable honest man —I myself will 答える／応じる for him," argued the Superintendent, finally 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing upon the 囚人 to 従う with the 法律.
The 結果, almost at once, was 正確に／まさに what the father had 恐れるd—and the Superintendent's humiliation and helpless 激怒（する） could 返す nothing of 破壊 wrought.
The に引き続いて 声明, which I choose from many 簡単に because of its commonplaceness, has been carefully checked. It is true.
Alvarez one day last winter 設立する sitting at his door a poor Moro, travel-stained, spent with hunger and weariness. The man seemed in 深い trouble, but waited 根気よく to be 演説（する）／住所d. Then he told his errand.
"Sir," he said, "I have come from...[and he 指名するd a place that means many days' foot-travel] to ask your 知恵. I am in 広大な／多数の／重要な 苦しめる. My 事例／患者 is this:
"I have a little daughter, Idda, seven years old. She is our only child. And now she will not go to school. I have tried all my 影響（力） with her—for I want her to have an education—but she will not go. She is afraid—so afraid! I do not know why—just afraid of school. Then they 罰金 me for not sending her to school. I have been 罰金d so much and so many times because of this, that I can 支払う／賃金 no more, for my money is gone. My wife has even beaten the child—which 傷つけるs our hearts. And then the officer has come and dragged her to school, she 叫び声をあげるing and struggling like a crazy thing, away, out of our sight.
"And when the officer left her with the teacher, she kicked the teacher—fought him—bit him on his 手渡す. My little girl is almost frantic with 恐れる. My wife and I, we have to watch her all the time because she tries to get away to the river to throw herself to the crocodiles.
"As for me, since I have no money to 支払う／賃金 more 罰金s, they will soon put me in 刑務所，拘置所 and that means to leave my wife and the child unprotected. I see only two things left to do. Either to kill them both, for their safety, and then run amok, or else to call my kinsmen and take to the hills as an 無法者. But first, I （機の）カム here, hoping light from your 知恵."
Alvarez took the 事柄 up. It then transpired that Idda's closest playmate had been caught in the schoolhouse, gagged, bound and 強姦d by the school-teacher—a Filipino. This child's wild 悲惨, and the things she had wailed into her comrade's ears, had made such an impression on little Idda that the terror of school was literally 運動ing her mad.
The American Superintendent, 存在 知らせるd, could only say, "Let her stay at home for the 現在の. In two months' time I shall be able to get up into that 領土 and see what is going on."
I shall not soon forget the 直す／買収する，八百長をするd, brooding horror stamped into the 直面する of an eleven-year-old girl, the 犠牲者 of her Filipino teacher, into whose 事例／患者 I also looked. One could scarcely have believed that so young a child could so 猛烈に have felt her own 悲劇. But examination led me to think that scarcely a girl in the school here in question had escaped 廃虚. The man, in this instance, got a 激しい 法廷，裁判所 宣告，判決. But 宣告，判決s, however 激しい, seem insufficient to 減ずる the number of offences. And for one 事例／患者 that reaches 法廷，裁判所, who shall say how many go unheard.
How far, for instance, is a （民事の）告訴 likely to get when the 違反者／犯罪者 himself is not only the 治安判事 with whom （民事の）告訴 must first be 宿泊するd, but is also the 逮捕（する）ing and 調査／捜査するing officer?
I am 知らせるd on the best 当局, 大幅に re-施行するd, that when two 難民 殺害者s were recently and erroneously said to have escaped to the island of Basilan, the Filipino Constabulary captain there 可決する・採択するd a 政策 of terror-ization that upset the entire island. It is 断言するd that he ordered all 辺ぴな natives first to destroy their 刈るs and then to move in to reconcentrado （軍の）野営地，陣営s. The Constabulary detachments 施行するing the order 燃やすd the people's houses almost over their 長，率いるs, throwing out the sick and helpless, and leaving little or no time for the saving of goods. The 労働 thus 安全な・保証するd was put to making a road along the southern part of the island. 合間, the people's cattle 逸脱するd away, or were 掴むd and sold as 所有者の無い, the wild hogs broke in and destroyed what remained of the plantings, and thirty-two men were summarily 発射, here and there about the place—発射 by Constabulary in satisfaction of miscellaneous old grudges. After 殺人，大当り the men, it is 明言する／公表するd, the officers 強姦d the women.
Basilan is a Moro island 482 miles square. Its 全住民 numbers 8,000, and 含む／封じ込めるs 54 投票者s. Its area 構成するs some one hundred thousand acres of the best rubber-growing land in the world, one-third of which is now grass land, the 残り／休憩（する） virgin 木材／素質. About two thousand acres are now 工場／植物d to rubber, and two-thirds of the trees are 存在 tapped. It is possible, or even probable, however, that native instinct, rather than any consideration of these facts, 誘発するd the activities 述べるd in the foregoing paragraph.
To move intimately の中で the Moro people is to become acutely aware everywhere of 緊張 drawn の近くに to the breaking point. Passing one day through a small village, I （機の）カム -upon a wedding-party. They were 持つ／拘留するing the 儀式の dance in a テント, and the 長，率いる man （機の）カム 今後 with all 切望 to welcome an American. At the 最高の，を越す of the room sat the little bride and her maids, straight and still, with 手渡すs 延長するd flat upon their 膝s, with chalk-white, delicately-painted 直面するs, with downcast 注目する，もくろむs, immovable as carven goddesses.
"Etiquette 需要・要求するs that they see nothing, hear nothing, and seem apart from all earthly 関心," some one explained.
But the 残り／休憩（する） of the party was 十分な of life. 選び出す／独身 ダンサーs 後継するd each other upon the 床に打ち倒す—いつかs a statuesque woman, wrapped in long 衣料品s, subtly, rhythmically 主要な the gongs with her flexing wrists and ankles—いつかs a 青年, 劇的な dancing a story—いつかs a merry old man, proudly 証明するing the 削減する of his 神経s by balancing a cup of water upon his 長，率いる while his 団体／死体 capered to the music. And the audience—men, women and little children—in its wild picturesqueness, its constant 動議, its vivid 利益／興味 and 賞賛, made a marvellous background to the picture.
But soon the 長，率いる man 再現するd—and there was urgence in his manner—to ask that I come away for a talk. Then they led me into one of their houses—into a room scrupulously clean, whose furniture consisted in the main of large cushions covered with brilliant cloths. They brought a stool and 始める，決める a （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する before it and laid the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する with coffee and cakes for my refreshment. Then one by one the men, all gay in their bridal best, but with 直面するs as 厳しい as death, （機の）カム and stood before the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する and spoke. The first said this:
"You tell us you have come from the American people to ask the Moros their mind. That is why we of this village are glad. Tell the people in America that if this Independence comes all the Moros will die in 戦う／戦い. The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs has been Father and Mother to us and if you go, then that is the end of everything. We of this village will be killed off to the last one before we will 服従させる／提出する to the Filipinos.
"I used to be with General Pershing. We were happy then. There were fights いつかs. But there was 司法（官）. And there was liberty. Now our people are often hungry 同様に as angry and sad. We can hardly earn any money now. We are 税金d till our 長，率いるs ache to understand—for what is said in the morning is unsaid in the afternoon—and the end, for us, is always 罰s and 廃虚 and shame. And there is no work at all, except in the few places where some American has work to give. No Filipino will give 雇用 to us. They shut us out wherever they can."
The other men amplified the 声明 of the first. And when they had done, the little bride and all her women （機の）カム suddenly gliding in to 掴む and 圧力（をかける） my 手渡す—again and again—with 粘着するing fingers that spoke for their silent lips.
Those 粘着するing fingers of women! Many a time was I to feel them, and always with the same meaning—"Tell America!"
Once it （機の）カム in the house of a 広大な／多数の／重要な datu, far from this wedding village. The datu had been talking. In the end he said: "I have sent letters and 嘆願（書）s to the 知事-General and to Washington until it is a weariness to think of them. I have spoken my mind so often that I am tired and sick at heart. There is no use in その上の speaking and 嘆願（書）ing. No fruit comes—no help. But that General 支持を得ようと努めるd is still there, and that he asks for patience and peace, long ago I would have made an end. Is Allah dead?"
His sombre 発言する／表明する dropped—stopped. And then （機の）カム his pretty young wife, 持つ／拘留するing her little girl-child upon her hip. And her soft, long, 粘着するing fingers 掴むd and 圧力（をかける）d and would not 解放（する） my 手渡す, as she stood gazing up at me in silence, with piteous 涙／ほころび-filled 注目する，もくろむs.
Yet a third time it happened in one of the largest towns—in the last ４半期/4分の1-hour of a visit that had won the people's 信用／信任. Now, at the end, the 長，率いる man was speaking—summing up. It was in the town square. Old cocoanut trees —carven prows of vintas on the beach—a girl sitting on a bullock laden with earthen マリファナs—splendid 人物／姿／数字s of men in 有望な silken draperies. The 長，率いる man stood on some elevated thing; behind him, の近くに, his 即座の retainers; below and around, his people by hundreds. He spoke as all speak, without a 疑惑 of oratory or of self-consciousness, deliberately, with simple, 確かな words, born of 設立するd thought and inward dignity. And the 直面するs of his people caught and flashed 支援する the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 of his speech as a burnished sword flashes 支援する the rays of the sun.
近づく him, 井戸／弁護士席 within ear-発射, a Filipino Constabulary officer hovered behind the （人が）群がる. I stood it till I could stand it no longer. Then I sent a message to interrupt the old man, pointing out this other auditor.
The 長，指導者 returned thanks. "I knew it," he said, "but my life is already 没収される. And the one thing they cannot take from me is my 力／強力にする to speak the truth. Tell America!"
And there again, as I turned to go, （機の）カム the tendril-like clutch of fingers that clung and 圧力（をかける）d hard, 粘着するing, 粘着するing, as if by 粘着するing to 取って代わる words. This time it was an old woman, the wife of the 長，率いる man, her heart in her 直面する. Her lips were struggling to make some word. At last it took 形態／調整, in a whisper 激しい with pleading.
"America!" and then, "Poor Moros! Poor Moros!"
The 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会, 代表するing the 責任／義務 of the American people as to their Insular holdings, 教えるs itself through a 上院 委員会 on 領土s and Insular 所有／入手s and a House 委員会 on Insular 事件／事情／状勢s.
Before these 委員会s, during the 開会／開廷／会期 of 1923-4, appeared Mr. Manuel Roxas, （衆議院の）議長 of the 衆議院 of the Philippine Islands, to give （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） and to 現在の a request—a request for 即座の Independence. Incidentally, as in fairness must be 追加するd, it is 申し立てられた／疑わしい that if, toward the end, Mr. Roxas flagged in his urgences, his gait was mended by the 刺激（する） of American beet sugar 支持する／優勝者s, 個人として but はっきりと 治めるd.
Mr. Roxas's 声明s, considering to whom they were 演説（する）／住所d, were amazingly disrespectful. For they 残り／休憩（する）d on his 仮定／引き受けること of his hearers' 完全にする ignorance of the facts—an ignorance that he felt himself at liberty grossly to 乱用.
Fully to support this 声明 from the text of the 報告（する）／憶測s would be burdensome to these pages. I therefore 限定する myself to a 見本／標本 instance or two as relating to Moros.
In the 審理，公聴会 of February 17, 1924, Mr. Roxas said:
...From 1913 to 1921, when we really enjoyed practical 自治 in the Philippine Islands under the 行政 of 知事 Harrison during whose years we were in actual 支配（する）／統制する, running the 事件／事情／状勢s of our country, 含むing Mindanao, and when the 公式の／役人s of the 政府 there were Filipinos, there was not a 選び出す／独身 殺人，大当り in that 地域 for seven years.
The 公式の／役人 記録，記録的な／記録する shows during the period について言及するd by Mr. Roxas—1913-1921—one hundred and fifty-four Constabulary 約束／交戦s fought "in that 地域." The total 殺人，大当りs of Moros by Constabulary 記録，記録的な／記録するd in these one hundred and fifty-four 約束／交戦s is four hundred and ninety-nine. As a rather preposterously low 最小限, this 人物／姿／数字 will not be questioned by any person conversant with 地元の 事件／事情／状勢s. What is done in far places need seldom cumber the 調書をとる／予約するs. The dumb earth drinks the 血.
In the House 委員会's 審理，公聴会 of March 6, 1924, Mr. Roxas said:
With 言及／関連 to the 主張 made by the 長官 of War that the Moros are …に反対するd to Independence, we beg to 異なる with him. If there is any such 対立, it comes from those few who, as a result of the 組織するd activities of American enemies of Independence in getting the Moros to 表明する themselves as …に反対するd to Independence, 給料を受けている スパイ／執行官s 存在 雇うd for this 目的, have been 説得するd ...to 表明する 対立.
This 告訴，告発, ever since the Big Caciques' 宣言 of war upon General 支持を得ようと努めるd, has frequently appeared in the Manila 圧力（をかける）. It is the 逆転する of true. As to the few Americans now left in the south, their 政策 has been, and is, to 持続する a 完全にする aloofness from native political 事件／事情／状勢s. As to the one man upon whom the caciques' 疑惑s turned —Alvarez:—At any moment during the past several years Al-varez could have 解放（する）d a 反乱 that, guns or no guns, would have sent a 群れている of Filipino officialdom to its long reckoning. They have been treading on ice far thinner than they knew—and they have 現実に 借りがあるd their daily 賃貸し（する） of life to the sleepless watch of the two men—General 支持を得ようと努めるd in distant Manila, and Alvarez （軍の）野営地，陣営ing on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す—the two men whom they never 中止するd to 陰謀（を企てる） against and 乱用.
Mr. Roxas proceeds:
It is even 報告（する）／憶測d that Hadji Gulamu1 Razul...has been 申し込む／申し出d a 賄賂 of $3,000 if he would 表明する himself 公然と as …に反対するd to Independence. These are the findings of a 委員会 任命するd by the 立法機関 to 調査／捜査する the 最近の 騒動s in Mindanao.
1 Moro member of the Independence （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 to Washington.
Now, first of all, Hadji Gulamu—poor, vain, spoiled little 犠牲者 of somebody's ruinous 親切—would bring no price at all except in the opposite （軍の）野営地，陣営, where he may appear to have got it; and next, while cacique 法律を制定する 委員会s 追求するd Moro 調査s at a 安全な and respectful distance, I myself happened to be in the Moro country. Happened to be 現在の in several parts of that country when young Hadji Gulamu, Filipinized Moro, drew nigh on an errand.
He （機の）カム from Manila. His errand, if the word of any Moro or any number of Moros be 受託するd as 証拠, was to 申し込む／申し出 large rewards to Moros of 影響（力） if they would 宣言する for Independence. Political preferment. 税金 控除 for twenty years. 税金 控除 in perpetuity. Houses in Manila. Trips to Washington—to 証言する. Cash 負かす／撃墜する, 約束d in 無謀な 人物／姿／数字s—if 約束s meant cash. And all 誓約（する）d, it was repeated, in the 指名する of Mr. Quezon. Also, Hadji Gulamu was said to be 申し込む／申し出ing to the ありふれた people, in Jolo and in other parts, ingenious 推論する／理由s why they should 追加する their 指名するs and thumb-示すs to innocent sheets of paper that he carried about in his pocket. Or even to 令状 them in his little memorandum 調書をとる／予約する.
Of all these things I heard—and I also saw their 影響.
"Hadji Gulamu, indeed!" exclaimed one doughty old lady of 階級. "Let him dare show his 直面する in my country on his dirty errand and my people will splash his 団体／死体 off the ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる."
"That little beast Hadji Gulamu has こそこそ動くd into my 領土," growled a young datu, coming in haste to take leave; "a messenger brings word he is telling my people he has my 当局 for his lies. I must hurry along home to throw him out."
And so on, everywhere. Hadji Gulamu did not, perhaps, return 完全に empty-手渡すd to whoever may have sent him. But his actual gleanings can have been of but little 価値（がある）.
Said Mr. Roxas, continuing to 教える our Congressmen:
Associated 圧力（をかける） 派遣（する）s from Manila have been published in the 圧力（をかける） of this country to the 影響 that a 代表 of Moros had travelled from Mindanao to Manila to 表明する to the 知事-General their 対立 to Independence...This 代表 of Moros was brought to Manila from Mindanao by 陸軍大佐 George T. Langhorne, one of the 軍の 助言者s of 知事 支持を得ようと努めるd, and it is not necessary for us to say here that 圧力 was probably brought to 耐える upon these Moros to 表明する themselves thus before the 知事-General. Certainly this is not 代表者／国会議員 of the true 感情 の中で the Moros.
Again I am able to speak from personal knowledge. I saw and talked with that 代表 some hours before it reached 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd. I know that 陸軍大佐 Langhorne had nothing whatever to do with its coming. I know that the members of that 代表 made the 旅行 on their own 率先, at the expense of their individual pockets, and because their minds were as fully obsessed with their 使節団 as the mind of Joan of Arc was obsessed with the 原因（となる） of フラン.
I know, also, that during their 簡潔な／要約する stay in Manila they were beset, and vainly beset, day and night, with every sort of 賄賂 and flattery and worriment to induce them to forswear their people's 原因（となる）.
Later on, in their own country, they gave me a copy of the 嘆願（書） they brought. They had 草案d it in 会議 with the other 長，指導者s of their peoples. And Alvarez had 始める，決める it into English, from the Arabic, with scrupulous exactitude. Probably not another man within their reach could or would have done them that service. The 署名s on the paper carry final 負わせる as to 当局, for they 代表する the dictum of the several Moro peoples.
Many 類似の papers have been written before, by Moros in 会議, and 演説（する）／住所d and 派遣（する）d to the 知事-General and to 議会. How far they got on their way, or by whom they were sidetracked and stopped, 非，不，無 試みる／企てるs to say. But this one at least, if it may 勝利，勝つ a reading here, shall reach the 注目する，もくろむs of America. It follows: 2
2 This 文書 was …を伴ってd by a letter to 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd —a copy of which I also 得るd from its writers. See 虫垂 II.
A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND PURPOSES ADDRESSED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
WHEREAS, a group of 政治家，政治屋s, 主要な blindly 確かな elements of the 全住民 who have a 約束 and culture 異なるing from our own, 同様に as 広範囲にわたって different political aspirations, have raised a clamour and 激しい抗議 against the 延長／続編 of American 主権，独立 in the Philippine Islands, その為に 危険にさらすing our hope of 繁栄, liberty and 経済的な 安全, through the 可能性 that the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America might inopportunely 身を引く its 主権，独立 from these Islands, permitting その為に to be created an 独立した・無所属 政府 under which the Mohammedan or Moro Nation would be destroyed or placed under a galling yoke, we, the に引き続いて 代表者／国会議員s of the Moro Nation, do, in the 指名する of the same Creator, worshipped by Christian and Mohammedan alike, 始める，決める 前へ／外へ the に引き続いて solemn 宣言 of our 権利s, 原則s and 意向s, for which we 誓約（する） our lives and fortunes:
ASSUMING that in the course of time the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America will 認める 完全にする independence, or a larger 手段 of 自治 to the Philippine Islands, and 予定 to the fact that the insecurity of political 任期 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and the 脅し of political 支配 of our people by the Christian Filipino 大多数 in the Islands of Luzon and the Visayas is 持つ／拘留するing 支援する the 経済的な 開発 of our country, and 原因（となる）ing no little 不安 and unhappiness to our people, we hereby 服従させる／提出する the に引き続いて suggestion for the 解答 of our 現在の difficulties to the consideration of the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America.
FIRST:—We are not 捜し出すing 一時的な or palliative 対策. We ask for a 解答 which will be 永久の and 継続している in its 影響s. Therefore, we 提案する that the Islands of Mindanao and Sulu, and the Island of Palawan be made an unorganized 領土 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America.
In order that we may be fair to the Filipinos and in order that they may not raise an 激しい抗議 to the 影響 that we wish to dismember the Philippine Islands, we 提案する that fifty (50) years after independence may have been 認めるd the 残り／休憩（する） of the Philippine Islands, a plebiscite be held in the 提案するd unorganized 領土 to decide by 投票（する） whether the 提案するd 領土 will be 会社にする／組み込むd in the 政府 of the Islands of Luzon and Visayas, remain a 領土, or become 独立した・無所属.
This would 適用する the 原則s of 司法（官） and 公正，普通株主権 to all elements of the 全住民 and 暗示する a 政府 through the 同意 of the 治める／統治するd.
SECOND:—That a simple form of 政府 be designed for the new 領土., taking into consideration that through 欠如（する） of education in English or Spanish our people cannot hope to 演習 選挙権／賛成 for at least two 世代s, and with the に引き続いて 反対するs in 見解（をとる）:—
(1) 司法（官） and 公正，普通株主権 for Christian, Mohammedan, pagan and foreigner alike. ーするために 達成する this we must have Americans in high places to 行為／法令／行動する as 審判（をする）s between our 部族の and 宗教的な 境界設定s.
(2) No 支配 of one element over another.
(3) Freedom of speech and 宗教.
(4) Every 適切な時期 for American 資本／首都 to develop the natural 資源s of our country, その為に affording our people the 適切な時期 to 進歩 in the arts and sciences and in 農業, 同様に as to use the lessons of the school room after leaving school. At 現在の there is no 出口 for the talents and energies of our 青年s 借りがあるing to the 経済的な prostration of our country.
(5) That the school system be 改革（する）d under American teachers and made suitable to the needs and prejudices of the Mohammedan 全住民.
(6) That we do not 投票（する） in 選挙s for 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, for the 推論する／理由 that we do not wish to do さもなければ than 信用 to the mercy and 司法（官） of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.
WHEREAS:—We enjoy 非，不，無 of the above 利益s in their fullest 手段, and
WHEREAS:—We do not even enjoy the 権利 of 嘆願（書） and 是正する of wrongs which the 憲法 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs insures to its 国民s, 借りがあるing to the fact that we have 演説（する）／住所d 嘆願（書）s without number to the 知事-General of the Philippine Islands asking for the amelioration of our 条件, and that even when he has been 性質の／したい気がして to 認める our 願望（する）s he has 設立する himself helpless to 援助（する） us 借りがあるing to the 準備／条項s of the 有機の 行為／法令／行動する known as the Jones 法律:—
THEREFORE, WE, in 代表 of nearly half a million Mohammedan 居住（者）s of Mindanao and Sulu, do solemnly 断言する and DECLARE:—
3 THAT WE ARE LOYAL UNTO DEATH TO THE UNITED STATES.
THAT IN PROOF OF THIS LOYALTY WE HAVE PLEDGED OURSELVES BY THE MOST SOLEMN OATH KNOWN TO MOHAMMEDANS TO DIE RATHER THAN SUBMIT TO DOMINATION BY CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS FROM THE NORTH, AND IF NECESSARY TO DIE IN ORDER THAT THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS WHICH HERETOFORE HAS LENT A DEAF EAR TO OUR PETITIONS MAY NOW HEAR US.
THAT IN THE EVENT THAT THE UNITED STATES GRANTS INDEPENDENCE TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS WITHOUT PROVISION FOR OUR RETENTION UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG, IT IS OUR FIRM INTENTION AND RESOLVE TO DECLARE OURSELVES AN INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTIONAL SULTANATE TO BE KNOWN TO THE WORLD AS THE MORO NATION. IT IS THE DUTY OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES TO MAKE PROVISION AT ONCE FOR THE SECURITY AND PROTECTION PROMISED TO US WHEN WE SURRENDERED OUR ARMS TO THE UNITED STATES ARMY. THIS PROMISE IS JUST AS SACRED AS ANY ALLEGED PROMISES YOU MAY HAVE MADE TO THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS. YOU HAVE LEFT US DEFENCELESS AND IT IS YOUR DUTY TO PROTECT US OR RETURN TO US THE WEAPONS YOU TOOK FROM US AND WHICH WE FREELY GAVE YOU, RELYING ON YOUR PROMISES.
THAT WHILE IT IS NOT OUR DESIRE TO DO SO, BY DISREGARDING OUR RIGHTS AND WISHES WHILE AT THE SAME TIME CONCEDING POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FAVORS TO THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS, FAVORS WHICH ARE IN TURN USED AGAINST US, YOU ARE FORCING US SURELY AND STEADILY TO RECOURSE TO DESPERATE AND BLOODY MEASURES WHICH ARE ABHORRENT TO US, IN VIEW OF OUR LOYALTY TO THE AMERICAN FLAG, OUR GOVERNOR-GENERAL, AND OUR GRATITUDE TO THE UNITED STATES FOR THE LIBERTY AND SECURITY OF LIFE WHICH WE ENJOYED UNTIL YOU DELEGATED YOUR POWER AND AUTHORITY TO THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS.
3 The capitalization is that of the 初めの 文書,
WE COMPLAIN THAT WE HAVE NOT ONE REPRESENTATIVE IN THE PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE ELECTED BY DIRECT VOTE OF THE PEOPLE. OUR MEAGRE REPRESENTATION IS THROUGH REPRESENTATIVES APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL 世界保健機構 MUST HAVE THE APPROVAL OF A SENATE CONTROLLED BY FILIPINOS. HENCE SUCH REPRESENTATION IS A FARCE.
WE COMPLAIN THAT THE PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE APPROPRIATES ONE MILLION PESOS PER ANNUM FOR PRO-INDEPENDENCE PROPAGANDA, THEREBY FORCING US TO CONTRIBUTE THROUGH TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION TO THE EFFORTS OF CERTAIN CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS TO SEVER THE BONDS BETWEEN US AND THE UNITED STATES, ALL OF WHICH IS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH OUR WISHES.
WE COMPLAIN THAT WHEN OUR PEOPLE, INCLUDING WOMEN AND CHILDREN, HAVE BEEN SHOT DOWN BY THE CONSTABULARY, OR OTHERWISE MALTREATED, INVESTIGATIONS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED IN SUCH A MANNER AS TO GLOSS OVER THE TRUTH.
WE COMPLAIN THAT IN SPITE OF THE LARGE VOLUME OF EVIDENCE OF MISGOVERNMENT OF OUR PEOPLE PRESENTED TO THE WOOD-FORBES COMMISSION, AND SUBSEQUENTLY TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL NOTHING WHATEVER HAS BEEN DONE TO ASSURE OUR PEOPLE THAT REFORMS MEETING WITH OUR APPROVAL WOULD BE UNDERTAKEN, FOR THE REASON THAT THE POWER TO INSTITUTE REFORMS LIES IN YOURSELVES AND NOT IN THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL, THE HANDS OF THE LATTER BEING TIED BY THE PROVISIONS OF THE JONES LAW.
WE COMPLAIN THAT PETITIONS ARE BEING CIRCULATED WHICH OUR PEOPLE BY MEANS OF PRESSURE FROM OFFICIAL SOURCES ARE OBLIGED TO SIGN. THESE PETITIONS ARE FOR THE PURPOSE OF LEADING THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO BELIEVE THAT WE ARE DISLOYAL TO THE UNITED STATES AND TO OUR GOVERNOR-GENERAL, WHEN SUCH IS NOT THE CASE. EVEN PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS AND OTHER HIGH OFFICIALS PROSTITUTE THEIR OFFICES FOR THIS
PURPOSE. THEREFORE WE ARE FORCED TO TAKE CONCERTED AND VIOLENT ACTION IN ORDER TO AVOID BEING MISREPRESENTED. EVEN AMERICANS 世界保健機構 SYMPATHIZE WITH OUR ASPIRATIONS AND LOYALTY TO THE UNITED STATES ARE FORCED TO DISCUSS THE SITUATION IN WHISPERS, IF THEY DARE DISCUSS IT AT ALL, FOR FEAR OF REPRISALS. SURELY THIS IS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH IDEALS OF AMERICAN JUSTICE AND FAIR PLAY.
WE COMPLAIN THAT THE EFFORT IS BEING MADE TO SUBMERGE OUR CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE THROUGH THE ASSIMILATION OF OUR PEOPLE BY THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS. AS A MEANS TO THIS END COLONIES OF CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS FINANCED BY THE GOVERNMENT ARE BEING INJECTED INTO OUR MIDST, TO LATER CAUSE SUCH COMPLICATIONS AS HAVE CAUSED UNTOLD MISERY IN THE BALKAN STATES AND EUROPEAN TURKEY,4 AND WHICH CONSTITUTE A PROBLEM TO-DAY WHICH AGAIN THREATENS THE PEACE OF THE WORLD.
HAD WE THE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT AND TAXATION IN OUR HANDS, AS HAVE THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS, WE COULD ALSO SEND MISSIONS TO WASHINGTON TO PRESENT OUR SIDE OF THE QUESTION, BUT HAVING NEITHER, WE CAN ONLY OFFER OUR LIVES IN ORDER THAT YOU MAY UNDERSTAND AND ACT ACCORDINGLY.
THEREFORE, WE HEREBY SOLEMNLY AND RESPECTFULLY PETITION THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES FOR REDRESS AND AMELIORATION OF OUR PRESENT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SITUATION, AND ASK YOU, IN THE NAME OF YOUR GOD, AND OUR GOD, 世界保健機構 IS ONE AND THE SAME, THAT YOU PROMPTLY GRANT US OUR REQUEST, IN ORDER THAT THIS, THE LAND OF OUR FOREFATHERS, MAY NOT BE AGAIN DRENCHED IN THE BLOOD OF MOHAMMEDANS AND CHRISTIANS 世界保健機構 SHOULD BE DWELLING TOGETHER IN PEACE AND AMITY IN THE SHELTER OF THE AMERICAN FLAG.
4 Moros returning from 巡礼の旅s to メッカ or from visits to Borneo, bring in a 公正に／かなり 安定した stream of （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） as to 事件／事情／状勢s in the other East.
Since my return to America word has reached me of the sudden death of Alvarez.
His last letter 含む／封じ込めるd this passage:
What 力／強力にする General 支持を得ようと努めるd has—and it is not one-tenth of what it should be—cannot be used to 援助（する） this unhappy country without a 嵐／襲撃する of 抗議する 存在 raised and much dust thrown in the 注目する，もくろむs of America. No 力／強力にする but the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会 can now save a people standing on the threshold of extermination. I have done what I could and somehow I feel that my end is 近づく. My hope now is that you—remembering what you have seen here—will tell America.
So the Moros, to-day, are leaderless—friendless—children beset by 落し穴s—追跡（する）d and betrayed, with no man to save them from the cunning of their mortal enemy.
As for Alvarez—for his memory I bespeak whatever 感謝, whatever 尊敬（する）・点, a man may earn by choosing a doomed life and dying a 殉教者's death for the honour of his country —for America.
It is いつかs 示唆するd by persons profoundly unfamiliar with the 支配する that the question of our presence in the Philippines be 決定するd by a plebiscite of the people.
As to the Mohammedan 全住民 of the Islands, the 構成要素 すぐに foregoing is 申し込む／申し出d to 示す what the result of such a plebiscite would be.
As to the "wild tribes" of the Luzon mountains, their 見解（をとる）, also, has been given here. As to the 原始の pagans of forest and fastness throughout the 群島, the question answers itself.
As to the 広大な／多数の／重要な 数値／数字による 大多数 in the Islands—the Christian Filipino tao:
As easily and as intelligently could you take a plebiscite of all the fowls of the 空気／公表する as to whether they would 宣言する for a gunner's perpetual open season. Were you to enquire of the taos whether they would like a 事例／患者 of 肺炎, nine-tenths of them would 熱望して answer "yes," and ask when and where they might come to fetch the 一括. A friend of 地雷 who has done his best to help the taos of his neighbourhood to make and to save a little cash, and who その為に has become their general スパイ／執行官 and counsel, was recently approached by his richest protégé thus:
"Sir, will you please buy me a 'pendencia next time you go to town?"
Now "'pendencia" is the form that the caciques' watchword "Independencia" (independence) takes on the tao's tongue. «
"Buy you a 'pendencia, Manuel? What for?"
"Oh," answered the tao, comfortably, "I hear people talking about them. I have money now. I like to buy new things and be in fashion."
"Then you want me and other Americans to leave the Islands?"
" 'Sus-Maria-Jose! No, Sir! But what could that have to do with it?"
As to a plebiscite, finally, of that smallest 少数，小数派, the cacique, such a 投票（する） would produce an answer as of one man: "Give us 即座の Independence. Sweep every American out of here. 始める，決める us 解放する／自由な to open the バーレル／樽—to get at these cattle."
The Philippine 立法機関, with one or two ごくわずかの exceptions, is wholly cacique—wholly mestizo—half-caste Chinese or half-caste Spanish. And rarely in that mental make-up can be 設立する the slightest conception of public office as anything more than a chance at 私的な 伸び（る）.
For this the mestizo is not to 非難する. He is the 必然的な human 製品 of his 血, his 環境, his history, and, not least, of his 最近の indigestible overdose of 外国人 and superficial education.
Should America, having so 速く and so painfully stuffed him, now do him a その上の 不正? Should she for his colic 激しい抗議s turn him loose with deadly 武器s in his 手渡す upon the helpless millions of the people?
During the newspaper serialization of this 容積／容量 事前の to the 調書をとる／予約する 出版（物）, I have several times been asked to 明言する／公表する my personal opinion as to the course that America should 追求する toward the Philippine Islands. To this request I reply by re-明言する／公表するing the 調書をとる／予約する's 目的^ which is 簡単に to 現在の 正確な 構成要素 for the 形式 of opinion, not to 影響（力） judgment. I may, however, in の近くにing my 仕事, again draw attention to the fact that the 推薦s of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, 時代遅れの October 8, 1921, have never yet been 行為／法令／行動するd upon by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会. Neither, perhaps, has the 広大な／多数の／重要な and illuminating 集まり of 展示（する）s submitted in support thereof been 診察するd by 議会. The 推薦s of the 支持を得ようと努めるd-Forbes （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 are as follows:
1. We recommend that the 現在の general status of the Philippine Islands continue until the people have had time to 吸収する and 完全に master the 力／強力にするs already in their 手渡すs.
2. We recommend that the responsible 代表者／国会議員 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, the 知事-General, have 当局 相応した with the 責任／義務s of his position. In 事例／患者 of 失敗 to 安全な・保証する the necessary corrective 活動／戦闘 by the Philippine 立法機関, we recommend that 議会 宣言する 無効の 法律制定 which has been 制定するd 減らすing, 限界ing, or dividing the 当局 認めるd the 知事-General under 行為／法令／行動する of 議会 No. 240 of the Sixty-fourth 議会, known as the Jones 法案.
3. We recommend that in 事例／患者 of a 行き詰まる between the 知事-General and the Philippine 上院 in the 確定／確認 of 任命s the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs be 権限を与えるd to make and （判決などを）下す the final 決定／判定勝ち（する）.
4. We recommend that under no circumstances should the American 政府 許す to be 設立するd in the Philippine Islands a 状況／情勢 which would leave the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in a position of 責任／義務 without 当局.
If the facts 記録，記録的な／記録するd in this 調書をとる／予約する to some degree 容易にする a 決定／判定勝ち（する）, プロの／賛成の or 反対／詐欺, upon the 有効性，効力 of these 推薦s, the 旅行 of a volunteer American to the 小島s of 恐れる will have served its 目的.
[Public—No. 240—64th 議会.]
[S. 381.]
An 行為／法令／行動する To 宣言する the 目的 of the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs
as to the 未来 political status of the people of the Philippine
Islands, and to 供給する a more 自治権のある 政府 for those
islands.
反して it was never the 意向 of the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in the incipiency of the War with Spain to make it a war of conquest or for 領土の aggrandizement; and
反して it is, as it has always been, the 目的 of the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to 身を引く their 主権，独立 over the Philippine Islands and to 認める their independence as soon as a stable 政府 can be 設立するd therein; and
反して for the 迅速な 業績／成就 of such 目的 it is 望ましい to place in the 手渡すs of the people of the Philippines as large a 支配（する）／統制する of their 国内の 事件／事情／状勢s as can be given them without, in the 合間, impairing the 演習 of the 権利s of 主権，独立 by the people of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, in order that, by the use and 演習 of popular franchise and 政治の 力／強力にするs, they may be the better 用意が出来ている to fully assume the 責任／義務s and enjoy all the 特権s of 完全にする independence: Therefore Be it 制定するd by the 上院 and House of 代表者／国会議員s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America in 議会 組み立てる／集結するd, That the 準備／条項s of this 行為／法令／行動する and the 指名する "The Philippines" as used in this 行為／法令／行動する shall 適用する to and 含む the Philippine Islands ceded to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 政府 by the 条約 of peace 結論するd between the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and Spain on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, the 境界s of which are 始める，決める 前へ／外へ in Article III of said 条約, together with those islands embraced in the 条約 between Spain and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 結論するd at Washington on the seventh day of November, nineteen hundred.
SEC. 2. That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands who were Spanish 支配するs on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in said islands, and their children born その後の thereto, shall be みなすd and held to be 国民s of the Philippine Islands, except such as shall have elected to 保存する their 忠誠 to the 栄冠を与える of Spain in 一致 with the 準備／条項s of the 条約 of peace between the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and Spain, 調印するd at Paris December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and except such others as have since become 国民s of some other country: 供給するd, That the Philippine 立法機関, herein 供給するd for, is hereby 権限を与えるd to 供給する by 法律 for the 取得／買収 of Philippine 市民権 by those natives of the Philippine Islands who do not come within the foregoing 準備／条項s, the natives of the insular 所有／入手s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and such other persons residing in the Philippine Islands who are 国民s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, or who could become 国民s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs under the 法律s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs if residing therein.
SEC. 3. That no 法律 shall be 制定するd in said islands which shall 奪う any person of life, liberty, or 所有物／資産／財産 without 予定 過程 of 法律, or 否定する to any person therein the equal 保護 of the 法律s. 私的な 所有物／資産／財産 shall not be taken for public use without just 補償（金）.
That in all 犯罪の 起訴s the （刑事）被告 shall enjoy the 権利 to be heard by himself and counsel, to 需要・要求する the nature and 原因（となる） of the 告訴，告発 against him, to have a 迅速な and public 裁判，公判, to 会合，会う the 証言，証人／目撃するs 直面する to 直面する, and to have compulsory 過程 to 強要する the 出席 of 証言，証人／目撃するs in his に代わって.
That no person shall be held to answer for a 犯罪の offence without 予定 過程 of 法律; and no person for the same offence shall be twice put in jeopardy of 罰, nor shall be compelled in any 犯罪の 事例／患者 to be a 証言，証人／目撃する against himself.
That all persons shall before 有罪の判決 be bailable by 十分な sureties, except for 資本／首都 offences.
That no 法律 impairing the 義務 of 契約s shall be 制定するd.
That no person shall be 拘留するd for 負債.
That the 特権 of the 令状 of 人身保護（令状） shall not be 一時停止するd, unless when in 事例／患者s of 反乱, insurrection, or 侵略 the public safety may 要求する it, in either of which events the same may be 一時停止するd by the 大統領, or by the 知事-General, wherever during such period the necessity for such 中断 shall 存在する.
That no ex 地位，任命する facto 法律 or 法案 of attainder shall be 制定するd nor shall the 法律 of primogeniture ever be in 軍隊 in the Philippines.
That no 法律 認めるing a 肩書を与える of nobility shall be 制定するd, and no person 持つ／拘留するing any office of 利益（をあげる） or 信用 in said islands shall, without the 同意 of the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, 受託する any 現在の, emolument, office, or 肩書を与える of any 肉親，親類d whatever from any king, queen, prince, or foreign 明言する／公表する.
That 過度の 保釈（金） shall not be 要求するd, nor 過度の 罰金s 課すd, nor cruel and unusual 罰 （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd.
That the 権利 to be 安全な・保証する against 不当な searches and seizures shall not be 侵害する／違反するd.
That slavery shall not 存在する in said islands; nor shall involuntary servitude 存在する therein except as a 罰 for 罪，犯罪 whereof the party shall have been duly 罪人／有罪を宣告するd.
That no 法律 shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the 圧力（をかける）, or the 権利 of the people peaceably to 組み立てる／集結する and 嘆願（書） the 政府 for 是正する of grievances.
That no 法律 shall be made 尊敬（する）・点ing an 設立 of 宗教 or 禁じるing the 解放する／自由な 演習 thereof, and that the 解放する／自由な 演習 and enjoyment of 宗教的な profession and worship, without 差別 or preference, shall forever be 許すd; and no 宗教的な 実験（する） shall be 要求するd for the 演習 of civil or political 権利s. No public money or 所有物／資産／財産 shall ever be appropriated, 適用するd, 寄付するd, or used, 直接／まっすぐに or 間接に, for the use, 利益, or support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian 会・原則, or system of 宗教, or for the use, 利益, or support of any priest, preacher, 大臣, or other 宗教的な teacher or 高官 as such. 契約ing of polygamous or plural marriages hereafter is 禁じるd. That no 法律 shall be construed to 許す polygamous or plural marriages.
That no money shall be paid out of the 財務省 except in pursuance of an （資金の）充当／歳出 by 法律.
That the 支配する of 課税 in said islands shall be uniform.
That no 法案 which may be 制定するd into 法律 shall embrace more than one 支配する, and that 支配する shall be 表明するd in the 肩書を与える of the 法案.
That no 令状 shall 問題／発行する but upon probable 原因（となる）, supported by 誓い or affirmation, and 特に 述べるing the place to be searched and the person or things to be 掴むd.
That all money collected on any 税金 徴収するd or 査定する／（税金などを）課すd for a special 目的 shall be 扱う／治療するd as a special 基金 in the 財務省 and paid out for such 目的 only.
SEC. 4. That all expenses that may be incurred on account of the 政府 of the Philippines for salaries of 公式の／役人s and the 行為／行う of their offices and departments, and all expenses and 義務s 契約d for the 内部の 改良 or 開発 of the islands, not, however, 含むing defences, 兵舎, and other 作品 undertaken by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, shall, except as さもなければ 特に 供給するd by the 議会, be paid by the 政府 of the Philippines.
SEC. 5. That the statutory 法律s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs hereafter 制定するd shall not 適用する to the Philippine Islands, except when they 特に so 供給する, or it is so 供給するd in this 行為／法令／行動する.
SEC. 6. That the 法律s now in 軍隊 in the Philippines shall continue in 軍隊 and 影響, except as altered, 修正するd, or 修正するd herein, until altered, 修正するd, or 廃止するd by the 法律を制定する 当局 herein 供給するd or by 行為／法令／行動する of 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.
SEC. 7. That the 法律を制定する 当局 herein 供給するd shall have 力／強力にする, when not inconsistent with this 行為／法令／行動する, by 予定 （法の）制定 to 修正する, alter, 修正する, or 廃止する any 法律, civil or 犯罪の, continued in 軍隊 by this 行為／法令／行動する as it may from time to time see fit.
This 力／強力にする shall 特に 延長する with the 制限 herein 供給するd as to the 関税 to all 法律s relating to 歳入 and 課税 in 影響 in the Philippines.
SEC. 8. That general 法律を制定する 力／強力にする, except as さもなければ herein 供給するd, is hereby 認めるd to the Philippine 立法機関, 権限を与えるd by this 行為／法令／行動する.
SEC. 9. That all the 所有物／資産／財産 and 権利s which may have been acquired in the Philippine Islands by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs under the 条約 of peace with Spain, 調印するd December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, except such land or other 所有物／資産／財産 as has been or shall be 指定するd by the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs for 軍の and other 保留（地）／予約s of the 政府 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and all lands which may have been subsequently acquired by the 政府 of the Philippine Islands by 購入（する） under the 準備／条項s of sections sixty-three and sixty-four of the 行為／法令／行動する of 議会 認可するd July first, nineteen hundred and two, except such as may have heretofore been sold and 性質の／したい気がして of in 一致 with the 準備／条項s of said 行為／法令／行動する of 議会, are hereby placed under the 支配（する）／統制する of the 政府 of said islands to be 治めるd or 性質の／したい気がして of for the 利益 of the inhabitants thereof, and the Philippine 立法機関 shall have 力／強力にする to 立法者 with 尊敬（する）・点 to all such 事柄s as it may みなす advisable; but 行為／法令／行動するs of the Philippine 立法機関 with 言及／関連 to land of the public domain, 木材／素質, and 採掘, hereafter 制定するd, shall not have the 軍隊 of 法律 until 認可するd by the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs: 供給するd, That upon the 是認 of such an 行為／法令／行動する by the 知事-General, it shall be by him forthwith transmitted to the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and he shall 認可する or disapprove the same within six months from and after its （法の）制定 and submission for his 是認, and if not disapproved within such time it shall become a 法律 the same as if it had been 特に 認可するd: 供給するd その上の, That where lands in the Philippine Islands have been or may be reserved for any public 目的 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and, 存在 no longer 要求するd for the 目的 for which reserved, have been or may be, by order of the 大統領, placed under the 支配（する）／統制する of the 政府 of said islands to be 治めるd for the 利益 of the inhabitants thereof, the order of the 大統領 shall be regarded as effectual to give the 政府 of said islands 十分な 支配（する）／統制する and 力／強力にする to 治める and 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of such lands for the 利益 of the inhabitants of said islands.
SEC. 10. That while this 行為／法令／行動する 供給するs that the Philippine 政府 shall have the 当局 to 制定する a 関税 法律 the 貿易（する） relations between the islands and the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs shall continue to be 治める／統治するd 排他的に by 法律s of the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs: 供給するd, That 関税 行為／法令／行動するs or 行為／法令／行動するs amendatory to the 関税 of the Philippine Islands shall not become 法律 until they shall receive the 是認 of the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, nor shall any 行為／法令／行動する of the Philippine 立法機関 影響する／感情ing 移民／移住 or the 通貨 or coinage 法律s of the Philippines become a 法律 until it has been 認可するd by the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs: 供給するd その上の, That the 大統領 shall 認可する or disapprove any 行為／法令／行動する について言及するd in the foregoing proviso within six months from and after its （法の）制定 and submission for his 是認, and if not disapproved within such time it shall become a 法律 the same as if it had been 特に 認可するd.
SEC. II. That no 輸出（する） 義務s shall be 徴収するd or collected on 輸出（する）s from the Philippine Islands, but 税金s and 査定／評価s on 所有物／資産／財産 and license 料金s for franchises, and 特権s, and 内部の 税金s, direct or indirect, may be 課すd for the 目的s of the Philippine 政府 and the 地方の and 地方自治体の 政府s thereof, それぞれ, as may be 供給するd and defined by 行為／法令／行動するs of the Philippine 立法機関, and, where necessary to 心配する 税金s and 歳入s, 社債s and other 義務s may be 問題／発行するd by the Philippine 政府 or any 地方の or 地方自治体の 政府 therein, as may be 供給するd by 法律 and to 保護する the public credit: 供給するd, however, That the entire indebtedness of the Philippine 政府 created by the 当局 conferred herein shall not 越える at any one time the sum of $15,000,000, 排除的 of those 義務s known as friar land 社債s, nor that of any 州 or municipality a sum in 超過 of seven per centum of the aggregate 税金 valuation of its 所有物／資産／財産 at any one time.
SEC. 12. That general 法律を制定する 力／強力にするs in the Philippines, except as herein さもなければ 供給するd, shall be vested in a 立法機関 which shall consist of two houses, one the 上院 and the other the house of 代表者／国会議員s, and the two houses shall be 指定するd "The Philippine 立法機関": 供給するd, That until the Philippine 立法機関 as herein 供給するd shall have been 組織するd the 存在するing Philippine 立法機関 shall have all 法律を制定する 当局 herein 認めるd to the 政府 of the Philippine Islands, except such as may now be within the 排除的 裁判権 of the Philippine （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, which is so continued until the organization of the 立法機関 herein 供給するd for the Philippines. When the Philippine 立法機関 shall have been 組織するd, the 排除的 法律を制定する 裁判権 and 当局 演習d by the Philippine （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 shall thereafter be 演習d by the Philippine 立法機関.
SEC. 13. That the members of the 上院 of the Philippines, except as herein 供給するd, shall be elected for 条件 of six and three years, as hereinafter 供給するd, by the qualified electors of the Philippines. Each of the senatorial 地区s defined as hereinafter 供給するd shall have the 権利 to elect two 上院議員s. No person shall be an elective member of the 上院 of the Philippines who is not a qualified elector and over thirty years of age, and who is not able to read and 令状 either the Spanish or English language, and who has not been a 居住（者） of the Philippines for at least two 連続した years and an actual 居住（者） of the senatorial 地区 from which chosen for a period of at least one year すぐに 事前の to his 選挙.
SEC. 14. That the members of the house of 代表者／国会議員s shall, except as herein 供給するd, be elected triennially by the qualified electors of the Philippines. Each of the 代表者／国会議員 地区s hereinafter 供給するd for shall have the 権利 to elect one 代表者／国会議員. No person shall be an elective member of the house of 代表者／国会議員s who is not a qualified elector and over twenty-five years of age, and who is not able to read and 令状 either the Spanish or English language, and who has not been an actual 居住（者） of the 地区 from which elected for at least one year すぐに 事前の to his 選挙: 供給するd, That the members of the 現在の 議会 elected on the first Tuesday in June, nineteen hundred and sixteen, shall be the members of the house of 代表者／国会議員s from their 各々の 地区s for the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 満了する／死ぬing in nineteen hundred and nineteen.
SEC. 15. That at the first 選挙 held pursuant to this 行為／法令／行動する, the qualified electors shall be those having the 資格s of 投票者s under the 現在の 法律; thereafter and until さもなければ 供給するd by the Philippine 立法機関 herein 供給するd for the 資格s of 投票者s for 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s in the Philippines and all officers elected by the people shall be as follows:
Every male person who is not a 国民 or 支配する of a foreign 力／強力にする twenty-one years of age or over (except insane and feebleminded persons and those 罪人／有罪を宣告するd in a 法廷，裁判所 of competent 裁判権 of an 悪名高い offence since the thirteenth day of August, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight), who shall have been a 居住（者） of the Philippines for one year and of the municipality in which he shall 申し込む／申し出 to 投票（する） for six months next 先行する the day of 投票（する）ing, and who is 構成するd within one of the に引き続いて classes:
(a) Those who under 存在するing 法律 are 合法的な 投票者s and have 演習d the 権利 of 選挙権／賛成.
(b) Those who own real 所有物／資産／財産 to the value of 500 pesos, or who 毎年 支払う／賃金 30 pesos or more of the 設立するd 税金s.
(c) Those who are able to read and 令状 either Spanish, English, or a native language.
SEC. 16. That the Philippine Islands shall be divided into twelve 上院 地区s, as follows:
First 地区: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, llocos Norte, and llocos Sur.
Second 地区: La Union, Pangasinan, and Zambales.
Third 地区: Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Bulacan.
Fourth 地区: Bataan, Rizal, Manila, and Laguna.
Fifth 地区: Batangas, Mindoro, Tayabas, and Cavité.
Sixth 地区: Sorsogon, Albay, and Ambos Camarines.
Seventh 地区: Iloilo and Capiz.
Eighth 地区: Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Antique and Palawan.
Ninth 地区: Leyte and Samar.
Tenth 地区: Cebu.
Eleventh 地区: Surigao, Misamis, and Bohol.
Twelfth 地区: The Mountain 州, Baguio, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Department of Mindanao and Sulu.
The 代表者／国会議員 地区s shall be the eighty-one now 供給するd by 法律, and three in the Mountain 州, one in Nueva Vizcaya, and five in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu.
The first 選挙 under the 準備／条項s of this 行為／法令／行動する shall be held on the first Tuesday of October, nineteen hundred and sixteen, unless the 知事-General in his discretion shall 直す／買収する，八百長をする another date not earlier than thirty nor later than sixty days after the passage of this 行為／法令／行動する: 供給するd, That the 知事-General's 布告／宣言 shall be published at least thirty days 事前の to the date 直す／買収する，八百長をするd for the 選挙, and there shall be chosen at such 選挙 one 上院議員 from each 上院 地区 for a 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of three years and one for six years. Thereafter one 上院議員 from each 地区 shall be elected from each 上院 地区 for a 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of six years: 供給するd, That the 知事-General of the Philippine Islands shall 任命する, without the 同意 of the 上院 and without 制限 as to 住居, 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s who will, in his opinion, best 代表する the 上院 地区 and those 代表者／国会議員 地区s which may be 含むd in the 領土 not now 代表するd in the Philippine 議会: 供給するd その上の, That thereafter 選挙s shall be held only on such days and under such 規則s as to 投票（する）s, 投票（する）ing, and 資格s of electors as may be 定める／命ずるd by the Philippine 立法機関, to which is hereby given 当局 to redistrict the Philippine Islands and 修正する, 修正する, or 廃止する any 準備／条項 of this section, except such as 言及する to appointive 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s.
SEC. 17. That the 条件 of office of elective 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s shall be six and three years, それぞれ, and shall begin on the date of their 選挙. In 事例／患者 of vacancy の中で the elective members of the 上院 or in the house of 代表者／国会議員s, special 選挙s may be held in the 地区s wherein such vacancy occurred under such 規則s as may be 定める／命ずるd by 法律, but 上院議員s or 代表者／国会議員s elected in such 事例／患者s shall 持つ／拘留する office only for the unexpired 部分 of the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 wherein the vacancy occurred. 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s 任命するd by the 知事-General shall 持つ／拘留する office until 除去するd by the 知事 General.
SEC. 18. That the 上院 and house of 代表者／国会議員s, それぞれ, shall be the 単独の 裁判官s of the 選挙s, returns, and 資格s of their elective members, and each house may 決定する the 支配するs of its 訴訟／進行s, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 追放する an elective member. Both houses shall 会を召集する at the 資本／首都 on the sixteenth day of October next に引き続いて the 選挙 and 組織する by the 選挙 of a （衆議院の）議長 or a 統括するing officer, a clerk, and a sergeant at 武器 for each house, and such other officers and assistants as may be 要求するd. A 大多数 of each house shall 構成する a 定足数 to do 商売／仕事, but a smaller number may 会合，会う, 延期，休会する from day to day, and 強要する the 出席 of absent members. The 立法機関 shall 持つ／拘留する 年次の 開会／開廷／会期s, 開始するing on the sixteenth day of October, or, if the sixteenth day of October be a 合法的な holiday, then on the first day に引き続いて which is not a 合法的な holiday, in each year. The 立法機関 may be called in special 開会／開廷／会期 at any time by the 知事-General for general 法律制定, or for 活動／戦闘 on such 明確な／細部 支配するs as he may 指定する. No special 開会／開廷／会期 shall continue longer than thirty days, and no 正規の／正選手 開会／開廷／会期 shall continue longer than one hundred days, 排除的 of Sundays. The 立法機関 is hereby given the 力／強力にする and 当局 to change the date of the 開始／学位授与式 of its 年次の 開会／開廷／会期s.
The 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s shall receive an 年次の 補償（金） for their services, to be ascertained by 法律, and paid out of the 財務省 of the Philippine Islands. The 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s shall, in all 事例／患者s except 背信, 重罪, and 違反 of the peace, be 特権d from 逮捕（する） during their 出席 at the 開会／開廷／会期 of their 各々の houses and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or 審議 in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place.
No 上院議員 or 代表者／国会議員 shall, during the time for which he may have been elected, be 適格の to any office the 選挙 to which is vested in the 立法機関, nor shall be 任命するd to any office of 信用 or 利益（をあげる） which shall have been created or the emoluments of which shall have been 増加するd during such 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語.
SEC. 19. That each house of the 立法機関 shall keep a 定期刊行物 of its 訴訟／進行s and, from time to time, publish the same; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, upon 需要・要求する of one-fifth of those 現在の, be entered on the 定期刊行物, and every 法案 and 共同の 決意／決議 which shall have passed both houses shall, before it becomes a 法律, be 現在のd to the 知事-General. If he 認可する the same, he shall 調印する it; but if not, he shall return it with his 反対s to that house in which it shall have 起こる／始まるd, which shall enter the 反対s at large on its 定期刊行物 and proceed to 再考する it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the 反対s, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be 再考するd, and if 認可するd by two-thirds of all the members elected to that house it shall be sent to the 知事-General, who, in 事例／患者 he shall then not 認可する, shall 送信する／伝染させる the same to the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. The 投票（する） of each house shall be by the yeas and nays, and the 指名するs of the members 投票（する）ing for and against shall be entered on the 定期刊行物. If the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 認可する the same, he shall 調印する it and it shall become a 法律. If he shall not 認可する same, he shall return it to the 知事-General, so 明言する／公表するing, and it shall not become a 法律: 供給するd, That if any 法案 or 共同の 決意／決議 shall not be returned by the 知事-General as herein 供給するd within twenty days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been 現在のd to him the same shall become a 法律 in like manner as if he had 調印するd it, unless the 立法機関 by 調整／景気後退 妨げる its return, in which 事例／患者 it shall become a 法律 unless 拒否権d by the 知事-General within thirty days after 調整／景気後退: 供給するd その上の, That the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs shall 認可する or disapprove an 行為／法令／行動する submitted to him under the 準備／条項s of this section within six months from and after its （法の）制定 and submission for his 是認 ; and if not 認可するd within such time, it shall become a 法律 the same as if it had been 特に 認可するd. The 知事-General shall have the 力／強力にする to 拒否権 any particular item or items of an （資金の）充当／歳出 法案, but the 拒否権 shall not 影響する／感情 the item or items to which he does not 反対する. The item or items 反対するd to shall not 施行される except in the manner heretofore 供給するd in this section as to 法案s and 共同の 決意／決議s returned to the 立法機関 without his 是認.
All 法律s 制定するd by the Philippine 立法機関 shall be 報告（する）／憶測d to the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, which hereby reserves the 力／強力にする and 当局 to 無効にする the same. If at the termination of any 会計年度 the （資金の）充当／歳出s necessary for the support of 政府 for the 続いて起こるing 会計年度 shall not have been made, the several sums appropriated in the last （資金の）充当／歳出 法案s for the 反対するs and 目的s therein 明示するd, so far as the same may be done, shall be みなすd to be reappropriated for the several 反対するs and 目的s 明示するd in said last （資金の）充当／歳出 法案; and until the 立法機関 shall 行為／法令／行動する in such に代わって the treasurer shall, when so directed by the 知事-General, make the 支払い（額）s necessary for the 目的s aforesaid.
SEC. 20. That at the first 会合 of the Philippine 立法機関 created by this 行為／法令／行動する and triennially thereafter there shall be chosen by the 立法機関 two 居住（者） Commissioners to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, who shall 持つ／拘留する their office for a 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of three years beginning with the fourth day of March に引き続いて their 選挙, and who shall be する権利を与えるd to an 公式の／役人 承認 as such by all departments upon 贈呈 to the 大統領 of a 証明書 of 選挙 by the 知事-General of said islands. Each of said 居住（者） Commissioners shall, in 新規加入 to the salary and the sum in lieu of mileage now 許すd by 法律, be 許すd the same sum for stationery and for the 支払う／賃金 of necessary clerk 雇う as is now 許すd to the Members of the 衆議院 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, to be paid out of the 財務省 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and the franking 特権 許すd by 法律 to Members of 議会. No person shall be 適格の to 選挙 as 居住（者） Commissioner who is not a bona fide elector of said islands and who does not 借りがある 忠誠 to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and who is not more than thirty years of age and who does not read and 令状 the English language. The 現在の two 居住（者） Commissioners shall 持つ／拘留する office until the fourth of March, nineteen hundred and seventeen. In 事例／患者 of vacancy in the position of 居住（者） Commissioner 原因（となる）d by 辞職 or さもなければ, the 知事-General may make 一時的な 任命s until the next 会合 of the Philippine 立法機関, which shall then fill such vacancy ; but the 居住（者） Commissioner thus elected shall 持つ／拘留する office only for the unexpired 部分 of the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 wherein the vacancy occurred.
SEC. 21. That the 最高の (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 力／強力にする shall be vested in an (n)役員／(a)執行力のある officer, whose 公式の／役人 肩書を与える shall be "The 知事-General of the Philippine Islands." He shall be 任命するd by the 大統領, by and with the advice and 同意 of the 上院 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and 持つ／拘留する his office at the 楽しみ of the 大統領 and until his 後継者 is chosen and qualified. The 知事-General shall reside in the Philippine Islands during his 公式の／役人 incumbency, and 持続する his office at the seat of 政府. He shall, unless さもなければ herein 供給するd, 任命する, by and with the 同意 of the Philippine 上院, such officers as may now be 任命するd by the 知事-General, or such as he is 権限を与えるd by this 行為／法令／行動する to 任命する, or whom he may hereafter be 権限を与えるd by 法律 to 任命する; but 任命s made while the 上院 is not in 開会／開廷／会期 shall be 効果的な either until 不賛成 or until the next 調整／景気後退 of the 上院. He shall have general 監督 and 支配（する）／統制する of all of the departments and bureaus of the 政府 in the Philippine Islands as far as is not inconsistent with the 準備／条項s of this 行為／法令／行動する, and shall be 指揮官 in 長，指導者 of all 地元で created 武装した 軍隊s and 民兵. He is hereby vested with the 排除的 力／強力にする to 認める 容赦s and （死）刑の執行猶予（をする）s and remit 罰金s and 没収s, and may 拒否権 any 法律制定 制定するd as herein 供給するd. He shall 服従させる／提出する within ten days of the 開始 of each 正規の／正選手 開会／開廷／会期 of the Philippine 立法機関 a 予算 of 領収書s and 支出s, which shall be the basis of the 年次の （資金の）充当／歳出 法案. He shall （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 all officers that he may be 権限を与えるd to 任命する. He shall be 責任がある the faithful 死刑執行 of the 法律s of the Philippine Islands and of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs operative within the Philippine Islands, and whenever it becomes necessary he may call upon the 指揮官s of the 軍の and 海軍の 軍隊s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs in the islands, or 召喚する the posse comitatus, or call out the 民兵 or other 地元で created 武装した 軍隊s, to 妨げる or 抑える lawless 暴力／激しさ, 侵略, insurrection, or 反乱; and he may, in 事例／患者 of 反乱 or 侵略, or 切迫した danger thereof, when the public safety 要求するs it, 一時停止する the 特権s of the 令状 of 人身保護（令状）, or place the islands, or any part thereof, under 戦争の 法律: 供給するd, That whenever the 知事-General shall 演習 this 当局, he shall at once 通知する the 大統領 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs thereof, together with the …に出席するing facts and circumstances, and the 大統領 shall have 力／強力にする to 修正する or vacate the 活動／戦闘 of the 知事-General. He shall 毎年 and at such other times as he may be 要求するd make such 公式の／役人 報告（する）／憶測 of the 処理／取引s of the 政府 of the Philippine Islands to an (n)役員／(a)執行力のある department of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to be 指定するd by the 大統領, and his said 年次の 報告（する）／憶測 shall be transmitted to the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs ; and he shall 成し遂げる such 付加 義務s and 機能（する）／行事s as may in pursuance of 法律 be 委任する／代表d or 割り当てるd to him by the 大統領.
SEC. 22. That, except as 供給するd さもなければ in this 行為／法令／行動する, the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments of the Philippine 政府 shall continue as now 権限を与えるd by 法律 until さもなければ 供給するd by the Philippine 立法機関. When the Philippine 立法機関 herein 供給するd shall 会を召集する and 組織する, the Philippine （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限, as such, shall 中止する and 決定する, and the members thereof shall vacate their offices as members of said （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限: 供給するd, That the 長，率いるs of (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments shall continue to 演習 their (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 機能（する）／行事s until the 長，率いるs of departments 供給するd by the Philippine 立法機関 pursuant to the 準備／条項s of this 行為／法令／行動する are 任命するd and qualified. The Philippine 立法機関 may thereafter by appropriate 法律制定 増加する the number or 廃止する any of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments, or make such changes in the 指名するs and 義務s thereof as it may see fit, and shall 供給する for the 任命 and 除去 of the 長，率いるs of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments by the 知事-General: 供給するd, That all (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 機能（する）／行事s of the 政府 must be 直接／まっすぐに under the 知事-General or within one of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments under the 監督 and 支配（する）／統制する of the 知事-General. There is hereby 設立するd a bureau, to be known as the Bureau of 非，不，無-Christian tribes, which said bureau shall be embraced in one of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある departments to be 指定するd by the 知事-General, and shall have general 監督 over the public 事件／事情／状勢s of the inhabitants of the 領土 代表するd in the 立法機関 by appointive 上院議員s and 代表者／国会議員s.
SEC. 23. That there shall be 任命するd by the 大統領, by and with the advice and 同意 of the 上院 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, a 副／悪徳行為 知事 of the Philippine Islands, who shall have all of the 力／強力にするs of the 知事-General in the 事例／患者 of a vacancy or 一時的な 除去, 辞職, or disability of the 知事-General or in 事例／患者 of his 一時的な absence; and the said 副／悪徳行為 知事 shall be the 長，率いる of the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある department, known as the department of public 指示／教授／教育, which shall 含む the bureau of education and the bureau of health, and he may be 割り当てるd such other (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 義務s as the 知事-General may 指定する.
Other bureaus now 含むd in the department of public 指示／教授／教育, shall, until さもなければ 供給するd by the Philippine 立法機関, be 含むd in the department of the 内部の.
The 大統領 may 指定する the 長，率いる of an (n)役員／(a)執行力のある department of the Philippine 政府 to 行為／法令／行動する as 知事-General in the 事例／患者 of a vacancy, the 一時的な 除去, 辞職, or disability of the 知事-General and the 副／悪徳行為 知事, or their 一時的な absence, and the 長，率いる of the department thus 指定するd shall 演習 all the 力／強力にするs and 成し遂げる all the 義務s of the 知事-General during such vacancy, disability, or absence.
SEC. 24. That there shall be 任命するd by the 大統領 an auditor, who shall 診察する, audit, and settle all accounts 付随するing to the 歳入s and 領収書s from whatever source of the Philippine 政府 and of the 地方の and 地方自治体の 政府s of the Philippines, 含むing 信用 基金s and 基金s derived from 社債 問題／発行するs ; and audit, in 一致 with 法律 and 行政の 規則s, all 支出s of 基金s or 所有物／資産／財産 付随するing to or held in 信用 by the 政府 or the 州s or municipalities thereof. He shall 成し遂げる a like 義務 with 尊敬（する）・点 to all 政府 支店s.
He shall keep the 一般会計s of the 政府 and 保存する the 保証人／証拠物件s 付随するing thereto.
It shall be the 義務 of the auditor to bring to the attention of the proper 行政の officer 支出s of 基金s or 所有物／資産／財産 which, in his opinion, are 不規律な, unnecessary, 過度の, or extravagant.
There shall be a 副 auditor 任命するd in the same manner as the auditor. The 副 auditor shall 調印する such 公式の／役人 papers as the auditor may 指定する and 成し遂げる such other 義務s as the auditor may 定める／命ずる, and in 事例／患者 of the death, 辞職, sickness, or other absence of the auditor from his office, from any 原因（となる）, the 副 auditor shall have 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of such office. In 事例／患者 of the absence from 義務, from any 原因（となる）, of both the auditor and the 副 auditor, the 知事-General may 指定する an assistant, who shall have 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the office.
The 行政の 裁判権 of the auditor over accounts, whether of 基金s or 所有物／資産／財産, and all 保証人／証拠物件s and 記録，記録的な／記録するs 付随するing thereto, shall be 排除的. With the 是認 of the 知事-General he shall from time to time make and promulgate general or special 支配するs and 規則s not inconsistent with 法律 covering the method of accounting for public 基金s and 所有物／資産／財産, and 基金s and 所有物／資産／財産 held in 信用 by the 政府 or any of its 支店s: 供給するd, That any officer accountable for public 基金s or 所有物／資産／財産 may 要求する such 付加 報告（する）／憶測s or returns from his subordinates or others as he may みなす necessary for his own （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） and 保護.
The 決定／判定勝ち（する）s of the auditor shall be final and conclusive upon the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 支店s of the 政府, except that 控訴，上告 therefrom may be taken by the party aggrieved or the 長，率いる of the department 関心d within one year, in the manner hereinafter 定める／命ずるd. The auditor shall, except as hereinafter 供給するd, have like 当局 as that conferred by 法律 upon the several auditors of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs and the Comptroller of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 財務省 and is 権限を与えるd to communicate 直接／まっすぐに with any person having （人命などを）奪う，主張するs before him for 解決／入植地, or with any department, officer, or person having 公式の／役人 relations with his office.
As soon after the の近くに of each 会計年度 as the accounts of said year may be 診察するd and adjusted the auditor shall 服従させる／提出する to the 知事-General and the 長官 of War an 年次の 報告（する）／憶測 of the 会計の 関心s of the 政府, showing the 領収書s and disbursements of the さまざまな departments and bureaus of the 政府 and of the さまざまな 州s and municipalities, and make such other 報告（する）／憶測s as may be 要求するd of him by the 知事-General or the 長官 of War.
In the 死刑執行 of their 義務s the auditor and the 副 auditor are 権限を与えるd to 召喚する 証言，証人／目撃するs, 治める 誓いs, and to take 証拠, and, in the pursuance of these 準備／条項s, may 問題／発行する sub-pœnas and 施行する the 出席 of 証言，証人／目撃するs, as now 供給するd by 法律.
The office of the auditor shall be under the general 監督 of the 知事-General and shall consist of the auditor and 副 auditor and such necessary assistants as may be 定める／命ずるd by 法律.
SEC. 25. That any person aggrieved by the 活動／戦闘 or 決定／判定勝ち（する） of the auditor in the 解決／入植地 of his account or （人命などを）奪う，主張する may, within one year, take an 控訴，上告 in 令状ing to the 知事-General, which 控訴，上告 shall 特に 始める，決める 前へ／外へ the particular 活動／戦闘 of the auditor to which exception is taken, with the 推論する／理由 and 当局 relied on for 逆転するing such 決定／判定勝ち（する）.
If the 知事-General shall 確認する the 活動／戦闘 of the auditor, he shall so indorse the 控訴，上告 and 送信する／伝染させる it to the auditor, and the 活動／戦闘 shall thereupon be final and conclusive. Should the 知事-General fail to 支える the 活動／戦闘 of the auditor, he shall forthwith 送信する／伝染させる his grounds of 不賛成 to the 長官 of War, together with the 控訴，上告 and the papers necessary to a proper understanding of the 事柄. The 決定／判定勝ち（する） of the 長官 of War in such 事例／患者 shall be final and conclusive.
SEC. 26. That the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 and the 法廷，裁判所s of first instance of the Philippine Islands shall 所有する and 演習 裁判権 as heretofore 供給するd and such 付加 裁判権 as shall hereafter be 定める／命ずるd by 法律. The 地方自治体の 法廷，裁判所s of said islands shall 所有する and 演習 裁判権 as now 供給するd by 法律, 支配する in all 事柄s to such alteration and 改正 as may be hereafter 制定するd by 法律; and the 裁判長 and associate 司法（官）s of the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 shall hereafter be 任命するd by the 大統領, by and with the advice and 同意 of the 上院 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. The 裁判官s of the 法廷，裁判所 of first instance shall be 任命するd by the 知事-General, by and with the advice and 同意 of the Philippine 上院: 供給するd, That the admiralty 裁判権 of the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 and 法廷，裁判所s of first instance shall not be changed except by 行為／法令／行動する of 議会. That in all 事例／患者s 未解決の under the 操作／手術 of 存在するing 法律s, both 犯罪の and civil, the 裁判権 shall continue until final judgment and 決意.
SEC. 27. That the 最高裁判所 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs shall have 裁判権 to review, 改訂する, 逆転する, 修正する, or 断言する the final judgments and 法令s of the 最高裁判所 of the Philippine Islands in all 活動／戦闘s, 事例／患者s, 原因（となる）s, and 訴訟／進行s now 未解決の therein or hereafter 決定するd その為に in which the 憲法 or any 法令, 条約, 肩書を与える, 権利, or 特権 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs is 伴う／関わるd, or in 原因（となる）s in which the value in 論争 越えるs $25,000, or in which the 肩書を与える or 所有／入手 of real 広い地所 越えるing in value the sum of $25,000, to be ascertained by the 誓い of either party or of other competent 証言，証人／目撃するs, is 伴う／関わるd or brought in question ; and such final judgments or 法令s may and can be reviewed, 改訂するd, 逆転するd, 修正するd, or 断言するd by said 最高裁判所 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs on 控訴，上告 or 令状 of error by the party aggrieved within the same time, in the same manner, under the same 規則s, and by the same 手続き, as far applicable, as the final judgments and 法令s of the 地区 法廷，裁判所s of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.
SEC. 28. That the 政府 of the Philippine Islands may 認める franchises and 権利s, 含むing the 当局 to 演習 the 権利 of 著名な domain, for the construction and 操作／手術 of 作品 of public 公共事業（料金）／有用性 and service, and may 権限を与える said 作品 to be 建設するd and 持続するd over and across the public 所有物／資産／財産 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, 含むing streets, 主要道路s, squares, and 保留（地）／予約s, and over 類似の 所有物／資産／財産 of the 政府 of said islands, and may 可決する・採択する 支配するs and 規則s under which the 地方の and 地方自治体の 政府s of the islands may 認める the 権利 to use and 占領する such public 所有物／資産／財産 belonging to said 州s or municipalities: 供給するd, That no 私的な 所有物／資産／財産 shall be 損失d or taken for any 目的 under this section without just 補償（金）, and that such 当局 to take and 占領する land shall not 権限を与える the taking, use, or 占領／職業 of any land except such as is 要求するd for the actual necessary 目的s for which the franchise is 認めるd, and that no franchise or 権利 shall be 認めるd to any individual, 会社／堅い, or 会社／団体 except under the 条件s that it shall be 支配する to 改正, alteration, or 廃止する by the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and that lands or 権利 of use and 占領／職業 of lands thus 認めるd shall 逆戻りする to the 政府s by which they were それぞれ 認めるd upon the termination of the franchises and 権利s under which they were 認めるd or upon their revocation or 廃止する. That all franchises or 権利s 認めるd under this 行為／法令／行動する shall forbid the 問題／発行する of 在庫／株 or 社債s except in 交流 for actual cash or for 所有物／資産／財産 at a fair valuation equal to the par value of the 在庫／株 or 社債s so 問題／発行するd; shall forbid the 宣言するing of 在庫／株 or 社債 （株主への）配当s, and, in the 事例／患者 of public-service 会社／団体s, shall 供給する for the 効果的な 規則 of the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s thereof, for the 公式の／役人 査察 and 規則 of the 調書をとる／予約するs and accounts of such 会社／団体s, and for the 支払い（額） of a reasonable 百分率 of 甚だしい／１２ダース 収入s into the 財務省 of the Philippine Islands or of the 州 or municipality within which such franchises are 認めるd and 演習d: 供給するd その上の, That it shall be unlawful for any 会社／団体 組織するd under this 行為／法令／行動する, or for any person, company, or 会社／団体 receiving any 認める, franchise, or 譲歩 from the 政府 of said islands, to use, 雇う, or 契約 for the 労働 of persons held in involuntary servitude; and any person, company, or 会社／団体 so 侵害する／違反するing the 準備／条項s of this 行為／法令／行動する shall 没収される all 借り切る／憲章s, 認めるs, or franchises for doing 商売／仕事 in said islands, in an 活動／戦闘 or 訴訟／進行 brought for that 目的 in any 法廷，裁判所 of competent 裁判権 by any officer of the Philippine 政府, or on the （民事の）告訴 of any 国民 of the Philippines, under such 規則s and 支配するs as the Philippine 立法機関 shall 定める／命ずる, and in 新規加入 shall be みなすd 有罪の of an offence, and shall be punished by a 罰金 of not more than $10,000.
SEC. 29. That, except as in this 行為／法令／行動する さもなければ 供給するd, the salaries of all the 公式の／役人s of the Philippines not 任命するd by the 大統領, 含むing 副s, assistants, and other 雇うés, shall be such and be so paid out of the 歳入s of the Philippines as shall from time to time be 決定するd by the Philippine 立法機関; and if the 立法機関 shall fail to make an （資金の）充当／歳出 for such salaries, the salaries so 直す／買収する，八百長をするd shall be paid without the necessity of その上の （資金の）充当／歳出s therefor. The salaries of all officers and all expenses of the offices of the さまざまな 公式の／役人s of the Philippines 任命するd as herein 供給するd by the 大統領 shall also be paid out of the 歳入s of the Philippines. The 年次の salaries of the に引き続いて-指名するd 公式の／役人s 任命するd by the 大統領 and so to be paid shall be: The 知事-General, $18,000; in 新規加入 thereto he shall be する権利を与えるd to the occupancy of the buildings heretofore used by the 長，指導者 (n)役員／(a)執行力のある of the Philippines, with the furniture and 影響s therein, 解放する／自由な of 賃貸しの; 副／悪徳行為 知事, $10,000; 裁判長 of the 最高の 法廷，裁判所, $8,000; associate 司法（官）s of the 最高の 法廷，裁判所, $7,500 each; auditor, $6,000; 副 auditor, $3,000.
SEC. 30. That the 準備／条項s of the foregoing section shall not 適用する to 地方の and 地方自治体の 公式の／役人s; their salaries and the 補償（金） of their 副s, assistants, and other help, 同様に as all other expenses incurred by the 州s and municipalities, shall be paid out of the 地方の and 地方自治体の 歳入s in such manner as the Philippine 立法機関 shall 供給する.
SEC. 31. That all 法律s or parts of 法律s applicable to the Philippines not in 衝突 with any of the 準備／条項s of this 行為／法令／行動する are hereby continued in 軍隊 and 影響.
認可するd, August 29, 1916.
Covering letter 手渡すd to 知事-General 支持を得ようと努めるd by the 代表 of Moro Leaders who 伝えるd from Zamboanga to the 知事-General, in Manila, the 宣言 of 権利s and 目的s. See pp. 334-8 賭け金
Zamboanga, P. I., February i, 1924.
HIS EXCELLENCY,
GOVERNOR-GENERAL LEONARD WOOD,
MANILA, P. I.
SIR:—
Herewith a "宣言 of 権利s and 目的s" 演説（する）／住所d to the 議会 of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America. If your Excellency みなすs it fit and proper that an 表現 of the 見解（をとる）s of the Mohammedan 全住民 be made at this time, we respectfully ask that the same be 今後d with such 推薦s and comment as may seem pertinent and proper. It is not the 目的 or 願望（する） of the Mohammedans of this 地域 to embarrass in any way your Excellency's 行政 at this time, but the 最近の 活動／戦闘 of the Philippine 立法機関 in 試みる／企てるing to 軍隊 on us 公式の／役人s and 対策 which are repugnant to us makes it imperative that we make the 試みる／企てる at once to forcefully put before 議会 the necessity for remedial 対策 if 流血／虐殺 and disorder are to be 避けるd in Mindanao-Sulu.
We are 感謝する to your Excellency for the 提案s you have 前進するd for the amelioration of our 条件. However, they are only palliative, and if we are to 影響 a cure for our woes, we must 適用する the only 治療（薬） possible, and that is the 分離 of Mindanao-Sulu and Palawan, and a 保証（人） of American 主権，独立. We realize that only 議会 has the 力／強力にする to cure our ills.
We have, during past 行政s, 演説（する）／住所d many 嘆願（書）s to the 知事-General and to 議会. These have either been 迎撃するd or have fallen on deaf ears. Hence it is necessary that we take steps which will 確実にする our 存在 heard at Washington. On the other 手渡す, the Filipinos with the 法律を制定する 機械／機構 at their 処分, and with a 基金 of a million pesos at their disposition, make themselves heard, and through 支配（する）／統制する of the 政府, endeavour by 軍隊 or さもなければ to stifle our 国家の consciousness. No one can 否定する that the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs 議会 when it passed the Jones 法案, 完全に disenfranchised us and put us under the 支配 of our 伝統的な enemies, who are not even natives of Mindanao-Sulu. This was 予定 to the fact that when the Jones 法案 was 現在のd to 議会 there was no 代表者／国会議員 of the Moros to say a word for us, and the Filipinos were not generous enough to 供給する for us. In fact it was not in 一致 with their 願望（する）s to give us any chance for self-表現.
In the presence of hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of our people 長官 of War Dickenson 約束d us that we need never 恐れる the 撤退 of American 主権，独立 from Mindanao-Sulu. This was in the presence of General Pershing. 知事-General Burton Harrison made us the same 約束. However, each year has seen our liberties curtailed a little more, and more 対策 repugnant to us 軍隊d upon us. Now our people ask daily, "Are 約束s only valid when made to the Christian Filipinos, or has 議会 forgotten our 存在?"
We respectfully 示唆する that if 議会 takes favourable 活動／戦闘 a （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 be 任命するd 長，率いるd by your Excellency, and composed of three Christian Filipino members, three Mohammedan members, all of the above natives of Mindanao-Sulu and of Palawan, and three Americans who have been 居住（者）s of Mindanao-Sulu and of Palawan for at least five years, to draw up a 憲法 for the 提案するd unorganized 領土.
The Mohammedan 全住民 is almost 全員一致で actuated in this 関係 by the highest 感情s of 忠義 to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, and of personal 忠義 to your Excellency.
Respectfully,
THE COMMITTEE OF PETITIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS.
Member................ Chairman................ Member................
ANTING-ANTING—Amulet.
BARRIO—A segment of a municipality.
BOLO—Long-bladed knife, used as work-道具 or 武器.
BUKNUN—長，率いる man, in 確かな Luzon mountain tribes.
CACIQUE—Christian Filipino boss, exploiter of the people.
CAMOTE—甘い potato.
CANAO—Igorot feast.
CARABAO—Water buffalo, 主要な／長／主犯 draught animal.
CAVAN—手段 of rice, equalling 2.13 bushels.
CENTAVO—Philippine coin, valued at one-half cent, U. S. 通貨.
DATU—Moro 部族の chieftain.
FISCAL—起訴するing 弁護士／代理人／検事 of a 州.
HACIENDA—Farm, country 広い地所.
ILUSTRADO—の中で Christian Filipinos, a man of position and 影響（力）.
KRIS—の中で Moros, the fighting blade of a man of 階級.
MESTIZO—Half-産む／飼育する. As a 支配する, part Spanish or Chinese, part Malay.
MUNICIPALITY—The whole area of the islands is divided into municipalities, 関わりなく the number of the 全住民.
PALAY—Unpolished rice.
PARIENTES—親族s.
PESETA—Philippine coin, valued at ten cents, U. S. 通貨.
PESO—Philippine coin. Par value, fifty cents, U. S. 通貨.
PICUL—手段 of sugar, equalling 140 続けざまに猛撃するs.
PRESIDENCIA—Town Hall.
PRESIDENTE—市長.
RAJAH MUDA—Moro 肩書を与える, meaning 相続人 明らかな.
TAO—Christian Filipino of the lower of the two classes, variously 概算の as from 94% to 99+% of the Christian Filipino 全住民.
TIENDA—Little shop.
VISAYA—Moro 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 for slave, derived from the Moro custom of 逮捕（する）ing and enslaving the Visayan Islanders.
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