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統計に基づく, Historical, and Political Description of NSW

by

William Charles Wentworth

STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL, AND POLITICAL
DESCRIPTION

OF

THE COLONY

OF

NEW SOUTH WALES,

AND

ITS DEPENDENT SETTLEMENTS

IN

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND:

WITH
A PARTICULAR ENUMERATION OF THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THESE
COLONIES OFFER FOR EMIGRATION, AND THEIR SUPERIORITY
IN MANY RESPECTS OVER THOSE POSSESSED BY
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY WILLIAM CHARLES WENTWORTH, ESQ.

A NATIVE OF THE COLONY

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER

1819

CONTENTS

FOREWORD.

PREFACE.

PART I. STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND.

PART II. OPERATION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN THE COLONY FOR THE LAST FIFTEEN YEARS.

PART III. VARIOUS ALTERATIONS SUGGESTED IN THE PRESENT POLICY OF THIS COLONY.

PART IV. VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT.

APPENDIX.

FOREWORD

There can be little 疑問 that when my 広大な／多数の／重要な-grandfather began to 令状 this 調書をとる／予約する, his thoughts were centred on the 客観的な which he 述べるs in his own Preface--the 転換 to Australia of some part of the stream of 移住 then running from the British 小島s to North America. Perhaps, even more 緊急に, he may have 手配中の，お尋ね者 to forestall any British 傾向 to 身を引く from the 植民地 and abandon New South むちの跡s altogether.

But as he wrote, he 設立する that he had to make some explanation for the defects which he saw in the 現在の life of the 植民地, and 自然に he was led into propounding some way in which these defects could be 打ち勝つ. 同時代の reviewers, then, were not so far wrong when theycommented that the 調書をとる／予約する looked almost like two 調書をとる／予約するs written by separate 手渡すs.

The 第２位 主題 became the most important part of the 調書をとる／予約する, because the 治療（薬）s he then 提案するd for his country's ills became the 指導基準s for his own 政策s when he returned to Australia. Through the 影響（力）s which he and his friends 発揮するd over the next thirty years, these 政策s 決定するd much of the course of Australian history in those times. Most of his 提案s were 結局 受託するd, though in some 事例／患者s much later than he 手配中の，お尋ね者, and in some 事例／患者s with modifications which he himself made or which were 軍隊d on him by the 圧力 of events.

At the time he wrote this 調書をとる／予約する he was in his middle twenties, having returned to England to 完全にする his education soon after 参加するing in the first crossing of the Blue Mountains. Waterloo had just been won; Europe was settling 負かす／撃墜する and trying to forget Napoleon. The 負傷させるs of the American 革命 were の近くにing; British merchants and industrialists were 準備するing to change the 直面する of the world in 一致 with the precepts of Adam Smith.

In his 試みる／企てる to コースを変える the 移住 stream he was no enemy of America, (indeed he had chosen the 指名する "Vermont" for his own farm on the Nepean) but he was perhaps the first Australian really to support Macquarie's 運動 for Australian 拡大 and Australian independence from London 行政. He did this at a time when some 影響力のある Englishmen were 勧めるing the abandonment of the whole Botany Bay 投機・賭ける, which, after thirty years, was still not self-supporting and which seemed doomed to を煩う 頻発する crises.

明らかに Macquarie had dreamed of a 広大な／多数の／重要な transcontinental river, which was to flow 2,000 miles 西方のs from the Dividing 範囲, through fertile and 井戸／弁護士席-watered fields, until it reached the sea somewhere on the north-west coast. The Lachlan had been 設立する to peter out into 押し寄せる／沼地s, but Oxley believed that the Macquarie River would have a happier 問題／発行する, and at the time of the first 版 of this 調書をとる／予約する (1819) that theory was still tenable. It was not long, of course, before these hopes were to 死なせる／死ぬ in the Macquarie 沼s, to be 後継するd by prospects of a mythical Inland Sea, though it was １０年間s before the 熱中している人s realised that they would have to be 満足させるd with Lake Eyre.

This first 版 受託するs as fact the phantom of that transcontinental stream and expatiates on the blessings which it would bring, patterning its 概念 of the Heart of the Australian Continent upon what was known of the 広大な／多数の／重要な Plains of America, then just 存在 opened up. Any child with an Atlas in 手渡す can now decry the mistake of having given to this 概念 more credence than did Oxley or Macquarie: does not hindsight make history so simple?

Abandonment of simple 楽観主義 on this physical fact must have been quick and uncomfortable: but abandonment of some other precepts must have been slow and more painful. At the time of this first 版, the 影響（力） of the Enlightenment was 完全にするing its 侵入／浸透 into politics and 経済的なs. Man had only to be given freedom, and he would enter into a political 楽園: the 軍隊s of the 解放する／自由な market had only to be left untrammelled, and they would create of themselves an 経済的な Eden!

These are the enthusiasms of the first 版, where Bligh 代表するs the 軍隊s of repression and 不明瞭, while Macquarie and Macarthur are both to be numbered の中で the angels. By the time of the third 版 (1824, nearly 同時代の with the author's return to Australia) the 勝利，勝つd of change had blown through the Australian scene. Bigge had 現在のd his 報告（する）／憶測, which destroyed so much of Macquarie's work, and the 排除的s, in the author's 見解（をとる）, were leagued with enemies of Australian 身元.

For the next thirty years the politics of New South むちの跡s were vigorous and variegated. Nobody who was at their centre could have 持続するd all his illusions as to the 必須の goodness of human nature, if only it could be 解放する／自由なd from the unnatural chains with which society had bound it. Nor could anyone who 参加するd in the 商業の life of those times, who had lived, for example, through the 不景気 of the forties, have 保存するd untarnished the precepts of Ricardo--published only a few years before 1819, and 受託するd as gospel in that first 版.

So some of those 1819 enthusiasms had to be abandoned: but the 客観的なs were not. Most of them were 結局 to be translated into 活動／戦闘 and actuality. It was in their modification, perhaps, that the author was to 陳列する，発揮する most of all his foresight and acumen. From 1848 onwards he recognised the true nature of "the spectre which haunted Europe"--and which still haunts the world. From then onwards he was not to 令状 in the way which he wrote here.

W. C. Wentworth

24th February, 1978

PREFACE

It may 妨げる those 調査s that would be 自然に made by the public, 尊敬（する）・点ing the manner in which the author acquired the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） 含む／封じ込めるd in this work, when he 明言する／公表するs that he was born in the 植民地 of New South むちの跡s, and that he resided there for about five years since his arrival at the age of 成熟. This is a period which will, at least, be 許すd to have been 十分な for acquiring a 訂正する knowledge of its 明言する／公表する and 政府, and for enabling him to 観察する the destructive 傾向 of those 対策, of which it has been his endeavour to 論証する the 不正 and impolicy, and to procure the 迅速な 廃止する. He would not, however, have it 結論するd that the 現在の work has been the result of 円熟した and systematic reflection; it is, on the contrary, a 迅速な 生産／産物, which 起こる／始まるd in the casual suggestions of an 知識, and which was never 熟視する／熟考するd by him, during his long 住居 in the 植民地. He has その結果 been 強いるd not only to omit giving a 詳細（に述べる） of many 利益／興味ing facts, with which he might have become 熟知させるd 以前 to his 出発, but has also been under the necessity of relying in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 on the fidelity of his memory for the 正確 of many of those circumstances which he has 明言する／公表するd: still he is not without hope, that five years attentive 観察 will have enabled him to communicate many particulars, of which, in the absence of abler 作品 on the same 支配する, most of the inhabitants of this country cannot but be ignorant, and many must wish to be apprized.

His only 目的（とする） in obtruding this 迅速な 生産／産物 on the public, is to 促進する the 福利事業 and 繁栄 of the country which gave him birth; and he has 裁判官d that he could in no way so effectually 与える／捧げる his mite に向かって the 業績／成就 of this end, as by 試みる／企てるing to コースを変える from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America to its shores, some part of that 広大な tide of 移住, which is at 現在の flowing thither from all parts of Europe. In furtherance, therefore, of this design, he has 述べるd the superior advantages of 気候 and 国／地域 所有するd by this 植民地; he has explained the 原因（となる）s why these natural 優越s have not yet been 生産力のある of those 有益な consequences which might have been 推定する／予想するd from them; he has pointed out the arguments which 申し込む／申し出 for the abandonment of the 現在の system, and the substitution of another in its place; and by adducing, in 罰金, what he considers to be irrefragable proofs of the expediency, 単に as it regards the parent country, of 可決する・採択するing the 対策 which he has 提案するd, he hopes that he shall 結局 occasion an alteration of polity, by which both the parties 関心d will be 平等に 利益d. He has not, however, 推定するd on a contingency which it is thus reasonable to believe cannot be either doubtful or remote; but has 制限するd himself to an enumeration of the 誘導s to 移住 which 存在する under actual circumstances; and, by comparing them with the advantages which those writers, who have given the most favourable accounts of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, have 代表するd them as 所有するing, he has 証明するd that this 植民地, 労働ing as it is under all the discouragements of an 独断的な and impolitic 政府, has still a 広大な／多数の／重要な and decided preponderancy in the balance. How much this preponderancy will be 増加するd, whenever the changes and modifications which he has 投機・賭けるd to 示唆する, shall be in whole, or in part carried into 影響, he has left to all such as are desirous of emigrating, to form their own 見積（る）; and to decide also how much longer a system so 高度に burdensome to the parent country, and so radically 欠陥のある in its 原則s and 操作／手術, is likely to be 許容するd. To all those, who are of opinion with him that it cannot be of much longer duration, the 誘導s for giving this 植民地 the preference will become so 重大な, as scarcely to 収容する／認める of the 可能性 that they should hesitate for a moment in their choice between the two countries.

If, in the course of this work, he has spoken ーに関して／ーの点でs of unqualified reprobation of the baneful system to which the unhappy place of his nativity has been the 犠牲者, he would have it distinctly understood, that it has been furthest from his thoughts to connect the 非難 which he has bestowed on it, with those who have permitted its continuance. He is too 深く，強烈に impressed with a sense of the arduous and momentous nature of the contest which they have had to 行為／行う, not to 許す that it was 正確に，正当に する権利を与えるd to their first and 長，指導者 attention. Our whole 植民地の system, in fact, he considers to have been but a mere under 陰謀（を企てる） in the 広大な／多数の／重要な 演劇 that was 事実上の／代理. It could not, therefore, be reasonably 推定する／予想するd that the grievances of any one 植民地 should become the 支配する of minute and particular 調査; and still いっそう少なく could it be imagined that the 政府 should 変える their attention to the 救済 of one, which has comparatively excited but a small 株 of public 利益／興味, and has hitherto been considered more in the light of a 刑務所，拘置所, than of what he has endeavoured to 証明する it might be （判決などを）下すd,--one of the most useful and 価値のある appendages of the empire. This 陳謝, however, for the neglect which the 植民地 has experienced during the war, cannot be pleaded in vindication of a perseverance in the same impolitic and oppressive course in time of peace. Nor is it to be wondered at, as 上向きs of three years have now elapsed since the consolidation of the tranquillity of the world, that the colonists should begin to feel indignant at the continuance of disabilities, for the 廃止 of which the most powerful considerations of 司法（官） and expediency have been 勧めるd in vain. To 除去する such just grounds for 不満 and （民事の）告訴, and to 許す them, at length, the enjoyment of those 権利s and 特権s, of which they ought never to have been debarred, would, at best, be but a poor 補償（金） for an 妨げるd 農業 and languishing 商業; but it is the only one that can now be 申し込む／申し出d; and, although it cannot 修理 the wide 荒廃させるs which so many years of unmerited and absurd 制限s have occasioned, it may 逮捕（する） the 進歩 of desolation, and 妨げる any その上の 増加する to the numbers who have already sunk beneath the 圧力 of an 圧倒的な system. It is, therefore, to be hoped that the 原因（となる） of humanity will no longer be 乱暴／暴力を加えるd by unnecessary 延期する, and that the only atonement, which can be made the colonists for their past and 現在の sufferings, will no longer be withheld.

The author is fully aware that, in the course of this work, he has developed no new 原則 of political economy, and that he has only travelled in the 幅の広い beaten path in which hundreds have 旅行d before him. For troubling, therefore, the public with a repetition of 原則s, of which the truth is so 一般に known and 定評のある, the only 嘆願 he can 勧める in his justification is a hope that the reiteration of them will not be みなすd unnecessary and obtrusive, so long as their 使用／適用 is incomplete; so long as 副／悪徳行為 and 悲惨 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる in any part of the world, from the want of their 採択 and 施行.

PART I

NEW SOUTH WALES.

STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HOLLAND.

The 植民地 of New South むちの跡s is 据えるd on the eastern coast of New Holland. This island, which was first discovered by the Dutch in 1616, lies between the 9 degrees and 39 degrees of south latitude, and the 108 degrees and 153 degrees of east longitude; and from its 巨大な size, seems rather to 長所 the 呼称 of continent, which many geographers have bestowed on it. Since that period it has been visited and 診察するd by a 星雲 of celebrated 航海士s, の中で whom Cook and Flinders 階級 the most 目だつ. Still the 調査する of this large 部分 of the world cannot, by any means, be みなすd 完全にする; since not one of all the 航海士s who have laid 負かす／撃墜する the さまざまな parts of its coasts, has discovered the mouth of any かなりの river; and it is hardly within the 範囲 of possible belief, that a country of such 広大な extent does not 所有する at least one river, which may deserve to be 階級d in the class of "rivers of the first magnitude."

If a judgment were formed of this island from the general 面 of the country 国境ing the sea, it would be pronounced one of the most barren 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs on the 直面する of the globe. Experience, however, has 証明するd that such an opinion would be 正確に／まさに the 逆転する of truth; since, as far as the 内部の has been 調査するd, its general fertility amply 補償するs for the extreme sterility of the coast.

The greater part of this country is covered with 木材／素質 of a gigantic growth, but of an 完全に different description from the 木材／素質 of Europe. It is, however, very 持続する, and 井戸／弁護士席 adapted to all the 目的s of human 産業.

The only metal yet discovered is アイロンをかける. It abounds in every part of the country, and is in some places purer than in any other part of the world. Coals are 設立する in many places of the best 質. There is also 豊富 of 予定する, 石灰岩 and granite, though not in the 即座の 周辺 of Port Jackson. Sand-石／投石する, quartz, and freestone are 設立する every where.

The rivers and seas teem with excellent fish; but the eel and smelt, the mullet, whiting, mackarel, 単独の, skate, and John Dory are, I believe, the only sorts known in this country.

The animals are, the kangaroo, native dog, (which is a smaller 種類 of the wolf,) the wombat, bandicoot, kangaroo ネズミ, opossum, 飛行機で行くing squirrel, 飛行機で行くing fox, etc. etc. There are 非，不，無 of those animals or birds which go by the 指名する of "game" in this country, except the heron. The hare, pheasant and partridge are やめる unknown; but there are wild ducks, widgeon, teal, quail, pigeons, plovers, snipes, etc. etc., with emus, 黒人／ボイコット swans, cockatoos, parrots, parroquets, and an infinite variety of smaller birds, which are not 設立する in any other country. In fact, both its animal and vegetable kingdoms are in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 peculiar to itself.

There are many poisonous reptiles in this country, but few 事故s happen either to the aborigines, or the colonists from their bite. Of these the centipede, tarantula, scorpion, slow-worm, and the snake, are the most to be dreaded; 特に the latter, since there are, I believe, at least thirty varieties of them, of which all but one are venomous in the highest degree.

The aborigines of this country 占領する the lowest place in the gradatory 規模 of the human 種類. They have neither houses nor 着せる／賦与するing; they are 完全に unacquainted with the arts of 農業; and even the 武器 which the several tribes have, to 保護する themselves from the 侵略s of their 隣人s, and the 追跡（する）ing and fishing 器具／実施するs with which they 治める to their support, are of the rudest contrivance and workmanship.

Thirty years intercourse with Europeans has not 影響d the slightest change in their habits; and even those who have most intermixed with the colonists, have never been 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd upon to practise one of the arts of civilized life. Disdaining all 抑制, their happiness is still 中心d in their 初めの 追跡s; and they seem to consider the superior enjoyments to be derived from civilization, (for they are very far from 存在 insensible to them) but a poor 補償（金） for the sacrifice of any 部分 of their natural liberty. The colour of these people is a dark chocolate; their features 耐える a strong resemblance to the African negro; they have the same flat nose, large nostrils, wide mouth and 厚い lips; but their hair is not woolly, except in 先頭 Dieman's Land, where they have this その上の characteristic of the negro.

These people 耐える no resemblance to any of the inhabitants of the surrounding islands, except to those of New Guinea, which is only separated from New Holland by a 狭くする 海峡. One of these islands, therefore, has evidently been peopled by the other; but from whence the 初めの 在庫／株 was derived is one of those geographical problems, which in all probability will never be satisfactorily solved.

Rude and barbarous as are the aborigines of this country, they have still some 混乱させるd notions of a 最高の 存在 and of a 未来 明言する／公表する. It would, however, be foreign to the 目的s to which I have 限られた／立憲的な myself, to enter into a 詳細（に述べる） of their customs and manners; nor would it, indeed, be the means of 増加するing the 基金 of public knowledge: since, whoever may be anxious to be 知らせるd on these topics, will find a faithful and minute account of them in the work of Mr. Collins.

Sydney, the 資本／首都 of New South むちの跡s, is 据えるd in 33 degrees 55' of south latitude, and 151 degrees 25' of east longitude. It is about seven miles distant from the 長，率いるs of Port Jackson, and stands principally on two hilly necks of land and the 介入するing valley, which together form Sydney Cove. The western 味方する of the town 延長するs to the water's 辛勝する／優位, and 占領するs with the exception of the small space reserved around Dawe's 殴打／砲列, the whole of the neck of land which separates Sydney Cove from 小道／航路 Cove, and 延長するs a かなりの distance 支援する into the country besides.

This part of the town, it may therefore be perceived, forms a little 半島; and what is of still greater importance the water is in general of 十分な depth in both these coves, to 許す the approach of 大型船s of the largest 重荷（を負わせる） to the very 味方するs of the 激しく揺するs.

On the eastern neck of land, the 拡張 of the town has been stopped by the 政府 House, and the 隣接するing domain, which 占領するs the whole of Bennilong's Point, a circumstance the more to be regretted, as the water all along this point is of still greater depth than on the western 味方する of the Cove, and その結果 affords still greater 施設s for the erection of 倉庫／問屋s and the さまざまな important 目的s of 商業.

The 外見 of the town is rude and 不規律な. Until the 行政 of 知事 Macquarie, little or no attention had been paid to the laying out of the streets, and each proprietor was left to build on his 賃貸し（する）, where and how his caprice inclined him. He, however, has at length 後継するd in 設立するing a perfect regularity in most of the streets, and has 減ずるd to a degree of uniformity, that would have been みなすd 絶対 impracticable, even the most 混乱させるd 部分 of that 大混乱 of building, which is still known by the 指名する of "the 激しく揺するs;" and which, from the ruggedness of its surface, the difficulty of 接近 to it, and the total absence of order in its houses, was for many years more like the abode of a horde of savages than the 住居 of a civilized community. The town upon the whole may be now pronounced to be tolerably 正規の／正選手; and, as in all 未来 新規加入s that may be made to it, the proprietors of 賃貸し（する）s will not be 許すd to deviate from the lines 示すd out by the surveyor general, the new part will of course be 解放する／自由な from the faults and inconveniences of the old.

This town covers a かなりの extent of ground, and would at first sight induce the belief of a much greater 全住民 than it 現実に 含む／封じ込めるs. This is attributable to two circumstances, the largeness of the 賃貸し（する）s, which in most instances 所有する 十分な space for a garden, and the smallness of the houses 築くd in them, which in general do not 越える one story. From these two 原因（となる）s it happens, that this town does not 含む／封じ込める above seven thousand souls, 反して one that covered the same extent of ground in this country would 所有する a 全住民 of at least twenty thousand. But although the houses are for the most part small, and of mean 外見, there are many public buildings, 同様に as houses of individuals, which would not 不名誉 the best parts of this 広大な／多数の／重要な metropolis. Of the former class, the public 蓄える／店s, the general hospital, and the 兵舎, are perhaps the most 目だつ; of the latter the houses of Messrs. Lord, Riley, Howe, Underwood and Nichols.

The value of land in this town is in many places half as 広大な／多数の／重要な as in the best 状況／情勢s in London, and is daily 増加するing. Rents are in consequence exorbitantly high. It is very far from a commodious house that can be had for a hundred a year, unfurnished.

Here is a very good market, although it is of very 最近の date. It was 設立するd by 知事 Macquarie, in the year 1813, and is very 井戸／弁護士席 供給（する）d with 穀物, vegetables, poultry, butter, eggs and fruit. It is, however, only held three times a week; viz. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. It is a large oblong enclosure, and there are 蓄える／店s 築くd in it by the 知事, for the 歓迎会 of all such 準備／条項s as remain unsold at the の近くに of the market, which lasts from six o'clock in the morning in summer, and seven o'clock in winter, until three o'clock in the evening. The vender 支払う／賃金s in return a small 義務 to the clerk of the market, who accounts 年４回の for the 量 to the treasurer of the police 基金. The 年次の 量 of these 義務s is about &続けざまに猛撃する;130.*

[* Vide Market 義務s in the 虫垂.]

Here also is a Bank, called "The Bank of New South むちの跡s," which was 設立するd in the year 1817, and 約束s to be of 広大な／多数の／重要な and 永久の 利益 to the 植民地 in general. Its 資本／首都 is &続けざまに猛撃する;20,000, divided into two hundred 株. It has a 正規の／正選手 借り切る／憲章 of 合併／会社設立, and is under the controul of a 大統領，／社長* and six directors, who are 毎年 chosen by the proprietors. The paper of this bank is now the 主要な／長／主犯 広まる medium of this 植民地. They 割引 法案s of a short date, and also 前進する money on mortgage 安全s. They are 許すd to receive in return an 利益／興味 of 10 per cent. per 年.

[* See 虫垂.]

This town also 含む／封じ込めるs two very good public schools, for the education of children of both sexes. One is a day school for boys, and is of course only ーするつもりであるd to impart gratuitous 指示／教授／教育:--the other is designed both for the education and support of poor and helpless 女性（の） 孤児s. This 会・原則 was 設立するd by 知事 King, as long 支援する as the year 1800, and 含む／封じ込めるs about sixty children, who are taught reading, 令状ing, arithmetic, sewing, and the さまざまな arts of 国内の economy. When their education is 完全にする, they are either married to 解放する／自由な persons of good character, or are 割り当てるd as servants to such respectable families as may 適用する for them. At the time of the 設立 of this school there was a large tract of land (15,000 acres,) 大（公）使館員d to it; and a かなりの 在庫／株 of horses, cattle, and sheep, were also transferred to it from the 政府 herds. The 利益（をあげる）s of these 在庫／株 go に向かって defraying the expences of this school, and a 確かな 部分, fifty or a hundred acres of this land, with a proportionate number of them, are given in dower with each 女性（の） who marries with the 同意 of the 委員会 intrusted with the 管理／経営 of this 会・原則.

Besides these two public schools in the town of Sydney, which together 含む／封じ込めるd, by the last accounts received from the 植民地, two hundred and twenty-four children, there are 設立s for the gratuitous diffusion of education in every populous 地区 throughout the 植民地. The masters of these schools are 許すd 規定するd salaries from the 孤児 基金. 以前は particular 義務s, those on coals and 木材／素質, which still go by the 指名する of "The 孤児 予定s," were allotted for the support of these schools; but they were 設立する to be insufficient, and afterwards one-fourth, and more recently one-eighth, of the whole 歳入 of the 植民地 was appropriated to this 目的. This latter 部分 of the 植民地の 歳入 may be 概算の at about &続けざまに猛撃する;2500, which it must be 認める could not be 充てるd to the 昇進／宣伝 of any 反対する of equal public 公共事業（料金）／有用性.

独立した・無所属 of these laudable 会・原則s thus supported at the expence of the 政府, there are two 私的な ones ーするつもりであるd for the dissemination of 宗教的な knowledge, which are wholly 持続するd by voluntary 出資／貢献. One is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d "The Auxiliary Bible Society of New South むちの跡s," and its 反対する is to 協力する with the British and Foreign Bible Society, and to 分配する the 宗教上の Scriptures either at prime cost, or gratis, to 貧困の and deserving applicants.

The other is called "The New South むちの跡s Sunday School 会・原則," and was 設立するd with a 見解（をとる） to teach 井戸／弁護士席 性質の／したい気がして persons of all ages how to read the sacred 容積／容量. These societies were 学校／設けるd in the year 1817, and are under the direction of a general 委員会, 補佐官d by a 長官 and treasurer.

There are in this town and other parts of the 植民地, several good 私的な seminaries for the board and education of the children of opulent parents. The best is in the 地区 of Castlereagh, which is about forty miles distant, and is kept by the clergyman of that 地区, the Rev. Henry Fulton, a gentleman peculiarly qualified both from his character and acquirements for 行為／行うing so responsible and important an 請け負うing. The boys in this seminary receive a 正規の／正選手 classical education, and the 条件 are as reasonable as those of 類似の 設立s in this country.

The harbour of Port Jackson is perhaps 越えるd by 非，不，無 in the world except the Derwent in point of size and safety; and in this latter particular, I rather think it has the advantage. It is navigable for 大型船s of any 重荷（を負わせる） for about seven miles above the town, i.e. about fifteen from the 入り口. It 所有するs the best 船の停泊地 the whole way, and is perfectly 避難所d from every 勝利，勝つd that can blow. It is said, and I believe with truth, to have a hundred coves, and is 有能な of 含む／封じ込めるing all the shipping in the world. There can be no 疑問, therefore, that in the course of a few years, the town of Sydney, from the excellence of its 状況／情勢 alone, must become a place of かなりの importance.

The 見解（をとる）s from the 高さs of the town are bold, 変化させるd and beautiful. The strange 不規律な 外見 of the town itself, the 非常に／多数の coves and islets both above and below it, the 非常に高い forests and 事業／計画（する）ing 激しく揺するs, 連合させるd with the infinite 多様制 of hill and dale on each 味方する of the harbour, form altogether a クーデター d'oeil, of which it may be 安全に 主張するd that few towns can 誇る a 平行の.

The 隣人ing scenery is still more diversified and romantic, 特に the different prospects which open upon you from the hills on the south 長，率いる road, すぐに contiguous to the town. Looking に向かって the coast you behold at one ちらりと見ること the greater part of the 非常に／多数の bays and islands which 嘘（をつく） between the town and the 長，率いるs, with the succession of barren, but bold and 命令（する）ing hills, that bound the harbour, and are 突然の 終結させるd by the water. その上の north, the 注目する，もくろむ 範囲s over the long chain of lofty rugged cliffs that stretch away in the direction of the coal river, and distinctly 示す the 耐えるing of the coast, until they are lost in the dimness of 見通し. Wheeling 一連の会議、交渉／完成する to the south you behold at the distance of seven or eight miles, that spacious though いっそう少なく 適格の harbour, called "Botany Bay," from the prodigious variety of new 工場／植物s which Sir Joseph Banks 設立する in its 周辺, when it was first discovered and 調査するd by Captain Cook. To the southward again of this magnificent sheet of water, where it will be recollected it was the 初めの 意向, though afterwards judiciously abandoned, to 設立する the 資本／首都 of this 植民地, you behold the high bluff 範囲 of hills that stretch away に向かって the five islands, and likewise 示す the 傾向ing of the coast in that direction.

If you afterwards suddenly 直面する about to the 西方の, you see before you one 広大な forest, 連続する except by the cultivated 開始s which have been made by the axe on the 首脳会議s of some of the loftiest hills, and which tend かなり to 減らす those melancholy sensations its 暗い／優うつな monotony would さもなければ 奮起させる. The innumerable undulations in this 広大な expanse of forest, 強制的に remind you of the ocean when convulsed by tempests; save that the 大波s of the one slumber in a 直す／買収する，八百長をするd and leaden stillness, and want that 動議 which 構成するs the 多様制, beauty, and sublimity of the other. Continuing the 見解（をとる）, you arrive at that majestic and 命令（する）ing chain of mountains called "the Blue Mountains," whose stately and o'ertopping grandeur forms a most 課すing 境界 to the 見込みのある.

If you proceed on the south 長，率いる road, until you arrive at the eminence called "Belle Vue," the scenery is still more picturesque and grand; since, in 新規加入 to the striking 反対するs already 述べるd, you behold, as it were at your feet, although still more than a mile distant from you, the 広大な and 泡，激怒することing 太平洋の. In boisterous 天候 the 殺到するs that break in mountains on the shore beneath you, form a sublime contrast to the still, placid waters of the harbour, which in this 位置／汚点／見つけ出す is only separated from the sea by a low sandy neck of land not more than half a mile in breadth; yet is so 完全に 避難所d, that no tempests can ruffle its tranquil surface.

The town of Parramatta is 据えるd at the 長，率いる of Port Jackson Harbour, at the distance of about eighteen miles by water, and fifteen by land, from Sydney. The river for the last seven or eight miles, is only navigable for boats of twelve or fifteen トンs 重荷（を負わせる）. This town is built along a small fresh water stream, which 落ちるs into the river. It consists principally of one street about a mile in length. It is surrounded on the south 味方する by a chain of moderately high hills; and as you approach it by the Sydney road, it breaks suddenly on the 見解（をとる） when you have reached the 首脳会議 of them, and produces a very pleasing 影響. The 隣接する country has been a good 取引，協定 （疑いを）晴らすd; and the gay mimosas, which have sprung up in the 開始s, form a very agreeable contrast to the dismal gloom of the forest that surrounds and o'ertops them.

The town itself is far behind Sydney in 尊敬（する）・点 of its buildings; but it にもかかわらず 含む／封じ込めるs many of a good and 相当な construction. These, with the church, the 政府 house, the new 孤児 House, and some gentlemen's seats, which are 据えるd on the surrounding eminences, give it, upon the whole, a very respectable 外見. There are two very good inns, where a traveller may 会合，会う with all the 慰安 and accommodation that are to be 設立する in 類似の 設立s in the country towns of this kingdom. The 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s too are by no means 不当な.

The 全住民 is principally composed of inferior 仲買人s, publicans, artificers, and labourers, and may be 概算の, inclusive of a company which is always 駅／配置するd there, on a rough 計算／見積り, at about twelve hundred souls.

There are two fairs held half 年一回の, one in March and the other in September; they were 学校／設けるd about five years since by the 現在の 知事, and already begin to be very numerously and respectably …に出席するd. They are 主として ーするつもりであるd for the sale of 在庫／株, for which there are 立ち往生させるs, pens, and every other convenience, 築くd at the expence of the 政府; for the use of these pens, etc. and to keep them in 修理, a 穏健な 規模 of 義務s* is paid by the vender.

This town has for many years past made but a very inconsiderable 進歩 compared with Sydney. The value of land has その結果 not kept pace in the two places, and is at least &続けざまに猛撃する;200 per cent. いっそう少なく in the one than in the other. As the former, however, is in a central 状況／情勢 between the 速く 増加するing 解決／入植地s on the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers, and the latter the 広大な／多数の／重要な 市場 for 植民地の produce, landed 所有物／資産／財産 there and in the neighbourhood, will, without 疑問, experience a 漸進的な rise.

The public 会・原則s are an Hospital, a 女性（の） 孤児 House, into which it is ーするつもりであるd to 除去する the 孤児s from Sydney, and a factory, in which such of the 女性（の） 罪人／有罪を宣告するs as 不品行／姦通 themselves, and those also who upon their arrival in the 植民地 are not すぐに 割り当てるd as servants to families, are 雇うd in 製造業の coarse cloth. There are upon an 普通の／平均（する） about one hundred and sixty women 雇うd in this 会・原則, which is placed under the direction of a superintendant, who receives wool from the 植民／開拓者s, and gives them a 確かな 部分 of the 製造（する）d article in 交流: what is reserved is only a fair 同等（の） for the expence of making it, and is used in 着せる／賦与するing the gaol ギャング（団）, the reconvicted 犯人s who are sent to the coal river, and I believe the inmates of the factory itself.

There is also another public 会・原則 in this town, 井戸／弁護士席 worthy the notice of the philanthropist. It is a school for the education and civilization of the aborigines of the country. It was 設立するd by the 現在の 知事 three years since, and by the last accounts from the 植民地, it 含む／封じ込めるd eighteen native children, who had been 任意に placed there by their parents, and were making equal 進歩 in their 熟考する／考慮するs with European children of the same age. The に引き続いて 抽出する from the Sydney Gazette, of January 4, 1817, may enable the reader to form some opinion of the 有益な consequences that are likely to result from this 会・原則, and how far they may realize the benevolent 意向s which actuated its philanthropic 創立者.

"On Saturday last, the 28th ult. the town of Parramatta 展示（する）d a novel and very 利益／興味ing spectacle, by the 組み立てる／集結するing of the native tribes there, pursuant to the 知事's gracious 招待. At ten in the morning the market place was thrown open, and some gentlemen who were 任命するd on the occasion, took the 管理／経営 of the 儀式のs. The natives having seated themselves on the ground in a large circle, the 長，指導者s were placed on 議長，司会を務めるs a little 前進するd in 前線, and to the 権利 of their 各々の tribes. In the centre of the circle thus formed, were placed large （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs groaning under the 負わせる of roast beef, potatoes, bread, etc. and a large 樽 of grog lent its exhilarating 援助（する） to 促進する the general festivity and good humour which so conspicuously shone through the sable visages of this delighted congress. The 知事, …に出席するd by all the members* of the native 会・原則, and by several of the 治安判事s and gentlemen in the neighbourhood, proceeded at half past ten to the 会合, and having entered the circle, passed 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the whole of them, 問い合わせing after, and making himself 熟知させるd with the several tribes, their 各々の leaders and 住居s. His Excellency then 組み立てる／集結するd the 長，指導者s by themselves, and 確認するd them in the 階級s of chieftains, to which their own tribes had exalted them, and conferred upon them badges of distinction; whereon were engraved their 指名するs as 長，指導者s, and those of their tribes. He afterwards conferred badges of 長所 on some individuals, in acknowledgment of their 安定した and loyal 行為／行う in the 援助 they （判決などを）下すd the 軍の party, when lately sent out in 追跡 of the refractory natives to the west and south of the Nepean river. By the time this 儀式 was over, Mrs. Macquarie arrived, and the children belonging to, and under the care of the native 会・原則, fifteen in number, に先行するd by their teacher, entered the circle, and walked 一連の会議、交渉／完成する it; the children appearing very clean, 井戸／弁護士席 着せる／賦与するd and happy. The 長，指導者s were then again called together to 観察する the examination of the children as to their 進歩 in learning and the civilized habits of life. Several of the little ones read; and it was 感謝する to the bosom of sensibility to trace the degrees of 楽しみ which the 長，指導者s manifested on this occasion. Some clapped the children on the 長，率いる; and one in particular turning 一連の会議、交渉／完成する に向かって the 知事 with 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の emotion, exclaimed, 知事, that will make a good 植民／開拓者,--that's my Pickaninny! (meaning his child). And some of the 女性（の）s were 観察するd to shed 涙／ほころびs of 同情的な affection, at seeing the 幼児 and helpless off-spring of their 死んだ friends, so happily 避難所d and 保護するd by British benevolence. The examinations 存在 finished, the children returned to the 会・原則, under the 指導／手引 of their venerable 教える; whose assiduity and attention to them, 長所 every commendation".

[* 虫垂]

"The feasting then 開始するd, and the 知事 retired まっただ中に the long and 繰り返し言うd acclamations and shouts of his sable and 感謝する congress. The number of the visitants, (排除的 of the fifteen children) 量d to one hundred and seventy-nine, viz. one hundred and five men, fifty-three women, and twenty-one children. It is worthy of 観察 that three of the latter について言及するd number of children, (and the son of the memorable Bemni-long, was one of them) were placed in the native 会・原則, すぐに after the breaking up of the congress, on Saturday last, making the number of children now in that 設立, altogether eighteen; and we may reasonably 信用 that in a few years this benevolent 会・原則 will amply reward the hopes and 期待s of its 自由主義の patrons and 支持者s, and answer the grand 反対する ーするつもりであるd, by 供給するing a seminary for the helpless off-spring of the natives of this country, and 開始 the path to their 未来 civilization and 改良."

WINDSOR.

The town of Windsor, (or as it was 以前は called, the Green Hills), is thirty-five miles distant from Sydney, and is 据えるd 近づく the confluence of the South Creek with the river Hawkesbury. It stands on a hill, whose elevation is about one hundred feet above the level of the river, at low water. The buildings here are much of the same cast as at Parramatta, 存在 in general 天候 boarded without, and lathed and plastered within.

The public buildings are a church, 政府 house, hospital, 兵舎, 法廷，裁判所-house, 蓄える／店-house, and gaol, 非，不，無 of which are worthy of notice. The inn lately 設立するd by Mr. Fitzgerald, is by far the best building in the town, and may be pronounced upon the whole, the most splendid 設立 of the 肉親，親類d in the 植民地.

The 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of the 全住民 is composed of 植民／開拓者s, who have farms in the neighbourhood, and of their servants. There are besides a few inferior 仲買人s, publicans and artificers. The town 含む／封じ込めるs in the whole about six hundred souls.

The Hawkesbury here is of かなりの size, and navigable for 大型船s of one hundred トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, for about four miles above the town. A little higher up, it is joined by, or rather is called the Nepean river, and has several shallows; but with the help of two or three フェリー（で運ぶ）s, it might still be （判決などを）下すd navigable for boats of twelve or fifteen トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, for about twenty miles その上の. This substitution of water for land carriage, would be of 広大な／多数の／重要な advantage to the 非常に／多数の 植民／開拓者s who 住む its 高度に fertile banks, and would also かなり 促進する the 拡張 of 農業 throughout the 隣接する 地区s.

に引き続いて the sinuosities of the river the distance of Windsor from the sea is about one hundred and forty miles; 反して in a straight line it is not more than thirty-five. The rise of the tide is about four feet, and the water is fresh for forty miles below the town.

Land is about ten per cent. higher than at Parramatta, and is 前進するing 速く in price. This circumstance is 主として attributable to the small 量 of land that is to be had perfectly 解放する／自由な from the reach of the inundations, to which the Hawkesbury is so frequently 支配する. These inundations often rise seventy or eighty feet above low water 示す; and in the instance of what is still emphatically 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d "the 広大な／多数の／重要な flood," 達成するd an elevation of ninety-three feet. The 大混乱 of 混乱 and 苦しめる that 現在のs itself on these occasions, cannot be easily conceived by any one who has not been a 証言，証人／目撃する of its horrors. An 巨大な expanse of water, of which the 注目する，もくろむ cannot in many directions discover the 限界s, every where interspersed with growing 木材／素質, and （人が）群がるd with poultry, pigs, horses, cattle, stacks and houses, having frequently men, women, and children, 粘着するing to them for 保護, and shrieking out in an agony of despair for 援助:--such are the 主要な／長／主犯 反対するs by which these scenes of death and 荒廃 are characterized.

These inundations are not 定期刊行物, but they most 一般に happen in the month of March. Within the last two years there have been no より小数の than four of them, one of which was nearly as high as the 広大な／多数の／重要な flood. In the six years 先行するs there had not been one. Since the 設立 of the 植民地 they have happened upon an 普通の／平均（する）, about once in three years.

The 主要な／長／主犯 原因（となる） of them is the contiguity of this river to the Blue Mountains. The Grose and Warraganbia rivers, from which two sources it derives its 主要な／長／主犯 供給（する）, 問題／発行する direct from these mountains; and the Nepean river, the other 主要な／長／主犯 支店 of it, runs along the base of them for fifty or sixty miles; and receives in its 進歩, from the innumerable mountain 激流s connected with it, the whole of the rain which these mountains collect in that 広大な／多数の／重要な extent. That this is the 主要な／長／主犯 原因（となる） of these calamitous inundations has been fully 証明するd; for すぐに after the 農園 of this 植民地, the Hawkesbury 洪水d its banks, (which are in general about thirty feet in 高さ), in the 中央 of 収穫, when not a 選び出す／独身 減少（する） of rain had fallen on the Port Jackson 味方する of the mountains. Another 広大な／多数の／重要な 原因（となる） of the inundations, which take place in this and the other rivers in the 植民地, is the small 落ちる that is in them, and the consequent slowness of their 現在のs. The 現在の in the Hawkesbury, even when the tide is in 十分な ebb, does not 越える two miles an hour. The water, therefore, which during the rains, 急ぐs in 激流s from the mountains cannot escape with 十分な rapidity; and from its 巨大な accumulation, soon overtops the banks of the river, and covers the whole of the low country.

LIVERPOOL.

The town of Liverpool is 据えるd on the banks of Geoge's river, at the distance of eighteen miles from Sydney. It was 設立するd by 知事 Macquarie, and is now of about six years standing. Its 全住民 may 量 to about two hundred souls, and is composed of a small detachment of 軍の, of cultivators, and a few artificers, 仲買人s, publicans, and labourers.

The public buildings are a church (not yet I believe 完全にするd) a school house and 蓄える／店s for the 歓迎会 and 問題／発行する of 準備／条項s to such of the 植民／開拓者s in the 隣接する 地区s as are victualled at the expense of the 政府. These buildings, however, as might 自然に be 推定する／予想するd from the very 最近の 設立 of this town, are but little superior in their 外見 to the rude dwellings of its inhabitants.

The river is about half the size of the Hawkesbury, and is navigable for boats of twenty トンs 重荷（を負わせる） as high up as the town. It empties itself into Botany Bay, which is about fourteen miles to the southward of the 長，率いるs of Port Jackson. It is 支配する to the same sort of inundations as the Hawkesbury; but they are not in general of so violent and destructive a nature. The tide rises about the same 高さ as in that river, and the 現在の is, I believe, nearly of the same velocity.

The position of this town is all that can be 勧めるd in support of the probability of its 未来 進歩; the land in its 周辺 存在 in general of a very indifferent 質. It is in a central 状況／情勢, between Sydney and the fertile 地区s of Bringelly, Arids, Appin, Bunpury Curran, Cabramatta, and the Seven Islands, to which last place the tide of 植民地化 is at 現在の principally directing itself. There can be no 疑問, therefore, that the town of Liverpool will, in a few years, become a place of かなりの size and importance. Land there is as yet of very trifling value; and a 賃貸し（する） may be 得るd by any 解放する／自由な person from the 政府, on the simple 条件 of 築くing a house on it.

Society is upon a much better 地盤 throughout the 植民地, in general than might 自然に be imagined, considering the 成分s of which it is composed. In Sydney the civil and 軍の officers with their families form a circle at once select and 延長するd, without 含むing the 非常に／多数の 高度に respectable families of merchants and 植民／開拓者s who reside there. Unfortunately, however, this town is not 解放する／自由な from those 分割s which are so 流布している in all small communities. スキャンダル appears to be the favourite amusement to which idlers 訴える手段／行楽地 to kill time and 妨げる ennui; and その結果, the same families are eternally changing from friendship to 敵意, and from 敵意 支援する again to friendship.

In the other towns these dissensions are not so ありふれた, because the circle of society is more circumscribed; and in the 地区s where there are no towns at all, they are still more rare; because in such 状況／情勢s people have too much need of one another's intercourse and 援助 to propagate 報告（する）／憶測s injurious to their 隣人's character, unless on 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な occasions, and where their 主張s are 設立するd on truth.

一般に speaking, the 明言する／公表する of society in these 解決／入植地s is much the same, as の中で an equal 全住民 in the country parts of this kingdom. Of the number of respectable persons that they 含む／封じ込める, some 見積（る） may be formed if we 言及する to the parties which are given on particular days at the 政府 House. It appears from the Sydney Gazette of the 24th January, 1818, that one hundred and sixty ladies and gentlemen were 現在の at a ball and supper which was given there on the 18th of that month, in 祝賀 of her late majesty's birth-day.

There are at 現在の no public amusements in this 植民地. Many years since, there was a theatre, and more latterly, 年次の races; but it was 設立する that the society was not 十分に 円熟した for such 設立s. Dinner and supper parties are very たびたび（訪れる） in Sydney; and it 一般に happens that a few subscription balls take place in the course of the year. Upon the whole it may be 安全に 主張するd, that the natural disposition of the people to sociality has not only been in no wise impaired by their change of scene, but that all classes of the colonists are more hospitable than persons of 類似の means in this country.

There are four 法廷，裁判所s in this 植民地, 設立するd by 借り切る／憲章, viz. the 法廷，裁判所 of Admiralty, the 法廷，裁判所 of 犯罪の Judicature, the 知事's 法廷，裁判所, the 最高裁判所, and the High 法廷，裁判所 of 控訴，上告s.

The 法廷，裁判所 of 副／悪徳行為 Admiralty consists of the 裁判官 支持する, and takes cognizance of 逮捕（する）s, 海難救助s, and such other 事柄s of 論争 as arise on the high seas; but it has no 犯罪の 裁判権.

The 法廷，裁判所 of 犯罪の Judicature, consists of the 裁判官 支持する and six officers of His Majesty's sea and land 軍隊s, or of either, 任命するd by the 知事. This 法廷，裁判所 takes cognizance of all 背信s, 重罪s, 軽罪s, and in fact of all 犯罪の offences どれでも; and afterwards adjudges death or such other 罰 as the 法律 of England may have affixed to the 各々の 罪，犯罪s of which the 囚人s may be 設立する 有罪の.

The 知事's 法廷，裁判所 consists of the 裁判官 支持する and two inhabitants of the 植民地, 任命するd by precept from the 知事, and takes cognizance of all 嘆願s where the 量 告訴するd for does not 越える &続けざまに猛撃する;50 英貨の／純銀の, (except such 嘆願s as may arise between party and party at 先頭 Dieman's Land) and from its 決定／判定勝ち（する）s there is no 控訴，上告.

The 最高裁判所 is composed of the 裁判官 of this 法廷，裁判所 and two 治安判事s, 任命するd by precept from the 知事; and its 裁判権 延長するs to all 嘆願s where the 事柄 in 論争 越えるs &続けざまに猛撃する;50 英貨の／純銀の. From its judgments, however, 控訴，上告s 嘘（をつく） to the High 法廷，裁判所 of 控訴，上告s.

This latter 法廷，裁判所 is 統括するd by the 知事 himself, 補助装置d by the 裁判官 支持する; and its 決定／判定勝ち（する）s are final in all 事例／患者s where the 量 告訴するd for does not 越える three thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs; but where the sum at 問題／発行する 越えるs this 量, an 控訴，上告 lies in the last instance to the king in 会議.

These 法廷，裁判所s 規制する their 決定／判定勝ち（する）s by the 法律 of England, and take no notice whatever of the 法律s and 規則s which have been made at さまざまな times by the 地元の 政府. The 施行 of these is left 完全に to the magistracy, who 組み立てる／集結する 週刊誌 in the different towns throughout the 植民地, and take cognizance of all infractions, 同様に of the 植民地の as of the 犯罪の code. The 法廷，裁判所s thus formed by the 治安判事s, go by the 指名する of "（法廷の）裁判s of 治安判事s," and answer pretty nearly to the "法廷，裁判所s of general ４半期/4分の1 開会／開廷／会期s for the peace," held in the 各々の 郡s of this kingdom; and, 一般に speaking, they 演習 a 裁判権 perfectly 類似の.

The roads and 橋（渡しをする）s which have been made to every part of the 植民地, are truly surprising, considering the short period that has elapsed since its 創立／基礎. All these are either the work of, or have been 改善するd by, the 現在の 知事; who has even 原因（となる）d a road to be 建設するd over the western mountains, as far as the 倉庫・駅 at Bathurst Plains, which is 上向きs of 180 miles from Sydney. The colonists, therefore, are now 供給するd with every 施設 for the conveyance of their produce to market; a circumstance which cannot fail to have the most 有益な 影響（力） in the 進歩 of 農業. In return for these 広大な／多数の／重要な public accommodations, and to help to keep them in 修理, the 知事 has 設立するd （死傷者）数-gates* in all the 主要な／長／主犯 roads. These are farmed out to the highest 入札者, and were let during the year 1817, for the sum of &続けざまに猛撃する;257.

[* For a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of （死傷者）数s, see the 虫垂]

The 軍の 軍隊 駅／配置するd in the 植民地 consists ofseven companies of the forty-eighth 連隊, and the 王室の 退役軍人 Company; which, form an 効果的な 団体／死体 of about seven hundred firelocks. These have to 守備隊 the two 主要な／長／主犯 解決／入植地s at 先頭 Diemen's Land, to 供給する a company for the 設立 at the Coal River, and to furnish parties for the さまざまな towns and outposts of the 延長するd 領土 of Port Jackson: so that very few 軍隊／機動隊s remain at 長，率いる ４半期/4分の1s. The 植民地 is その結果 considered to be 大いに in need of a その上の 即位 of 軍の strength. Much 苦悩 is felt on this 支配する by the generality of the inhabitants, who have not yet forgotten the insurrection which took place when the whole 全住民 was not nearly so 広大な／多数の／重要な as the 現在の 量 of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, although the 軍の 軍隊 was of equal magnitude. That insurrection indeed was easily 鎮圧するd; but the result of another, under 存在するing circumstances, would in all probability, be very different.

An equal degree of 苦悩 is felt, and more 特に by the 商業の part of the community, that a sloop of war, or a king's 大型船 of some description, should be 駅／配置するd in the harbour, both as a 保護 against the 平易な 可能性 of outward 強襲，強姦, and to 失望させる the 非常に／多数の combinations which the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs are 絶えず forming, and often too 首尾よく, to carry away the 植民地の （手先の）技術, to the 確かな 破壊 of their own and the 乗組員's lives, and to the 廃虚 of the unfortunate owners Not より小数の than three piratical seizures of this nature have been 影響d within the last three years. On all of these occasions the 大型船s so 掴むd were run 岸に on the uninhabited parts of the coast, and all 手渡すs on board, the innocent 乗組員s, 同様に as the abandoned 著作権侵害者s, either 死なせる／死ぬd from hunger, or were immolated by the spears and waddies of the ferocious savages.

When 知事 Macquarie assumed the 命令（する） in 1810, the 全住民 was only half its 現在の number; and yet a sloop of war was 駅／配置するd at Port Jackson, and the 軍の 軍隊 also was on a much more 延長するd 規模. Why a diminution has thus been made in the means of 保護 and defence, when there appear to be such strong grounds for their augmentation, 単に with 言及／関連 to the 内部の 明言する／公表する of the 植民地, it is no 平易な 事柄 to conjecture.

The expediency also of putting the 植民地 in a better posture to repel outward attack, is not いっそう少なく obvious; for although we are now at peace with the whole world, it would be absurd to overlook the 可能性 of 未来 wars. The only 殴打／砲列 of any strength is called, "Dawe's 殴打／砲列;" and is, as I have already casually noticed, 据えるd in the extremity of that neck of land, on which the western part of the town of Sydney is built. This 殴打／砲列, if I remember 権利, 開始するs fourteen long eighteen-pounders, but the carriages of the guns are in a bad 明言する／公表する of 修理, and the embrasures are so low, that a 選び出す／独身 broadside of grape would sweep off all who had the courage or temerity to defend it.

Fort Philip stands on the highest part of the same neck of land, and nearly in the centre of that part of the town which goes by the 指名する of "the 激しく揺するs." This fort was 築くd by 知事 King, すぐに after the insurrection, to which I have alluded. It is a 正規の／正選手 hexagon, but it never was やめる finished, and there are no guns yet 機動力のある on it. The glacis, in fact, is not 十分に levelled to 許す a proper 範囲 for 大砲, and the circumjacent ground is so 不規律な and rocky, that an enemy might at once 築く 殴打／砲列s at fifty yards distance. Besides, this fort is so 完全に hemmed in with houses, that a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of the town would be 必然的に destroyed by the 解雇する／砲火／射撃 from it. Its 状況／情勢, therefore, is in every point of 見解（をとる） objectionable, and 後継するing 知事s have evinced their good sense, in not perfecting a work which would be …に出席するd with a very かなりの expense, and could never become of any 公共事業（料金）／有用性.

A new 殴打／砲列 has lately been 開始するd on Bennilong's Point; but this and Dawe's 殴打／砲列 are both too 近づく the town to 保護する it from the most insignificant 海軍の 軍隊. It is indeed a 事柄 of surprise, that during the last American war, not one of the numberless privateers of that nation, 試みる／企てるd to lay the town of Sydney under 出資／貢献, or to plunder it. A 大型船 of ten guns might have 影響d this 企業 with the greatest 緩和する and safety; and that the inhabitants were not 支配するd to such an 侮辱ing humiliation, could only have arisen from the enemy's ignorance of the insufficiency of their means of defence.

The 気候 of the 植民地, 特に in the inland 地区s, is 高度に salubrious, although the heats in summer are いつかs 過度の, the 温度計 frequently rising in the shade to ninety, and even to a hundred degrees and 上向きs of Fahrenheit. This, however, happens only during the hot 勝利，勝つd; and these do not 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる upon an 普通の／平均（する）, more than eight or ten days in the year. The mean heat during the three summer months, December, January, and February, is about 80 degrees at noon. This, it must be 認める, is a degree of heat that would be 高度に oppressive to Europeans, were it not that the sea 微風 始める，決めるs in 定期的に about nine o'clock in the morning, and blows with かなりの 軍隊 from the N. E. till about six or seven o'clock in the evening. It is 後継するd during the night by the land 微風 from the mountains, which 変化させるs from W. S. W. to W. In very hot days the sea 微風 often veersround to the North and blows a 強風. In this 事例／患者 it continues with 広大な／多数の／重要な 暴力／激しさ, frequently for a day or two, and is then 後継するd not by the regularland 微風, but by a 冷淡な southerly squall. The hot 勝利，勝つd blow from the N. W. and doubtless imbibe their heat from the 巨大な tract of country which they 横断する. While they 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる the sea and land 微風s 完全に 中止する. They seldom, however, continue for more than two days at a time, and are always superseded by a 冷淡な southerly 強風, 一般に …を伴ってd with rain. The 温度計 then 沈むs いつかs as low as 60 degrees, and a variation of 気温 of from 30 degrees to 40 degrees takes place in half an hour. These southerly 強風s usually last at this season from twelve to twenty-four hours, and then give way to the 正規の／正選手 sea and land 微風s.

During these three months violent 嵐／襲撃するs of 雷鳴 and 雷 are very たびたび（訪れる）, and the 激しい 落ちるs of rain which take place on these occasions, tend かなり to refresh the country, of which the verdure in all but low moist 状況／情勢s 完全に disappears. At this season the most unpleasant part of the day is the interval which elapses between the 停止 of the land 微風 and the setting in of the sea. This happens 一般に between six and eight o'clock in the morning, when the 温度計 is upon an 普通の／平均（する） at about 72 degrees. During this interval the sea is as smooth as glass, and not a zephyr is 設立する to disport even の中で the topmost boughs of the loftiest trees.

The three autumn months are March, April, and May. The 天候 in March is 一般に very unsettled. This month, in fact, may be considered the 雨の season, and has been more fertile in floods than any other of the year. The 温度計 変化させるs during the day about 15 degrees, 存在 at day-light as low as from 55 degrees to 60 degrees, and at noon as high as from 70 degrees to 75 degrees. The sea and land 微風s at this time become very feeble, although they occasionally 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる during the whole year. The usual 勝利，勝つd from the end of March to the beginning of September, are from S. to S. W.

The 天候 in the 開始／学位授与式 of April is frequently showery, but に向かって the middle it 徐々に becomes more settled, and に向かって the 結論 perfectly （疑いを）晴らす and serene. The 温度計 at the beginning of the month 変化させるs from 72 degrees to 74 degrees at noon, and from the middle to the end 徐々に 拒絶する／低下するs to 66 degrees and いつかs to 60 degrees. In the mornings it is as low as 52 degrees, and 解雇する／砲火／射撃s become in consequence general throughout the 植民地.

The 天候 in the month of May is truly delightful. The atmosphere is perfectly cloudless, and the mornings and evenings become with the 前進する of the month more chilly, and （判決などを）下す a good 解雇する／砲火／射撃 a 高度に comfortable and 元気づける guest. Even during the middle of the day the most violent 演習 may be taken without inconvenience. The 温度計 at sun-rise is under 50 degrees, and seldom above 60 degrees at noon.

The three winter months are June, July, and August. During this interval the mornings and evenings are very chilly, and the nights 過度に 冷淡な. Hoar 霜s are たびたび（訪れる）, and become more 厳しい the その上の you 前進する into the 内部の. Ice half an インチ 厚い is 設立する at the distance of twenty miles from the coast. Very little rain 落ちるs at this season, but the dews are very 激しい when it does not 凍結する, and tend かなり to 保存する the young 刈るs from the 影響s of 干ばつ. 霧s too are たびたび（訪れる） and dense in low damp 状況／情勢s, and on the banks of the rivers. The mean 気温 at day-light is from 40 degrees to 45 degrees, and at noon from 55 degrees to 60 degrees.

The spring months are September, October, and November. In the beginning of September the 霧s still continue; the nights are 冷淡な, but the days （疑いを）晴らす and pleasant. に向かって the の近くに of this month the 冷淡な begins very sensibly to 穏健な. Light にわか雨s occasionally 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる, …を伴ってd with 雷鳴 and 雷. The 温度計 at the beginning of the month is seldom above 60 degrees at noon, but に向かって the end frequently rises to 70 degrees.

In October there are also 時折の にわか雨s, but the 天候 upon the whole is （疑いを）晴らす and pleasant. The days 徐々に become warmer, and the blighting north-west 勝利，勝つd are to be apprehended. The sea and land 微風s again 再開する their 十分な sway. The 温度計 at sun-rise 変化させるs from 60 degrees to 65 degrees, and at noon is frequently up to 80 degrees.

In November the 天候 may be again called hot. 乾燥した，日照りの parching 勝利，勝つd 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる as the month 前進するs, and squalls of 雷鳴 and 雷 with rain or あられ／賞賛する. The 温度計 at day-light is seldom under 65 degrees, and frequently at noon rises to 80 degrees, 84 degrees, and even 90 degrees.

Such is the 気温 throughout the year at Port Jackson. In the inland 地区s to the eastward of the mountains, the 温度計 is upon an 普通の／平均（する） 5 degrees lower in the morning, and the same number of degrees higher at noon throughout the winter season, but during the summer months it is 5 degrees higher at all hours of the day. On the mountains themselves, and in the country to the 西方の of them, the 気候, in consequence of their superior elevation, is much more temperate. 激しい 落ちるs of snow take place during the winter, and remain いつかs for many days on the 首脳会議s of the loftiest hills; but in the valleys the snow すぐに 解散させるs. The 霜s too are much more 厳しい, and the winters are of longer duration. All the seasons indeed are more distinctly 示すd to the 西方の of the mountains, and 耐える a much stronger resemblance to the corresponding ones in this country.

From the foregoing account of the 明言する／公表する of the 天候 and 気温 during the さまざまな seasons of the year, it will be seen that the 気候 of the 植民地 is upon the whole 高度に salubrious and delightful. If the summers are occasionally a little too hot for the European 憲法, it will be remembered that the extreme heats which I have noticed as happening during the north-west 勝利，勝つd, are of but short continuance; and that the sea and land 微風s, which 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる at this season in an almost 連続する succession, 穏健な the 気温 so effectually, that even new comers are but little incommoded by it, and the old 居住（者）s experience no inconvenience from it whatever. The sea 微風 indeed is not so sensibly felt in the 内部の as on the coast, by 推論する／理由 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な extent of forest which it has to 横断する before the inhabitants of the inland 地区s can receive the 利益 of it. This circumstance not only 減らすs its 軍隊, but also 奪うs it in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 of that refreshing coolness which it imparts when 吸い込むd fresh from the bosom of the ocean. The heat その結果 in the 内部の, 特に in low 状況／情勢s, is much more 激しい than on the coast; but by way of 補償（金） for the advantage which in this 尊敬（する）・点 the 地区s in the 周辺 of the sea 所有する over the inland ones, these latter are from the same 原因（となる）s that 妨げる the approach of the sea 微風, 免除された from the sudden and violent variations of 気温, which are occasioned by the southerly 勝利，勝つd, and are without 疑問 the 推論する／理由 why pulmonic affections are so much more 流布している in Sydney than in the 内部の. The hot season, however, which is undoubtedly the most unhealthy part of the year, does not, as will have been perceived, continue above four months. The remaining eight 所有する a 気温 so 高度に 穏健な and congenial to the human 憲法, that the 気候 of this 植民地 would upon the whole, appear to 正当化する the glowing enthusiasm of those who have 投機・賭けるd to call it the Montpellier of the world.

復部の and pulmonic complains are the two 流布している 病気s. The 復部の （民事の）告訴s are 限定するd principally to dysentery. This disorder is most ありふれた の中で the poorer classes and new comers. In these it is 一般に intimately connected with scurvy, and in both 事例／患者s it is for the most part 大いに 悪化させるd by the 過度の use of spirituous アルコール飲料s, to which the 集まり of the colonists are unfortunately （麻薬）常用者d.

The pulmonic affections are 一般に 契約d at an 早期に period by the 青年 of both sexes, and are occasioned by the 広大な／多数の／重要な and sudden variations of 気温 already noticed. They are not, however, …を伴ってd with that violent inflammatory 活動／戦闘 which distinguishes them in this country; but proceed slowly and 徐々に, till from neglect they 終結させる in phthisis. They are said to 耐える a strong affinity to the （民事の）告訴 of the same nature which 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs at the Island of Madeira; and it is remarkable, that in both these 植民地s a change of 空気／公表する affords the only chance of 復古／返還 to the natives; 反して foreigners 労働ing under phthisis upon their arrival in either of these places, find almost instantaneous 救済.

There are no infantile 病気s whatever. The measles, hooping cough, and small pox, are 完全に unknown. Some few years, indeed, before the 創立／基礎 of this 植民地, the small pox committed the most dreadful 荒廃させるs の中で the aborigines. This 皆殺しにするing 天罰（を下す） is said to have been introduced by Captain Cook, and many of the 同時代のs of those who fell 犠牲者s to it, are still living; and the 深い furrows which remain in some of their countenances, shew how 辛うじて they escaped the same premature 運命. The recollection of this dreadful malady will long 生き残る in the traditionary songs of this simple people. The びっくり仰天 which it excited is still as fresh in their minds as if it had been but an occurrence of yesterday, although the 世代 which 証言，証人／目撃するd its horrors, has almost past away. The moment one of them was 掴むd with it, it was the signal for abandoning him to his 運命／宿命. Brothers 砂漠d their brothers, children their parents, and parents their children; and in some of the 洞穴s on the coast, heaps of decayed bones still 示す the 位置／汚点／見つけ出すs where the helpless 苦しんでいる人s were left to 満了する／死ぬ, not so much perhaps from the 暴力／激しさ of the 病気 as from the want of sustenance.

This 致命的な instance of the inveteracy of this disorder, when once introduced into the 植民地, has not been without its counterpoising 利益. It has induced the 地元の 政府 to 可決する・採択する proper 対策 for 避けるing the propagation of a 類似の contagion の中で the colonists. The ワクチン 事柄 was introduced with this 見解（をとる） many years 支援する; but as all the children in the 植民地 were すぐに inoculated, it was again lost from the want of a 十分な number of 支配するs to afford a 供給（する） of fresh ウイルス; and for many years afterwards, every 成果／努力 that was made for its re-introduction 証明するd abortive. Through the indefatigable exertions, however, of Doctor Burke, of the Mauritius, the colonists are again in 所有／入手 of this inestimable blessing; and there can be no 疑問 that proper 警戒s will be taken to 妨げる them from 存在 again 奪うd of it.

The 植民地 of New South むちの跡s 所有するs every variety of 国／地域, from the sandy ヒース／荒れ地, and the 冷淡な hungry clay, to the fertile loam and the 深い vegetable mould. For the distance of five or six miles from the coast, the land is in general 極端に barren, 存在 a poor hungry sand, thickly studded with 激しく揺するs. A few 哀れな stunted gums, and a dwarf underwood, are the richest 生産／産物s of the best part of it; while the 残り／休憩（する） never gives birth to a tree at all, and is only covered with low flowering shrubs, whose infinite 多様制, however, and 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の beauty, （判決などを）下す this wild ヒース／荒れ地 the most 利益／興味ing part of the country for the botanist, and make even the いっそう少なく 科学の beholder forget the nakedness and sterility of the scene.

Beyond this barren waste, which thus forms a girdle to the coast, the country suddenly begins to 改善する. The 国／地域 changes to a thin 層 of vegetable mould, 残り／休憩（する）ing on a stratum of yellow clay, which is again supported by a 深い bed of schistus. The trees of the forest are here of the most stately dimensions. 十分な sized gums and アイロンをかける barks, along 味方する of which the loftiest trees in this country would appear as pigmies, with the beefwood tree, or as it is 一般に 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d, the forest oak, which is of much humbler growth, are the usual 木材／素質. The forest is 極端に 厚い, but there is little or no underwood. A poor sour grass, which is too effectually 避難所d from the rays of the sun, to be 所有するd of any nutritive and fattening 所有物／資産／財産s, shoots up in the intervals. This description of country, with a few exceptions, however, which deserve not to be 特に noticed, forms another girdle of about ten miles in breadth: so that, 一般に speaking, the 植民地 for about sixteen miles into the 内部の, may be said to 所有する a 国／地域, which has 自然に no （人命などを）奪う，主張する to fertility, and will 要求する all the 技術 and 産業 of its owners to （判決などを）下す it even tolerably 生産力のある.

At this distance, however, the 面 of the country begins 速く to 改善する. The forest is いっそう少なく 厚い, and the trees in general are of another description; the アイロンをかける barks, yellow gums, and forest oaks disappearing, and the stringy barks, blue gums, and box trees, 一般に usurping their stead. When you have 前進するd about four miles その上の into the 内部の, you are at length gratified with the 外見 of a country truly beautiful. An endless variety of hill and dale, 着せる／賦与するd in the most luxuriant herbage, and covered with bleating flocks and lowing herds, at length 示す that you are in 地域s fit to be 住むd by civilized man. The 国／地域 has no longer the stamp of barrenness. A rich loam 残り／休憩（する）ing on a substratum of fat red clay, several feet in depth, is 設立する even on the 最高の，を越すs of the highest hills, which in general do not 産する／生じる in fertility to the vallies. The 木材／素質, strange as it may appear, is of inferior size, though still of the same nature, i. e. blue gum, box, and stringy bark. There is no underwood, and the number of trees upon an acre do not upon an 普通の／平均（する） 越える thirty. They are, in fact, so thin, that a person may gallop without difficulty in every direction. Coursing the kangaroo is the favourite amusement of the colonists, who 一般に 追求する this animal at 十分な 速度(を上げる） on horseback, and frequently manage, notwithstanding its 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の swiftness, to be up at the death; so trifling are the 妨害s occasioned by the forest.

The above general description may be 適用するd with tolerable 正確, to the whole tract of country which lies between this space and the Nepean River. The plains, however, on the banks of this river, which are in many places of かなりの extent, are of far greater fertility, 存在 a rich vegetable mould, many feet in depth, and have without 疑問, been 徐々に formed by depositions from it during the periods of its inundations. These plains 徐々に 大きくする themselves until you arrive at the junction of the Nepean with the Hawkesbury, on each 味方する of which they are 一般的に from a mile to a mile and a half in breadth. The banks of this latter river are of still greater fertility than the banks of the former, and may 争う in this 尊敬（する）・点 with the far-famed banks of the Nile. The same acre of land there has been known to produce in the course of one year, fifty bushels of wheat and a hundred of maize. The 植民／開拓者s have never any occasion for manure, since the slimy depositions from the river, effectually 中和する／阻止する the exhaustion that would さもなければ be produced by incessant 刈るs. The 木材／素質 on the banks of these rivers is for the most part apple tree, which is very beautiful, and 耐えるs in its foliage and 形態／調整 a striking resemblance to the oak of this country. Its 支持を得ようと努めるd, however, is of no value except for 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing, and for the 巨大な 量 of マリファナ-ash which might be made from it. The blue gum and stringy bark are also very ありふれた on these flooded lands, and of the best description. The banks of the Hawkesbury 以前は produced cedar, but it has long since 完全に disappeared.

The banks of these rivers, and indeed the whole tract of country, (一般に speaking) which I have 述べるd, with the exception of the barren waste in the 周辺 of the coast, are, to use the 植民地の 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語, 位置を示すd, i. e. either 認めるd away to individuals, or 大（公）使館員d as ありふれたs to the cultivated 地区s. It may not, therefore, be 容認できない to many of my readers, to learn the particulars of those unappropriated tracts of land within the 即座の 管区s of Port Jackson, which are best adapted to the 目的s of 植民地化.

COW PASTURES.

Of these "the cow pastures" 階級 first in point of proximity. This tract of land has hitherto been reserved for the use of the wild cattle; although these animals have for some time past disappeared, either from having 設立する an 出口 into the 内部の, through the surrounding mountains, or what is a still more probable conjecture, from the 皆殺しにするing 急襲s of the 非常に／多数の poor 植民／開拓者s, who have farms in the neighbourhood, and who, considering their general poverty, it is 平易な to believe, would not 苦しむ the want of animal food, so long as they could take their dogs and guns, and kill a cow or calf at their 選択. These wild cattle were the progeny of a few tame ones, which 逸脱するd away from the 解決／入植地 すぐに after the period of its 創立／基礎, and were not discovered till about fifteen years afterwards, when they had multiplied to several thousands. On their 発見 they すぐに attracted the attention of his majesty's 大臣s, and orders were 派遣（する）d from this country, 禁じるing the 知事 and his 後継者s from 認めるing away the land, on which they had 直す／買収する，八百長をするd themselves. This they soon overspread, and on the occasion of the 厳しい 干ばつs that were experienced in the 植民地 in the years 1813, 1814, and 1815, 広大な／多数の／重要な numbers of them 死なせる／死ぬd from the want of water and pasturage. Where thousands then 存在するd, there are scarcely hundreds to be 設立する at 現在の, and these 主として consist of bulls. A cow or calf can very rarely be met with. There can その結果 be very little 疑問 that they have disappeared in the manner I have conjectured, and that their numbers have been thus かなり 減ずるd by the depredations of the poorer 植民／開拓者s, which it was for a long time thought beyond the 力／強力にする of the 植民地の 法廷，裁判所s to 抑制する; since, although it was 悪名高い that these wild cattle were 初めは 購入（する）d by the 栄冠を与える, still the cattle of individuals had subsequently, at さまざまな times, intermixed with them, and 妨げるd that 身元確認，身分証明 of 所有物／資産／財産, which the late 裁判官 支持する considered 必須の to the 有罪の判決 of the 違反者／犯罪者s. His opinion, however, has been overruled by his 後継者, and several persons have been lately tried for and 設立する 有罪の of this offence; and although they were not punished capitally for it, there can be no 疑問 that their 有罪の判決 will 大いに 減らす such depredations for the 未来. Not that I consider the 保護 of these wild herds will be …に出席するd with any advantages to the 植民地. On the contrary, it is my belief, that their total 破壊 せねばならない be 影響d; since the 増加する of them is of mere 消極的な importance, compared with the 肯定的な disadvantage that …に出席するs their 占領／職業 of one of the most fertile 地区s in the 植民地, which it is to be hoped will be soon covered with 非常に／多数の flocks of 罰金 wooled sheep, for the pasture of which the greater part of it is so admirably adapted. This tract of land is about thirty miles distant from Sydney: it is bounded on the east by the river Nepean, on the west by the Blue Mountains, of which this river, on the north 味方する of the cow pastures washes the base, so that they together form the northern 境界, and on the south by a 厚い barren 小衝突 of about ten miles in breadth, which these cattle have never been able to 侵入する. This 罰金 tract of country is thus surrounded by natural 境界s, which form it into an enclosure somewhat in the 形態／調整 of an oblong spheroid. It 含む／封じ込めるs about one hundred thousand acres of good land, a かなりの 部分 of which is flooded, and equal to any on the banks of the Hawkesbury.

FIVE ISLANDS.

The next かなりの tract of unappropriated land is the 地区 called the Five Islands. It 開始するs at the distance of about forty miles to the southward of Sydney, and 延長するs to Shoal 港／避難所 river. This tract of land lies between the coast and a high 範囲 of hills which 終結させる at the north 味方する 突然の in the sea, and form its northern and western 境界: the ocean is its eastern 境界, and Shoal 港／避難所 river its southern. The 範囲 that surrounds this 地区 on the north and west is a 支店 of the Blue Mountains; and the only road at 現在の known to it, is 負かす／撃墜する a pass so remarkably 法外な, that unless a better be discovered, the communication between it and the 資本／首都 by land, will always be difficult and dangerous for waggons. This circumstance is a 構成要素 counterpoise to its 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の fertility, and is the 推論する／理由 why it is at 現在の unoccupied by any but large 株主s. Those parts, however, which are 据えるd 近づく Shoal 港／避難所 river, are 高度に 適格の for 農業の 目的s; since this river is navigable for about twenty miles into the country for 大型船s of seventy or eighty トンs 重荷（を負わせる）; a circumstance which 持つ／拘留するs out to 未来 colonists the greatest 施設s for the cheap and expeditious conveyance of their produce to market. The land on the banks of this river is of the same nature, and 所有するs equal fertility with the banks of the Hawkesbury. There are several streams in different parts of this 地区, which 問題／発行する from the mountain behind, and afford an abundant 供給（する） of pure water. In many places there are large prairies of unparalleled richness, 完全に 解放する／自由な from 木材／素質, and その結果 用意が出来ている by the 手渡す of nature for the 即座の 歓迎会 of the ploughshare. These advantages, 連合させるd with its proximity to Sydney, have already begun to attract the tide of 植民地化 to it, and will no 疑問 （判決などを）下す it in a few years one of the most populous, 生産力のある, and 価値のある of all the 地区s. The 国／地域 is in general a 深い fat vegetable mould. The surface of the country is thinly 木材／素質d, with the exception of the mountain which boundsit to the Northward and 西方の. This is covered with a 厚い 小衝突, but is にもかかわらず 極端に fertile up to the very 首脳会議, and peculiarly adapted both from its eastern 面 and 穏やかな 気候 for the cultivation of the vine. This large tract of country was only discovered about four years since, and has not yet been 正確に 調査するd. Its extent, therefore, is not 正確に known; but it without 疑問 含む／封じ込めるs several hundred thousand acres, 含むing the banks of the Shoal 港／避難所 river. These produce a 広大な／多数の／重要な 豊富 of 罰金 cedar, and other 高度に 価値のある 木材／素質, for which there is an 広範囲にわたる and 増加するing 需要・要求する at Port Jackson.

COAL RIVER.

The next tract of unappropriated country which I shall 述べる, is the 地区 of the Coal River. The town of Newcastle is 据えるd at the mouth of this river, and is about sixty miles to the northward of Port Jackson. Its 全住民 by the last 国勢（人口）調査 今後d to this country, was five hundred and fifty souls. These, with the exception of a few 解放する／自由な 植民／開拓者s, 設立するd on the upper banks of this river, 量ing with their families perhaps to thirty souls, and about fifty 軍隊／機動隊s, are all incorrigible 違反者／犯罪者s, who have been 罪人／有罪を宣告するd either before a （法廷の）裁判 of 治安判事s, or the 法廷，裁判所 of 犯罪の Judicature, and afterwards re-輸送（する）d to this place, where they are worked in chains from sunrise to sunset, and profitably 雇うd in 燃やすing lime and procuring coals and 木材／素質, 同様に for carrying on the public 作品 at Port Jackson, as for the 私的な 目的s of individuals, who 支払う／賃金 the 政府 規定するd prices for these different articles. This 解決／入植地 was, in fact, 設立するd with the two-倍の 見解（をとる） of 供給（する）ing the public 作品 with these necessary articles, and 供給するing a separate place of 罰 for all who might be 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 罪，犯罪s in the 植民地の 法廷，裁判所s.

The coal 地雷s here are かなり elevated above the level of the sea, and are of the richest description. The veins are 明白な on the abrupt 直面する of the cliff, which 国境s the harbour, and are worked by adits or 開始s, which serve both to carry off the water and to wheel away the coals. The 量 procured in this 平易な manner is very 広大な／多数の／重要な, and might be 増加するd to any extent. So much more coals indeed are thus 得るd than are 要求するd for the 目的s of the 政府, that they are glad to 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of them to all persons who are willing to 購入（する）, 要求するing in return a 義務 of two shillings and six pence per トン, for such as are ーするつもりであるd for home 消費, and five shillings for such as are for exportation.

The lime procured at this 解決／入植地 is made from oyster 爆撃するs, which are 設立する in prodigious 豊富. These 爆撃するs 嘘（をつく） の近くに to the banks of the river, in beds of amazing size and depth. How they （機の）カム there has long been a 事柄 of surprise and 憶測 to the colonists. Some are of opinion that they have been 徐々に deposited by the natives in those 定期刊行物 feasts of 爆撃する fish, for the 祝賀 of which they still 組み立てる／集結する at 明言する／公表するd seasons in large 団体／死体s: others have 競うd, and I think with more probability, that they were 初めは large natural beds of oysters, and that the river has on some occasion or other, either changed its course or 契約d its 限界s, and thus 砂漠d them.

These beds are 一般に five or six feet above high-water 示す. The 過程 of making lime from them is 極端に simple and expeditious. They are first dug up and 精査するd, and then piled over large heaps of 乾燥した，日照りの 支持を得ようと努めるd, which are 始める，決める 解雇する／砲火／射撃 to, and speedily 変える the superincumbent 集まり into excellent lime. When thus made it is shipped for Sydney, and sold at one shilling per bushel.

The 木材／素質 procured on the banks of this river is 主として cedar and rose 支持を得ようと努めるd. The cedar, however, is becoming 不十分な in consequence of the 巨大な 量s that have been already 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する, and cannot be any longer 得るd without going at least a hundred and fifty miles up the river. At this distance, however, it is still to be had in かなりの 豊富, and is easily floated 負かす／撃墜する to the town in rafts. The 政府 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of this 支持を得ようと努めるd in the same manner as the coals, at the price of &続けざまに猛撃する;3 for each thousand square feet, ーするつもりであるd for home 消費, and &続けざまに猛撃する;6 for the same 量 if 輸出（する）d.

This 解決／入植地 is placed under the direction of a commandant, who is selected out of the officers of the 連隊 駅／配置するd in the 植民地, and is 許すd, as has been noticed, about fifty 解雇する／砲火／射撃-locks to 持続する his 当局. He is always 任命するd to the magistracy 以前 to his 得るing this 命令（する）, and is ゆだねるd with the entire controul of the 囚人s, whom he punishes or rewards as their 行為／行う may appear to him to 長所.

The harbour at the mouth of this river is tolerably 安全な・保証する and spacious, and 含む／封じ込めるs 十分な depth of water for 大型船s of three hundred トンs 重荷（を負わせる）. The river itself, however, is only navigable for small （手先の）技術 of thirty or forty トンs 重荷（を負わせる）, and this only for about fifty miles above the town. Just beyond this distance there are 非常に／多数の flats and shallows, which only 収容する／認める of the passage of boats over them. This river has three 支店s; they are called the upper, the lower, and the middle 支店: the two former are navigable for boats for about a hundred and twenty miles, the latter for 上向きs of two hundred miles. The banks of all these 支店s are liable to inundations 平等に terrific with those at the Hawkesbury, and from the same 原因（となる）s; because they are receptacles for the rain that is collected by the Blue Mountains, which form the western 境界 of this 地区, and divide it 同様に as the 地区s of Port Jackson, from the 広大な／多数の／重要な western wilderness. The low lands within the reach of these inundations is if possible of still greater exuberancy than the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean, and of four times the extent. The high-land, or to give it the 植民地の 呼称, the forest land, is very thinly studded with 木材／素質, and equal for all the 目的s of 農業 and grazing to the best 地区s of Port Jackson. The 気候 too is 平等に salubrious, and on the upper banks of the middle 支店, it is 一般に believed, that the summer heats are 十分な for the 生産／産物 of cotton; the cultivation of which would become an inexhaustible source of wealth to the growers, and would afford a 価値のある article of 輸出（する） to the 植民地.

In fact, under every point of 見解（をとる） this 地区 含む／封じ込めるs the strongest 誘導s to 植民地化. It 所有するs a navigable river, by which its produce may be 伝えるd to market at a trifling expence, and the inhabitants of its most remote parts may receive such articles of foreign or 国内の growth and 製造（する） as they may need, at a 穏健な 前進する: it より勝るs Port Jackson in the general fertility of its 国／地域, and at least 競争相手s it in the salubrity of its 気候: it 含む／封じ込めるs in the greatest 豊富 coal, lime, and many varieties of 価値のある 木材／素質 which are not 設立する どこかよそで, and 約束 to become articles of かなりの 輸出（する）: it has already 設立するd in an 適格の position, a small 核 of 植民／開拓者s to which others may 固執する, and thus both communicate and receive the advantages of society and 保護; and it has a town which affords a かなりの market for 農業の produce, and of which the 命令（する）ing localities must 速く 増加する the extent and 全住民.

COUNTRY WEST OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS.

The country to the 西方の of the Blue Mountains 階級s next in contiguity to Sydney, and （人命などを）奪う，主張するs pre-eminence not so much from any 優越 of 国／地域 in those parts of it which have been 調査するd, as from its amazing extent, and 広大な／多数の／重要な 多様制 of 気候. These mountains, where the road has been made over them, are fifty-eight miles in breadth; and as the distance from Sydney to Emu Ford, at which place this road may be said to 開始する, is about forty miles, the beginning of the 広大な tract of country to the 西方の of them, it will be seen, is ninety-eight miles distant from the 資本／首都.

The road which thus 横断するs these mountains is by no means difficult for waggons, until you arrive at the pass which forms the 降下／家系 into the low country. There it is 過度に 法外な and dangerous; yet carts and waggons go up and 負かす／撃墜する it continually: nor do I believe that any serious 事故 has yet occurred in 成し遂げるing this very formidable 請け負うing.

Still the 発見 of a safer and more practicable pass would certainly be …に出席するd with a very 有益な 影響（力） on the 未来 進歩 of 植民地化 in this 広大な／多数の／重要な western wilderness. Every 試みる／企てる, however, to find such a one has hitherto 証明するd abortive; and should the 未来 成果／努力s which may be made with this 見解（をとる） 証明する 平等に so, there can be little 疑問, that the communication between the eastern and western country will be principally 持続するd by means of horses and mules with packs and panniers.

The elevation of these mountains above the level of the sea, has not yet been 決定するd; but I should imagine that it cannot 越える four thousand feet. For the first ten or twelve miles they are tolerably 井戸／弁護士席 着せる／賦与するd with 木材／素質, and produce occasionally some middling pasture; but beyond this they are 過度に barren, and are covered 一般に with a 厚い 小衝突, interspersed here and there with a few 哀れな stunted gums. They 耐える, in fact, a striking similarity, both in 尊敬（する）・点 to their 国／地域 and 生産／産物s, to the barren wastes on the coast of Port Jackson. They are very rocky, but they want granite, the distinguishing characteristic of 原始の mountains. Sandstone thickly studded with quartz and a little freestone, are the only varieties which they 申し込む／申し出; a circumstance the more singular, as the moment you descend into the low country beyond them, granite is the only sort of 石／投石する that is to be met with for 上向きs of two hundred miles.

For the whole of this distance to the 西方の of these mountains, the country abounds with the richest herbage, and is upon the whole tolerably 井戸／弁護士席 供給（する）d with running water. In the 即座の 周辺 of them there is a profusion of rivulets, which 発射する／解雇する themselves into the western river; or, as it is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d by the natives, the Warragambia, the main 支店, as I have before 観察するd, of the Hawkesbury. From the moment, however, that the streams begin to take a western course, the want of water becomes more perceptible, and 増加するs as you proceed into the 内部の, 特に in a south-west direction.

This large and fertile tract of country, is in general perfectly 解放する／自由な from underwood; and in many places, is without any 木材／素質 at all. Bathurst Plains, for instance, where there is a commandant, a 軍の 倉庫・駅, and some few 植民／開拓者s 設立するd, have been 設立する by actual admeasurement, to 含む／封じ込める 上向きs of sixty thousand acres, upon which there is scarcely a tree. The whole of this western country, indeed, is much more open and 解放する／自由な from 木材／素質 than the best 地区s to the eastward of the Blue Mountains.

The 倉庫・駅 at Bathurst Plains, is 180 miles distant from Sydney; and the road to it 現在のs no 妨害 to waggons, but the 降下／家系 from the mountains into the low country; and even this does not 妨げる the inhabitants from 持続するing a 正規の／正選手 intercourse with that town, and receiving from it all the 供給（する）s which they 要求する. The difficulty, however, of thus communicating with the 資本／首都, is such as to 妨げる this 広大な tract of country from assuming an 農業の character; except in as far as the raising of 穀物 for a scanty 全住民 of shepherds and herdsmen, may する権利を与える it to this denomination; since there are no navigable rivers, at all events for many hundred miles into the 内部の, and the difficulty and expence of a land-carriage across the Blue Mountains, will always 妨げる the inhabitants of that part of this 広大な western wilderness, which is at 現在の 調査するd, from entering into a 競争 with the colonists in the 即座の 周辺 of Port Jackson. By way, however, of 始める，決める-off against the anifest 優越, which the 地区s to the eastward of the mountains 所有する in this 尊敬（する）・点 over the country to the 西方の of them; this latter is certainly much better adapted for all the 目的s of grazing and 後部ing cattle. The herbage is sweeter and more nutritive, and there is an 制限のない 範囲 for 在庫／株, without any danger of their committing trespass. There is besides, for the first two hundred miles, a constant succession of hill and dale, admirably ふさわしい for the pasture of sheep, the wool of which will without 疑問 結局 become the 主要な／長／主犯 輸出（する） of this 植民地, and may be 伝えるd across these mountains at an inconsiderable expense.

The 発見 of this 広大な and as yet imperfectly known tract of country, was made in the year 1814, and will doubtless be hereafter 生産力のある of the most important results. It has indeed already given a new 面 to the 植民地, and will form at some 未来 day, a memorable 時代 in its history. Nothing is now wanting to （判決などを）下す this 広大な／多数の／重要な western wilderness the seat of a powerful community, but the 発見 of a navigable river communicating with the western coast. That such 存在するs, although the search for it has hitherto 証明するd ineffectual, there can be no 疑問, if we may be 許すd to 裁判官 from analogy; since in the whole compass of the earth, there is no 選び出す／独身 instance of so large a country as New Holland, not 所有するing at least one 広大な／多数の／重要な navigable river. To ascertain this point has been one of the 主要な 反対するs of 知事 Macquarie's 行政, ever since the 発見 of the pass across the mountains. Several 不成功の 探検隊／遠征隊s have been fitted out with this 見解（をとる） from Sydney, both by sea and land. The last of which we have learned the result, was 行為／行うd by Mr. Oxley, the surveyor-general, and is most worthy of notice, 同様に from the extent of country which he 横断するd, as from the probability that the river which he discovered, 発射する／解雇するs itself into the ocean on some part of the western coast. The 要約 of this 旅行 is 含む／封じ込めるd in the に引き続いて letter, 演説（する）／住所d by him to the 知事 on his return from this 探検隊／遠征隊 to Bathurst Plains.

Bathurst, 30th August, 1817.

SIR,

I have the honour to 熟知させる your Excellency with my arrival at this place last evening, with the persons 構成するing the 探検隊／遠征隊 to the 西方の, which your Excellency was pleased to place under my direction.

Your Excellency is already 知らせるd of my 訴訟／進行s up to the 30th of April. The 限界s of a letter will not 許す me to enter 捕まらないで into the occurrences of nineteen weeks; and as I shall have the honour of waiting on your Excellency in a few days, I 信用 you will have the goodness to excuse the 要約 account I now 申し込む／申し出 to your Excellency.

I proceeded 負かす／撃墜する the Lachlan in company with the boats until the 12th of May, the country 速く descending until the waters of the river rose to a level with it, and dividing into 非常に／多数の 支店s, inundated the country to the west and north-west, and 妨げるd any その上の 進歩 in that direction, the river itself 存在 lost の中で 沼s: up to this point it had received no 即位 of waters from either 味方する, but on the contrary was 絶えず dissipating in lagoons and 押し寄せる／沼地s.

The impossibility of 訴訟／進行 その上の in 合同 with the boats 存在 evident, I 決定するd upon maturer 審議, to 運ぶ／漁獲高 them up, and divesting ourselves of everything, that could かもしれない be spared, proceed with the horses 負担d with the 付加 準備／条項s from the boats, in such a course に向かって the coast as would intersect any stream that might arise from the divided waters of the Lachlan.

In pursuance of this 計画（する）, I quitted the river on the 11th May, taking a south-west course に向かって Cape Northumberland, as the best one to answer my ーするつもりであるd 目的. I will not here 詳細（に述べる） the difficulties and privations we experienced in passing through a barren and desolate country, without any water but such rain water as was 設立する remaining in 穴を開けるs and the crevices of 激しく揺するs. I continued this course until the 9th of June, when having lost two horses through 疲労，（軍の）雑役 and want, and the others in a deplorable 条件, I changed our course to north, along a 範囲 of lofty hills, running in that direction, as they afforded the only means of procuring water until we should 落ちる in with some running stream. On this course I continued until the 23d of June, when we again fell in with a stream, which we had at first some difficulty to recognise as the Lachlan, it 存在 little larger than one of the 沼s of it, where it was quitted on the 17th of May.

I did not hesitate a moment to 追求する this course; not that the nature of the country, or its own 外見 in any manner 示すd that it would become navigable, or was even 永久の; but I was unwilling that the smallest 疑問 should remain of any navigable waters 落ちるing 西方の into the sca, between the 限界s pointed out in my 指示／教授／教育s.

I continued along the banks of the stream until the 8th of July, it having taken during this period a westerly direction, and passing through a perfectly level country, barren in the extreme, and 存在 evidently at periods 完全に under water. To this point it had been 徐々に 減らすing, and spreading its waters over stagnated lagoons and morasses, without receiving any stream that we knew of during the whole extent of its course. The banks were not more than three feet high, and the 示すs of flood in the shrubs and bushes, shewed that at times it rose between two and three feet higher, 原因（となる）ing the whole country to become a 沼, and altogether uninhabitable.

その上の 進歩 西方の, had it been possible, was now useless, as there was neither hill nor rising ground of any 肉親，親類d within the compass of our 見解（をとる）, which was only bounded by the horizon in every ４半期/4分の1, 完全に devoid of 木材／素質 except a few diminutive gums on the very 辛勝する／優位 of the stream, might be so 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d. The water in the bed of the lagoon, as it might now be 適切に denominated, was 沈滞した; its breadth about twenty feet, and the 長，率いるs of grass growing in it, shewed it to be about three feet 深い.

This 初めは unlooked for and truly singular termination of a river, which we had anxiously hoped and reasonably 推定する／予想するd would have led to a far different 結論, filled us with the most painful sensations. We were 十分な five hundred miles west of Sydney, and nearly in its latitude; and it had taken us ten weeks of unremitted exertion to proceed so far. The nearest part of the coast about Cape Bernouilli, had it been accessible, was distant about a hundred and fifty miles. We had 論証するd beyond the 影をつくる／尾行する of a 疑問, that no river whatever could 落ちる into the sea, between Cape Otway and Spencer's Gulph; at least 非，不，無 deriving their waters from the eastern coast, and that the country south of the 平行の of 34 degrees, and west of the meridian of 147 degrees 30' East, was uninhabitable and useless for all the 目的s of civilized man.

It now became my 義務 to make our remaining 資源s as extensively useful to the 植民地 as our circumstances would 許す: these were much 減らすd: an 事故 to one of the boats, in the 手始め of the 探検隊／遠征隊, had 奪うd us of one-third of our 乾燥した，日照りの 準備／条項s, of which we had 初めは but eighteen weeks; and we had been in consequence for some time on a 減ずるd ration of two quarts of flour per man, per week. To return to the 倉庫・駅 by the 大勝する we had come, would have been as useless as impossible; and 本気で considering the spirit of your Excellency's 指示／教授／教育s, I 決定するd upon the most 円熟した 審議, to take such a 大勝する on our return, as would, I hope, best comport with your Excellency's 見解（をとる）s, had our 現在の 状況／情勢 ever been 熟視する／熟考するd.

Returning 負かす／撃墜する the Lachlan, I re-開始するd the 調査する of it from the point in which it was made, the 23d of June; ーするつもりであるing to continue up its banks until its 関係 with the 沼s, where we quitted it on the 17th May, was satisfactorily 設立するd, as also to ascertain if any streams might have escaped our 研究. The 関係 with all the points of the 調査する 以前 ascertained, was 完全にするd between the 19th of July and the 3d of August. In the space passed over within that period, the river had divided into さまざまな 支店s, and formed three 罰金 lakes, which, with one 近づく the 決意 of our 旅行 西方の, were the only かなりの pieces of water we had yet seen; and I now 概算の that the river, from the place where first made by Mr. Evans, had run a course, taking all its windings, of 上向きs of twelve hundred miles; a length of course altogether 前例のない, when the 選び出す／独身 nature of the river is considered, and that its 初めの is its only 供給（する） of water during that distance.

Crossing at this point it was my 意向 to take a north-east course, to intersect the country, and if possible ascertain what had become of the Macquarie river, which it was （疑いを）晴らす had never joined the Lachlan. This course led us through a country to the 十分な as bad as any we had yet seen, and 平等に devoid of water, the want of which again much 苦しめるd us. On the 7th of August the scene began to change, and the country to assume a very different 面: we were now quitting the neighbourhood of the Lachlan, and had passed to the north-east of the high 範囲 of hills, which on this 平行の bounds the low country to the north of that river. To the north-west and north, the country was high and open, with good forest land; and on the 10th we had the satisfaction to 落ちる in with the first stream running northerly. This 新たにするd our hopes of soon 落ちるing in with the Macquarie, and we continued upon the same course, occasionally inclining to the eastward, until the 19th passing through a 罰金 luxuriant country, 井戸／弁護士席 watered, crossing in that space of time nine streams, having a northerly course through rich vallies; the country in every direction 存在 moderately high and open, and 一般に as 罰金 as can be imagined.

No 疑問 remained upon our minds that those streams fell into the Macquarie, and to 見解（をとる） it before it received such an 即位, was our first wish. On the 19th we were gratified by 落ちるing in with a river running through a most beautiful country, and which I would have been 井戸／弁護士席 contented to have believed the river we were in search of. 事故 led us 負かす／撃墜する this stream about a mile, when we were surprised by its junction with a river coming from the south, of such width and magnitude, as to 追い散らす all 疑問s as to this last 存在 the river we had so long anxiously looked for. Short as our 資源s were, we could not resist the 誘惑 this beautiful country 申し込む／申し出d us, to remain two days on the junction of the river, for the 目的 of 診察するing the 周辺 to as 広大な／多数の／重要な an extent as possible.

Our examination 増加するd the satisfaction we had 以前 felt: as far as the 注目する，もくろむ could reach in every direction, a rich and picturesque country 延長するd, abounding in 石灰岩, 予定する, good 木材／素質, and every other requisite that could （判決などを）下す an uncultivated country 望ましい. The 国／地域 cannot be excelled, whilst a noble river of the first magnitude affords the means of 伝えるing its 生産／産物s from one part to the other. Where I quitted it its course was northerly, and we were then north of the 平行の of Port Stevens, 存在 in latitude 32 degrees 45' South, and 148 degrees 58' East longitude.

It appeared to me that the Macquarie had taken a north north-west course from Bathurst, and that it must have received 巨大な 即位s of water in its course from that place. We 見解（をとる）d it at a period best calculated to form an 正確な judgment of its importance, when it was neither swelled by floods beyond its natural and usual 高さ, nor 契約d within its 限界s by summer 干ばつs: of its magnitude when it should have received the streams we had crossed, 独立した・無所属 of any it may receive from the east, which from the boldness and 高さ of the country, I 推定する, must be at least as many, some idea may be formed, when at this point it 越えるd in breadth and 明らかな depth, the Hawkesbury at Windsor. Many of the 支店s were of grander and more 延長するd 割合 than the admired one on the Nepean River from the Warragambia to Emu Plains.

解決するing to keep as 近づく the river as possible during the 残りの人，物 of our course to Bathurst, and endeavour to ascertain at least on the west 味方する, what waters fell into it, on the 22d we proceeded up the river, and between the point quitted and Bathurst, crossed the sources of numberless streams, all running into the Macquarie; two of them were nearly as large as that river itself at Bathurst. The country from whence all these streams derive their source, was 山地の and 不規律な, and appeared 平等に so on the east 味方する of the Macquarie. This description of country 延長するd to the 即座の 周辺 of Bathurst; but to the west of those lofty 範囲s, the country was broken into low grassy hills, and 罰金 valleys watered by rivulets rising on the west 味方する of the mountains, which on their eastern 味方する 注ぐ their waters 直接／まっすぐに into the Macquarie.

These westerly streams appeared to me to join that which I had at first sight taken for the Macquarie; and when 部隊d 落ちる into it at the point at which it was first discovered, on the 19th inst.

We reached this place last evening, without a 選び出す／独身 事故 having occurred during the whole 進歩 of the 探検隊／遠征隊, which from this point has encircled within the 平行のs of 34 degrees 30' South, and 32 degrees South, and between the meridians of 149 degrees 43' and 143 degrees 40' East, a space of nearly one thousand miles.

I shall 急いで to lay before your Excellency the 定期刊行物s, charts, and 製図／抽選s, explanatory of the さまざまな occurrences of our diversified 大勝する; infinitely gratified if our exertions should appear to your Excellency 相応した with your 期待s, and the ample means which your care and liberality placed at my 処分.

I feel the most particular 楽しみ in 知らせるing your Excellency of the 義務s I am under to Mr. Evans, the 副 Surveyor, for his able advice and cordial co-操作／手術 throughout the 探検隊／遠征隊, and as far as his previous 研究s had 延長するd, the 正確 and fidelity of his narration was fully exemplified.

It would perhaps appear 推定するing in me to hazard an opinion upon the 長所s of persons engaged in a 追跡 of which I have little knowledge; the 広範囲にわたる and 価値のある collection of 工場／植物s formed by Mr. A. Cunningham, the king's botanist, and Mr. C. Frazer, the 植民地の botanist, will best evince to your Excellency the unwearied 産業 and zeal bestowed on the collection and 保護 of them: in every other 尊敬（する）・点 they also 長所 the highest 賞賛する.

From the nature of the greater part of the country passed over, our mineralogical collection is but small. Mr. S. Parr did as much as could be done in that 支店, and throughout endeavoured to （判決などを）下す himself as useful as possible.

Of the men on whom the 長，指導者 care of the horses and baggage devolved, it is impossible to speak in too high 条件. Their 行為／行う in periods of かなりの privation, was such as must redound to their credit; and their 整然とした, 正規の／正選手, and obedient behaviour, could not be 越えるd. It may be principally せいにするd to their care and attention that we lost only three horses; and that, with the exception of the loss of the 乾燥した，日照りの 準備／条項s already について言及するd, no other 事故 happened during the course of it. I most respectfully beg leave to recommend them to your Excellency's favourable notice.

I 信用 your Excellency will have the goodness to excuse any omissions or inaccuracies that may appear in this letter; the messenger setting out すぐに will not 許す me to 改訂する or 訂正する it.

I have the honour, etc.

J. OXLEY, Surveyor-Gen.

To his Excellency Lachlan Macquarie, Esq.

The course and direction of this river is the 反対する of two 探検隊／遠征隊s, of which we may すぐに 推定する／予想する to learn the result. One is by land, and 行為／行うd by the same gentleman; the other by sea, and under the 命令（する） of 中尉／大尉／警部補 King, R.N.; whose father, Captain King, was 以前は 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事 of Norfolk Island, and afterwards 知事 in 長，指導者 of New South むちの跡s.

If the sanguine hopes to which the 発見 of this river has given birth, should be realized, and it should be 設立する to empty itself into the ocean, on the north-west coast, which is the only part of this 広大な island that has not been 正確に 調査するd, in what mighty conceptions of the 未来 greatness and 力／強力にする of this 植民地, may we not reasonably indulge? The nearest distance from the point at which Mr. Oxley left off, to any part of the western coast, is very little short of two thousand miles. If this river, therefore, be already of the size of the Hawkesbury at Windsor, which is not いっそう少なく than two hundred and fifty yards in breadth, and of 十分な depth to float a seventy-four gun-ship, it is not difficult to imagine what must be its magnitude at its confluence with the ocean; before it can arrive at which it has to 横断する a country nearly two thousand miles in extent. If it 所有する the usual sinuosities of rivers, its course to the sea cannot be いっそう少なく than from five to six thousand miles, and the endless 即位 of 支流 streams which it must receive in its passage through so 広大な／多数の／重要な an extent of country, will without 疑問 enable it to 争う in point of magnitude with any river in the world. In this event its 影響（力） in 促進するing the 進歩 of 全住民 in this fifth continent, will be prodigious, and in all probability before the 満期 of many years, give an 完全に new impulse to the tide of 全住民: and here it may not be altogether irrelevant, to enter into a short disquisition on the natural 優越 所有するd by those countries which are most abundantly intersected with navigable rivers. That such are most favourable for all the 目的s of civilized man, the history of the world affords the most 満足な proof There is not, in fact, a 選び出す／独身 instance on 記録，記録的な／記録する of any remarkable degree of wealth and 力／強力にする having been 達成するd by any nation which has not 所有するd 施設s for 商業, either in the number or size of its rivers, or in the spaciousness of its harbours, and the general contiguity of its 州s to the sea. The Mediterranean has given rise to so many 広大な／多数の／重要な and powerful nations, only from the superior advantages which it afforded for 商業 during the long 幼少／幼藍期 of 航海. The number and fertility of its islands, the serenity of its 気候, the smoothness of its waters, the smallness of its 入り口, which although of itself 十分な to 示す to the skilful 操縦する the proximity of the ocean, is still more 明確に defined by the 中心存在s of Hercules, 非常に高い on each 味方する of it, and forming land-示すs not to be mistaken by the timid, the inexperienced, or the bewildered. Such are the main 原因（となる）s why the Mediterranean continued until the 発見 and 使用／適用 of the 所有物／資産／財産s of the magnet, the seat of 連続する empires so superior to the 残り／休憩（する） of the world in affluence and 力／強力にする. It is indeed almost impossible to conceive, how any かなりの degree of wealth and civilization can be acquired without the 援助（する） of 航海. From the moment savages abandon the hunter 明言する／公表する, and 辞職する themselves to the settled 追跡s of 農業, the march of 全住民 must 必然的に follow the direction of navigable waters; since in the 幼少／幼藍期 of societies these furnish the only means of indulging that spirit of 物々交換する which is co-existent with 協会, is the main spring of 産業, and the ultimate 原因（となる） of all civilization and refinement. In such 状況／情勢s the rude canoe abundantly 十分であるs to 持続する the first necessary 交換s of the superfluities of one individual for those of another. Roads, waggons, etc. are refinements 完全に unknown in the incipient 行う／開催する／段階s of society. They are the 漸進的な results of civilization, and consequent only on the accumulation of wealth and the attainment of a 確かな point of 成熟. Canals are a still later result of civilization, and are undoubtedly the greatest 成果／努力s for the 激励 of 物々交換する, and the developement of 産業, to which human 力／強力にする and ingenuity have yet given birth. But after all, what are these 人工的な channels of communication, these ne 加える ultras of human contrivance, compared with those natural mediums of intercourse, those mighty rivers which pervade every ４半期/4分の1 of the globe? What are they to the Danube, the Nile, the ギャング（団）s, the Mississippi, or the アマゾン? What are they, in fact, compared even with those infinite minor navigable streams, of which scarcely any country, however circumscribed, is 完全に destitute? What! but mere pigmy imitations of nature, which wherever there is a 十分な number of rivers, will never be 訴える手段／行楽地d to, unless it be for the 目的 of connecting them together, or of 避けるing those long and tedious sinuosities to which they are all more or いっそう少なく 支配する.

見解（をとる）ing therefore this newly discovered river only in the light of a river of the first magnitude, it must be evident that this important 発見 will have an incalculable 影響（力） on the 未来 進歩 of 植民地化; but to be enabled fully to 見積（る） the 有益な consequences of which it will be 生産力のある; it is 必須の to take into the 見積（る）, the probable direction of its course, and the point of its confluence with the ocean. This I have already 明言する／公表するd is with good 推論する／理由 imagined to be on the north-west coast; since every other part of this 広大な island has been so 正確に 調査するd, as scarcely to 収容する／認める of the 可能性 of so large a river 落ちるing into the sea in any other position. Assuming, therefore, that the source of this river is in the direction thus 一般に supposed, it will be seen that it will より勝る all the rivers in the world in variety of 気候; since reckoning 単に from the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where Mr. Oxley discovered it to its conjectural embouchure, there will be a difference of latitude of twenty degrees. Even omitting, then, to take into computation the probable length of its course from the place where it first becomes navigable, to the point where that gentleman fell in with it, (and it was there running from the south, and must have already been navigable for a かなりの distance, if we may 裁判官 from its size,) the world does not afford any 平行の of a river 横断するing so 広大な／多数の／重要な a 多様制 of 気候. The 大多数 indeed of the rivers, which may be 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d "rivers of the first magnitude," run from west to east, or from east to west, and その結果 変化させる their 気候 only in 割合 to their distance from the sea, to the elevation of their beds, and to the extent of country 横断するd by such of their 支店s as run at 権利 angles with them. Of this sort are the St. Lawrence, in North America, the Oronoko and アマゾン, in South America; the Niger, Senegal and Gambia, in Africa; the Danube and Elbe, in Europe; and the Hoang 売春婦, and Kiang Keou in Asia. It must indeed be 認める, that every ４半期/4分の1 of the globe furnishes some striking exceptions to this 支配する, such as the Mississippi and River Plate in America; the Nile, in Africa; the Rhine, the Dniester, the Don, and the Volga, in Europe; and the Indus and ギャング（団）s, in Asia; all of which certainly run from north to south, or south to north, and その結果 命令（する） a 広大な／多数の／重要な variety of 気候.

In this 尊敬（する）・点, however, 非，不，無 of them will be worthy of comparison with this newly discovered river, if the point of its confluence with the ocean should happily be where it is conjectured. And yet we find that all the countries through which the above-指名するd rivers pass, either have been, or 約束 to be, the seats of much more 豊富な and powerful nations than the countries through which those rivers pass whose course is east or west. The 原因（となる） of this 優越 of one over the other, is to be traced to the greater 多様制 of 生産／産物s, which will やむを得ず be raised on the banks and in the 周辺 of those rivers whose course is north or south, a circumstance that is alone 十分な to 確実にする the possessors of them, under 政府s 平等に favourable to the 拡張 of 産業, a much greater 株 of 商業 and wealth than can かもしれない belong to the inhabitants of these rivers whose course is in a contrary direction: and this for the simplest 推論する／理由; because rivers of the former description 含む／封じ込める within themselves, many of those 生産／産物s which the latter can only 得る from abroad. In the one, therefore, there is not only a necessity for having 頼みの綱 to foreign 供給（する）, which does not 存在する in the other, but also a 広大な／多数の／重要な 予防 to 内部の 航海, arising from the sameness of produce, and the consequent 妨害 to 物々交換する, which must 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる in a country where all have the same 商品／必需品s to 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of, where all wish to sell and 非，不，無 to buy. To this manifest 優越 which rivers runningon a meridian （人命などを）奪う，主張する over those running on a 平行の, there is no counterpoise, since they both 含む／封じ込める equal 施設s for 輸出（する）ing their 黒字／過剰 生産／産物s, and receiving in 交流 the superfluities of other countries. It may, indeed, here be 勧めるd, that there is, upon the whole, no 黒字／過剰 produce in the world; and that, as the 黒字／過剰, whatever may be its extent, of one country, may be always 交流d for that of another, as 広大な／多数の／重要な a variety of 高級なs may be thus 得るd by the inhabitants of rivers that run in an eastern or western direction as can かもしれない be raised by the inhabitants of rivers that run in a northern or southern; and that その結果 the same 刺激 to an inland 航海 will be created by the 結局の 配当 of the さまざまな 商品／必需品s procured by foreign 商業, as if they had been the 製品s of the country itself. To this it may be replied, that although a much greater variety of 製品s may undoubtedly be 輸入するd from foreign countries, than can かもしれない be raised within the compass of any one navigable river, such 製品s cannot afterwards be sold at so cheap a 率. In all countries, therefore, where such 製品s are 輸入するd from abroad, the 増加する in their price must occasion a proportionate diminution in their 消費, and in so far 必然的に operate as a check to 内部の 航海.

This variety of 生産／産物, and the 付加 激励 thus afforded by it, to what is 井戸／弁護士席 known to be one of the main sources of 国家の wealth, is 十分な to account for the superior degree of civilization, affluence, and 力／強力にする, which have in general characterized those countries whose rivers take a northern or southern course. Some few nations, indeed, which do not 所有する such 広大な／多数の／重要な natural advantages, have 供給（する）d the want of them by their own 技術 and 産業, and have in the end 勝利d over the 成果／努力s of nature to check their 進歩. Of a people who have thus overstepped these natural 障壁s …に反対するd to their 進歩, and in spite of them 達成するd the 首脳会議 of wealth and civilization, 中国 perhaps furnishes the most remarkable example. The two 主要な／長／主犯 rivers of that country, the Hoang 売春婦, or Yellow River, and the Kiang Keou, or 広大な／多数の／重要な River, runs from west to east; yet by means of what is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d by way of eminence, "The 広大な／多数の／重要な Canal," the Chinese have not only joined these two mighty streams together, but have also 延長するd the communication to the northward, as far as the main 支店 of the Pei 売春婦, and to the southward as far as the mouth of the Ningapo: thus 設立するing by the 介入 of this stupendous monument of human 産業 and perseverance, and the さまざまな 支店s of the four rivers which it connects, an inland 航海 between the 広大な／多数の／重要な cities of Peking and Nanking, and affording every 施設 for the 輸送（する） of the infinite 製品s raised within the compass of a country 含む／封じ込めるing from twelve to fifteen degrees difference of latitude, and about the same difference of longitude; or, in other words, a surface of about five hundred and eighteen thousand four hundred square miles.

This instance, however, of equal or superior civilization thus 達成するd by a nation, notwithstanding the 主要な／長／主犯 rivers of their country run from west to east, does not at all militate against the natural 優越 which has been 譲歩するd to those countries whose rivers run in a contrary direction: it only shews what may be 影響d by a wise and politic 政府 averse to the 悲惨s of war, and 刻々と bent on the arts of peace. The very 試みる／企てるs, indeed, of this enlightened people to 供給（する） the natural 欠陥／不足s of their country by canals, are the strongest commendations that can be 勧めるd in favour of a country where no such 人工的な 代用品，人s are necessary; where nature, of her own lavish bounty has created 施設s for the 進歩 of 産業 and civilization, which it would 要求する the 労働 and 成熟 of ages imperfectly to imitate.

How far, indeed, these mighty contrivances of the all-bounteous Creator, for the 昇進／宣伝 and developement of 産業, はるかに引き離す all human imitation, the occurrences of the passing hour furnish the most 満足な and conclusive 証拠. The 広大な tide of 移住 which is incessantly rolling along the banks of the Mississippi, and of its 支流 streams, and the numberless cities, towns, and 解決／入植地s, that have sprung up as if it were by the 機関 of 魔法, in what but a few years 支援する was one boundless and 連続する wilderness, speak a language not to be mistaken by the most ignorant or prejudiced. The western 領土, which though a 州 but of yesterday, soon 約束s to 競争相手 the richest and most powerful members of the American union, affords an instance of 早い 植民地化, of which, the history of the world cannot produce a 平行の, and 申し込む／申し出s an incontestable proof of the natural 優越 which countries, whose rivers run in a northern or southern course, 所有する over all others.

But this fact is not 単に 設立するd by the experience of the 現在の day, it is 平等に authenticated by the 証言 of past ages. What was the 推論する／理由 why Egypt was for so many centuries the seat of affluence and 力／強力にする, but the Nile? that India is still rich and populous, but the Indus and ギャング（団）s? These countries, indeed, are no longer the 広大な／多数の／重要な and powerful empires they were, although the natural advantages of their 状況／情勢s are still 不変の. But what mighty 荒廃させるs will not a 血-thirsty and 圧倒的な 先制政治 影響? What health and vigor can belong to that 団体／死体 politic which is 軍隊d to 吸い込む the nauseous effluvia of tyranny? 繁栄 is a 工場／植物 that can only 繁栄する in an atmosphere fauned by the wholesome breath of freedom. The highest fertility of 国／地域, the greatest benignity of 気候, the most 命令（する）ing 優越 of position, will さもなければ be unavailing. Freedom may in the end 変える the most barren and inhospitable waste into a 楽園; but the 必然的な result of tyranny is desolation.

The probable course of this newly discovered river, 存在 thus in every 尊敬（する）・点 so decidedly favourable for the 創立／基礎 of a rich and powerful community, there can be little 疑問 that the 政府 of this country will すぐに avail itself of the advantages which it 現在のs, and 設立する a 解決／入植地 at its mouth. What a sublime spectacle will it then be for the philosopher to 示す the 漸進的な 進歩 of 全住民 from the two extremities of this river; to behold the two tides of 植民地化 flowing in opposite directions, and 絶えず 急いでing to that junction, of which the 連合させるd waters shall overspread the whole of this fifth continent!

What a 元気づける prospect for the philanthropist to behold what is now one 広大な and mournful wilderness, becoming the smiling seat of 産業 and the social arts; to see its hills and dales covered with bleating flocks, lowing herds, and waving corn; to hear the joyful 公式文書，認めるs of the shepherd, and the enlivening cries of the husbandman, instead of the appalling yell of the savage, and the plaintive howl of the wolf; and to 証言，証人／目撃する a country which nature seems to have designed as her master-piece, at length 実行するing the gracious 意向s of its all-bounteous Author, by 治めるing to the wants and 与える／捧げるing to the happiness of millions.

What a proud sight for the Briton to 見解（をとる） his country 注ぐing 前へ／外へ her teeming millions to people new 蜂の巣s, to see her forming in the most remote parts of the earth new 設立s which may hereafter 競争相手 her old; and to behold thousands who would 死なせる／死ぬ from want within her 即座の 限界s, procuring an 平易な and comfortable subsistence in those which are more remote; and instead of 弱めるing her 力／強力にする and 減らすing her 資源s, effectually 与える／捧げるing to the augmentation of both, and forming monuments which may descend to the 最新の posterity, indestructible 記録，記録的な／記録するs of her greatness and glory.

SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE.

The system of 農業 追求するd in this 植民地, does not materially 異なる from that which 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs in this country. During the earlier 行う／開催する／段階s of these 解決／入植地s, the 売春婦-husbandry was a necessary evil; but the 広大な／多数の／重要な 増加する in the 在庫／株 of horses and cattle, has at last almost 完全に superseded it; and the plough-husbandry is now, and has been for many years past, in general practice. In new lands, indeed, the 売春婦 is still unavoidably used during the first year of their cultivation, on account of the 非常に／多数の roots and other 妨害s to the plough, with which lands in a 明言する／公表する of nature invariably abound; but excepting these occasions, and the instances of 植民／開拓者s who are unable to 購入（する） horses or oxen, and その結果 固執する to the 初めの 方式 of cultivation from necessity, the 売春婦-husbandry is 完全に 爆発するd. Until the year 1803, eighteen years after the 創立／基礎 of this 植民地, the plough-husbandry was 限定するd to a few of the richest cultivators, from the exorbitant price of cattle. At that period, however, the 政府 herds had so かなり multiplied, that the then 知事 (King) recommended the 採択 of the plough-husbandry in general orders, and tendered oxen at &続けざまに猛撃する;28 per 長，率いる, to be paid either in produce or money, at the end of three years, to all such 植民／開拓者s as were inclined to 購入（する） them. This custom has been followed by all his 後継者s; but as no abatement has been made in the price of them, and as they can be 得るd at one-third the 量 どこかよそで, such only of the colonists now avail themselves of this indulgence, as have no ready means of 購入（する）, and are allured by the length of the credit.

Wheat, maize, barley, oats, and rye, are all grown in this 植民地; but the two former are most cultivated. The 気候 appears to be rather too warm for the ありふれた 種類 of barley and oats; but the poorer 国／地域s produce them of a tolerably good 質. The skinless barley, or as it is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d by some, the Siberian wheat, arrives at very 広大な／多数の／重要な perfection, and is in every 尊敬（する）・点 much superior to the ありふれた 種類 of barley; but the culture of this 穀物 is 限られた／立憲的な to the 需要・要求する which is created for it by the 植民地の breweries; the Indian corn, or maize, 存在 much better adapted for the food of horses, oxen, pigs, and poultry. The produce too is much more abundant than that of barley and oats; and the season for 工場／植物ing it 存在 two months later than for any other sort of 穀物, the 植民／開拓者 has every 動機 for giving it the preference. Wheat may be sown any time from February to July, and even as late as August, if that month happens to be moist; but the best months are April, May, and June. The creeping wheat, however, may be sown in the 開始／学位授与式 of February; as should it become too 階級, it can easily be kept 負かす／撃墜する by sheep, which are 設立する to do this sort of wheat no manner of 傷害. To the 農業者, therefore, who keeps large flocks of sheep, the cultivation of the creeping wheat is 高度に advantageous; since in 新規加入 to its 産する／生じるing as 広大な／多数の／重要な a 刈る as any other 種類 of wheat, it supersedes the necessity of growing turnips or other 人工的な food for the support of his 在庫／株 during the severity of the winter, when the natural grasses become scanty and parched up by the 霜. The red and white lammas, and the Cape or bearded wheat, are the 種類 一般に cultivated. June is the best month for （種を）蒔くing barley and oats, but they may be sown till the middle of August with a fair prospect of a good 刈る. Indian corn or maize may be 工場／植物d from the end of September to the middle of December; but October is the best month. It is, however, a very ありふれた practice の中で the 植民／開拓者s on the fertile banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean, to 工場／植物 what is called stubble corn; that is, to 工場／植物 it の中で the wheat, barley, and oat stubbles, as soon as the 収穫 is over, without ploughing or breaking up the ground. Maize is frequently 工場／植物d in this way until the middle of January, and if the season 証明するs 十分に moist, 産する／生じるs a very abundant 刈る. The usual manner of 工場／植物ing it is in 穴を開けるs about six feet apart: five 穀物s are 一般に put in each of these 穴を開けるs. The 普通の／平均（する） produce of this 穀物 on rich flooded lands, is from eighty to a hundred bushels per acre. Wheat in the same 状況／情勢s 産する／生じるs from thirty to forty bushels; and barley and oats, about fifty bushels an acre. On forest lands, however, the 刈るs are not so 生産力のある, unless the ground be 井戸／弁護士席 manured; but the wheat, barley and oats, grown on this land, are much heavier and superior in 質. The difference of the 負わせる of wheat grown in forest and flooded lands, is upon an 普通の／平均（する） not いっそう少なく than 8 lbs. per bushel. The former sort 重さを計るing 64 lbs. and the latter only 56 lbs.

The wheat 収穫 開始するs 部分的に／不公平に about the middle of November, and is 一般に over by Christmas. The maize, however, is not 熟した until the end of March, and the 集会 is not 完全にする throughout the 植民地 before the middle of May.

Potatoes*, cabbages, carrots, parsnips, turnips, pease, beans, cauliflowers, brocoli, asparagus, lettuces, onions, and in fact every 種類 of vegetables known in this country, are produced in this 植民地; many of them 達成する a much superior degree of perfection, but a few also degenerate. To the former class belong the cauliflower and brocoli, and the different varieties of the pea; to the latter the bean and potatoe. For the bean, in particular, the 気候 appears too hot, and it is only to be 得るd in the stiffest clays and the dampest 状況／情勢s. The potatoe, however, is produced on all 国／地域s in the greatest 豊富, but the 質 is not nearly as good as in this country. In this 尊敬（する）・点, however, much depends on the nature of the 国／地域. In stiff clays the potatoes are invariably watery and waxy, but in light sands and loams, they are tolerably 乾燥した，日照りの and mealy. Manure also 悪化するs their 質, and in general they are best when grown on new lands. Potatoes are in consequence very 一般的に 工場／植物d in the fields, as a first 刈る, and are 設立する to pulverize land just brought from a 明言する／公表する of nature into cultivation more than other root. An abundant 刈る of wheat, barley, or oats, may be 安全に calculated to 後継する them; more 特に if a light covering of manure be 適用するd at the time of their 工場／植物ing.

[* For the 植民地の Garden, see 虫垂.]

The 植民地 is 正確に，正当に famed for the goodness and variety of its fruits: Peaches, apricots, nectarines, oranges, grapes, pears, plums, figs, pomegranates, raspberries, strawberries, and melons of all sorts, 達成する the highest degree of 成熟 in the open 空気／公表する; and even the pineapple may be produced 単に by the 援助（する） of the ありふれた 軍隊ing glass. The 気候, however, of Port Jackson, is not altogether congenial to the growth of the apple, currant, and gooseberry; although the whole of these fruits are produced there, and the apple, in particular, in very 広大な／多数の／重要な 豊富; but it is decidedly inferior in 質 to the apple of this country. These fruits, however, arrive at the greatest perfection in every part of 先頭 Diemen's Land; and as the 気候 of the country to the 西方の of the Blue Mountains, is 平等に 冷淡な, they will without 疑問 達成する there an equal degree of perfection; but the short period which has elapsed since the 設立 of a 解決／入植地 beyond these mountains, has not 許すd the nltramontanians to make the 実験.

Of all the fruits which I have thus enumerated as 存在 produced in this 植民地, the peach is the most abundant and the most useful. The different varieties which have been already introduced, 後継する one another in 連続する succession from the middle of November to the latter end of March: thus filling up an interval of more than four months, and affording a wholesome and nutritious article of food during one-third of the year. This fruit grows spontaneously in every 状況／情勢, on the richest 国／地域s, as on the most barren; and its growth is so 早い that if you 工場／植物 a 石／投石する, it will in three years afterwards 耐える an abundant 刈る of fruit. Peaches are, in consequence, so plentiful throughout the 植民地, that they are every where given as food to hogs; and when thrown into heaps, and 許すd to を受ける a proper degree of fermentation, are 設立する to fatten them very 速く. Cider also is made in 広大な／多数の／重要な 量s from this fruit, and when of 十分な age, affords a very pleasant and wholesome （水以外の）飲料. The 物陰／風下s, too, after the extraction of the juice, 所有する the same fattening 所有物／資産／財産s, and are 平等に calculated as food for hogs.

REARING OF CATTLE, ETC.

The system of 後部ing and fattening 在庫／株 in this 植民地 is simple and economical. Horses, in consequence of their rambling nature, are almost invariably kept in enclosures. In the 地区s すぐに contiguous to Port Jackson, horned cattle are followed by a herdsman during the day, ーするために 妨げる them from trespassing on the 非常に／多数の uninclosed tracts of land that are in a 明言する／公表する of tillage, and they are 限定するd during the night in yards or paddocks. In the remoter 地区s, however, which are altogether devoid of cultivation, horned cattle are 支配するd to no such 抑制s, but are permitted to 範囲 about the country at all times. The herds too are 一般に larger; and although a herdsman is still 要求するd 同様に to 妨げる them from separating into straggling parties, as to 保護する them from depredation, the expence of keeping them in this manner is comparatively trifling, and the advantages of 許すing them this uncontrouled liberty to 範囲, very 広大な／多数の／重要な; since they are 設立する during the heat of summer to 料金d more in the night than in the day. This, therefore, is the system which the 広大な／多数の／重要な 株主s almost invariably 追求する. Few of them 所有する 十分な land for the support of their cattle; and as their 広い地所s too, however remote the 状況／情勢 in which they may have been selected, have for the most part become surrounded by small cultivators, who seldom or ever inclose their 刈るs, they 一般に recede with their herds from the approach of 植民地化, and form new 設立s, where the 義務／負債 to trespass does not 存在する. They thus become the 漸進的な explorers of the country, and it is to their 成果／努力s to 避ける the 接触する of 農業, that the 発見 of the best 地区s yet known in the 植民地 is ascribable.

The 管理／経営 of sheep is in some 尊敬（する）・点s different. They are never permitted to roam during the night, on account of the native dog, which is a 広大な／多数の／重要な enemy to them, and いつかs during the day, makes 広大な／多数の／重要な 荒廃させるs の中で them, even under the 注目する，もくろむ of the shepherd. In every part of the country, therefore, they are kept by night either in 倍のs or yards. In the former 事例／患者 the shepherd sleeps in a small moveable box, which is 転換d with the 倍のs, and with his faithful dog, affords a 十分な 保護 for his flock, against the 試みる／企てるs of these midnight depredators. In the latter the paling of the yards is always made so high, that the native dog cannot surmount it; and the safety of the flock is still その上の 確実にするd by the contiguity of the shepherd's house, and the 非常に／多数の dogs with which he is always 供給するd.

The natural grasses of the 植民地 are 十分に good and nutritious at all seasons of the year, for the support of every description of 在庫／株, where there is an 適する tract of country for them to 範囲 over. But in consequence of the 完全にする 占領／職業 of the 地区s which are in the more 即座の 周辺 of Port Jackson, and from the 植民／開拓者s in general 所有するing more 在庫／株 than their lands are 有能な of 持続するing, the raising of 人工的な food for the winter months, has of late years become very general の中で such of them as are unwilling to send their flocks and herds into the uninhabited parts in the 内部の. This is a practice which must やむを得ず 伸び（る） ground; since it has been 観察するd, that the coldness of the 気候 keeps pace with the 進歩 of 農業. In the more contiguous and cultivated 地区s, the natural grass becomes その結果 every year more 影響する／感情d by the 影響（力） of 霜, and the necessity of raising some 人工的な 代用品，人 for the support of 在庫／株, during the 中断 of vegetation, more 圧力（をかける）ing and 現職の. It is from this 増加する in the severity of the winters, that the custom of making hay has begun to be 可決する・採択するd; and should the 未来 augmentation of 冷淡な be, as there is every 推論する／理由 to believe, proportionate to the past, this custom will, before the 満期 of many years, become 一般に 流布している. It is indeed, rather a 事柄 of surprise than さもなければ, that so salutary a 警戒 has been so long in disuse; since such is the luxuriance of the natural grass during the summer, that it is the general practice after the seeds wither away, to 始める，決める 解雇する／砲火／射撃 to it, and thus improvidently 消費する what, if mown and made into hay, would afford the 農業者 a 十分なこと of nutritious food for his 在庫／株 during the winter, and altogether supersede the その後の necessity for his having 頼みの綱 to 人工的な means of 治療（薬）ing so palpable a neglect of the bounteous gifts of nature.

This custom of setting 解雇する／砲火／射撃 to the grass, is most 流布している during the months of August and January, i.e. just before the 開始／学位授与式 of spring and autumn, when vegetation is on the eve of starting from the slumber which it experiences alike during the extremes of the winter's 冷淡な as of the summer's heat. If a 落ちる of rain happily 後継する these 解雇する／砲火／射撃s, the country soon 現在のs the 外見 of a field of young wheat; and however repugnant this practice may appear to the English 農業者, it is 絶対 避けられない in those 地区s which are not 十分に 在庫／株d; since cattle of every description 辞退する to taste the grass the moment it becomes withered.

The 人工的な food principally cultivated in the 植民地 are turnips, tares, and Cape barley; and for those 植民／開拓者s in particular who have flocks of 産む／飼育するing sheep, the cultivation of them is 高度に necessary, and 与える／捧げるs materially to the growth and strength of the lambs. On those also who keep 酪農場s, this practice of raising 人工的な food, is 平等に 現職の; the natural grasses 存在 やめる insufficient to keep milch cows in good heart during the winter, when there is the greatest 需要・要求する for butter. Good meat, too, is then only to be had with difficulty, and this difficulty is 増加するing every year. There cannot, therefore, be any 疑問 that it would answer the 目的s even of the grazier to have 頼みの綱 to 人工的な means of fattening his 在庫／株 at that season; since it is then that he would be enabled to 得る the readiest and highest price for his fat cattle.

PRICE OF CATTLE, ETC.

The price of all manner of 在庫／株 is almost incredibly 穏健な, considering the short period which has elapsed since the 創立／基礎 of the 植民地. A very good horse for the cart or plough may be had from &続けざまに猛撃する;10 to &続けざまに猛撃する;15, and a better saddle or gig horse, from &続けざまに猛撃する;20 to &続けざまに猛撃する;30, than could be 得るd in this country for 二塁打 the money. Very good milch-cows may be bought from &続けざまに猛撃する;5 to &続けざまに猛撃する;10; working oxen for about the same price; and 罰金 young 産む／飼育するing ewes from &続けざまに猛撃する;1 to &続けざまに猛撃する;3, によれば the 質 of their fleece. Low as these prices may appear they are in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 fictitious; since there is confessedly more 在庫／株 of all sorts in the 植民地, than is necessary for its 全住民. It accordingly frequently happens, 特に at sales by public auction, that 在庫／株 are to be bought for one-half, and even one-third of the above prices; and there is every probability that before the 満期 of ten years, their value will be still more かなり 減らすd. To be 納得させるd of the truth of this conjecture, we have only to look 支援する a little into the annals of the 植民地, and see how prodigiously cattle of every description have multiplied. By a 国勢（人口）調査 taken at the end of the year 1800, (twelve years after the 会・原則 of the 植民地) the number of horses and 損なうs was only 163; of horned cattle, 1024; and of sheep, 6124. At the end of 1813, the horses and 損なうs had 増加するd to 1891; the horned cattle to 21,513, and the sheep to 65,121: and in the month of November, 1817, the last year of which we have received the 国勢（人口）調査, the numbers were as follow: horses and 損なうs, 3072; horned cattle, 44,753; sheep, 170,420. Thus it will be perceived, that in the space of seventeen years, the 在庫／株 of horses and 損なうs has 増加するd from 163, their highest number for the first twelve years, to 3072; the 在庫／株 of horned cattle, from 1044 to 44,753; and the 在庫／株 of sheep from 6124 to 170,920. This is of itself an 増加する 広大な／多数の／重要な beyond all ordinary computation; and it would appear still more surprising if we could 追加する to it the 巨大な numbers of cattle and sheep that have been 虐殺（する）d in the same period, for the 供給（する） of the king's 蓄える／店s, and for general 消費.

From the foregoing 声明 is will be evident, that the 未来 増加する in the 在庫／株 will be still more prodigious, and still more かなり はるかに引き離す the 前進する of 全住民. The price therefore of cattle, 広大な／多数の／重要な and 早い as has been its past declension, must 毎年 experience a still その上の diminution. Of what will be their probable value in ten years more, it may enable us to form no very 不確かの 見積（る）, by referring to what it was ten years 支援する. In 1808, a cow and calf were sold by public auction for &続けざまに猛撃する;105, and the price of middling cattle was from &続けざまに猛撃する;80 to &続けざまに猛撃する;100. A 産む／飼育するing 損なう was at the same period 価値（がある） from 150 to 200 guineas, and ewes from &続けざまに猛撃する;10 to &続けざまに猛撃する;20.

These 巨大な prices, however, were the result of monopoly, and その結果 in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 fictitious; for in 1810, two years after this, a herd of 罰金 cattle were sold for &続けざまに猛撃する;13 per 長，率いる. This almost incredible 削減 in the value of cattle in so short a period, was occasioned by the supercession of this monopoly by the 知事, who in the year 1808, was induced, from the かなりの 増加する that had taken place in the public herds, to 問題／発行する cows at &続けざまに猛撃する;28 per 長，率いる, payable in 農業の produce, to all indiscriminately who chose to 購入（する） them. Hundreds of them, therefore, at this 時代, were 分配するd の中で the 植民／開拓者s, and their extreme value insured that degree of care and attention from their owners, which was 自然に followed by a 早い 増加する, and produced in the short lapse of two years, that declension of price which would at first sight appear so astonishing.

Thus it may be perceived, that within the last ten years, 在庫／株 of all sorts have 減少（する）d in price, from &続けざまに猛撃する;700 to &続けざまに猛撃する;1,000 per cent. and it is not 不当な to 結論する, that in ten years hence, they will have experienced at least a 類似の 削減. Should this conjecture be 立証するd, they will be of as little value in the remote parts of the 植民地, as the horses and cattle on the plains of Buenos Ayres, where any person may make what use he pleases of the carcase, 供給するd he leaves behind him the hide.

PRICE OF LABOUR.

The price of 労働 is at 現在の very low, and is still その上の 拒絶する／低下するing in consequence of the 需要・要求する for it not equalling the 供給（する）. Upon the 設立 of the 植民地の Bank, and the consequent 鎮圧 of that vile medium of 循環／発行部数, 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d the 植民地の 通貨, between which and British 英貨の／純銀の there used to be a difference of value of from &続けざまに猛撃する;50 to &続けざまに猛撃する;100 per cent. the price of 労働 was 直す／買収する，八百長をするd at the 率s 含む／封じ込めるd in the に引き続いて general order, 時代遅れの the 7th of December, 1816:

"In consequence of the 最近の 廃止 of all 植民地の 通貨, and the introduction and 設立 of a 英貨の／純銀の 循環／発行部数 and consideration in all 支払い（額）s, 取引, 処理／取引s, 契約s, and 協定s, within this 領土 and its dependencies, his Excellency the 知事 having みなすd it expedient to take into consideration the general 率s and prices of 労働 and 給料 within the same, as 影響する／感情d by the alteration of the 方式 of 支払い（額）s at a 英貨の／純銀の 率, or value, and of the degree, 手段, and 英貨の／純銀の 量 of the same, upon a fair and equitable 割合 and modus; and having also 可決する・採択するd such 対策 in that 尊敬（する）・点 as seemed best calculated to 直す／買収する，八百長をする and make known the same, is pleased hereby to 宣言する, order, and direct, that in 新規加入 to the rations によれば and equal with the 政府 allowance, the sum of ten 続けざまに猛撃するs 英貨の／純銀の per 年 to a man 罪人／有罪を宣告する, and seven 続けざまに猛撃するs 英貨の／純銀の to a woman 罪人／有罪を宣告する, as 含むing the value of the slops 許すd, and the sum of seven 続けざまに猛撃するs or five 続けざまに猛撃するs ten shillings 排除的 of such slops; 計算するd at three 続けざまに猛撃するs per man, and one 続けざまに猛撃する ten shillings per woman, shall be 許すd, （人命などを）奪う，主張するd, or demandable, or such part or 割合 of such sum or sums as shall be equal and によれば the period and continuance of actual service, and no more in 尊敬（する）・点 of 年一回の 給料, and in the same manner as 年一回の 給料 for the extra work and service of any such male or 女性（の） 罪人／有罪を宣告する それぞれ, duly 割り当てるd to any person or persons, by or upon the 当局 of 政府.

"His Excellency is also pleased その上の to 宣言する, order and direct, that in consideration of the 前提s, the undermentioned sums, 量s, and 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s, and no more with regard to and upon the さまざまな denominations of work, 労働 and services, 述べるd and 始める，決める 前へ／外へ, shall be 許すd, （人命などを）奪う，主張するd, or demandable within this 領土 and its dependencies in 尊敬（する）・点 thereof".

                                                             &続けざまに猛撃する;   s.  d.

For 落ちるing forest 木材／素質, per acre,                         0   8   0
燃やすing off ditto, per ditto,                                1   0   0
やじ out, and 燃やすing stumps on forest ground, per ditto, 1  10   0
落ちるing 木材／素質 on 小衝突 ground, per ditto,                   0  12   0
燃やすing off ditto, per ditto,                                1  10   0
やじ out and 燃やすing stumps on ditto, per ditto,          1  17   6
Breaking up new ground, per ditto,                           1   0   0
Breaking up stubble in corn ground, per ditto,               0  10   0
Chipping in wheat, per ditto,                                0   6   0
得るing ditto, per ditto,                                    0  10   0
Threshing and きれいにする wheat, per bushel,                    0   0   8
穴を開けるing and 工場／植物ing corn, per acre,                         0   5   0
Chipping and 爆撃する corn, per ditto,                       0   6   8
Pulling and husking ditto, per bushel,                       0   0   4
Splitting pales, (six feet long) per hundred,                0   3   0
Ditto, (five feet long) per ditto,                           0   2   6
Shingle splitting, per thousand,                             0   7   6
準備するing and putting up morticed railing, five 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, with
 two pannels to a 棒, and 地位，任命するs sunk two feet in the ground,0   3   0
Ditto, ditto, ditto, four 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s,                              0   2   6
Ditto, ditto, ditto, three 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s,                             0   2   0
Ditto, ditto, ditto, two 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s,                               0   1   9

The 率s 限られた／立憲的な in this order are pretty 井戸／弁護士席 割合d to the 現在の 明言する／公表する of the 植民地; but the 試みる／企てる to 減ずる the value of 労働 to a 永久の 基準, その上の than regards the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, must evidently be abortive; since 労働, like merchandize, will rise and 落ちる with the 需要・要求する which may 存在する for it in the market where it is 使い捨てできる;--and although the above order might 妨げる the labourer from 回復するing in the 植民地の 法廷，裁判所s, a greater price for his 労働 than is 規定するd in the foregoing schedule, still the moment it becomes the 利益／興味 of the 雇用者 to give higher 給料, he will do so, and the discredit 大（公）使館員d to the 非，不，無-業績／成果 of a 審議する／熟考する 契約 will always 妨げる him from having 頼みの綱 to the 法廷，裁判所s for 避けるing the fulfilment of it. The above 率s, it will be seen, only 言及する to the さまざまな 種類 of 労働 すぐに 大（公）使館員d to 農業. The 給料 of artificers, 特に of such as are most useful in 幼児 societies, are かなり higher: a circumstance which is principally to be せいにするd to the practice of selecting from の中で the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs all the best mechanics for the 政府 作品. Carpenters, 石／投石する-masons, brick-層s, wheel and plough-wrights, 黒人／ボイコット-smiths, coopers, harness-製造者s, sawyers, shoe-製造者s, 閣僚-製造者s; and in fact all the most useful descriptions of handicrafts, are その結果 in very 広大な／多数の／重要な 需要・要求する, and can easily earn from eight to ten shillings per day.

The price of land is 完全に 規制するd by its 状況／情勢 and 質. So long as four years 支援する, a hundred and fifty acres of very indifferent ground, about thre equarters of a mile from Sydney, were sold by virtue of an 死刑執行, in lots of twelve acres each, and 普通の／平均（する）d &続けざまに猛撃する;14 per acre. This, however, is the highest price that has yet been given for land not 据えるd in a town. The general value of unimproved forest land, when it is not 高くする，増すd by some advantageous locality, as proximity to a town or navigable river, cannot be 概算の at more than five shillings per acre. Flooded land will fetch 二塁打 that sum. But on the banks of the Hawkesbury, as far as that river is navigable, the value of land is かなり greater; that which is in a 明言する／公表する of nature 存在 価値（がある） from &続けざまに猛撃する;3 to &続けざまに猛撃する;5 per acre, and that which is in a 明言する／公表する of cultivation, from &続けざまに猛撃する;8 to &続けざまに猛撃する;10. The latter description rents for twenty and thirty shillings an acre.

The price of 準備／条項s, 特に of 農業の produce, is 支配する to 広大な／多数の／重要な fluctuations, and will unavoidably continue so until proper 対策 are taken to 中和する／阻止する the calamitous scarcities at 現在の consequent on the inundations of the Hawkesbury and Nepean. In the year 1806, the 時代 of the 広大な／多数の／重要な flood, the old and new stacks on the banks of those rivers were all swept away; and before the 開始／学位授与式 of the に引き続いて 収穫, wheat and maize 達成するd an equal value, and were sold at &続けざまに猛撃する;5 and &続けざまに猛撃する;6 per bushel. Even after the last 洪水 of these rivers, in the month of March, 1817, wheat rose に向かって the の近くに of the year, to 31s. per bushel, and maize to 20s., and potatoes to 32s. 6d. per cwt. although a very かなりの 供給（する） (about 20,000 bushels) was すぐに furnished by the Derwent and Port Dalrymple. But for this 迅速な and salutary succour, the price of 穀物 would have been very little short of what it was in the year 1806; since the whole 在庫／株 on 手渡す appears, from the 召集（する） taken between the 6th of October and the 25th of November, to have only been as follows: wheat, 2405 bushels; maize, 1506. This was all the 穀物 that remained in the さまざまな 解決／入植地s of New South むちの跡s and its dependencies, about a month before any part of the produce of the 収穫 could be brought to market; and when it is considered that this was to 治める to the support of 20,379 souls during that period, it will appear truly astonishing that the prices continued so 穏健な.

By way, however, of counterpoise to these lamentable scarcities, which in general follow the inundations of the 主要な／長／主犯 農業の 解決／入植地s, 準備／条項s are very abundant and cheap in years when the 刈るs have not 苦しむd from flood or 干ばつ. In such seasons, wheat upon an 普通の／平均（する） sells for 9s. per bushel; maize for 3s. 6d.; barley for 5s.; oats for 4s. 6d. and potatoes for 6s. per cwt.

The price of meat is not 影響（力）d by the same 原因（となる）s, but is on the contrary experiencing a 漸進的な and 確かな diminution. By the last accounts received from the 植民地, good mutton and beef were to be had for 6d. per 続けざまに猛撃する, veal for 8d. and pork for 9d. Wheat was selling in the market at 8s. 8d. per bushel; oats at 4s.; barley at 5s.; maize at 5s. 6d.; potatoes at 8s. per cwt.; fowls at 4s. 6d. per couple; ducks at 6s. per ditto; geese at 5s. each; turkies at 7s. 6d. each; eggs at 2s. 6d. per dozen; and butter at 2s. 6d. per 続けざまに猛撃する. The price of the best wheaten bread was 直す／買収する，八百長をするd by the assize at 51/4d. for the loaf, 重さを計るing 2 lbs.

The 進歩 which this 植民地 has made in 製造（する）s has perhaps never been equalled by any community of such 最近の origin. It already 含む／封じ込めるs 広範囲にわたる manufactories of coarse woollen cloths, hats, earthenware and 麻薬を吸うs, salt, candles, and soap. There are also 広範囲にわたる breweries, and tanneries, wheel and plough-wrights, gig-製造者s, 黒人／ボイコット-smiths, nail-製造者s, tinmen, rope-製造者s, saddle and harness-製造者s, 閣僚-製造者s, and indeed all sorts of mechanics and artificers that could be 要求するd in an 幼児 society, where 反対するs of 公共事業（料金）／有用性 are 自然に in greater 需要・要求する than articles of 高級な. Many of these have かなりの 資本／首都s 乗る，着手するd in their several departments, and 製造（する） to a かなりの extent. Of the 正確な 量, however, of 資本／首都 投資するd in the whole of the 植民地の manufactories, I can give no authentic account; but I should imagine it cannot be far short of &続けざまに猛撃する;50,000.

The colonists carry on a かなりの 商業 with this country, the East Indies, and 中国; but they have scarcely any article of 輸出（する） to 申し込む／申し出 in return for the さまざまな 商品／必需品s 供給（する）d by those countries. The money expended by the 政府 for the support of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, and the 支払う／賃金 and subsistence of the civil and 軍の 設立s, are the main sources from which they derive the means of procuring those articles of foreign growth and 製造（する） which are 不可欠の to civilized life. They have, however, at last a 中心的要素 輸出（する）, which is 速く 増加するing, and 約束s in a few years to 十分である for all their wants, and to （判決などを）下す them やめる 独立した・無所属 of the 哀れな pittance which is thus afforded them by the 支出 of the 政府: I mean the fleeces of their flocks, the best of which are 設立する to 連合させる all the 質s that 構成する the excellence of the Saxon and Spanish wools. The sheep-支えるもの／所有者s in general have at length become sensible of the advantage of directing their attention to the 改良 of their flocks; and if their exertions be 適切に seconded by the countenance and 激励 of the 地元の 政府, there can be no 疑問 that the 供給（する） of 罰金 wool, which the parent country will before long receive from the 植民地, will amply 返す her for the care and expence she has bestowed on it during the 長引いた period of its helpless 幼少／幼藍期. The exportation of this 高度に 価値のある raw 構成要素, is as yet but very 限られた／立憲的な: last year it only 量d to about &続けざまに猛撃する;8000; but when it is considered that in the year 1817, there were 170,420 sheep in the 植民地 and its 扶養家族 解決／入植地s on 先頭 Diemen's Land, and that the 大多数 of the sheep-支えるもの／所有者s are 活発に 雇うd in crossing their flocks with tups of the best Merino 産む／飼育する, it may easily be conceived what an 広範囲にわたる exportation of 罰金 wool may be 影響d in a few years.

The whole 年次の income of the colonists 住むing the さまざまな 解決／入植地s in New Holland, cannot be 概算の at more than &続けざまに猛撃する;125,000, and the に引き続いて sub-分割s of it may be taken as a very の近くに approximation to the truth:

Money expended by the 政府 for the 支払う／賃金 and
subsistence of the civil and 軍の 設立s,
and for the support of such of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs as are
victualled from the king's 蓄える／店s,                     &続けざまに猛撃する; 80,000
Money expended by shipping not belonging to the
植民地の merchants,                                    &続けざまに猛撃する; 12,000
さまざまな articles of 輸出（する） collected from the 隣接する
seas and islands, by the 植民地の （手先の）技術, consisting
principally of 調印（する） 肌s, 権利 鯨, and elephant
oils, and sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd,                                 &続けざまに猛撃する; 15,000
Wool grown in the 植民地,                              &続けざまに猛撃する;  8,000
Sundries,                                              &続けざまに猛撃する; 20,000
                                                       --------
Total                                                  &続けざまに猛撃する;125,000
                                                       --------

The 輸入するs 徴収するd by the 当局 of the 地元の 政府 form two 際立った 基金s, one of which, as has been already casually について言及するd, is called the "孤児 基金," and the other "the Police 基金." The former, it has been seen, 含む／封じ込めるs one-eighth of the 植民地の 歳入, and is 充てるd 単独で to the 昇進／宣伝 of education の中で the 青年 of the 植民地; the latter 含む／封じ込めるs the other seven-eighths, and is appropriated to さまざまな 目的s of 内部の economy; such as the construction and 修理 of roads and 橋（渡しをする）s, the erection of public edifices, the 維持／整備 of the police, the cost of 犯罪の 起訴s, and the 支払う／賃金 of さまざまな officers, principally in subordinate capacities, who are not borne on the 議会の 見積（る） of the civil 設立. These two 基金s 量d in the year 1817 to the sum of &続けざまに猛撃する;20,272 6s. 2½d. which was derived from the に引き続いて sources:

*義務s collected by the 海軍の officer,  17,240  0  7¼
Market, （死傷者）数, and 虐殺（する）ing 義務s,      872  5  7¼
67 Spirit Licences,                       2,010  0  0
10 Beer ditto,                               50  0  0
4 Brewing ditto,                            100  0  0

Total                                   &続けざまに猛撃する;20,272  6  2½

[* For a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of these 義務s, see the 虫垂.]

If we 追加する to this &続けざまに猛撃する;907 6s. 9¼d. which is the 量 of the 海軍の officer's （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 on the 義務s collected by him, we have a grand total of &続けざまに猛撃する;21,179 12s. 11¾d.; or, in other words, about one-sixth of the whole income of the 植民地, 吸収するd by an 違法な 課税. This is an enormous sum to be 徴収するd in such an 幼児 community; and it will appear the more so if it be recollected that nineteen-twentieths of it are collected from the 義務 which has been 課すd on spirituous アルコール飲料s, and from licences to keep public-houses for the 小売 of them.

STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE SETTLEMENTS IN VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.

先頭 Diemen's Land is 据えるd between 40 degrees 42', and 43 degrees 43' of south latitude, and between 145 degrees 31' and 148 degrees 22' of east longitude. The honour of the 発見 of this island also belongs to the Dutch; but the 調査する of it has been principally 影響d by the English.

The aborigines of this country are, if possible, still more barbarous and uncivilised than those of New Holland. They subsist 完全に by 追跡（する）ing, and have no knowledge whatever of the art of fishing. Even the rude bark canoe which their 隣人s 所有する, is やめる unknown to them; and whenever they want to pass any sheet of water, they are compelled to 建設する a rude raft for the occasion. Their 武器 and 追跡（する）ing 器具／実施するs also 示す an inferior degree of civilization. The womera, or throwing stick, which enables the natives of Port Jackson to cast their spears with such amazing 軍隊 and precision, is not used by them. Their spears, too, instead of 存在 made with the bulrush, and only pointed with hard 支持を得ようと努めるd, are composed 完全に of it, and are その結果 more ponderous. In using them they しっかり掴む the 中心; but they neither throw them so far nor so dexterously as the natives of the parent 植民地. This circumstance is the more fortunate, as they 持続する the most rancorous and inflexible 憎悪 and 敵意 に向かって the colonists. This 深い rooted 敵意, however, does not arise so much from the ferocious nature of these savages, as from the inconsiderate and unpardonable 行為／行う of our countrymen すぐに after the 創立／基礎 of the 解決／入植地 on the river Derwent. At first the natives evinced the most friendly disposition に向かって the new comers; and would probably have been actuated by the same 友好的な feeling to this day, had not the 軍の officer ゆだねるd with the 命令（する）, directed a 発射する／解雇する of grape and canister 発射 to be made の中で a large 団体／死体 who were approaching, as he imagined, with 敵意を持った designs; but as it has since been believed with much greater probability, 単に from 動機s of curiosity and friendship. The havoc occasioned の中で them by this murderous 発射する／解雇する, was dreadful; and since then all communication with them has 中止するd, and the spirit of animosity and 復讐, which this unmerited and atrocious 行為／法令／行動する of barbarity has engendered, has been fostered and 悪化させるd to the highest pitch by the incessant rencontres which have subsequently taken place between them and the 植民／開拓者s. These, wherever and whenever an occasion 申し込む／申し出s, destroy as many of them as possible, and they in their turn never let slip an 適切な時期 of 報復するing on their 血-thirsty butchers. Fortunately, however, for the colonists, they have seldom or never been known to 行為／法令／行動する on the 不快な／攻撃, except when they have met some of their persecutors singly. Two persons 武装した with muskets may 横断する the island from one end to the other in the most perfect safety.

先頭 Diemen's Land has not so discouraging and repulsive an 外見 from the coast as New Holland. Many 罰金 tracts of land are 設立する on the very 国境s of the sea, and the 内部の is almost invariably 所有するd of a 国／地域 admirably adapted to all the 目的s of civilized man. This island is upon the whole 山地の, and その結果 abounds in streams. On the 首脳会議s of many of the mountains there are large lakes, some of which are the sources of かなりの rivers. Of these the Derwent, Huon, and Tamar, 階級 in the first class.

There is perhaps no island in the world of the same size which can 誇る of so many 罰金 harbours: the best are the Derwent, Port Davy, Macquarie Harbour, Port Dalrymple, and Oyster Bay: the first is on its southern 味方する, the second and third on its western, the fourth on its northern, and the fifth on its eastern, so that it has excellent harbours in every direction. This circumstance cannot fail to be 生産力のある of the most 有益な 影響s, and will most materially 補助装置 the 未来 march of 植民地化.

There is almost a perfect resemblance between the animal and vegetable kingdoms of this island and of New Holland. In their animal kingdoms in particular, there is scarcely any variation. The native dog, indeed, is unknown here; but there is an animal of the panther tribe in its stead, which, though not 設立する in such numbers as the native dog is in New Holland, commits dreadful havoc の中で the flocks. It is true that its 荒廃させるs are not so たびたび（訪れる）; but when they happen they are more 広範囲にわたる. This animal is of かなりの size, and has been known in some few instances, to 手段 six feet and a half from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail; still it is 臆病な／卑劣な, and by no means formidable to man: unless, indeed, when taken by surprise, it invariably 飛行機で行くs his approach.

In the feathered tribes of the two islands, there is scarcely any 多様制; of this the wattle bird, which is about the size of a snipe, and considered a very 広大な／多数の／重要な delicacy, is the only instance which I can 特記する／引用する.

Like New Holland it has many varieties of poisonous reptiles, but they are neither so venomous nor so 非常に／多数の as in that island.

Its rivers and seas too, abound with the same 種類 of fish. Oysters are 設立する in much greater perfection, though not in greater 豊富. The 激しく揺するs that 国境 the coasts and harbours are literally covered with muscles, as the 激しく揺するs at Port Jackson are with oysters.

There is not so perfect a resemblance in the vegetable kingdoms of the two islands; but still the dissimilarity, where it 存在するs, is 主として 限定するd to their minor 生産／産物s. In the trees of the forest there is scarcely any difference. 先頭 Diemen's Land wants the cedar, mahogany, and rose 支持を得ようと努めるd; but it has very good 代用品，人s for them in the 黒人／ボイコット 支持を得ようと努めるd and Huon pine, which is a 種類 of the イチイ tree, and remarkable for its strong odoriferous scent and extreme durability.

The 主要な／長／主犯 mineralogical 生産／産物s of this island are, アイロンをかける, 巡査, alum, coals, 予定する, 石灰岩, asbestus, and basaltes; all of which, with the exception of 巡査, are to be had in the greatest 豊富.

HOBART TOWN.

Hobart Town, which is the seat of the 中尉／大尉／警部補-知事 of 先頭 Diemen's Land, stands nine miles up the river Derwent. It was 設立するd only fifteen years since, and indeed the rudeness of its 外見 十分に 示すs the recency of its origin. The houses are in general of the meanest description, seldom 越えるing one story in 高さ, and 存在 for the most part 天候-boarded without, and lathed and plastered within. Even the 政府 house is of very bad construction. The 住居s, indeed, of many individuals far より勝る it. The 全住民 may be 概算の at about one thousand souls.

This town is built principally on two hills, between which there is a 罰金 stream of excellent water, that 問題／発行するs from the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する Mountain, and 落ちるs into Sullivan's Cove. On this stream a flour mill has been 築くd, and there is 十分な 落ちる in it for the erection of two or three more. There are also within a short distance of the town, several other streams which 起こる／始まる in the same mountain, and are 平等に 井戸／弁護士席 adapted to 類似の 目的s. This is an advantage not 所有するd by the inhabitants of Port Jackson; since there is not in any of the cultivated 地区s to the eastward of the Blue Mountains a 選び出す／独身 run of water which can be pronounced in every 尊敬（する）・点 適格の for the erection of mills. Windmills are in consequence almost 排他的に used for grinding corn in Sydney; but in the inland towns and 地区s, the colonists are in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 強いるd to have 頼みの綱 to 手渡す mills, as the 勝利，勝つd during the greater part of the year, are not of 十分な 軍隊 to 侵入する the forest and 始める，決める mills in 動議.

The elevation of the （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する Mountain, which is so called from the 広大な／多数の／重要な resemblance it 耐えるs to the mountain of the same 指名する at the Cape of Good Hope, has not been 決定するd; but it is 一般に 概算の at about six thousand feet above the level of the sea. During three-fourths of the year it is covered with snow, and the same violent gusts of 勝利，勝つd blow from it as from this, its mountain 指名する-sake; but no 集会 clouds on its 首脳会議 give notice of the approaching 嵐／襲撃する. The fiery 外見, however, of the heavens, affords a 十分な 警告 to the inhabitants of the country. These 爆破s are happily 限定するd to the 管区s of the mountain, and seldom last above three hours; but nothing can 越える their 暴力／激しさ for the time. In the year 1810, I happened to be on board of a 大型船 which was bound to Hobart Town: in consequence of the 勝利，勝つd 証明するing scanty, we were 強いるd to 錨，総合司会者 during the night in D'Entrecasteaux's Channel. The に引き続いて morning we got under 重さを計る, 推定する／予想するing that the sea 微風 would 始める，決める in by the time the 錨，総合司会者 was hove up. The seamen had no sooner 影響d this and 始める，決める all sail, than we were 攻撃する，非難するd with one of these mountain ハリケーンs. In an instant the 大型船 was on her beam-ends, and in another, had not all the sheets and halyards been let go, she would either have upset or carried away her masts. The moment the sails were 手がかり（を与える）d up we brought to again; and as we were in a harbour perfectly land-locked and very 狭くする, the 大型船 easily 棒 out this 爆破. It only lasted about two hours; but the sea 微風 did not 後継する it that day. The next morning, however, it 始める，決める in as usual.

During the continuance of this mountain トルネード，竜巻, the waters of the harbour were terribly agitated, and taken up in the same manner as dust is collected by what are called whirlwinds in this country. So 広大な／多数の／重要な indeed was its fury, that it 要求するd us to 持つ／拘留する on by the ropes with all our 軍隊, ーするために enable us to keep our 地盤.

The harbour at and 行為／行うing to the river Derwent, 産する／生じるs to 非，不，無 in the world; perhaps より勝るs every other. There are two 入り口s to this river, which are separated by Pitt's Island; one is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d D'Entrecasteaux's Channel, the other, 嵐／襲撃する Bay. D'Entrecasteaux's Channel, from Point Collins up to Hobart Town, a distance, に引き続いて the course of the water, of thirty-seven miles, is one continued harbour, 変化させるing in breadth from eight to two miles, and in depth from thirty to four fathoms. The river Derwent itself has three fathoms water for eleven miles above the town, and is その結果 navigable thus far for 大型船s of the largest burthen. Reckoning therefore from Point Collins, there is a line of harbour in D'Entrecasteaux's Channel and the Derwent, together of forty-eight miles, 完全に land-locked, and affording the best 船の停泊地 the whole way.

The 入り口, however, by 嵐／襲撃する Bay, does not 申し込む／申し出 the same advantages; for it is twenty-two miles 幅の広い from Maria's Islands to Penguin Island, and 完全に exposed to the 勝利，勝つd from south to south-east. This bay その結果 does not afford the same excellent 船の停泊地 as D'Entrecasteaux's Channel. It 含む／封じ込めるs, however, some few nooks, in which 大型船s may take 避難所 in 事例／患者 of necessity. The best of these is Adventure Bay, which is shut in from any 勝利，勝つd that can blow 直接／まっすぐに from the ocean, but is にもかかわらず exposed to the north-east 勝利，勝つd, which have a reach of twenty miles from the opposite 味方する of the bay. There is その結果, when these 勝利，勝つd 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる, a かなりの swell here; but the 軍隊 of the sea is in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 broken by Penguin Island; and 大型船s having good 錨，総合司会者s and cables have nothing to 恐れる.

嵐／襲撃する Bay, besides thus forming one of the 入り口s to the river Derwent, leads to another very good harbour, called North Bay. This harbour is about sixteen miles long, and in some places six miles and a half 幅の広い. The greater part of it is perfectly land-locked, and affords excellent 船の停泊地 in from two to fifteen fathoms water. That part in particular called Norfolk Bay, forms a very spacious harbour of itself, 存在 about three miles in breadth and nine in length. This bay, besides 存在 better 避難所d than the 残り／休憩（する） of the harbours, 含む／封じ込めるs the greatest depth of water, having in no place いっそう少なく than four fathoms.

All the bays and harbours which have been just 述べるd, abound with 権利 鯨 at a particular season of the year. These leviathans of the 深い やめる the boisterous ocean, and 捜し出す the more tranquil waters of these harbours, when they are on the point of calving. This happens in November, and they remain there with their young between two and three months. During this period there are 一般に every year a few of the 植民地の （手先の）技術 雇うd in the 鯨 漁業; but the 義務s which are 徴収するd in this country on all oils procured in 大型船s not having a British 登録（する）, 量 to a 禁止, and 完全に 妨げる the colonists from 起訴するing this 漁業 その上の than is necessary for their own 消費, and for the 供給（する） of the East India market. Between two and three hundred トンs 毎年 十分である for both these 目的s.

The 鯨s frequently go up the river Derwent as far as the town; and it is no uncommon sight for its inhabitants to behold the whole method of taking them, from the moment they are harpooned until they are finally killed by the たびたび（訪れる） 使用／適用 of the lance. This sight indeed has been occasionally 証言，証人／目撃するd by the inhabitants of Sydney; since it has いつかs occurred that a 逸脱する fish has entered the harbour of Port Jackson, while some of the South Sea whalers have been lying there, and that these have lowered their boats and killed it.

All the bays and harbours in 先頭 Diemen's Land, and most of those likewise which are in Bass's 海峡s, and on the southern coast of New Holland, abound with these fish at the same season. If the colonists, therefore, were not thus 制限するd from this 漁業, it would soon become an 巨大な source of wealth to them; and I have no 疑問 that they would be enabled to 輸出（する） many thousand トンs of oil 毎年 to this country. But it is in vain that nature has been thus lavish of her bounties to them; in vain do their seas and harbours 招待する them to 乗る，着手する in these inexhaustible channels of wealth and enterprize. Their 政府, that 政府 which せねばならない be the 真っ先の in developing their nascent 成果／努力s, and fostering them to 成熟, is itself the first to check their growth and 妨げる their 進歩. What a miserly system of 法律制定 is it, which thus locks up from its own 支配するs, a 基金 of riches that might 治める to the wants, and 与える／捧げる to the happiness of thousands! What barbarous tantalization to 強要する them to かわき in the 中央 of the waters of 豊富!

PORT DALRYMPLE.

This port, which was discovered by Flinders, in 1798, lies thirty degrees E. S. E. of Three Hammock Island. The town of Launceston stands about thirty miles from its 入り口, at the junction of the North Esk, and the South with the river Tamar. It is little more than an inconsiderable village, the houses in general 存在 of the humblest description. Its 全住民 is between three and four hundred souls. The tide reaches nine or ten miles up the river Esk, and the produce of the farms within that distance, may be sent 負かす／撃墜する to the town in boats. But the North Esk descends from a 範囲 of mountains, by a cataract すぐに into the river Tamar, and is その結果 altogether inaccessible to 航海.

The Tamar has 十分な depth of water as far as Launceston, for 大型船s of a hundred and fifty トンs burthen; but the 航海 of this river is very intricate, by 推論する／理由 of the banks and shallows with which it abounds, and it has been at length prudently 解決するd to 除去する the seat of 政府 nearer the 入り口 of Port Dalrymple. A town called George Town, has been for the last three years in a 明言する／公表する of active 準備; and it is probable that the commandant, and indeed the entire civil and 軍の 設立s* of this 解決／入植地, have by this time 除去するd to it. In this 事例／患者 the greater part of the 全住民 of Launceston will soon follow. This desertion of its inhabitants will かなり 減らす the value of landed 所有物／資産／財産 in that town, and その結果 be 生産力のある of 広大な／多数の／重要な loss to them; but there can be no 疑問 that the change of the seat of 政府 will in the event materially 与える／捧げる to the 繁栄 of the 解決／入植地 in general. This abandonment, therefore, or rather ーするつもりであるd abandonment of the old town, has been dictated by the soundest 原則s of 政策 and 司法（官）; but although the 公正，普通株主権 of the maxim that the 利益／興味s of the few should cede to the good of the many, is incontrovertible, it is にもかかわらず to be hoped, that some means will be contrived of indemnifying the inhabitants of Launceston for the 広大な／多数の／重要な 傷害 which they will を煩う the 除去 of the seat of 政府 to George Town.

Within a few miles of Launceston, there is the most amazing 豊富 of アイロンをかける. Literally speaking, there are whole mountains of this 鉱石, which is so remarkably rich, that it has been 設立する to 産する／生じる seventy per cent. of pure metal. These 地雷s have not yet been worked; the 全住民, indeed, of the 解決／入植地 would not 許す it; but there can be no 疑問 that they will at no very remote period become a source of かなりの wealth to its inhabitants.

There is a communication by land between Launceston and Hobart Town, which are about one hundred and thirty miles distant from each other in a straight line, and about one hundred and sixty, に引き続いて the windings of the 大勝する at 現在の たびたび（訪れる）d. No 正規の／正選手 road has been 建設するd between these towns, but the 非常に／多数の carts and droves of cattle and sheep, which are 絶えず passing from one to the other, have （判決などを）下すd the 跡をつける 十分に 際立った and plain. In fact, the making a road is a 事柄 of very 広大な／多数の／重要な 緩和する, both here and in Port Jackson. The person whoever he may be that wants to 設立する a cart-road to any place, 示すs the trees in the direction he wishes it to take, and these 示すs serve as a guide to all such as 要求する to travel on it. In a very short time the 跡をつけるs of the horses and carts that have passed along it become 明白な, the grass is 徐々に trod 負かす／撃墜する, and finally disappears, and thus a road is formed; not, indeed, so good as one of the usual construction, but which answers all the 目的s of those who have occasion to make use of it. Wherever there happens to be a stream, or river that is not fordable, it is customary to 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する two or three trees in some 位置／汚点／見つけ出す on its banks, where it is seen that they will reach to the other 味方する of it. Across these, the boughs that are lopped off themselves, or smaller trees felled for the 目的, are laid の近くに together, and over all a 十分な covering of earth.

Of this description are all the roads and 橋（渡しをする）s in 先頭 Diemen's Land, and many of them, even in Port Jackson; but in this 尊敬（する）・点 it will be recollected that the latter is much in 前進する of the former. The 推論する／理由 why the 解決／入植地s on this island are so much behind the parent 植民地, is not to be traced so much to the greater recency of their origin, as to the circumstance of their inhabitants 存在 for the most part 設立するd along the banks of navigable waters. At Port Dalrymple, the 大多数 of the 植民／開拓者s have 直す／買収する，八百長をするd themselves on the banks of the North Esk, within the navigable reach of that river. The Derwent too, it has been seen, is navigable for 大型船s of the largest 重荷（を負わせる） for twenty miles from its 入り口. A little higher up, indeed, there are 落ちるs in it which interrupt its 航海; but it is hardly yet colonized beyond these 落ちるs, and whenever that shall be the 事例／患者, it may be easily （判決などを）下すd navigable for boats by the help of フェリー（で運ぶ）s for a かなりの distance その上の. Such of the agriculturists as have not settled on the banks of this river, have selected their farms in the 地区 of Pitt Water; which 延長するs along the northern 味方する of that spacious harbour, called "North Bay." These have その結果 the same 施設s as those on the banks of the Derwent for sending their produce to market by water, and they 自然に prefer this, the cheapest 方式 of conveyance. It may, therefore, be perceived that the superior advantages which are thus 現在のd by an inland 航海, are the main 原因（となる）s why the construction of 正規の／正選手 roads has been so much neglected in these 解決／入植地s. So far, indeed, is this want of roads from 存在 an inconvenience to the inhabitants of them, that the 施設s afforded by this inland 航海 for the 輸送（する） of all sorts of 農業の produce to market, is the 主要な／長／主犯 point of 優越 which they can （人命などを）奪う，主張する over their brethren at Port Jackson.

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

In the two 解決／入植地s on this island, there is but one 法廷，裁判所 of 司法（官） 設立するd by 借り切る／憲章. This is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d the 中尉／大尉／警部補-知事's 法廷，裁判所, and consists of the 副 裁判官 支持する, and two of the respectable inhabitants 任命するd from time to time by the 中尉／大尉／警部補-知事. The 裁判権 of this 法廷，裁判所 is 純粋に civil, and only 延長するs to 嘆願s where the sum at 問題／発行する does not 越える &続けざまに猛撃する;50; but no 控訴，上告 lies from its 決定／判定勝ち（する）s. All 原因（となる）s for a higher 量, and all 犯罪の offences beyond the cognizance of the （法廷の）裁判 of 治安判事s, are 除去するd, the former before the 最高裁判所, and the latter before the 法廷，裁判所 of 犯罪の Judicature at Port Jackson.

STATE OF DEFENCE, ETC.

These 解決／入植地s are in a very bad 明言する／公表する of defence, having but two companies of 軍隊／機動隊s for the 守備隊 and 保護 of them both. They have その結果 been infested for many years past, by a banditti of run-away 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, who have 危うくするd the person and 所有物／資産／財産 of every one that has evinced himself 敵意を持った to their enormities. These wretches, who are known in the 植民地 by the 指名する of bush-特別奇襲隊員s, even went so far as to 令状 脅すing letters to the 中尉／大尉／警部補-知事 and the magistracy. In this horrible 明言する／公表する of anarchy a 同時の feeling of insecurity and dread, 自然に pervaded the whole of the inhabitants; and the most respectable part of the 農業の 団体／死体 with one （許可，名誉などを）与える betook themselves to the towns, as the only 確かな means of 保存するing their lives, 喜んで abandoning their 所有物／資産／財産 to 妨げる the much greater sacrifice with which the defence of it would have been …に出席するd. There is no 種類 of 乱暴／暴力を加える and 残虐（行為）, in which these marauders did not indulge: 殺人s, incendiaries, and 強盗s were their ordinary amusements, and have been for many years past the 主要な events in the annals of these unfortunate 解決／入植地s. Every 手段 that could be 工夫するd was taken for the 逮捕（する） and 罰 of these wretches. They were 繰り返して 無法者d, and the most alluring rewards were 始める，決める upon their 長，率いるs; but the insufficiency of the 軍の 軍隊, the extent of the island, their superior 地元の knowledge, and the 豊富 of game, which enabled them to find an 平易な subsistence, and （判決などを）下すd them 独立した・無所属, except for an 時折の 供給（する） of 弾薬／武器, with which some unknown persons were base enough to furnish them in 交流 for their ill acquired booty; all these circumstances conspired to baffle for many years every 試みる／企てる that was made for their 逮捕. This long impunity served only to 増加する their cruelty and temerity; and it was at last みなすd expedient by 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事 Davy to 宣言する the whole island under the 操作／手術 of 戦争の 法律. This vigorous exertion of 当局 was zealously seconded by the respectable inhabitants, many of whom joined the 軍の in the 追跡 of these miscreants, and fortunately 後継するd by their 共同の exertions in apprehending the most daring of their ringleaders, who were 即時に tried by a 法廷，裁判所 戦争の and hanged in chains. This terrible, though necessary example, was followed by a 布告／宣言 申し込む／申し出ing a general 恩赦，大赦 to all the 残り／休憩（する） of these delinquents who should 降伏する themselves before a 確かな day; excepting, however, such of them as had been 有罪の of 殺人. The 布告／宣言 had the 願望（する）d 影響: all who were not 除外するd by their 罪，犯罪s availed themselves of the 容赦 thus 申し込む／申し出d them. But strange to say, they were 許すd to remain in the island; and whether they were enamoured of the licentious life they had been so long 主要な, or whether they 不信d the 誠実 of the oblivion 約束d them, and became apprehensive of 結局の 罰, in a few months afterwards they again betook themselves to the 支持を得ようと努めるd, and 再結合させるd those who had been 除外するd from the 恩赦，大赦. After this, they rivalled their former 残虐（行為）s, and a general feeling of びっくり仰天 was again excited の中で the 井戸／弁護士席 性質の／したい気がして part of the community. And here, as it may not be uninteresting to many of my readers to be 熟知させるd with some of the 明確な／細部 乱暴／暴力を加えるs of these monsters, I subjoin the に引き続いて 抽出するs from the Sydney Gazette of the 25th Jan. 1817.

The accounts of 強盗s by the banditti of bush-特別奇襲隊員s on 先頭 Diemen's Land, 現在のs a melancholy picture of the 苦しめるs to which the more respectable classes of inhabitants are 絶えず exposed from the daring 行為／法令／行動するs of those 悪名高い marauders, who are divided into small parties, and are 指定するd by the 指名する of the 主要な／長／主犯 ruffian at their 長，率いる, of whom one Michael Howe appears to be the most 警報 in depredation. The accounts received by the Kangaroo, which 開始する from the beginning of November, 明言する／公表する that on the 7th of that month, the house and 前提s of Mr. David Rose at Port Dalrymple, were attacked and plundered of a かなりの 所有物／資産／財産, by Peter Sefton and his ギャング（団）. The delinquents were 追求するd by the commandant at the 長，率いる of a strong detachment of the 46th 連隊; but returned after a five days 追跡（する） through the 支持を得ようと努めるd, without 存在 able to discover the villains, の中で whom is 明言する／公表するd to have been a 解放する／自由な man, 指名するd Denis M'Caig, who went from hence to Port Dalrymple in the Brothers.

On the night of the 17th of November, the 前提s of Mr. Thomas Hayes, at Bagdad, were attacked at a time when Mr. Stocker and wife, and Mr. Andrew Whitehead (the former on their 大勝する from Hobart Town to Port Dalrymple, with a cart 含む／封じ込めるing a large and 価値のある 所有物／資産／財産) had unfortunately put up at the house for the night. Michael Howe was the 長，指導者 of this banditti, which consisted of eight others. The 所有物／資産／財産 of which they plundered Mr. and Mrs. Stocker on this occasion, was 上向きs of &続けざまに猛撃する;300 value, の中で which were two ケッグs of spirits. One of these, a member of the ギャング（団） wantonly wasted, by 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing a ピストル-ball through the 長，率いる of the ケッグ, which 含む／封じ込めるd eleven gallons. They 始める，決める their watches by Mr. Whitehead's, which they afterwards returned; but took Mr. Stocker's away with their other plunder. Mr. Wade, 長，指導者 constable of Hobart Town, had stopped with the others at Mr. Hayes's; but 審理，公聴会 a noise, which he considered to denote the approach of bush-特別奇襲隊員s, he prudently …に出席するd to the admonition, and escaped their fury, which it was 結論するd would have fallen ひどく upon him, as they are at variance with all 条件s in life that are inimical to their 罪，犯罪s. On the morning of the 2d instant, Mr. William Maum, of Hobart Town, 支えるd the loss of three stacks of wheat by 解雇する／砲火／射撃 at his farm at Clarence Plains, 借りがあるing to the 行為／法令／行動する of an incendiary.

On the 14th of November a large 団体／死体, consisting of fourteen men and two women, were unwelcomely fallen in with by a 選び出す／独身 man on horseback, at Scantling's Plains. Howe and Geary were the most 目だつ: they compelled him to 耐える 証言 to the 断言するing in of their whole party, to がまんする by some 決意／決議s dictated in a written paper, which one of them finished 令状ing in the traveller's presence. After a 拘留，拘置 of about three ４半期/4分の1s of an hour, he was 苦しむd to proceed under strong （裁判所の）禁止（強制）命令s to 宣言する what he had been an 注目する，もくろむ-証言，証人／目撃する of; and to 願望（する） Mr. Humphrey, the 治安判事, and Mr. Wade, the 長，指導者 constable, to take care of themselves, as they were bent on taking their lives, 同様に as to 妨げる them from growing 穀物, or keeping goods of any 肉親，親類d. And by the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） of a person upon 誓い, it appears that they had about the same period, 軍隊d away two 政府 servants from their habitations, to a distant place, on which the 罪，犯罪s of these wretches have stamped the 呼称 of 殺害者's plains, (by themselves facetiously called the tallow-chandler's shop) where they kept them to work three days in （判決などを）下すing 負かす／撃墜する beef-fat. How they could afterwards appropriate so 広大な／多数の／重要な a 量 of （判決などを）下すd fat and suet, is truly a question worthy to be 需要・要求するd; for it is far more likely it should be taken off their 手渡すs by persons in or 近づく the 解決／入植地s, who are leagued with them, in the way of 物々交換するing one 商品／必需品 for another, than that the bush-特別奇襲隊員s should either keep it for their own use, or bestow so much trouble on the 準備 of an article that would soon spoil in their 手渡すs. The caftle that were in this instance so 充てるd, were the 所有物／資産／財産 of 石／投石するs and Tray, who 宣言する that out of three hundred 長，率いる, one hundred and forty have lately disappeared".

All the 乱暴／暴力を加えるs above enumerated, it will be seen, were （罪などを）犯すd within the short period of ten days; and these 解決／入植地s continued the scene of 類似の enormities until the July に引き続いて, an interval of nearly eight months. On the serious 傷害 which the industrious and deserving of all classes, must have experienced in that time, from the 無（不）能 of the 政府 to afford them 保護, it would be useless here to dilate. It must be evident, that such extremes of anarchy could not be of any long duration; and that one or other of these two events became 必然的な; either that the exertions and enterprizes of the colonists should be brought to a stand, or that these disturbers of the general tranquillity, should 苦しむ condign 罰. Fortunately the 原因（となる） of public 司法（官） 勝利d, and the 大多数 of these monsters either fell 犠牲者s to ありふれた 不信, or to the 侵害する／違反するd 法律s of their country. And here, after 詳細（に述べる）ing some few of their 超過s, I cannot 差し控える from giving in turn the account of the 対策 that led to their discomfiture and 逮捕, as 抽出するd from the Sydney Gazette of the 4th October, 1817.

A 会合 of public officers and 主要な／長／主犯 inhabitants and 植民／開拓者s, was 会を召集するd at Hobart Town, by 許可／制裁 of his honour, 中尉／大尉／警部補-知事 Sorrel, (the 後継者 of 陸軍大佐 Davy) on the 5th of July, for the 目的 of considering the most effectual 対策 for 抑えるing the banditti; when the 最大の alacrity manifested itself to support the 見解（をとる）s of 政府 in 促進するing that 望ましい 反対する, and a 自由主義の subscription was すぐに entered into for the 目的. The に引き続いて 布告／宣言 was すぐに afterwards 問題／発行するd by the 中尉／大尉／警部補-知事.

反して, the 武装した banditti, who have for a かなりの time infested the 内部の of this island, did on the 10th ultimo, make an attack upon the 蓄える／店 at George Town, which 存在 left unprotected, they plundered, taking away two boats, which they afterwards cast 岸に at the 入り口 of Port Dalrymple; and 反して, the 主要な／長／主犯 leader in the 乱暴／暴力を加えるs which have been committed by this 禁止（する）d of robbers, is Peter Geary, a 見捨てる人／脱走兵 from his Majesty's 73d 連隊, 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d also with 殺人 and さまざまな other offences; and 反して, the undermentioned 違反者／犯罪者s have been 関心d with the said Peter Geary in most of these enormities; the に引き続いて rewards will be paid to any person or persons, who shall apprehend these 違反者／犯罪者s, or any of them:

Peter Geary--One Hundred Guineas.
Peter Septon, John Jones, Richard Collyer--Eighty Guineas each.
Thomas Coine, Brown or Brune, a Frenchman--Fifty Guineas each.

And 反して, George ワットs, a 囚人, who absented himself from the Coal River, previous to the 満期 of his 宣告，判決, and who stands 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with さまざまな 強盗s and 罪，犯罪s, is now 捕まらないで: it is hereby 宣言するd, that a reward of eighty guineas will be paid to any person or persons, who shall apprehend the said George ワットs.

And all 治安判事s and 指揮官s of 軍の 駅／配置するs, and parties, and all constables and others of his majesty's 支配するs, are enjoined to use their 最大の 成果／努力s to apprehend the 犯罪のs above 指名するd.

On the 10th of July, a 分割 of the banditti proceeded to George Town, and 掴むing upon the 政府 boats, induced five of the working people to abscond with them; upon 代表 whereof to the 中尉／大尉／警部補-知事, a 布告／宣言 was 問題／発行するd 要求するing the return of those persons, under the 保証／確信 of forgiveness, if so returning within twenty days, from the consideration that the 解決／入植地 of George Town had been for some days without 命令（する） or controul; the 原因（となる）s of which will be 設立する in our 補足（する） of this day; wherein Mr. Superintendent Leith, has, in his 証言 upon the 殺人 of the 長，指導者 constable of the 解決／入植地, 宣言するd his necessary absence to Launceston at that 表明する period.

The ギャング（団） of bush-特別奇襲隊員s appeared in the 周辺 of 黒人／ボイコット 小衝突 on Saturday, and were 跡をつけるd on the に引き続いて morning by Serjeant M'Carthy, of the 46th, with his party. On Monday the bush-特別奇襲隊員s were at a house at Tea-tree 小衝突, where they had dined, and about three o'clock Serjeant M'Carthy with his party （機の）カム up. The bush-特別奇襲隊員s ran out of the house into the 支持を得ようと努めるd, and 存在 eleven in number, and 井戸／弁護士席 covered by 木材／素質 and ground, the eight 兵士s could not の近くに with them. After a good 取引，協定 of 解雇する／砲火／射撃ing, Geary the leader was 負傷させるd, and fell; two others were also 負傷させるd. The knapsacks of the whole and their dogs were taken. Geary died the same night, and his 死体 was brought into town on Tuesday, as were the two 負傷させるd men.

The remaining eight bush-特別奇襲隊員s were seen in the neighbourhood of the Coal River on Wednesday; but, as they must have been destitute of 準備／条項s and 弾薬／武器, sanguine hopes were entertained of their 迅速な 落ちる.

Dennis Currie and Matthew Kiegan, two of the 初めの bush-特別奇襲隊員s, 降伏するd on the Monday に引き続いて.

On Wednesday, a 検死官's 検死 was held on the 団体／死体 of James Geary, who died of the 負傷させる received in the 事件／事情／状勢 at Tea-tree 小衝突. 判決, 殺人 in furtherance of public 司法（官）.

Jones, a 主要な／長／主犯 of the banditti, was 発射 in the beginning of August, in the neighbourhood of Swanport, which is on the eastern shore. For some days they had not been heard of; but by the 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の exertions of Serjeant M'Carthy and his party of the 46th 連隊, were 跡をつけるd and overtaken at the above place; on which occasion Jones was killed on the 位置／汚点／見つけ出す by a ball through the 長，率いる. A 囚人 of the 指名する of Holmes was by the bush-特別奇襲隊員's 解雇する／砲火／射撃, 負傷させるd in two places, but we do not hear mortally.

On the Sunday evening after the above 事件／事情／状勢, some of the villains 影響d a 強盗 at Clarence Plains; but became so 過度に intemperate from intoxication as to quarrel の中で themselves; the consequence was, that another of the ギャング（団） of the 指名する of Rollards, having been most 厳しく bruised and beaten by his associates fell into the 手渡すs of a 植民／開拓者, and was by him taken a 囚人 into Hobart Town. White and Johnson, two others of the ギャング（団）, were apprehended by Serjeant M'Carthy's party, on Thursday the 14th of August, 存在 行為／行うd to their haunts by a native woman, distinguished by the 指名する of 黒人／ボイコット Mary, and another girl.

After the above successes in 減ずるing the number of these persons, some of them still continued out, on the 16th of August, as appears from a 報告（する）／憶測 published: of the old bush-特別奇襲隊員s, Septon, Collyer, Coine, and Brune, also ワットs, who kept separate from the 残り／休憩（する）, and Michael Howe, who had before 配達するd himself up, and after remaining some weeks in Hobart Town, took again to the 支持を得ようと努めるd, from a dread, as was imagined, of 最終的に 存在 called to answer for his former offences. At this period also, there were two absentees from George Town, Port Dalrymple; a number of the working 手渡すs having gone from that 解決／入植地 の直前に, all of whom had returned to their 義務 but these two. White, Rollards, and つつく／ペック, were about this time under a reward of sixty guineas for their 逮捕, for an 試みる／企てる to commit a 強盗 at Clarence Plains: つつく／ペック was a freeman, the other two 囚人s.

By the 6th of September, nearly the whole of the absentees of whatever description had either 降伏するd or been apprehended; and upon this day a 布告／宣言 was 問題／発行するd 申し込む／申し出ing the に引き続いて rewards: for the 逮捕 of Michael Howe, one hundred guineas; for George ワットs, eighty guineas; and for Brune, the Frenchman, fifty guineas; and in consequence of these 誘発する and efficacious 手はず／準備, 付加 逮捕（する）s had been made, which placed it nearly beyond a 疑問 that Howe is almost, if not the only individual of the desperate ギャング（団）s now 捕まらないで.

This latter 主張, however, does not appear to have been 訂正する; for in a Sydney Gazette of the 25th of October, of the same year, we have the に引き続いて account of the 逮捕 and 降伏する of some others of this banditti, and of an 不成功の 試みる／企てる to take Michael Howe, which will tend to elucidate the desperate character of this ruffian.

Several persons have arrived as 証言，証人／目撃するs on the 起訴 of 違反者／犯罪者s transmitted for 裁判，公判 by the 操縦する; two of whom are 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with wilful 殺人, viz. Richard Collyer, as a 主要な／長／主犯 in the atrocious 殺人 of the late William Carlisle and James O'Berne, who were 発射 by a banditti of bush-特別奇襲隊員s at the 解決／入植地 of New Norfolk, on the 24th of April, 1815; the particulars whereof were published in the Sydney Gazette of the 20th of the に引き続いて May. The other 囚人 for 殺人 is John Hilliard, who was also one of the banditti of bush-特別奇襲隊員s; but 存在 desirous of giving himself up, 決定するd 以前 by 軍隊 or guile, to 達成する some 偉業／利用する, that might place the 誠実 of his contrition beyond 疑問. 事故 soon brought the above Collyer, together with Peter Septon, another of the banditti, within his 力／強力にする. He attacked and killed Septon, and 負傷させるd Collyer, who にもかかわらず got away, but was soon apprehended. It is for the 殺人，大当り of Septon, he is therefore to be tried. Four of the 囚人s sent by this 大型船 are for sheep stealing. Another of the late banditti, George ワットs, is come up also, but under no 犯罪の 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金, as we are 知らせるd, he having been 猛烈に 負傷させるd by Michael Howe, in an 試みる／企てる 補助装置d by William Drew, to take him into Hobart Town a 囚人; but in which exertion Drew was 発射 dead by that desperate 違反者／犯罪者, and the 生存者 ワットs nearly killed also.

I have been thus copious in 抽出するs from the Sydney Gazette, to shew the lamentable 明言する／公表する of danger and anarchy in which the colonists on 先頭 Diemen's Land have been kept by an inconsiderable banditti; who, from the imbecility of the 地元の 政府, have been enabled to continue for many years in a 勝利を得た career of 暴力／激しさ and impunity. This iniquitous and formidable 協会 may, indeed, be considered as 鎮圧するd for the moment, although the most desperate member of it is still at large. But what 誓約（する） have the 井戸／弁護士席 性質の／したい気がして part of the inhabitants, that a 禁止（する）d 平等に atrocious will not again spring up, and 危うくする the general peace and 安全? What 保証（人）, in fact, have they that this very ruffian, the soul and 中心 of the late combination, will not serve as a 決起大会／結集させるing point to the profligate, and again collect around him a circle of robbers and 殺害者s as desperate and 血まみれの as the miscreants who have been 絶滅するd? And can the 追跡s of 産業 静かに proceed under the 悩ますing dread which this constant 義務／負債 to 乱暴／暴力を加える and depredation must 奮起させる? There is no 原則 いっそう少なく controvertible than that the 支配する has the same （人命などを）奪う，主張するs on the 政府 for support and 保護, as they have on him, for obedience and fidelity. The compact is as binding on the one party, as on the other; and it is really discreditable to the 設立するd character of this country, that any part of its dominions should have continued for so long a period, the scene of such 極悪の enormities, 単に from the want of a 十分な 軍の 軍隊 to 確実にする the 予定 行政 of the 法律s, and to 持続する the public tranquillity.

CLIMATE, ETC.

The 気候 of this island is 平等に healthy, and much more congenial to the European 憲法, than that of Port Jackson. The north-west 勝利，勝つd, which are there 生産力のある of such violent variations of 気温, are here unknown; and neither the summers, nor winters, are 支配する to any 広大な／多数の／重要な extremes of heat, or 冷淡な. The 霜s, indeed, are much more 厳しい, and of much longer duration; and the mountains with which this island abounds, are covered with snow during the greater part of the year; but in the vallies it never ぐずぐず残るs on the ground more than a few hours. Upon an 普通の／平均（する）, the mean difference of 気温, between these 解決／入植地s and those on New Holland, (I speak of such as are to the eastward of the Blue Mountains; for the country to the 西方の of them, it has been already 明言する／公表するd, is 平等に 冷淡な with any part of 先頭 Diemen's Land,) may be 概算の at ten degrees of Fahrenheit, at all seasons of the year.

The 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるing 病気s are the same as at Port Jackson: i. e. phthisis, and dysentery; but the former is not so ありふれた. Rheumatic （民事の）告訴s, however, which are scarcely known there, 存在する here to a かなりの extent.

SOIL, ETC.

In this island, as in New Holland, there is every 多様制 of 国／地域, but certainly in 割合 to the surface of the two countries, this 含む／封じ込めるs, comparatively, much いっそう少なく of an indifferent 質. Large tracts of land perfectly 解放する／自由な from 木材／素質 or underwood, and covered with the most luxuriant herbage, are to be 設立する in all directions; but more 特に in the 近郊 of Port Dalrymple. This sort of land is invariably of the very best description, and millions of acres still remain unappropriated, which are 有能な of 存在 即時に 変えるd to all the 目的s of husbandry. There the colonist has no expence to 背負い込む in （疑いを）晴らすing his farm: he is not compelled to a 広大な／多数の／重要な 予選 out-lay of 資本／首都, before he can 推定する／予想する a かなりの return; he has only to 始める，決める 解雇する／砲火／射撃 to the grass, to 準備する his land for the 即座の 歓迎会 of the plough-株; so that, if he but 所有する a good team of horses, or oxen, with a 始める，決める of harness, and a couple of 相当な ploughs, he has the main requisites for 開始するing an 農業の 設立, and for 確実にするing a comfortable subsistence for himself and family.

To this 広大な／多数の／重要な 優越 which these southern 解決／入植地s may （人命などを）奪う，主張する over the parent 植民地, may be superadded two other items of distinction, which are perhaps of equal magnitude and importance. First, The rivers here have 十分な 落ちる in them to 妨げる any 過度の accumulation of water, from violent or continued rains; and are その結果 解放する／自由な from those awful and destructive inundations to which all its rivers are perpetually 支配する. Here, therefore, the industrious colonist may settle on the banks of a navigable river, and enjoy all the advantages of sending his produce to market by water, without running the constant hazard of having the fruits of his 労働, the golden 約束 of the year, swept away in an hour by a capricious and domineering element. Secondly, The seasons are more 正規の／正選手 and defined, and those 広大な／多数の／重要な 干ばつs which have been so たびたび（訪れる） at Port Jackson, are altogether unknown. In the years 1813, 1814, and 1815, when the whole 直面する of the country there was literally burnt up, and vegetation 完全に at a stand still from the want of rain, an abundant 供給（する） of it fell here, and the 収穫s, in consequence, were never more 生産力のある. Indeed, since these 解決／入植地s were first 設立するd, a period of fifteen years, the 刈るs have never 支えるd any serious detriment from an insufficiency of rain; 反して, in the parent 植民地, there have been in the thirty-one years that have elapsed since its 創立／基礎, I may 投機・賭ける to say, half a dozen dearths, occasioned by 干ばつ, and at least as many arising from floods.

The circumstance, therefore, of 先頭 Diemen's Land 存在 thus 免除された from those calamitous consequences, which are so たびたび（訪れる） in New Holland, from a superabundance of rain in the one instance, and a 欠陥／不足 of it in the other, is a most important point of consideration, for all such as hesitate in their choice betwixt the two countries; and is 井戸／弁護士席 worthy the most serious attention of those who are desirous of emigrating to one or the other of them, with a 見解（をとる） to become mere agriculturists.

In the system of 農業 追求するd in the two 植民地s, there is no difference, save that the Indian corn, or maize, is not cultivated here, because the 気候 is too 冷淡な to bring this 穀物 to 成熟. Barley and oats, however, arrive at much greater perfection, and afford the inhabitants a 代用品，人, although by no means an 同等（の）, for this 高度に 価値のある 製品. The wheat, too, which is raised here, is of much superior description to the wheat grown in any of the 地区s at Port Jackson, and will always 命令（する） in the Sydney market, a difference of price 十分に 広大な／多数の／重要な to 支払う／賃金 for the 付加 cost of 輸送（する）. The 普通の／平均（する） produce, also, of land here, is greater, although it does not 越える, perhaps not equal the produce of the rich flooded lands on the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean. A gentleman who resided many years at Port Dalrymple, 見積（る）s the 普通の／平均（する） produce of the 刈るs at that 解決／入植地 as follows: Wheat, thirty bushels per acre; barley, forty-five bushels per ditto; oats, he does not know, but say sixty bushels per ditto. This 見積（る） is not at all calculated to impress the English 農業者 with as favourable an opinion of the fertility of this 解決／入植地 as it 長所s; but if he only 証言，証人／目撃するd the slovenly 方式 of tillage which is practised there, he would be surprised not that the 普通の／平均（する） produce of the 刈るs is so small, but that it is so 広大な／多数の／重要な. If the same land had the 利益 of the system of 農業 that 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs throughout the 郡 of Norfolk, it may be 安全に 主張するd that its produce would be 二塁打d. The land on the upper banks of the river Derwent and at Pitt-water, is 平等に fertile; but the 普通の／平均（する） produce of the 刈るs on the whole of the cultivated 地区s belonging to this 解決／入植地, is at least one-fifth いっそう少なく than at Port Dalrymple.

These 解決／入植地s do not 含む／封じ込める either such a variety or 豊富 of fruit as the parent 植民地. The superior coldness of their 気候 十分に accounts for the former 欠陥／不足, and the greater recency of their 設立 for the latter. The orange, citron, guava, loquet, pomegranate, and many other fruits which 達成する the greatest perfection at Port Jackson, cannot be produced here at all without having 頼みの綱 to 人工的な means; while many more, as the peach, nectarine, grape, etc. only arrive at a very inferior degree of 成熟. On the other 手渡す, as has been already noticed, the apple, currant, gooseberry, and indeed all those fruits for which the 気候 of the parent 植民地 is too warm, are raised here without difficulty.

The system of 後部ing and fattening cattle is perfectly analogous to that which is 追求するd at Port Jackson. The natural grasses afford an 豊富 of pasturage at all seasons of the year, and no 準備／条項 of winter provender, in the 形態／調整 either of hay or 人工的な food, is made by the 植民／開拓者 for his cattle; yet, notwithstanding this palpable omission, and the greater length and severity of the winters, all manner of 在庫／株 達成する there a much larger size than at Port Jackson. Oxen from three to four years old 普通の／平均（する） here about 700 lbs. and wethers from two to three years old, from 80 to 90 lbs.; while there oxen of the same age, do not 普通の／平均（する） more than 500 lbs. and wethers not more than 40 lbs. At Port Dalrymple it is no uncommon occurrence for 年一回の lambs to 重さを計る from 100 to 120 lbs. and for three year old wethers to 重さを計る 150 lbs. and 上向きs; but this 広大な／多数の／重要な disproportion of 負わせる arises in some 手段 from the greater part of the sheep at this 解決／入植地, having become, from constant crossing, nearly of the pure Teeswater 産む／飼育する. Still the superior richness of the natural pastures in these southern 解決／入植地s, is without 疑問 the main 原因（となる） of the 増加するd 負わせる at which both sheep and cattle arrive; since there is both a kindlier and larger 産む／飼育する of cattle at Port Jackson, which にもかかわらず, neither 重さを計るs as 激しい, nor affords as much suet as the cattle there. This is an incontrovertible proof that the natural grasses 所有する much more nutritive and fattening 質s in this 植民地 than in the other; and the superior clearness of the country is やめる 十分な to account for this circumstance, without taking into the 見積（る） the 付加 fact, that up to a 確かな 平行の of latitude, to which neither the one nor the other of the countries in question 延長するs, the superior adaptation of the colder 気候 for the 後部ing and fattening of 在庫／株, is やめる unquestionable.

The price of 準備／条項s is about on a par in the two 植民地s, or if there be any difference, it is somewhat lower here. Horses three or four years 支援する were かなり dearer than at Port Jackson; but large 輸入s of them have been made in consequence, and it is probable that their value is before this time 完全に equalized.

The 給料 of ordinary labourers are at least thirty per cent. higher, and of mechanics, fifty per cent. higher than in the parent 植民地; a disproportion 単独で attributable to the very unequal and injudicious 配当 that has been made of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs.

The 進歩 made by these 解決／入植地s in 製造（する）s, is too inconsiderable to deserve notice, その上の than as it affords a striking proof in how much more 繁栄するing and 繁栄する a 条件 they are than the parent 植民地.

The 商業 carried on by the colonists is of the same nature as that which is 持続するd by their brethren at Port Jackson. Like these, they have no 中心的要素 輸出（する） to 申し込む／申し出 in 交流 for the さまざまな 商品／必需品s which they 輸入する from foreign countries, and are 強いるd principally to rely on the 支出 of the 政府 for the means of procuring them. Their 年次の income may be taken as follows:

Money expended by the 政府 for the 支払う／賃金 and subsistence
of the civil and 軍の, and for the support of such of
the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs as are victualled from the king's 蓄える／店s,        &続けざまに猛撃する;30,000
Money expended by foreign shipping,                             3,000
Wheat, etc. 輸出（する）d to Port Jackson,                           4,000
輸出（する）s collected by the merchants of the 解決／入植地,           5,000
Sundries,                                                       2,000
                                                               ------
Total,                                                        &続けざまに猛撃する;44,000
                                                               ------

The 義務s collected in these southern 解決／入植地s, are 正確に／まさに on the same 規模 as at Port Jackson, and 量 to about &続けざまに猛撃する;5,000 毎年, inclusive of the per centage 許すd the collectors of them.

A general 声明 of the Land in Cultivation, etc. the
量s of 在庫／株, etc. as accounted for at the General
召集（する） in New South むちの跡s, taken by His Excellency 知事
Macquarie, and 副 Commissary General Allan, 開始するing the
6th October, and finally の近くにing the 25th November, 1817,
inclusive; with an exact Account of the same at 先頭 Diemen's
Land.

Acres in Wheat                           18,462
         Ground 用意が出来ている for Maize       11,714
         Barley                             856½
         Oats                               156¾
         Pease and Beans                    204¼
         Potatoes                           559
         Garden and Orchard                 863
         （疑いを）晴らすd ground                  47,564¼
         Total held                     235,003¼

Horses                                    3,072
Horned cattle                            44,753
Sheep                                   170,920
Hogs                                     17,842
Bushels of Wheat                         24,05 [sic]
Bushels of Maize                          1,506

N. B. Total Number of Inhabitants in the 植民地, 含むing 先頭 Diemen's Land, 20,379.

PART II.

OPERATION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN THE COLONY FOR THE LAST FIFTEEN YEARS.

It is 一般に considered a 事柄 of astonishment that the 植民地 of New South むちの跡s, 据えるd as it is, in a 気候 equal to that of the finest parts of フラン, of Spain, and of Italy, and 所有するing a 国／地域 of unbounded fertility, should have made so little 進歩 に向かって 繁栄 and independence. The 原因（となる）s, however, which have 与える／捧げるd to its retardment, are the same, as have been …に出席するd with 類似の 影響s in all ages. Not only the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the years that are no more, but the experience also of the 現在の day, 同意する in 証明するing that the 繁栄 of nations is not so much the result of the fertility of their 国／地域, and the benignity of their 気候, as of the 知恵 and 政策 of their 会・原則s. Decadence, poverty, wretchedness, and 副／悪徳行為, have been the invariable attendants of bad 政府s; as 繁栄, wealth, happiness, and virtue, have been of good ones. Rome, once the glory of the world; now a bye-word の中で the nations: once the seat of civilization, of affluence, and of 力／強力にする; now the abode of superstition, poverty, and 証拠不十分, is a 継続している monument of the truth of this 主張. Her greatness was 設立するd on freedom, and rose with her 領事館; her decadence may be said to have 開始するd with her first emperor, and was 完全にするd under his vicious and despotic 王朝: her 気候 and 国／地域 still remain; but the freedom which raised her to the empire of the world has passed away with her 会・原則s.

If we search still その上の 支援する into antiquity, we shall find that all the 広大な／多数の／重要な nations which have at さまざまな times preponderated over their 隣人s, 達成するd their 最大の 軍隊 and vigour, during the period of their greatest freedom and virtue; and that their decadence and ultimate annihilation were the work of a succession of vicious and tyrannical 支配者s. The empires of Persia and of Greece, were successively 設立するd by the superior freedom and virtue of their 国民s; and it was only when the 会・原則s, which were the source of this freedom and virtue, were no longer reverenced and 施行するd, that each in its turn became the prey of a freer and more virtuous people.

The experience of modern times is still more conclusive on this 支配する; because no part of the chain of events which have 与える／捧げるd to the aggrandisement or impair of 存在するing nations, lies hid in the もや of ages. If we regard the 前例のない wealth and 力／強力にする of our own country, we shall be 納得させるd that her 現在の pre-著名な position is not so much the 影響 of her 国／地域 and 気候, since in these 尊敬（する）・点s she is confessedly behind many of the nations of Europe, as of the superior freedom of her 法律s, which have engendered her a freer, more virtuous, and more warlike race of people. It is to her superior polity alone that she is indebted for a dominion, unparalleled in the history of the world; and it is to its rigid 維持／整備 and 施行 that she must look for its durability.

While England has been thus assiduously attentive to her own 即座の 内部の 繁栄, she has not in general been neglectful of those 外部の 所有／入手s, which she has 徐々に acquired by 植民地化, by conquest, or by cession. On the most distant 支店s of her empire, she has engrafted, as far as circumstances would in general 収容する／認める, those 会・原則s which have been the main 原因（となる） of her own 内部の happiness and 繁栄. In the West Indies, in Canada, and lately in the Ionian Islands, she has introduced the elective franchise, and 設立するd that mixed counterpoising form of 政府, whose three 構成要素 parts, though essentially different in their natures, so admirably coalesce and form one 連合させるd harmonious whole. It has, in fact, been one of the 主要な maxims of her political 行為／行う, and undoubtedly one of the 長，指導者 原因（となる）s of her 現在の greatness, to attach the people who have been 具体的に表現するd into her empire, or who have emigrated from her shores only to colonise new countries, and thus to 延長する her 限界s and 増加する her 資源s, by an equality of 権利s and 特権s with her 支配するs at home. The 航海 行為／法令／行動する, indeed, militates in some degree, against the 自由主義の 見解（をとる） here taken of her 植民地の 政策; but the 存在 of this 選び出す／独身 行為／法令／行動する, which, however its 知恵 may be at 現在の canvassed, there can be no 疑問 has 証明するd the basis of her 商業の and 海上の ascendancy, will not 無効にする the （人命などを）奪う，主張する to liberality, of which her 植民地の system is in other 尊敬（する）・点s deserving. The 行為／行う of her 政府 has undoubtedly been in most instances 自由主義の and enlightened; and if they have occasionally deviated from their ordinary 大きくするd 政策 of 設立するing the 代表者／国会議員 system, and leaving to the 植民地s, themselves, the liberty of でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるing 法律s adapted to their several circumstances and wants, it has been principally in those 事例／患者s where the 古代の inveterate habits of the people, their difference of 宗教, and inferior civilization, have （判決などを）下すd such deviations 避けられない. India furnishes the 主要な／長／主犯 example of such exception to her general 政策; yet, even in her remote 所有／入手s in that country, the sixty millions who are 支配する to her sway, enjoy a 安全 of person and 所有物／資産／財産 unknown to them while under the 政府 of their native princes. It is on this amelioration in their 条件, and not on the strength and number of her armies, that her dominion in that part of the world is 設立するd; and after all, what 政府 is so stable as that which is 底（に届く）d on opinion, and depends for its 存在 on general 公共事業（料金）／有用性, and the 同意 of the 治める／統治するd? Dominion may, indeed, be acquired, and continued by 軍隊 and terror; but if it have no other 支え（る）s to support it, it is at best but 不安定な, and must, sooner or later, 落ちる, either by the 抵抗 of those whom it would 持つ／拘留する in subjection, or by 土台を崩すing their moral and physical energies, and thus （判決などを）下すing them unfit even for the vile 目的s of 先制政治 itself.

The 植民地 of New South むちの跡s, is, I believe, the only one of our 所有／入手s 排他的に 住むd by Englishmen, in which there is not at least the 影をつくる／尾行する of a 解放する／自由な 政府, as it 所有するs neither a 会議, a house of 議会, nor even the 特権 of 裁判，公判 by 陪審／陪審員団. And although it must be 自白するd that the strange 成分s of which this 植民地 was formed, did not, at the 時代 of its 創立／基礎, 令状 a 参加 of these important 特権s, it will be my endeavour in this essay to 証明する that the 保留するing of them up to the 現在の period, has been the 単独の 原因（となる） why it has not realized the 期待s which its 創立者s were led to form of its 能力s.

It is not difficult to conceive that the same 原因（となる）s, which in the lapse of centuries have 十分であるd to 土台を崩す and 結局 ingulph 広大な empires, should be able to 妨げる the 進歩 of smaller communities, whether they be kingdoms, 明言する／公表するs, or 植民地s. 独断的な 政府s, indeed, are so 一般に 認める to impair the moral and physical energies of a people, that it would be superfluous to enter into an (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する disquisition, ーするために 論証する the truth of a position, which has been 確認するd by the experience of ages. Whoever is 納得させるd that he has no 権利s, no 所有／入手s that are sacred and inviolable, is a slave, and devoid of that noble feeling of independence which is 必須の to the dignity of his nature, and the 予定 発射する／解雇する of his 機能（する）／行事s. This noble 保証／確信 that he is in the path of 義務 and 安全, so long as he 差し控える from the 違反 of those 法律s which may have been でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd for the good of the community of which he is a member, is the main spring of all 産業 and 改良. But this dignified feeling cannot 存在する in any society which is 支配する to the 独断的な will of an individual; and although the 知事 of this 植民地 does not 正確に／まさに 所有する the 制限のない 当局 of an eastern despot, since he may be 最終的に made accountable to his 君主 and the 法律s, for the 乱用 of the 力／強力にする 委任する／代表d to him, I may be 許すd to ask, should he 侵略する the 所有物／資産／財産, and 侵害する／違反する the personal liberty of those whom he せねばならない 治める／統治する with 司法（官） and 公平さ, where are the 抑圧するd to 捜し出す for 天罰? Is it in this country, 据えるd at sixteen thousand miles from the seat of his 不正 and 圧迫? To tell a poor man that he may 得る 是正する in the 法廷，裁判所 of King's （法廷の）裁判, what is it but a cruel mockery, calculated to （判決などを）下す the pang more poignant, which it would pretend to 緩和する?

I am not here amusing myself with the supposition of contingencies that may never occur. I am alluding to 乱暴／暴力を加えるs that have been 現実に （罪などを）犯すd, and of which the 明らかにする recital would fill the minds of a British 陪審／陪審員団 with the liveliest 感情s of compassion and sympathy for the 抑圧するd, and of horror and indignation against the 抑圧者. Leaseholds cancelled, houses 破壊するd without the smallest 補償（金）, on the 嘆願 of public 公共事業（料金）／有用性, but in reality from 動機s of 私的な 憎悪 and 復讐; freemen 拘留するd on 独断的な 令状s 問題／発行するd without 言及／関連 to the magistracy, and even 公然と flogged in the same 違法な and oppressive manner: such were the events that （人が）群がるd the 政府 of a wretch, whom it would be as superfluous to 指名する, as it is needless to 持つ／拘留する him up to the execration of posterity* If such an immortality were, as it appears to have been, the 反対する of his 追跡, he has 完全に 達成するd it. Almost at his very 相殺する in life, he acquired a notoriety which has 増加するd through all the その後の sinuosities of his career. Not content with 押し進めるing the discipline of the service to which he belonged, in itself 十分に 厳しい, to its extreme 瀬戸際, by an 超過 of vexatious brutality, he goaded into 反乱（を起こす） a 乗組員 of noble-minded fellows, the greater part of whom it has been since discovered, pined away their 存在 on a desolate island, lost to their country and themselves, the sad 犠牲者s of an unavailing 悔恨. Yet there is one of them still living, who has since fully evinced his devotedness for his country's glory, and has been deservedly raised to that elevated 階級 in her service, which but for him many more might have lived to 達成する. Despised by his equals in his profession, and detested by his inferiors, he was contradistinguished from other worthy officers of the same 指名する, by prefixing to his that of the 大型船 which was the scene of this 行為／法令／行動する of insubordination, in the event the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な of many a noble spirit, that might さもなければ have 証明するd an honour to themselves and a credit to their country. The 残虐な tyranny that characterised his 行為／行う on this occasion, would have alone 十分であるd to brand him with the imputation of "coward," had it been even unconnected with the many その後の 行為／法令／行動するs of 圧迫 which have stamped his career, and of which it is to be hoped for the 予防 of 未来 monsters, that the infamy will long 生き残る the 記録，記録的な／記録するs. The 26th of January, 1808, the memorable day when, by the spontaneous impulse of a 部隊d 植民地, he was 逮捕（する）d; and fortunate for the 原因（となる） of humanity is it that he was then 逮捕（する）d, for ever** in the perpetration of the most atrocious 乱暴／暴力を加えるs that ever 不名誉d the 代表者／国会議員 of a 解放する／自由な 政府, has 立証するd his （人命などを）奪う，主張する to this character beyond the 可能性 of 疑問. Dreading the 憤慨 of the people whom he had so often and so wantonly 抑圧するd, and having on his 支援する that uniform which was never so dishonoured before, he skulked under a servant's bed in an obscure 議会 of his house, but was at length discovered in this disgraceful 穴を開ける, and 行為／行うd pale, trembling, and covered with flue,*** before the officer who had 命令（する）d his 逮捕（する）; nor could this gentleman's repeated 保証／確信s that no 暴力／激しさ should be 申し込む／申し出d his person, 納得させる him for a かなりの time that his life was in safety from the vengeance of the populace: so conscious was he of the enormity of his 行為／行う, and of the 司法（官） of an 即座の and 模範的な 報復.

[* The に引き続いて anecdote, for the authenticity of which I 誓約（する） myself, will afford a better illustration of this monster's character, than whole pages of general declamation and 悪口雑言. At the period of his 政府 cattle were very 不十分な in the 植民地, and the 株主s were very tenacious of 許すing their cows to be milked, from the 傷害 which it did the calves. Milk was in consequence a 広大な／多数の／重要な rarity; but as the 知事, 自然に enough, did not choose to forego any of the good things of this life, 特に whenever it was in his 選択 to 得る them without any expence, he had always a number of cattle from the 政府 herds, to furnish a 供給（する） of it for his 世帯. The 黒字／過剰 he generously 分配するd の中で his favourites. One of these was a gentleman belonging to the 医療の staff, who used in ありふれた with all those permitted the same indulgence, to send his servant daily for his 株 of this precious fluid. This unfortunate wight happened to go one morning a little too late; and whether the person 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with the 配当 of this milk had been a little too 自由主義の in his 寄付s to such of the gentlemen's servants as had …に出席するd in 予定 time, or whether the cows did not give their usual 量 that morning, there was not a 減少（する） left for him on his arrival. Not 反映するing that this 失望 was occasioned by his own 怠慢，過失, he 投機・賭けるd to make some 発言／述べるs, such as "he did not know why his master should not have his 株 同様に as another gentleman, etc. etc." which 証明するd so 高度に disagreeable to the feelings of the 広大な／多数の／重要な man who 治めるd this 高度に important office, that he すぐに went and complained to the still greater man who had 投資するd him with it. This august personage not only feelingly 参加するd in the 侮辱 which had been 申し込む／申し出d his faithful 国内の, but also 公約するd that he should have the most ample satisfaction. He accordingly ordered the 原告，告訴人 to send the 感情を害する／違反するing party into his presence on the に引き続いて morning; 厳密に enjoining him before 手渡す, to take especial care that he should remain ignorant of the chastisement which was in petto for him. The next morning when the poor fellow （機の）カム as usual for his master's 割当 of milk, he was told by the 広大な／多数の／重要な man whom he had the day before unwittingly 感情を害する／違反するd, that the 知事 願望（する）d to speak to him. Wondering that so distinguished a personage should even know that so humble a 存在 as himself was in 存在, and at a loss to conjecture what could be his gracious will and 楽しみ, he was 勧めるd trembling into his dread presence. In an instant his alarms were 静かなd. The 知事 told him with a condescending smile, that as the 長，指導者 constable's house was in his way home, he had 単に sent for him to be the 持参人払いの of a letter to that person, from a 願望（する） to spare his dragoon the trouble of carrying it. The poor fellow, of course, 配達するd the letter with all haste, little imagining what were its contents. When the 長，指導者 constable perused it, he ordered out the triangles; the poor wretch was 即時に tied up to them, and in a stupor of surprise and びっくり仰天 underwent the 罰, (whether twenty-five or fifty 攻撃するs I am not sure) which was ordered to be given him, without any explanation till after its infliction, of the 推論する／理由s why he received it. Was not this a refinement of cruelty worthy the most atrocious monster of antiquity?]

[** When I wrote this part of the 現在の work the person to whom it has 言及／関連 was living; and the only alteration which I have made in it since his death, has been the necessary changes in the 緊張したs of the verbs. My 主張s have been scrupulously 規制するd by truth; but I am still aware that they might have been pronounced libellous in a 法廷，裁判所 of 司法（官）; and I have been advised by some of my friends to 取り消す them, on the ground that the recollection of 傷害s should not be 長引かせるd beyond the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な. The applicability, however, of this 原則 to 私的な 憤慨s is not more evident, than its inapplicability to public. The tomb which せねばならない be the goal of the one, is the starting-地位，任命する of the other. It is the 合法的 州, nay, more, one of the most sacred 義務s of the annalist to speak of public characters after their deaths, with that severity of reprobation or of 賞賛する, to which their 行為／行う in public life may have する権利を与えるd them. Have not all impartial 伝記作家s and historians 行為／法令／行動するd on this 原則? And shall I be deterred from に引き続いて so just and salutary an example? If when death has 始める，決める his 調印（する） upon a man's 活動／戦闘s, and when the evil which he has committed is irremediable, the 発言する／表明する of 非難 is still to be silent, when, I may ask, ought it to be heard? Had such an ill-裁判官d forbearance been practised by historians, would the world have known that any tyrants, except those who may 存在する at the 現在の 時代, or who may have 存在するd within the reach of memory or of tradition, ever infested the earth? Would not the enormities of the Dionysii, of Caligula, and of Nero, have been long since forgotten? And would not many of those princes who have 長所d and 得るd the 呼称s of "広大な／多数の／重要な," of "good," and of "just," have become as atrocious monsters as these were, but from the dread of 存在 held up as 反対するs of 類似の execration to posterity? The tyrant, indeed, whose 行為／行う I would stamp with 長所d detestation, moved, fortunately for the 利益／興味s of mankind, in a humbler sphere, and therefore, his 残虐（行為）s have a greater 傾向 to 沈む into premature oblivion. But is it a いっそう少なく sacred 義務 to take all such steps as may be calculated to 阻止する his 後継者s from treading in his footsteps; because they will only have thousands to trample upon instead of millions? Ought not 圧迫 in every community, whether 広大な／多数の／重要な or small, to be discouraged by every possible means? And what means are so likely to 影響 this end, and to 妨げる these 第２位 tyrants from こそこそ動くing out of the pages of 記録，記録的な／記録する and recollection, as to 事業／計画（する） their memories red-hot from the sun of public indignation, with a long fiery train of inextinguishable ignominy, which may serve to point out their 跡をつけるs; and to （判決などを）下す them for ever glaring 反対するs of dread and execration, not only to the 惑星 of which they may have 証明するd the 禁止（する）, but to the whole system encircled by their 軌道s? In persevering, therefore, in the 発言／述べるs which I made on this man's 活動／戦闘s when he was living, it is my conscientious belief that I have only acquitted myself of an imperative 義務; and that I should have been 有罪の of a 甚だしい／１２ダース dereliction of it, had I done さもなければ. On this 有罪の判決, unalloyed by any baser impulse, I 残り／休憩（する） the defence of my 行為／行う; should there be any of my readers, who may be inclined to 見解（をとる） it in the same 正統化できない light as it is regarded by some few of my friends.]

[*** See 中尉／大尉／警部補-陸軍大佐 Johnstone's 法廷，裁判所-戦争の.]

The instance of this man's 行為／行う, is, I am willing to 許す, an 悪化させるd one, and such as it is to be hoped for the honour of our 種類 would be rarely repeated. That it has occurred is, however, 十分な to 論証する the impropriety of confiding 制限のない 力／強力にする to any individual in 未来. The mere 所有／入手, indeed, of such 広大な 当局, is calculated to vitiate the heart, and to engender tyranny; nor are examples wanting in history of persons, who though models of virtue and moderation in 私的な 駅／配置するs, yet became the most 血まみれの and atrocious tyrants on their elevation to 最高の 力／強力にする. So 広大な／多数の／重要な, indeed, is the fallibility of human nature, that the very best of us are apt to deviate from that just mean, in the 固守 to which consists virtue. All 政府s, therefore, should 供給する against this 資本／首都 defect; they should be so 構成するd as not only to have in 見解（をとる） what should happen, but also what might; 可能性s should be 熟視する／熟考するd 同様に as probabilities. The 力／強力にする to do good should if possible be 制限のない: the ability to do evil, followed with the highest 責任／義務, and 抑制するd by a moral certainty of 罰. An 当局 such as the 知事 of this 植民地 所有するs, might be 許容するd under a despotic 政府; but it is a 不名誉 to one that piques itself on its freedom. What 嘆願 can be 勧めるd for encouraging 超過s in our 所有／入手s abroad, that would be visited with condign 罰 in our 法廷，裁判所s at home? Are those who やめる the habitations of their fathers, to 延長する the 限界s and 資源s of the empire, deserving of no better recompence than a total 中断 of the 権利s and liberties which their ancestors have bequeathed them? Are they on their arrival in these remote shores, to 会合，会う with no one of the 会・原則s, which they have been taught to 心にいだく and to reverence? If the want, indeed, of these 会・原則s, of which so many centuries have attested the 知恵, had as yet been 生産力のある of no evil, there might be some excuse 申し込む／申し出d for the 保留するing of them; but after such a scandalous 乱用 of 当局, the colonists 推定する／予想するd, and had a 権利 to 推定する／予想する, that no その後の 知事 would have been 任命するd without the 介入 of some controlling 力／強力にする, which, while it should tend to 強化する the execntive in the 予定 発射する／解雇する of its 機能（する）／行事s, might at the same time 保護する the 支配する in the 合法的 演習 and enjoyment of his 私的な and personal 権利s. Never was there a period since the 創立／基礎 of the 植民地, when the impolicy of its 現在の form of 政府 was so strikingly manifest; and never, perhaps, will there be an occasion, when the 設立 of a house of 議会, and of 裁判，公判 by 陪審／陪審員団, would have been あられ／賞賛するd with such enthusiastic joy and 感謝: and accordingly the 失望 of the colonists was extreme, when on the arrival of 知事 Macquarie, it was 設立する that the same unwise and 憲法違反の 力／強力にする, which had been the 原因（となる） of the late 混乱 and anarchy was continued in all its pristine vigor; and that he was uncontrolled even by the 創造 of a 会議.

I would here have it most distinctly understood that I do not mean to cast the slightest imputation on the 行為／行う of this gentleman, whom his majesty's 大臣s selected with so much 差別 in this delicate and embarrassing conjuncture. The manner in which he has 発射する／解雇するd, during a period of more than nine years, the important 機能（する）／行事s confided to him, has 完全に 正当化するd the high opinion that was formed of his moderation and ability. He has fully 証明するd that he had no need of any controlling 力／強力にする,* to keep him in the path of honour and 義務; and has raised the 植民地, by his 選び出す／独身 prudence and discretion, to as high a pitch of 繁栄, as it perhaps could have 達成するd, in so short a period, under such a paralysing form of 政府. But it has not been in his 力／強力にする to 利益 the 植民地 to the extent which he has 熟視する／熟考するd and 願望（する）d; many of the 事業／計画（する）s which he has submitted to the consideration of his majesty's 大臣s, have not 得るd their 是認. It would appear, indeed, that the very parent, to whom this strange 憲法違反の monster 借りがあるs its birth and 存在, is distrustful of her hideous progeny; and that by way of 安全な・保証するing the people whom she has 苦しむd it to 治める／統治する against the 制限のない 荒廃s which it might be tempted to commit, she has 禁じるd it from moving out of 確かな bounds, without her previous concurrence and 当局. The 知恵 of this 警戒 has been 十分に manifested by the terrible 超過s which it has committed within the sphere of this circumscribed 裁判権. If its 行為／行う, with the 所有／入手 of this imperfect degree of liberty has been atrocious, it cannot be difficult to conceive to what lengths an 制限のない 力／強力にする of 活動／戦闘 might have tempted it to proceed. Still there can be no 疑問 that this 明言する／公表する of 抑制, on the one 手渡す so salutary and provident, has on the other occasioned much 傷害, and 妨げるd the 採択 of many 対策 of the highest 緊急 and importance to the 福利事業 of the 植民地. の中で these the 失敗 of 知事 Macquarie's 試みる／企てる to procure the 許可／制裁 of his majesty's 大臣s for the erection of distilleries, is perhaps the most 正確に，正当に to be 嘆き悲しむd.

[* Since I wrote this encomium on 知事 Macquarie's 行政, a 嘆願（書） from some few individuals, complaining of and enumerating several 行為／法令／行動するs of 圧迫, said to have been committed に向かって them by this gentleman, has been 現在のd to the House of ありふれたs by Mr. Brougham. The honourable and learned member did not, however, choose to 誓約（する） himself for the correctness of the 主張s 始める，決める 前へ／外へ in this 嘆願（書）; and therefore, until they are 立証するd, the gentleman whose 行為／行う has been thus 弾こうするd, せねばならない be considered as innocent of the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s preferred against him. If the event, however, should 証明する that they are 設立するd in truth, the fact will only afford an 付加 proof of the demoralizing 影響（力） of 独断的な 当局 on the minds of those who 所有する it, and of the impolicy of 苦しむing the 現在の form of 政府 to continue in 軍隊 a 選び出す／独身 hour beyond the period necessary for its supercession. Never was there a more humane and upright man than 知事 Macquarie; and if the 力／強力にする with which he has been for so many years intrusted, has indeed at length propelled him beyond the bounds of moderation and 司法（官）, it may be 安全に 主張するd that there are but very few men in 存在 whom it would not have tempted to commit a 類似の indiscretion.]

From the period* at which this 植民地 was able to raise a 十分なこと of 穀物 for its 消費, the 採択 of this 手段 has been imperatively called for by the wants and circumstances of its inhabitants; and it is to so palpable an omission, that the constant succession of 豊富 and scarcity, which, to the astonishment of many 問い合わせing persons, has for the last fifteen years alternately 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd there, is おもに ascribable. So long as the necessities of the 政府 were greater than the means of the colonists to 治める to them, the 生産力のある 力／強力にするs of this 解決／入植地 developed themselves with a degree of rapidity which furnishes the surest criterion of its fertility and importance. But from the moment this impulse was checked, from the instant the 供給（する） 越えるd the 需要・要求する, the 植民地 may be said to have continued 静止している, with 尊敬（する）・点 to its 農業; producing in favourable seasons, somewhat more than enough 穀物 for its 消費, but in unfavourable ones, whether arising from 干ばつ, or flood, 落ちるing so 大いに deficient in its 供給（する）, that 頼みの綱 has been invariably had to India, ーするために 保証（人） its inhabitants from the horrors of 飢饉, which have so often 星／主役にするd them in the 直面する; and to which, but for such salutary 警戒, the 大多数 of them must have long ago fallen 犠牲者s. These dreadful 欠陥／不足s have been the natural and 必然的な result of a want of market; since no person will expend his time and means in producing that which will not 確実にする him an 適する return for his 苦痛s. So long, therefore, as other channels of 産業, 産する／生じるing a more 確かな 補償（金） for 労働, were open, the colonist would 自然に prefer such more profitable 占領／職業, to the comparatively 不安定な and unproductive culture of his land; and it was accordingly 設立する, that many, who had till then 充てるd their 単独の attention to 農業, abandoned at this period all tillage but such as was necessary for the support of their 世帯s, and 雇うd the 基金s which they had acquired by the former successful cultivation of their farms, in the 購入（する） and 後部ing of cattle, which continued a 確かな lucrative 雇用, long after 農業の produce had become of a depreciated and 不安定な value. The 推論する／理由 why these two 支店s of husbandry did not keep pace in this as in other countries, is obvious, from the remoteness of its 状況／情勢, which （判決などを）下すd the conveyance of cattle thither so 極端に difficult and expensive, that but a very 限られた／立憲的な 供給（する） of them was furnished, in comparison with its necessities. The 増加する, therefore, of these cattle could only be proportionate to their number; while no bounds were as yet 割り当てるd to the 拡張 of 農業, but, on the contrary, the whole 連合させるd energies of the colonists directed to this 選び出す／独身 channel, by the 広大な／多数の／重要な 需要・要求する which 存在するd for their produce. Not but that the 後部ing of cattle was from the 開始／学位授与式 平等に, and indeed far more profitable than the cultivation of the land; but their exorbitant price 除外するd all but a few 広大な／多数の／重要な 資本主義者s from 乗る，着手するing in so profitable an 請け負うing; while, on the contrary, a 在庫／株 of 準備／条項s with a few axes and 売春婦s, and a good pair of 手渡すs to （権力などを）行使する them, were the 主要な／長／主犯 requisites for an 農業の 設立; and, indeed, in the 早期に period of this 解決／入植地, all these 必須のs were 供給（する）d the colonists by the liberality of the 政府, till 十分な time had elapsed for the 使用／適用 of the produce of their farms to their own support.

[* This 時代 may be 時代遅れの so far 支援する as 1804: the 収穫 of that year was so abundant, and the 黒字／過剰 of 穀物 so 広範囲にわたる, that no sale could be had for more than one half of the 刈る. During the greater part of the に引き続いて year, wheat sold at prices scarcely 十分な to cover the expence of 得るing, thrashing, and carrying it to market; pigs and other 在庫／株 were fed upon it; and these two years of such 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 豊富 伴う／関わるd the whole 農業の 団体／死体 in the greatest 苦しめる; 穀物 was then their only 所有物／資産／財産, and it was of so little value that it was invariably 拒絶するd by their creditors in 支払い（額） of their 負債s. The consequence was that it was wasted and neglected in the most shocking manner; scarcely any person would give it house room, and had the 収穫 of the に引き続いて year 証明するd 平等に abundant, the 大多数 of the 植民／開拓者s must have abandoned their farms, and sought for other 雇用. Fortunately, however, for the 農業の 利益／興味s, the 広大な／多数の／重要な flood of 1806 介入するd to 妨げる the 差し迫った desertion; the old and the new 在庫／株s on the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean were all swept away, and thus for a few years afterwards the 供給（する） of 穀物 was pretty nearly kept on a level with the 需要・要求する for it.]

But to return to the 時代 when the 供給（する） of corn became too 広大な／多数の／重要な for the 需要・要求する, and when, as has been already noticed, some part of those who till then had been 排他的に engaged in 農業, turned their attention to the more 有益な 占領／職業 of 後部ing cattle; still the 離脱 of these, who formed but a very inconsiderable member of the 農業の 団体／死体, in consequence of the enormous price of cattle even at that period, and the 広大な／多数の／重要な 資本／首都 which it その結果 要求するd to become a 在庫／株-支えるもの／所有者 to any extent, afforded but a very trivial 救済 to those who 固執するd from necessity to their 初めの 雇用. In this conjuncture, therefore, many of the next richer class abandoned their farms, and with the 基金s which they were enabled to collect, 始める，決める up shops or public-houses in Sydney. This town was at that time the more favourable to such undertakings, in consequence of the きびきびした 商業 carried on with 中国, by means of American and India-built 大型船s, that were in part owned by the 植民地の merchants, and procured sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd in the Fegee Islands, at a trifling expense, which they carried direct to 中国, and 物々交換するd for return 貨物s of かなりの value. The 調印（する） Islands too, which were discovered to the southward of the 植民地, furnished about the same period, an 広範囲にわたる and lucrative 雇用 for the 植民地の （手先の）技術, and 与える／捧げるd not いっそう少なく than the sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd 貿易（する） to the 繁栄するing 条件 of this port. It was also about this time that the 価値のある 鯨 漁業s, which the 隣接する seas afford, were first 試みる／企てるd; but repeated 実験 has 証明するd that the 義務s which are 徴収するd, 同様に in this country as in the 植民地, on oil procured in 植民地の 大型船s, 量 to a 完全にする 禁止. Many of the merchants, whose 企業ing spirit 誘発するd them to repeated 成果／努力s, ーするために 耐える up against the 圧倒的な 負わせる of these 義務s, have 設立する to their cost, that they are an insuperable 障害 to the successful 起訴 of these 漁業s, which would さもなければ 証明する an inexhaustible source of wealth to the 植民地, and 供給する a 永久の 出口 for its redundant 全住民. These two 支店s of 商業, so long as they were followed, afforded a support to 広大な／多数の／重要な numbers of the colonists, and （判決などを）下すd the shock which the 農業の 団体／死体 had 支えるd, いっそう少なく sensible and alarming. I say these two, because the third has never been 起訴するd but with loss; and has, in fact, 証明するd a vortex which has devoured a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of the 利益（をあげる）s which the othertwo 産する／生じるd. For some years, however, these two channels have been so 完全に drained, that they are only at 現在の 追求するd by desperate adventurers, who seldom or never 得る a return 相応した with the 危険 they run, and the 資本／首都 they 雇う. But even during the period of their 最大の productiveness, the number of persons who were すぐに engaged in them, or who abandoned the plough to place themselves behind the 反対する, was far from 供給するing a 治療（薬） for the 病気 of the 農業の 団体／死体: because in the former instance these two 支店s of 商業 were only 有能な of affording 雇用 to a 限られた／立憲的な 全住民; and in the latter a 資本／首都 was necessary, not so 広大な／多数の／重要な indeed as had been 要求するd to enter 首尾よく on the grazing system, but yet far more かなりの than it was in the ability of the 大多数 of the colonists to raise. By these 移住s, therefore, the 圧力 and 当惑 of the 農業の 団体／死体, which by this time had 徐々に lost the richest and most respectable 部分 of its members, was but little, if indeed at all 緩和するd; and some other expedient became everyday more and more necessary to be 可決する・採択するd by those who remained. In this exigency many abandoned their farms altogether, and 雇うd themselves as servants to such richer individuals as had occasion for their services; while others, and undoubtedly the greater part of them, cultivated but a small 部分 of their land, and afterwards travelled in search of 労働 till 収穫 time, at which period they returned, 得るd, threshed, and 性質の／したい気がして of their 刈るs, and after recultivating the same 位置／汚点／見つけ出す, sought, during the 残り／休憩（する） of the year, 雇用 as before, wherever it could be 設立する. This is the 方式 of life which a 広大な／多数の／重要な number of the poor 植民／開拓者s 追求する to this day.

But the 影響 of these entire, or 部分的な／不平等な 離脱s from the 農業の 団体／死体, was not so extensively 有益な as might at first be imagined. All this time the 全住民 was in a 明言する／公表する of 早い progression, both from the daily influx of people from without, and from the amazing fecundity of the colonists within. The 苦しめる, therefore, of the 植民地 continued 増加するing in 割合 to its 増加するing 全住民. And although it may appear strange, that while it was a 支配する of such notoriety, that the 植民／開拓者s were already too 非常に／多数の for the occasions of the 植民地, fresh volunteers should （人が）群がる to enrol themselves under their 旗，新聞一面トップの大見出し／大々的に報道するs; this surprise will 中止する when it is 明言する／公表するd, that the settling of new lands was for many years a 事柄 of traffic between the 政府 and the colonists, by which, as it is natural to 結論する, the former were no 広大な／多数の／重要な gainers. It was their 政策, and undoubtedly necessary in the 早期に 行う／開催する／段階s of the 解決／入植地, and even at 現在の under proper 制限s, to encourage the 拡張 of 農業 一般に, but more 特に in the inland 地区s, that are not 支配する to flood; and to this end it was customary to support new 植民／開拓者s with their wives, families, and servants, for eighteen months, at the expense of the 栄冠を与える. The natural consequence was, that all who had become 解放する／自由な, either by the 満期 of their servitude, by 条件付きの emancipation, or by 絶対の 容赦, and who had no means of support, embraced this 申し込む／申し出 of the 政府, which 保証するd them a subsistence that enabled them to 捜し出す at their leisure for a more lucrative 占領／職業 どこかよそで. Nor are these poor creatures who thus 利益（をあげる）d by the liberality of the 政府 with an 意向 to 乱用 it, to be too 厳しく 非難するd: still いっそう少なく so are those who, arriving strangers in the 植民地, and having in most instances wives and families, the support of whom in inactivity would be daily 消費するing their little all, embraced this the only 即座の 方式 of subsistence that occurred to them. These people, as soon as the helping 手渡す of the 政府 was 孤立した, and it became 現職の on them to depend on their own proper 資源s, would be すぐに 支配する to the same privation and 悲惨 which 圧力（をかける）d on their 団体／死体, and would その結果 be under the necessity of 訴える手段／行楽地ing to the same expedients for 救済. The 広大な／多数の／重要な 増加する which has taken place of late years to the （疑いを）晴らすd lands in the 植民地, has been the result of this system, and not the 漸進的な 進歩／革新的な 操作／手術 of a 繁栄するing 農業. This 主張 I consider fully borne out by a comparison between the 量 of land （疑いを）晴らすd, and the 量 in cultivation. By the last return from the 植民地, taken so late as November, 1817, it appears that there are 47,564 acres of （疑いを）晴らすd land, out of which only 32,814 are cropped; 14,750 acres, therefore, (or nearly one-half of what is in cultivation) are lying waste: a circumstance which can only be accounted for in this manner, since the system of fallowing land is not in practice. It must therefore be evident, that the （疑いを）晴らすing of so 広大な／多数の／重要な a 部分 of land over and above what is 要求するd by the 状況／情勢 and wants of the colonists, must have been 影響d by unnatural means. The 増加する of produce has not, indeed, outstepped the growth of 全住民, but it has kept pace with it, and all the （疑いを）晴らすd land which is not 雇うd in the raising of this produce, has evidently been a useless 支出 of 労働.

Thus this copious afflux of new colonists into the uninhabited 地区s in the 内部の, which had hitherto been 排他的に 占領するd by the flocks and herds of the graziers, did not produce that 永久の advantage which the enormous expense incurred by the 政府 in their outfit, せねばならない have insured. At the same time it was of the most undoubted 傷害 to the 在庫／株-支えるもの／所有者s, by 妨げるing them from 許すing their cattle to roam 捕まらないで during the night, from the danger of trespass and poundage, which the 無差別の dispersion of small 農業の 設立s over the whole 直面する of the country, without 盗品故買者s of any description to 保護する them, every where occasioned. To be sure, the colonists will have derived this very 構成要素 advantage from the 広大な／多数の／重要な 量 of （疑いを）晴らすd land, now lying waste; that whenever the pernicious 政策, which has paralysed their energies, and 爆破d the general 繁栄, shall be 放棄するd, and a judicious system of 激励 代用品，人d in its stead, they will 即時に be 用意が出来ている to 利益（をあげる） by the 能力s which the 知恵 and 司法（官） of the parent 政府 shall have at length afforded them.

But the 未来 増加する in the （疑いを）晴らすd lands will not be 割合d to the past, because directions have of late been transmitted from this country, to 許す 未来 colonists only six months 準備／条項s from the king's 蓄える／店s, for themselves and their 世帯s, instead of eighteen months, as heretofore. This very 構成要素 diminution in the 手段 of 激励 held out to 未来 植民地化, will 明確に be …に出席するd with a threefold 操作／手術. It will be a grievous disadvantage to such respectable persons as emigrate from this country, with a real 意向, but with 基金s scarcely 適する to a 永久の 解決／入植地 in the 植民地; it will still その上の discourage the 存在するing agriculturist and grazier, by 少なくなるing the 需要・要求する of the 政府 for their produce; and it will 増加する the general 当惑, both by 狭くするing this channel of 雇用, which was 供給（する）d by the liberality of the 政府, and by curtailing the means of the colonists 捕まらないで to 供給する 労働 for that part of the 全住民, which will be thus turned loose on them twelvemonths sooner than usual.

To the credit of the 現在の 知事 it must be 許すd that he has done all that a benevolent heart and a sagacious 長，率いる could dictate, to 中和する／阻止する the growing 苦しめる and 悲惨. He has exhausted all the means in his 力／強力にする to give 雇用 to the large 部分 of unoccupied 労働, which it has not been within the compass of individual enterprize to 吸収する. He has 影響d the greatest 改良s in the 資本／首都, by 大きくするing and straightening the streets, and by 築くing さまざまな public edifices of the highest 公共事業（料金）／有用性 and ornament. The same superintending 手渡す is 明白な throughout all the inferior towns and 郡区s, many of which indeed are of his own 創立／基礎. He has made 主要道路s to every cultivated 地区, thus affording the inhabitants of them the greatest 施設s for the cheap and expeditious conveyance of their produce to market. In 罰金, throughout every part of the 植民地 and its 扶養家族 解決／入植地s at the Derwent and Port Dalrymple, he has 影響d 改良s which will long continue monuments of the 知恵 and liberality of their author. But it cannot be 否定するd, however 有益な these and other 改良s of the same nature which are in 進歩 may be, either with 尊敬（する）・点 to their 即座の or more remote consequences, that they are but mere 一時的な sources of alleviation, whose benignant 供給（する） will 中止する with the 発射する／解雇する of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of workmen whom they at 現在の 持続する in activity. This, indeed, 同様に as all the other expedients which I have already enumerated, as having been practised ーするために find 出口s for the superabundant 労働, have been 生産力のある of no 永久の result.

This 主張 is satisfactorily 立証するd by the 現在の unnatural 成果／努力s of the colonists in the 設立 of さまざまな manufactories, 特に those of cloth and hats. I say unnatural, because in the ありふれた course of things, the origin of such 設立s せねばならない be coeval only with an entire 占領／職業 of the 国／地域, and redundancy of 全住民. And this 主として for two 推論する／理由s: because a greater 資本／首都 is 要求するd in their 創立／基礎, and a greater degree of 技術 and dexterity in their developement. It is on this account that in Canada, and our 植民地s in the West Indies, which are in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 left to the 指導／手引 of their native 立法機関s, and which it is therefore to be 推定するd, 可決する・採択する that line of 政策 at once most 一貫した with their own 利益／興味s, and with those of the parent country, since in the persons of her 代表者／国会議員s, she 認可するs or 無効にするs their 訴訟／進行s, we find that 製造（する）s have been altogether neglected, while their 農業 and 農園s, while, in 罰金, the exportation of raw 構成要素s, whether the natural or 人工的な 生産／産物s of these 植民地s, has been 促進するd in every possible manner. That this is the system which せねばならない have been 追求するd, we have a still more forcible proof in the instance of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America, and of many of the 古代の nations of Europe; which, unfettered by any dependence whatever on any foreign 力／強力にする, and having その結果 可決する・採択するd that 政策, which has been 設立する the most 一貫した with their 各々の 利益／興味s, have made but very little 進歩 in 製造（する）s, and are therefore still under the necessity of having 頼みの綱 for 製造（する）d 商品／必需品s to other countries. If then the 昇進／宣伝 of 農業 be more politic in many 独立した・無所属 明言する／公表するs, which have not yet 達成するd the same 成熟 of growth and civilization, that characterize the 主要な／長／主犯 製造業の nations of the world, by how much more 慎重な must the 激励 of it be in a 扶養家族 植民地 like this; 所有するd as it is of all the requisites for an 制限のない 拡張 of its 農業 in the fertility of its 国／地域, the benignity of its 気候, and the extent of its 領土, and wanting all the 必須のs for the 生産／産物 of 製造（する）s, 技術, 資本／首都, and 全住民?

The 存在するing 明言する／公表する of things, therefore, is not only contrary to the 福利事業 of the 植民地 itself, but also in diametrical 対立 to the 利益／興味s of the parent country. A 広大な／多数の／重要な 製造業の nation herself, it is her undoubted 政策, and that which on every occasion I believe but the 現在の she has 追求するd, to augment in her 植民地s, at one and the same time, the 消費 of her own 製造（する）s, and the growth of such 生産／産物s as she has 設立する 必須の to her own use, or to the 供給（する） of other nations. The toleration, therefore, of a system so averse to her 定評のある 利益／興味s, can only be せいにするd to ignorance, or inadvertence. But it is not in the forcible 廃止 of these manufactories, created by necessity, and still （判決などを）下すd 不可欠の by the same irresistible 法律, that the 条件 of the 植民地 is to be ameliorated or 是正するd. So long as the same pernicious disabilities which have already 減ずるd the colonists to beggary and despair, and （判決などを）下すd unavailing the 資源s of a country that might 競争相手 in the number and value of its 輸出（する）s, the most favoured of the globe are 施行するd, this 製造業の system is a lamentable but necessary evil. After putting it out of their 力／強力にする to 購入（する） the more 高くつく／犠牲の大きい 着せる／賦与するing of the mother country, it would be an intolerable 演習 of 当局 to 妨げる them from having 頼みの綱 to the homely 製品s of their own 産業 and ingenuity. Under 存在するing circumstances, indeed, there is no 代案／選択肢 between permitting them the use of their own 製造（する）s, and 説得力のある them to go naked, or to 着せる／賦与する themselves like the aborigines of the country in the 肌s of animals. There is but one 治療（薬） for the 病気 of the 植民地: it is to give 予定 激励 to 農業, and to 促進する the growth of exportable 商品／必需品s, which its inhabitants may 申し込む／申し出 in 交流 for the 生産／産物s of other countries. The 製造業の system which has begun to take root, will then wither away of its own （許可，名誉などを）与える; since it will then be the least 生産力のある manner in which 資本／首都 and 労働 can be 雇うd.

Happy would it have been for the colonists, if these repeated 成果／努力s, these 苦しめるing and embarrassing expedients to 供給（する） their wants, had been the only injurious consequences resulting from the stagnation of 農業. The day when their wretched 状況／情勢 shall have at length awakened the commiseration of the parent country, would then have 証言，証人／目撃するd the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 and bounds of their sufferings. 式のs! far different will be the 事例／患者. Like a 廃虚d merchant, who would defer, to the 最大の length, the 不名誉 of 破産, in the daily hope of some 繁栄する adventure to retrieve his fortune and 回復する his credit, the 植民／開拓者s have gone on 契約ing 負債s, which have 蓄積するd with the 増加するing 当惑s of the community. The 約束／交戦s of the 大多数 of the cultivators, thus swelled in a few years to a 本体，大部分／ばら積みの, which they had no longer any chance of 減ずるing: 圧力（をかける）d on all 味方するs by their creditors, the mortgage or sale of their farms became 必然的な; and even these sacrifices have, in general, been far from cancelling their 社債s; so that they not only have 中止するd to be proprietors, but also still continue debtors to a large 量. Their creditors, in many instances, a 始める，決める of rapacious, unprincipled 売買業者s, availing themselves of the 力／強力にする which the 法律 would give them over the personal liberty of these, their debtors, すぐに took that advantage of their own 命令（する）ing position, which might have been 推定する／予想するd from their characters. They engaged, or more 適切に speaking, constrained, these poor wretches to cultivate as tenants, the same 国／地域 which lately belonged to them, and exacted from them in return, a rent too exorbitant to be paid. Every 後継するing year, therefore, has but tended to 増加する their 義務s, and they are, at 現在の, identified with the 国／地域, and 減ずるd to all 意図s and 目的s, except in 指名する, to as 完全にする a 明言する／公表する of vassalage as the serfs of Russia. If they should be in need of any trifling 供給（する）, it is to their proprietors, and to them only, that they dare have 頼みの綱, though they would be able to 得る the same articles a hundred per cent. cheaper どこかよそで. To their granaries the whole produce of their 産業 is 伝えるd: and, in spite of all their toil and privation, far from 発射する／解雇するing their 初めの 負債s, they find themselves every day more 深く，強烈に 伴う／関わるd. The more they struggle, the more 複雑にするd and 会社／堅い becomes their entanglement. Lamentable as undoubtedly must be such a hopeless 明言する／公表する of servitude, it still appears to them より望ましい to the 管区s of a 刑務所，拘置所. They respire the 解放する／自由な invigorating 空気／公表する of their plains, and can still 横断する them at their 選択, or at least when the season arrives which の近くにs their daily 仕事. But this 特権, it must be 自白するd, is 購入（する）d at its uttermost value. We have philanthropists の中で us, who 正確に，正当に commiserate the 条件 of that unoffending race of people, who dragged from the scenes of their nativity, and the habitations of their fathers, have been consigned by a ギャング（団） of merciless kidnappers to perpetual slavery themselves, and to the still more intolerable necessity of bequeathing an 存在 of 類似の endurement and degradation to their offspring. After years of strenuous indefatigable exertion these friends of humanity, these noble 支持する／優勝者s of liberty have 後継するd, if not in emancipating those, who had already been consigned to this unmerited doom, at least in 妨げるing the その上の 拡張 of this infernal traffic. Would it not be an 成果／努力 worthy the same philanthropy, which has thus 安全な・保証するd the 保護 and deliverance of unoffending Africa, to procure the emancipation of 苦しむing Australasia? to raise her from the abject 明言する／公表する of poverty, slavery, and degradation, to which she is so 急速な／放蕩な 沈むing, and to 現在の her a 憲法, which may 徐々に 行為／行う her to freedom, 繁栄, and happiness?

It must be 認める that this 明言する／公表する of slavery, so galling to the 支配するs of a 解放する／自由な country, has been in some 手段 課すd on the colonists by their own imprudent extravagance. Already but too much inclined by their 早期に habits of 不正行為 to licentious indulgence, the 繁栄する 明言する／公表する of their 事件／事情／状勢s during the first fifteen years after the 創立／基礎 of the 解決／入植地, 現在のd the strongest 誘導s to a 復活 of their 古代の propensities, which had been repressed, but not subdued. Imagining that the same 制限のない market, which was then 申し込む／申し出d for their produce, would always continue, they only thought of 消費するing the fruits of their 産業; not 疑問ing that the same fields, which thus lavishly 治めるd to the gratification of their 願望（する）s, would amply 十分である for the more 穏健な enjoyments of their offspring. But when once their produce began to 越える the 需要・要求する of the 政府, and when in a short time afterwards from the want of 予定 激励, all the さまざまな avenues of 産業 that lay open were successively filled, and the means of 占領／職業 eithergreatly circumscribed, or 完全に exhausted, these people, so long habituated to unrestrained indulgence, 設立する it difficult to support that privation, which became 現職の on their 条件; and in order to procure those 高級なs of which they so 厳しく felt the want, exhausted their credit, and ended by 疎遠にするing their 所有／入手s. There can be but little 疑問 if the colonists, instead of expending, had providently 蓄積するd the money which they so profusely acquired during the period of their 農業の 繁栄, that their actual 状況／情勢 would have been far より望ましい; for, though the 漸進的な retrogradation, which I should imagine it must at 現在の be 十分に evident, that the 植民地 has been を受けるing for these last fifteen years, would by this time have 大いに 減らすd, if not have 全く 吸収するd their former 貯金, still their lands would have remained to them, nor would they have been 減ずるd to that 明言する／公表する of vassalage and 悲惨, which they are this day 耐えるing. Lamentable therefore, as is their 条件, the consideration that it has thus far been occasioned by their own imprudence, is apt to detract from that unbounded commiseration which it would さもなければ excite: if, on the other 手渡す, we do not 反映する in extenuation of their thoughtlessness and extravagance, that their former 増加するd means of indulgence, were the result of their 産業; that this 産業 was in the first instance called into activity by the 激励 of the 政府; that it has since been paralysed by a concatenation of unwise and 不正な disabilities 課すd by the same 力／強力にする; and that その結果 their 現在の wretched and degraded 状況／情勢 is not so much to be ascribed to their former improvidence as to the actual impolicy and 不正 of their 支配者s. If we その上に consider the short period in which this 広大な／多数の／重要な change in their circumstances has been 影響d, we shall feel 納得させるd that so sudden a 移行 from affluence to poverty could not be 根気よく 耐えるd, and that every method of （判決などを）下すing so 予期しない and galling a burthen more supportable, would be 自然に and 必然的に 訴える手段／行楽地d to. To 証明する still more satisfactorily that this 明言する／公表する of slavery to which so large a 割合 of the 初めの 植民／開拓者s are 減ずるd, has not been so much the result of their own imprudence as of the impolicy of their 政府, 非常に／多数の instances might be adduced of persons, not indeed 技術d in the arts of husbandry, whose habits have always been 正規の／正選手 and 穏健な, who have been for many years 株主s 同様に as agriculturists, and who, notwithstanding this two-倍の advantage, 補佐官d by an undeviating economy, have been unable to keep themselves 解放する／自由な from the 当惑s in which the 明らかにする cultivators of the 国／地域 are so 一般に 伴う／関わるd. To what end then, has their frugality been directed, if a few years more will engulph their 所有／入手s, and 減ずる them to the same 明言する／公表する of vassalage and degradation, to which their いっそう少なく provident brethren are already 支配するd? They have, indeed, in the 見込みのある some short period of unexpired freedom; but I 疑問 much whether the 漸進的な approach of 必然的な slavery be scarcely more enviable than slavery itself.

The 広大な／多数の／重要な concussion which the 農業の 利益／興味s thus 支えるd at the 時代 when the 生産力のある 力／強力にするs of the 植民地 越えるd the consumptive, and the continued shocks to which they have been exposed ever since, have not unfortunately 影響する／感情d the 農業の 繁栄 alone, but have shaken to the 創立／基礎 the 商業の edifice also. Unluckily both the 農業の and 商業の classes seem to have been alike ignorant of the death-blow which had been struck at their 福利事業. The 植民／開拓者 continued in the same career of thoughtless extravagance which his circumstances when they were even in their most 繁栄するing 明言する／公表する had scarcely permitted, and the merchant went on without hesitation, 前進するing him goods in the hope of extricating his old 顧客 from difficulties which he only imagined to be of 一時的な 圧力; never for a moment 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うing that they were the forerunners of deeper 当惑 and ultimate 廃虚. Need I 明言する／公表する the consequences. The 延長するd credits which the first merchants thus gave the 植民／開拓者s on the strength of the 進歩／革新的な 増加する of their produce, （判決などを）下すd them at last unable to fulfil the 約束／交戦s which they had 契約d with British and East India houses, and they were 結局 伴う／関わるd in the 破壊 which had so suddenly 圧倒するd the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of their debtors, on whom they were やむを得ず 扶養家族 for support. All of them who had been distinguished by their equitable 取引, and by their liberality of 行為／行う, received at this moment so rude a shock in their 事件／事情／状勢s that they have been unable まっただ中に the 増加するing decadence of the community at large to re-設立する their credit, and after 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせるing of the scattered 難破させるs of their fortune, have not only been 減ずるd to penury, but are still indebted to their 特派員s in the 量 perhaps of &続けざまに猛撃する;100,000. These gentlemen thus driven from the 商業の circle by their liberality, unwillingly （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd a deadly 負傷させる on the credit of the 植民地. Foreign merchants would no longer have any account 取引 with their 後継者s; and 一般に ever since the 商業の intercourse with England and the East Indies has been 持続するd without any 信用／信任 on the part of the merchants of these two countries; the money has been received in one 手渡す, and the goods 配達するd in the other. This 用心深い system has given birth to another race of merchants, much more 慎重な than their 前任者s, but also much いっそう少なく serviceable to the 植民地, and much いっそう少なく adapted to its 緊急s. These in their 取引 have been 軍隊d to 観察する the same circumspection which had been 可決する・採択するd に向かって themselves, and have given no credit but to those whose means of 支払い（額） were unquestionable. As the 大多数 of the colonists have been always in the 支援する ground, since the 時代 which I have just 述べるd, and have in consequence been unable to produce ready money, a subordinate class of 仲買人s, but still superior in their circumstances and the extent of their 処理／取引s to those little inferior 売買業者s, who are to be 設立する in all countries, started up, and have since 行為／法令／行動するd as intermediary スパイ／執行官s between the importers and the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of 消費者s. The 反対する of this class has been, and continues to be, not so much to realize large fortunes in money, which indeed under 存在するing circumstances would be scarcely possible, as to acquire 巨大な landed 所有／入手s: and their system, which, in fact, is the natural consequence of this 政策, is to 要求する of the 植民／開拓者s mortgage 安全s anterior to the 供給（する） of such articles as they may be in need of. As they are frequently unable punctually to 従う with the 条件s of these mortgages, their creditors 熱望して embrace the 適切な時期, whenever it 申し込む／申し出s, of foreclosing them, and are thus 徐々に becoming proprietors of the finest 広い地所s in the 植民地; 広い地所s which whenever its 能力s shall be called into unrestrained 活動／戦闘 will 確実にする them and their posterity fortunes of a colossal magnitude. While this class of 仲買人s are thus becoming the most かなりの landholders in this 解決／入植地, they have not only taken care not to give credit to such an extent as might occasion a diminution in their 貿易（する）ing 資本／首都, but have even contrived to 増加する it very materially. This system, therefore, of buying goods, and afterwards selling them at an almost 独断的な 利益（をあげる）, the greater part of which is thus 変えるd into landed 所有物／資産／財産, is daily 伸び（る）ing ground, and will infallibly in the end, unless proper 対策 be speedily taken to 中和する／阻止する it, 減ずる the 広大な／多数の／重要な 大多数 of the 農業の 団体／死体 to the same 明言する／公表する of vassalage which a large 割合 of its members are already 耐えるing. And what （判決などを）下すs the 増加するing wealth and 力／強力にする of the small number who thus 利益（をあげる） by the 当惑s of the 植民／開拓者s, and make themselves masters of their persons and 所有物／資産／財産s, still more 嫌悪すべき and galling, is the consideration that in most instances they are the least deserving, and yet the only class of the community to whom the 現在の order of things is favourable. While all the 残り／休憩（する） of the 全住民 are groaning under the 悪化させるd 圧力 of toil, privation, and despair, they are fattening on the surrounding 悲惨, and every day making 早い strides に向かって the attainment of 巨大な riches, under the propitious 避難所 of a system which would appear to have been expressly contrived for their especial aggrandisement, at the expence of the freedom, 繁栄 and happiness of the whole social 団体／死体 besides. Like vultures, that in the 中央 of 戦闘s 急に上がる in safety above the 破壊 激怒（する）ing beneath, but descend at its の近くに and tranquilly devour the mangled carcases which the 皆殺しにするing engines of war have laid prostrate for their repast, these men out of the 影響（力） of the oppressive disabilities which are 圧倒的な all but themselves, 熱望して watch the 進歩 of the surrounding 悲惨, and impatiently を待つ its 完成; more cruel than vultures, since covered with the 保護 that has unnerved the 軍隊 and paralysed the energies of their 隣人s, they introduce themselves into the 中央 of the havoc of their own 種類, and prey upon the living 犠牲者s who are 沈むing around them.

And here, it may not be inexpedient to reconcile the 存在 of so much 苦しめる, with so large an income, and so small a 全住民 as the 植民地 and its 扶養家族 解決／入植地s are known to 所有する. The former, it has been seen, may be 概算の in 一連の会議、交渉／完成する numbers at &続けざまに猛撃する;170,000, the latter at 20,000 souls: so that if the 年次の income were 平等に divided の中で the entire 全住民, and they were all agriculturists, and could furnish themselves with food, (I make this supposition, because it is at their 選択 to become agriculturists, and it is その結果 a 合法的 inference, that it is not the 利益／興味 of such as have not embraced this alteration to do so) they would each have man, woman, and child, 8l. 10s. 年一回の for the 購入（する） of articles of foreign growth and 製造（する） alone. This I am ready to 許す, is comparatively a much larger sum than could be appropriated by the inhabitants of this country to 類似の 目的s; and it would therefore appear on the first 見解（をとる）, 相いれない with the doleful picture of 苦しめる which I have drawn. If, however, the remoteness of the 植民地 from England, India, and 中国, the three 主要な／長／主犯 供給（する）ing countries, be duly considered, and the 広大な／多数の／重要な expence of freight and 保険 unavoidably 大（公）使館員d to so long a 航海, an expence which in the first of these instances, is augmented in a two-倍の degree, by the entire absence of return 貨物s; if it be 明言する／公表するd that these 地元の disadvantages alone, （判決などを）下す it impossible for the importers to 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of their merchandize for いっそう少なく than fifty per cent. on the prime cost to their 即座の purchasers, and that at least three fourths of the 全住民 are 強いるd from the want of ready money, to buy on long credits of these 第２位 スパイ／執行官s, who fashion their prices によれば the nature and extent of their 顧客s' 当惑s, いつかs contenting themselves with a second 前進する of fifty per cent.; but more frequently affixing to their goods a 利益（をあげる） of a hundred, a hundred and fifty, and two hundred per cent.: if it be recollected how far these grievous exactions are 悪化させるd by the system of vassalage just 述べるd, a system which places all the unfortunate wretches who are 減ずるd to it at the 絶対の mercy of their rapacious landlords; if the profligate and improvident habits and disposition of the generality of the colonists be taken into the 見積（る）, and their total 無視（する） of order and economy in their 国内の 手はず／準備; but above all, if their unfortunate propensity to the 過度の use of spirituous アルコール飲料s be superadded; a propensity which like Aaron's 棒 swallows up every other passion, and for the momentary gratification of which they willingly sacrifice every prospect of 現在の enjoyment, and deliberately entail on themselves and their families 継続している privation and want; I say if 予定 consideration be given to all these circumstances, it will be no difficult 事柄 to believe in the sad reality of the general wretchedness and penury which I have 描写するd. But it must be その上の evident that this equal 分割 of the 植民地の 歳入 has been assumed 単に by way of exemplification, and that it is a fiction, the 現実化 of which is beyond the extreme 瀬戸際 of 可能性: a fiction which never has been and never can be 立証するd. In this 植民地 as in every other community, there is a 正規の／正選手 gradation of 所有物／資産／財産, and perhaps there is no country on the 直面する of the earth, except Russia, where it is so 部分的に／不公平に 分配するd. If then I have reconciled the probability of the wretched 条件 of the colonists, with the 仮定／引き受けること of an equality of wealth, when there is, in fact, the greatest 不平等, it must be evident that the picture which I have drawn, 妊娠している and glowing as it is with 苦しめる, is far from 割増し料金d, and still 要求するs both colouring and 表現 to 伝える a perfect 代表 of the scene.

Of the whole 植民地の income about &続けざまに猛撃する;100,000 毎年 may be considered as arising from the 労働s of the 農業の 団体／死体. This is undoubtedly that 部分 of the 植民地の wealth which gets into most general 循環／発行部数; but even it is far from を受けるing that minute subdivision and 全世界の／万国共通の diffusion which are requisite for the 維持／整備 of a constant 内部の 広まる medium. Created in the first instance by the 政府 in 支払い（額） of the 穀物, meat, etc. furnished by the 植民／開拓者s, it is すぐに 手渡すd over by them to the 仲買人s to whom they may be indebted, and from these again passes to the 輸入するing merchants, on whom they may be 扶養家族 for their 供給（する）s of merchandize, who in their turn 結局 送信する／伝染させる it to their foreign 特派員s. It may その結果 be perceived that the 購入（する）s and sales which must be incessantly occurring, besides those to which this part of the 植民地の income is thus 充てるd, such as the sales of 準備／条項s in the markets, the 支払い（額） of 給料, and, in 罰金, the infinite 処理／取引s to which the wants or the whims of society are eternally giving birth, and to which a ありふれた medium of determinate value is 必須の are but little, if indeed at all 容易にするd by a sum of money, which after passing through a few 手渡すs, disappears from the 植民地 for ever. To 妨げる, therefore, the 交換s and activity of the community from 存在 brought to a stand, it became necessary to create some other 広まる medium; and as the 政府 took no part in this 高度に important 事件／事情／状勢, the whole 重荷（を負わせる） of the 協定 fell upon the inhabitants. The 協定 itself was, in consequence, such as might have been 推定する／予想するd from their circumstances and 状況／情勢: the whole of them who had any real, or 明らかな pretensions to 責任／義務, became with one （許可，名誉などを）与える 銀行業者s; 問題／発行するing small promissory 公式文書，認めるs to 供給する for their minuter occasions, 単に on the strength of their credit, and frequently in 予期 of their means. This "植民地の 通貨," as it was 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d, soon experienced that 価値低下 in the market, compared with the 政府, or 英貨の／純銀の money, which it was natural to 推定する／予想する from the doubtful circumstances of many of its issuers. In a short time 政府 money could not be had for it under a 割引 of fifty per cent.; still the drawers of these promissory 公式文書，認めるs were compelled by the 決定／判定勝ち（する）s of the 法廷，裁判所 of civil 裁判権 to 支払う／賃金 them at par, whenever they were 現在のd; so that all the persons of real 責任／義務, who had been induced in the first instance from necessity to 可決する・採択する this system, withdrew their 法案s from the market, and 自然に preferred 購入（する）ing with 政府 money the 公式文書，認めるs of others at this depreciated 率, to the 問題／発行するing at the same 率 公式文書，認めるs of their own, which they would be 結局 強いるd to （問題を）取り上げる at par. The consequence was that all the その後の issuers of these 公式文書，認めるs were 貧困の adventurers, who 所有するing little or no 所有物／資産／財産 可決する・採択するd this method of 供給（する）ing their extravagance, or entering into desperate 憶測s that could hardly 後継する, in 違反 of every 原則 of honesty, and at the expence of the industrious and responsible part of the community. This その後の 通貨, therefore, 遭遇（する）d a still その上の 価値低下; and when 政府 money could be at all 得るd for it, it was only at a 割引 of 100, 150, and even 200 per cent. Such, however, has been the necessity for a 広まる medium of some sort or other, that the public, as if by a general 暗示するd 同意, without any 表明するd 条約, have permitted the 存在 and 増加する of this worthless 代用品，人, and have thus affixed a 肉親，親類d of 名目上の value to that which is in reality 価値（がある） nothing.

To any one, who has not fully considered the difficulty …に出席するing the 交流 of one 商品／必需品 for another, and the impossibility of apportioning at all times, what one man may have to 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of to the exact value of what another man may have to 申し込む／申し出 in return, an impossibility that would frequently 妨げる the 交流 altogether, and thus 支配する the parties to 相互の inconvenience and 苦しめる, the rude system of 物々交換する would appear より望ましい to so vile a ありふれた 基準 of value as the 存在するing 通貨. Its badness, indeed, has been the means of introducing the system of 物々交換する as far as it was practicable; but as the entire introduction of this system would be hardly 両立できる with the first imperfect elements of society, the civilization of the colonists has 課すd a 限界 to it, and 定める／命ずるd a necessity for the toleration of the 現在の 広まる medium, which nothing but the 創造 of a better can supersede. Two 試みる／企てるs were made to 治療（薬） this evil, but they both in the event 証明するd abortive; the richer class of the inhabitants on these occasions formed combinations and entered into 決意／決議s not to receive in 支払い（額） the 法案s of any individuals who had not been 認める into their society. To 妨げる a 再発 of the loss, which the 初めの responsible issuers of 通貨 had 支えるd by its 価値低下 in the market, they affixed to it themselves a 明確な／細部 価値低下, 約束ing in the 団体／死体 of their 公式文書，認めるs to 支払う／賃金 them on 需要・要求する in 政府 money at a 割引, in the first of these instances, of twenty-five per cent., and in the last of fifty per cent. But it must be evident that a 通貨 of this nature, payable on 需要・要求する, became of equal value with the 英貨の／純銀の money of the 政府, to those who took it at the 規定するd 価値低下; and it was accordingly no sooner in 循環／発行部数, than it got into the 手渡すs of the 輸入するing merchants, and was 現在のd to the drawers for 支払い（額）. It was thus too good for its ーするつもりであるd 目的; and the old worthless 通貨, which had been for a while proscribed, 徐々に returned into 循環／発行部数. The 現在の 知事, sensible of the advantage which the 植民地 would derive from its supercession, and from the substitution of another of intrinsic value in its stead, 原因（となる）d ten thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs 価値（がある） of dollars to be sent from India, and had a piece struck out of the middle of each, to which he affixed by 布告／宣言, the value of fifteen pence, and to the 残りの人，物 that of five shillings, making the whole dollar 価値（がある） six shillings and three pence. This money he 原因（となる）d to be given in 支払い（額） of the さまざまな articles of 内部の produce received into the king's 蓄える／店s; but as they were 交流d every month, if 現在のd to the commissariat department, for 法案s on the lords of the 財務省, in the same manner as the 政府 領収書s had been 交流d 以前, they have not realized the hopes of 廃止するing the 通貨, with which they were 問題／発行するd. Some few of them, indeed, have from time to time eluded the しっかり掴む of the merchants and 仲買人s, and got in consequence of the minuteness of their separate value into 一時的な 循環／発行部数; but the use of the 初めの 通貨 has neither been superseded nor 減らすd.

That the colonists should have been thus 軍隊d during so long a period, in spite of all their 成果／努力s, and contrary to the 願望（する） of their 政府, to 許容する a medium of 循環／発行部数 所有するing no intrinsic value whatever, and 扶養家族 単独で on a general, constrained, and tacit 同意 for its support and duration, is, I should apprehend, one of the most forcible proofs which it is in the nature of things to adduce, in illustration of their 現在の poverty and wretchedness. It is impossible to 申し込む／申し出 a more 満足な demonstration of the inferiority of their means to their necessities. Important under every point of 見解（をとる） as is the 設立 of a 安全な 通貨, such is the irresistible 圧力 of their 負債s, so much is their 支出 superior to their 歳入, that they can 充てる no 部分 of it to the most 緊急の 目的 of 国内の economy: the whole is 吸収するd, and does not 十分である to procure those articles of foreign 供給（する）, which are 絶対 不可欠の to civilized life.

By the last 知能 from the 植民地 it appears, indeed, that a company has undertaken the 設立 of a 植民地の bank, and 得るd a 借り切る／憲章 for this 目的 from the 知事; but I should imagine they cannot かもしれない 後継する in creating a 永久の medium of 循環／発行部数. The constant run that their 法案s will have on them for 支払い（額）, in consequence of the 輸入するs of the 植民地 存在 so much greater than its income, will soon occasion them to 交流 the whole of their 資本／首都 for the mortgage 安全s on which they at 現在の 問題／発行する it; and although this circumstance will not perhaps detract from the 利益（をあげる）s of this 会・原則, it will （判決などを）下す the toleration of the 存在するing 通貨, if not of 衰えていない, still of 不可欠の necessity.* The introduction, therefore, of a 安全な and 十分な medium of 循環／発行部数 may be still pronounced a desideratum, and one of the first importance to the general 繁栄 of the colonists. The 政府 in their 現在の 苦しめるd 状況／情勢, is perhaps the only 力／強力にする competent to the 業績／成就 of this 有益な 反対する, and it is to be hoped that they will no longer 延期する 影響ing such a 広大な／多数の／重要な and 相当な amelioration.

[* This is an event which the colonists do not appear to 心配する. It is the general belief that the 植民地の 通貨 has been 鎮圧するd for ever; but I am 大いに mistaken if that vile medium of 循環／発行部数 will not again 生き返らせる before the 満期 of another twelve-month, unless either the 資本／首都 of the bank be 大いに 増加するd, or its 操作／手術s be in 未来 限定するd to the 割引ing of 法案s at a short date, to the utter 除外 of the system of 前進するing money on mortgage 安全s.]

まっただ中に the 非常に／多数の deplorable consequences that have been attendant on this constant 明言する／公表する of 当惑, 非，不，無 perhaps is more 深く，強烈に to be lamented than the 広大な／多数の／重要な check which this difficulty of finding a profitable 占領／職業 for 労働 has 証明するd to the 進歩 of 全住民. Mr. Malthus, who has immortalized himself by his essay on this 支店 of political economy, has so satisfactorily shewn that the 増加する of 全住民 is 割合d to the 施設 of procuring subsistence, and 治めるing to the さまざまな wants of a family, that it is やめる unnecessary for me to repeat arguments with which every one せねばならない be familiar, to 証明する that this 植民地 has not been 免除された from the destructive 影響（力） of 原因（となる）s whose 操作／手術 has been 安定した and invariable in all ages and in all countries. The inference that this difficulty has been a 予防の to marriage, and to the consequent 進歩 of 全住民 is self-evident: to be understood it only 要求するs to be 明言する／公表するd. But the 数値／数字による 増加する of the 植民地 has been checked in a still greater degree, perhaps by the constant returns from its shores which are daily occasioned by the same 原因（となる）s. What 誘導, in fact, 存在するs for any person to remain there who has the 力／強力にする of quitting it? Who would 任意に become an inhabitant of a country where he has no 権利s, no 所有／入手s, that are sacred and inviolable? And where to this insecurity of person and 所有物／資産／財産 are superadded the greatest 妨害s to the 拡張 of 産業? A country of this 肉親，親類d, it may be easily imagined, 所有するs no allurements for those who have ever breathed a freer atmosphere; and it is not to be wondered at, that hundreds of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs on the 満期 of their several 条件 of transportation should be continually leaving a country, where the freeman and the slave are alike 支配するd to the uncontrolled 当局 of an individual; where the 裁判，公判 by 陪審／陪審員団 is unknown, and an 嫌悪すべき 軍の 法廷 代用品，人d in its stead; and where there is no 代表者／国会議員 団体／死体 to 保護する them in the enjoyment of their 権利s, and to 安全な・保証する them either from the 課税 of 独断的な and destructive 税金s, or from the 影響（力） of 不正な and impolitic 法律s.

How far these two 広大な／多数の／重要な checks to 全住民 which I have just について言及するd, have operated, may be best ascertained from the last 国勢（人口）調査 taken in the 植民地 in the month of November 1817. At that time it appears that the 全住民 of all the 解決／入植地s, whether in New Holland or 先頭 Diemen's Land, 量d only to twenty thousand three hundred and seventy-nine souls. It is not in my 力／強力にする to 得る returns of all the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs who have been landed at さまざまな times in this 植民地; but as it is now about thirty years since the period of its 創立／基礎, very little 疑問 can be entertained that the total of them must have nearly equalled the 量 of the actual 全住民.* The number 輸送（する）d thither for some years past cannot be 概算の at いっそう少なく than two thousand 毎年; yet notwithstanding this 広大な 年一回の 数値／数字による 即位, notwithstanding the unparalleled salubrity of the 気候, and the consequent small 割合 which the number of deaths 耐えるs to the number of births, the 全住民 of the 植民地 has been 設立する to 前進する at a comparatively slow pace. It cannot be supposed that it could ever have been in the 意向 of the 政府, that those persons whom the 宣告，判決 of the 法律 had 追放するd to these remote shores, should thus be incessantly returning to those scenes, which had 証言，証人／目撃するd their former 不正行為s and 激しい非難. However sincere their reformation, it must be evident that with a blemished character, the difficulty of 得るing 雇用 and procuring an honest 暮らし, would be almost insuperable. It has been accordingly 設立する that these unfortunate persons have 一般に 新たにするd their 古代の habits, and ended their career either by 落ちるing sacrifices on the scaffold to the often 侵害する／違反するd 法律s of their country, or by 課すing on the 政府 a necessity for the second, and in many instances for the third time of re-輸送（する）ing them to this 植民地, where, if 十分な 激励 and 保護 had been afforded them in the first instance, they would have 喜んで remained, and have continued good and useful members of society.

[* This conjecture has been 立証するd by a 出版（物） which has lately appeared from the pen of the Honourable Henry Grey Bennet, M. P. intituled, "A Letter to Lord Viscount Sidmouth on the Transportation 法律s; the 明言する／公表する of the Hulks, and of the 植民地s in New South むちの跡s." From this it appears that from May, 1787, to January, 1817, the number of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs 輸送（する）d thither 量d to seventeen thousand; so that the entire 増加する which has taken place in the 全住民 in the course of thirty years, both from 移住 and births, cannot be 概算の at more than four thousand souls, so 非常に／多数の have been the returns of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs after the 満期 of their 宣告，判決s.]

It is here but candid to 自白する, that one of the 主要な 原因（となる）s why so many of this class are continually quitting the 植民地, has been their 願望（する） to 再結合させる their wives and families. This 動機, however, no longer 存在するs; since in a 派遣（する） from the noble 長官 of 明言する／公表する for the 植民地の department, to 知事 Macquarie, of which the 領収書 has been for some time past 定評のある, it was directed that "returns should be occasionally sent home of such 罪人／有罪を宣告するs as may have 適用するd for 許可 for their wives to join them; and that it should be therein 明言する／公表するd whether such persons have the means of 持続するing their wives and families, in the event of their 存在 許すd to proceed to the 植民地." 対策 have been already taken to carry the humane 意向 here manifested by his majesty's 政府 into 影響; and many hundreds who would さもなければ have quitted the 植民地, will now remain there, and thus both the permanency of their reformation will be 保証（人）d, and the march of 植民地化 大いに 加速するd. Generous Britain, not more renowned in arts and 武器, than in mercy and benevolence; may thy 最高位 be coeval with thy humanity! Or if that be impossible; if thou be doomed to を受ける that declension and decay, from which no human 会・原則s, no 作品 of man appear to be 免除された, may the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of thy philanthropy 持つ／拘留する the world in 支配する awe and 賞賛, long after the dominion of thy 力／強力にする shall have passed away! May they 軟化する the hearts of 未来 nations, and be a 向こうずねing sun that shall illuminate both 半球s, and chase from every 地域 of the earth the 黒人／ボイコット 統治する of 野蛮／未開 and cruelty for ever!

While the 存在するing system of 政府 is thus 速く 土台を崩すing the general 繁栄 and freedom, and 現在のing the greatest checks to the 進歩 of 植民地化, it is but natural to 結論する from the pertinacity with which it is 持続するd, that it is at least 生産力のある of some 有益な results to the 力／強力にする to which it 借りがあるs its origin and 存在. It were a 種類 of political anomaly to suppose that any order of things diametrically opposite to the 利益／興味s of the 治める／統治するd, should be 固執するd in, unless it were …に出席するd with some 肯定的な advantage to the 知事s. Ridiculous, however, as in every 事例／患者 perhaps but the 現在の such a supposition would be, it is 立証するd in the instance of this 植民地; since the system 追求するd there, is not only destructive of the 決定的な 利益／興味s of the inhabitants 捕まらないで, but at the same time, burdensome to this country, and contraventory of the very 意向s with which this 解決／入植地 was 設立するd. This 主張 I shall すぐに 証明する, and then leave it to more sagacious 政治家，政治屋s than myself, to 論証する the consistency of what appears to me the most absurd and incongruous paradox that is to be met with in the history of 政府s. And first that the 現在の system is burdensome to this country, and what is worse, must become every year still more so, is evident from the 徐々に 進歩／革新的な augmentation which has taken place in the 支出 of this 植民地. From 1788 to 1797, the total expence was &続けざまに猛撃する;1,037,230, or &続けざまに猛撃する;86,435 per 年; from 1798 to 1811, it 量d to &続けざまに猛撃する;1,634,926, or &続けざまに猛撃する;116,709 per 年; and from 1812 to 1815, both inclusive, to &続けざまに猛撃する;793,827, or &続けざまに猛撃する;198,456 per 年. In 1816, the expence was &続けざまに猛撃する;193,775 10s. 8¾d. and in 1817 it was &続けざまに猛撃する;229,152 6s. 3¼d. 存在 nearly treble the 年次の 量 in the year 1797. This 見積（る）, indeed, 含むs the cost of transportation; and the 早い 増加する that has taken place of late years in the sum total, has been in a かなりの degree occasioned by the 広大な／多数の／重要な 増加する in the number of 犯罪のs sent out to the 植民地; but still that there has been a 定期的に 進歩／革新的な augmentation to the 内部の 支出 is やめる incontrovertible.

It 要求するs no 広大な／多数の／重要な 部分 of discernment to foretel that while the 現在の prohibitory system remains in 軍隊; while the 植民地 is alike 妨げるd from 利益（をあげる）ing by its natural 生産／産物s, and from calling into life the 人工的な ones of which it is 有能な, that it must continue an 増加するing burthen and expence to the 力／強力にする on which it is 扶養家族 for support, and which thus unwisely 抑制するs its exertions. If the consideration of the 利益s which this country might 結局 derive from encouraging the growth and exportation of such 製品s as this 植民地 might furnish; if the prospect of finding at no very remote period in a part of our own dominions, さまざまな raw 構成要素s 必須の to the 捏造／製作 of some of our 中心的要素 製造（する）s, and for which we are at 現在の wholly 扶養家族 on foreigners; if, in 罰金, the certainty of 延長するing, instead of destroying, a market for the 消費 of those 製造（する）s themselves, be not 動機s of 十分な 負わせる and cogency to draw the attention of his majesty's 大臣s to the impolitic and destructive order of things, which 妨げるs the 業績／成就 of these 望ましい ends; it is at least to be hoped in these times of 全世界の／万国共通の 当惑, when the cry of 苦しめる is resounding from one end of the kingdom to the other, that the 願望（する） of 影響ing a retrenchment in this part of the public 支出, which has swelled to so enormous an 量, 単独で from ignorance and mismanagement, will at length excite 調査, and give rise to a system that will unfetter the colonists, and by 徐々に enabling them to support themselves, no longer （判決などを）下す them an unproductive and 増加するing 重荷（を負わせる） to this country. It is useless, and indeed absurd, for the 政府 to be sending out incessant （裁判所の）禁止（強制）命令s for economy, and to be eternally 主張するing upon the necessity of 影響ing retrenchments, which their own impolitic 制限s （判決などを）下す impossible. The 新規加入 which is 毎年 made to the 全住民 of the 植民地 must occasion a corresponding 支出 on the part of the 植民地の 政府. The 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, who are 輸送（する）d thither, were 持続するd at a 広大な／多数の／重要な expence while in this country, and cannot be supported without cost there. So long as the avenues to 産業 and enterprize are の近くにd, it is ridiculous to imagine that the colonists can 請け負う the 維持／整備 of a 団体／死体 of men, for whose 労働 they can find no profitable 占領／職業. The expence, therefore, of supporting the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs who are 絶えず arriving in this 植民地, must やむを得ず 増加する in spite of all the exhortations of the 政府, and all the 成果／努力s of the 知事, whoever he may be, to carry them into 影響. The 現在の 知事, indeed, has contrived in some 手段 to 従う with these 推薦s of retrenchment with which he has been harrassed; but his obedience has been …に出席するd with the 採択 of a most pernicious and indefensible system, that of 認めるing too promiscuously tickets of leave to 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, before 十分な time had elapsed for ascertaining the reality of their reformation, and their 肩書を与える to so important an indulgence. This 特権, which 免除されたs them from the public 作品, and enables them to 捜し出す 雇用 in every direction throughout the 植民地, it may be perceived, turns loose a 始める，決める of men, who had been solemnly pronounced to be 妥当でない and dangerous members of society; and affords them an unrestrained 適切な時期 of preying upon the industrious and deserving, and of committing fresh enormities, before they have made the atonement affixed to their 初めの offences, and 要求するd not more to 支持する the distinction which ought always to be drawn between virtue and 副／悪徳行為, than from a 予定 regard to their 未来 福利事業 and regeneration. It is principally to the introduction of the ticket of leave system that the かなりの 削減s which have been 影響d of late years in the expences of the 植民地 are to be ascribed. How far this most pernicious and immoral system has been carried, may be seen by 言及／関連 to the 植民地の 支出 for the four years anterior to 1816. In 1812 it 量d to &続けざまに猛撃する;176,781; in 1813 to &続けざまに猛撃する;235,597; in 1814 to &続けざまに猛撃する;231,362; and in 1815 it had fallen to &続けざまに猛撃する;150,087. In the two に引き続いて years, indeed, it has been seen that there has been a かなりの 増加する of 支出; but still such has been the 拡張 of the ticket of leave system that notwithstanding four thousand six hundred and fifty-nine 罪人／有罪を宣告するs were 輸送（する）d between January, 1812, and January, 1817, the expences of the 植民地 for this latter year were &続けざまに猛撃する;6445 いっそう少なく than for the year 1813; those of 1817 only 量ing to &続けざまに猛撃する;229,152, while those of the year 1813 were &続けざまに猛撃する;235,597. This violent and 正統化できない 方式 of retrenchment, however, has not been put into such 広範囲にわたる practice with impunity: it has been …に出席するd with its natural and 必然的な results, a proportionate 増加する of demoralization and 罪，犯罪. The proof of this 主張 I shall 残り／休憩（する） on the に引き続いて 政府 order:--"Sydney, 30th August, 1817. In consequence of the たびたび（訪れる） 強盗s which have been of late committed between Sydney and Paramatta; his Excellency the 知事 みなすs it expedient 真面目に to recommend to persons in general to travel only during the day time, and 特に to those who have the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of 負担d carts, to 始める，決める out from Sydney and Paramatta それぞれ so 早期に after sun-rise as to be enabled to reach the place of their 目的地 before sun-始める，決める. And with a 見解（をとる） to afford all possible 保護 to travellers, his Excellency directs the 主要な／長／主犯 superintendant of police at Sydney from and after Wednesday the 3d of September next, to order two constables from thence to patrole the road every night between Sydney and Powell's Half-way House; and in like manner the 主要な／長／主犯 治安判事 at Paramatta to order two constables from that place to patrole the road every night between Paramatta and Powell's Half-way House. The 義務 of such constables to 開始する at sun-始める，決める and 中止する at sun-rise, until その上の orders. "The 治安判事s are 特に enjoined not to 認める passes to 罪人／有罪を宣告するs either having tickets of leave or さもなければ, excepting on actual 義務, or in 事例／患者s of real 緊急 where the 反対する is satisfactorily explained to the 治安判事." This （裁判所の）禁止（強制）命令 to the 治安判事s not to 認める the ticket of leave-men passes except under particular circumstances would afford the public very little 付加 安全 against their depredations; since their total 控除 from public or individual 雇用, places them out of all 抑制 except such as may arise from the 監視 of the police, which even in Sydney is 不正に 組織するd, because not 十分に 非常に／多数の, and to which in the 内部の towns and 地区s it would be a farce to 適用する the 指名する of "Police" at all.

I am aware that the 知事 has been induced to this 手段 in 同意／服従 with 肯定的な 指示／教授／教育s, rather than in 順応／服従 with his own judgment. But a system in such direct 違反 of every 原則 of 司法（官）, morality, and expediency, can never be long 許容するd. Its continuance, in fact, would soon 絶滅する all 産業, and 変える the 植民地 into a den of thieves and 殺害者s, unfit for the abode of virtue and honesty, and dangerous to the 政府 itself which had 権限を与えるd it.--It is an extreme which cannot 耐える, and which is of so violent a nature that it will beget a 治療（薬） for itself, and 強要する the 政府 to recal into its 雇用, and 減ずる under salutary 抑制, a 始める，決める of persons, who ought never to have been 解放する／自由なd from it till the 満期 of their 宣告，判決s, or, at most, till they had given the clearest proof of a sincere reformation. This system, therefore, of 認めるing tickets of leave to 罪人／有罪を宣告するs すぐに after their arrival, though undoubtedly …に出席するd with a かなりの saving to the 政府, is of too immoral and dangerous a 傾向 to be carried to any かなりの extent; so that the expences of the 植民地 広大な／多数の／重要な, unnecessarily 広大な／多数の／重要な as they are, must infallibly 増加する with the 進歩 of transportation, so long as the grievous disabilities and impolitic 制限s under which the colonists are groaning, remain unrepealed.

Having thus shewn that this 植民地 has hitherto been an 増加するing burthen to this country, and that it must やむを得ず continue so under its 現在の unwise 憲法, I proceed in the next place to 証明する that its 存在するing system of 政府 is also contraventory of the philanthropic 意向s which gave rise to its 創立／基礎. The 主要な／長／主犯 反対する which the 政府 of this country had in 見解（をとる） was undoubtedly the reformation of the thousands 追放するd to these distant shores. The 罰 which it thus （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd, in banishing them from their native country, and separating them from their friends and connexions, was not the end itself, but the means which it 雇うd to 影響 this humane and laudable 目的. Has then the 植民地 in any one point of 見解（をとる） realized this 包括的な and philanthropic 計画／陰謀 of morality and regeneration? It has, indeed, 証明するd a receptacle for those whose 罪，犯罪s （判決などを）下すd them unfit for the community which 拒絶するd them from its bosom, and in so far has been of some 公共事業（料金）／有用性 to the public; but have the 抑制s to which they have been 支配するd; has the system, in fact, by which they have been 治める／統治するd during their 追放する, 一般に 生き返らせるd that morality and virtue, the absence of which propelled them in the first instance to the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 of 罪，犯罪, and will always continue them in the same career of 副／悪徳行為 and 罰? Have those, who have expiated their 初めの offence, by を受けるing the 刑罰，罰則 which the 法律 別館d to it, experienced a reformation in their 原則s and 行為／行う? And are they 一般に qualified either to return to the country that banished them, or to become good and useful 国民s in the one by which they have been 可決する・採択するd; and which, since it has 絶えず 証言，証人／目撃するd their deportment, can best 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる the reality and extent of their 長所s? The 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the several 法廷，裁判所s of 犯罪の judicature are the surest criterion by which to 裁判官 of this important particular, and will be 設立する decidedly confirmatory of the alarming augmentation of immorality and 罪，犯罪, which distinguishes every 後継するing year, and that too in a 割合 far 越えるing what would be 自然に consequent on the 増加する in the 全住民.

On 言及／関連 to the Sydney Gazattes for the year 1817, I find that there were in all ninety-two persons tried by the 犯罪の 法廷，裁判所. The offences with which they were 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d were as follow: 1st, For 殺人 eleven; four of whom were 罪人／有罪を宣告するd and 遂行する／発効させるd: two were adjudged only 有罪の of 過失致死; and five were acquitted. 2dly, For 押し込み強盗s, eight, five of whom were capitally 罪人／有罪を宣告するd, but their 宣告，判決s afterwards 減刑する／通勤するd into transportation to the Coal River for life; five were 輸送（する）d thither for fourteen years, one for seven years, and one was acquitted. 3dly, For 主要道路 強盗, one, who was 輸送（する）d to Newcastle for fourteen years. 4thly, One incendiary, 輸送（する）d for life. 5thly, One for cutting and maiming, acquitted. 6thly, Nine for cattle stealing; of whom two were capitally 罪人／有罪を宣告するd, their 宣告，判決 afterwards 減刑する／通勤するd into transportation for life; five were 初めは 宣告，判決d to the same 罰, one 輸送（する）d for fourteen years, and one was acquitted. 6thly, Three for sheep stealing; all capitally 罪人／有罪を宣告するd, but their 宣告，判決s 減刑する／通勤するd into transportation for life. 7thly, Two for horse stealing; one of whom was capitally 罪人／有罪を宣告するd but not 遂行する／発効させるd, the other 宣告，判決d to 独房監禁 confinement. 8thly, One for 強姦, but acquitted. 9thly, Twenty-seven for 個人として stealing in dwelling and out-houses; two of whom were 輸送（する）d for fourteen years, nine for seven years, one for four years, four for three years, two for two years, one 宣告，判決d to 独房監禁 confinement, and six acquitted. 10thly, Two for 偽造, 設立する 有罪の, but 宣告，判決 deferred. 11thly, Two for receiving 盗品, one of whom was 宣告，判決d to the pillory and to four years transportation, and the other to transportation alone for the same period. 12thly, Five for pig stealing; of whom two were 輸送（する）d to Newcastle for fourteen years, one was flogged and put in the pillory, one 輸送（する）d to Newcastle for two years, and one acquitted. Lastly, Nineteen for petty 窃盗罪; of whom one was sent to Newcastle for four years, one for three years, fourteen were 宣告，判決d to さまざまな 条件 of 独房監禁 confinement, and three acquitted.

From this 声明, therefore, it appears that during the year 1817, out of the ninety-two persons who were tried for さまざまな offences, which it will be seen were for the most part of a heinous nature, no より小数の than seventy-three were 罪人／有罪を宣告するd, fifteen capitally, four of whom were 遂行する／発効させるd, the remaining eleven had their 宣告，判決s 減刑する／通勤するd into transportation to the Coal River for life; that there were six others 初めは 宣告，判決d to the same 罰; that there were five 輸送（する）d for fourteen years, ten for seven years, and that the remaining thirty-seven were either 輸送（する）d for 条件 under seven years, or were punished by 独房監禁 confinement. Appalling, however, as this 目録 of 罪，犯罪 must be 定評のある, when compared with that which could be produced in any other community of 類似の extent, it would still appear on the first 見解（をとる） to argue 井戸／弁護士席 in favour of the 少年院 影響（力） of this 植民地: since 知事 Bligh in his examination before the 委員会 of the House of ありふれたs, in the year 1812, 現在のd a 文書 趣旨ing to be a 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of 犯罪のs tried between August, 1806, and August, 1807, from which it appears that one hundred and seventeen* persons were arraigned before the 犯罪の 法廷，裁判所 during this interval. If we were therefore to がまんする by the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the 刑事裁判所 alone, we should draw the most 満足な 結論s with 尊敬（する）・点 to the 進歩 of reformation in the morals and habits of the people since that period. The comparison, indeed, between the 目録 of 罪，犯罪 in the years 1806 and 1817, would be most gratifying; as notwithstanding that the 全住民 of the 植民地 rather more than 二塁打d itself since the former year, the latter 現在のs a 減少（する） in the number of 犯罪のs of twenty-five, or in other words, 罪，犯罪s would appear to have 減らすd in the 割合 of about 9/4 to 1. If the 記録，記録的な／記録するs, therefore, of the 刑事裁判所 were 決定的な on the 支配する, it would be impossible not to 自白する that the system 追求するd in this 植民地 has fully answered the humane 意向s for which it was 設立するd. But unhappily these 記録，記録的な／記録するs are no 基準 by which to 裁判官 of the 少年院 傾向 of the system. During 知事 Bligh's 行政, all 違反者／犯罪者s except those who were 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with the most trifling 軽罪s, were tried by the 刑事裁判所. He was a second Draco, who considered the smallest offence deserving of death: and wo to the wretch whom the 刑事裁判所 doomed to this 罰, for he invariably carried its 宣告，判決 into 死刑執行. His 後継者, however, has 行為／法令／行動するd on more 慈悲の 原則s; and, besides, 罪，犯罪s have so 速く multiplied of late years, that the 裁判官 支持する would not have 十分な time for 統括するing in the two 民事裁判所s of which he is the 長，率いる, were he 強いるd to 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of all the 犯人s that might be arraigned in the 刑事裁判所. But it is 井戸／弁護士席 known to those who are at all conversant with the 明言する／公表する of the 植民地, that but a very small 部分 of the offences which are committed there, are now brought under the 裁判権 of this 法廷，裁判所. The 大多数 of the 犯罪のs who are now tried by it are either 解放する／自由な persons, or such as have 得るd emancipations; i.e. those whom the さまざまな 知事s have made 解放する／自由な in the 植民地, but who are not at liberty to やめる it. The （法廷の）裁判s of 治安判事s, and the superintendent of police, are delicate of deciding on 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s in which the members of these two 解放する／自由な classes are 巻き込むd; but they 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of 違反者／犯罪者s already under the 宣告，判決 of the 法律 in a 要約 manner, either by 輸送（する）ing them to the Coal River, by putting them in the gaol ギャング（団）s, by sending them (if they happen to be 女性（の）s) to the factory, or by 簡単に ordering them corporal 罰, unless they are 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d with 殺人, or some 資本／首都 重罪; and even in this latter 事例／患者 they frequently （打撃，刑罰などを）与える some 要約 罰. With 尊敬（する）・点 to the first of these 要約 方式s of 罰, transportation to the Coal River, it has already been 明言する／公表するd that the 全住民 of this 解決／入植地 量d in the year 1817, to five hundred and fifty souls: of these not more than one hundred, 含むing the civil and 軍の 設立s, and the 植民／開拓者s and their families on the upper banks of the river, were 解放する／自由な. The remaining four hundred and fifty, therefore, were persons who had been 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 罪，犯罪s either by the 刑事裁判所 or by the magistracy, and retransported thither for さまざまな periods. Those few, it has been seen, who are 非難するd to this 罰 by the 刑事裁判所, are for the most part 宣告，判決d to long 条件 of transportation; but as nine-tenths of the 犯罪のs at this 解決／入植地 are sent thither either by the （法廷の）裁判s of 治安判事s, or by the superintendent of police, who seldom 輸送（する） for a longer period than two years, and more frequently for one year, or six months, the 全住民 may at a very 穏健な 計算／見積り be considered as を受けるing a 完全にする change every two years, or in other words, it may be 結論するd that two hundred and twenty-five persons are 毎年 輸送（する）d thither by way of 罰. We must therefore 追加する this number to the 犯人s 罪人／有罪を宣告するd before the 法廷，裁判所 of 犯罪の judicature, and we shall then have a total of three hundred and eighteen persons 毎年 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 罪，犯罪s in the 植民地. This is of itself an alarming sum of criminality; but we must not stop here, since it only 行為／行うs us to the second of the 要約 方式s of 罰 which I have enumerated; viz. the gaol ギャング（団）s. There are upon an 普通の／平均（する） about fifty persons in the gaol ギャング（団） at Sydney, and about the same number in the gaol ギャング（団）s belonging to the other towns and 地区s in the 植民地. These are 犯罪のs 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of smaller offences than those who are 輸送（する）d to the Coal River; they are worked from sunrise to sun-始める，決める, and are locked up in the 刑務所，拘置所s during the night. This 方式 of 罰 is seldom （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd for a longer 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 than four months. It may therefore be 安全に 計算するd that these gaol ギャング（団）s are changed once in this period, or in other words, that three hundred persons 毎年 pass through this ordeal. This その上の 新規加入 to the formidable 目録 of 罪，犯罪s already made out, 増加するs the total to six hundred and eighteen persons, yet only leads us to the third 方式 of 要約 罰, viz. 労働 at the factory at Paramatta. The number of women 宣告，判決d to this 方式 of 罰 may be 普通の／平均（する）d at one hundred and fifty, and as the 普通の／平均（する） 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 of their 宣告，判決s does not 越える six months, we have a さらに先に number of three hundred to 追加する to the above 見積（る）. This 増加するs it to nine hundred and eighteen persons; but we have still one other 方式 of 罰 in petto, corporal 罰 簡単に; and I have no 疑問 that the numbers on whom it is 毎年 （打撃，刑罰などを）与えるd will at least swell the grand total of persons 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of さまざまな 犯罪の offences during the year 1817, either by the 刑事裁判所s, by the （法廷の）裁判s of 治安判事s, by the superintendent of police, or by the 地区 治安判事s to one thousand. We may now draw some sort of a comparison between the 量 of 罪，犯罪 in the years 1806 and 1817. I should imagine, on the highest 計算／見積り, that not more than one hundred persons in 新規加入 to those tried by the 刑事裁判所 during that year, could, from the system then in practice, have been summarily dealt with by the magistracy; but 許すing even that there were two hundred, and that the whole number of persons 明言する／公表するd by 知事 Bligh to have been tried by that 法廷，裁判所 were 設立する 有罪の, a most improbable supposition, the year 1806 will only then give a total of three hundred and sixteen 違反者／犯罪者s, i.e. not one third the 量 of those who were 罪人／有罪を宣告するd in the year 1817. 罪，犯罪 therefore has been trebled, while the 全住民 has only been 二塁打d, or in other words, the 増加する of the former has been to the 増加する of the latter as three to two.

[* Page 42 虫垂 to the 報告（する）／憶測 of the House of ありふれたs in 1812.]

What else, indeed, could be 推定する／予想するd from a system which is every day 大きくするing the circle of poverty and 苦しめる? Is it within the 可能性 of belief that people should become more honest as they become more necessitous? That they should scrupulously 差し控える from making inroads on the 所有／入手s of their richer 隣人s, while they themselves are 苦しむing under the 影響（力） of 進歩／革新的な penury? Under such circumstances it would be the very 高さ of absurdity to 推定する／予想する an 増加する of virtue and honesty. Wherever it is not within the compass of 産業 to 供給する for its wants, a 頼みの綱 to 罪，犯罪 ーするために （不足などを）補う the 欠陥／不足 is 必然的な to a 確かな extent even in a moral country. What then must be the result of this 無（不）能 in a felon 全住民, long habituated to 窃盗, and 自然に predisposed to criminality? In such a community as this, the 政府 are doubly bound to neglect no 対策 which may be calculated to repress this vicious propensity. If they 可決する・採択する the contrary line of 行為／行う; if they 治める 興奮剤s to 副／悪徳行為 instead of anodynes; if they, in fact, create incitements to dishonesty too potent even for virtuous 悲惨 to withstand, are not they the authors of a system thus impregnated with 汚職, 事実上 the parent of the monstrous litter to which it gives birth? And though によれば the inflexible 原則s of 司法（官）, any 違反 of the 所有物／資産／財産 of another is not to be exculpated, humanity will always pity the 苦しめるd delinquent, and wish that she had the 力／強力にする of 代用品，人ing the 最初の／主要な author of the 罪，犯罪 in the place of the 非難するd 犯罪の. How would the world be 改革（する）d, if the framers of the 不正な and impolitic 法律s, which are every where the 禁止（する） of mankind, and the 原因（となる） of so much 悲惨 and 副／悪徳行為, were arraigned at the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 of 司法（官）, and compelled to answer for all the depravity that might be traced to the demoralizing 影響（力） of their 対策?

The picture of the 植民地 which I have 現在のd, 悪化させるd as it is, faithfully delineates the different descending gradations by which it has sunk to its 現在の abyss of 悲惨, and is of itself 十分に demonstrative of the 過激な defect that there is in its polity, and of the necessity for an alteration in it: にもかかわらず, it may not be altogether inexpedient to dive a little into futurity, and to 見解（をとる） through the mirror of the imagination the その上の results which the experience of the past may 納得させる us that a perseverance in the same course of 制限 and disability will infallibly lead to. It 要求するs not the gift of divination to 予知する that the 製造業の system, which has already taken such 深い root, and so 速く 発射 up に向かって 成熟, will still その上の 確認する and 強固にする／合併する／制圧する itself with the 増加するing poverty of the community. For several years the 輸入 of British 製造（する）s, 特に of cottons, has been comparatively speaking on the 拒絶する／低下する, in consequence of the 競争 occasioned by large 輸入s of those articles from India; which though in general of inferior 質, have been more adapted to the circumstances of the colonists from their inferior price. The 消費 of hats and woollen cloths has also been 減らすd, but not to the same かなりの extent by the 植民地の 製造（する）s of the same denomination, which are likewise much inferior to the British, but have the two-倍の advantage of 存在 cheaper, and to be 得るd for wool, 穀物, meat, etc. without the 介入 of money, which it is 一般に out of the 力／強力にする of the 消費者s to furnish.

This system of 物々交換する, which has materially favoured their growth, and must やむを得ず still その上の encourage and 延長する it, is not, as might at first be imagined, prejudicial to the 製造業者; since the wool which he thus receives in 交流 for his 商品／必需品 is the raw 構成要素 要求するd for its reproduction, and therefore saves him the trouble of 捜し出すing it in other ４半期/4分の1s; and the meat, 穀物, etc. are 分配するd の中で his workmen at the market prices of the day, and 解放する／自由な him from the necessity of 支払う／賃金ing the 十分な value of their 労働 in money, which under 存在するing circumstances would most probably be impracticable. The system itself, therefore, seems to have been engendered by events, and to be peculiarly adapted to the 現在の 明言する／公表する of poverty and wretchedness, to which the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the colonists are 減ずるd. And although in other countries, and even in this, if its 農業の 力／強力にするs were unfettered, the workmen 雇うd in the 捏造／製作 of these 製造（する）s would not perhaps 同意 to receive this mixed 補償（金） for their 労働, yet まっただ中に the actual difficulties of procuring a subsistence, and 所有するd as they are of 貿易（する）s, for which till lately there was no 需要・要求する whatever, and for which at the 現在の moment there is far from an active 競争, they are not only glad to 受託する this 方式 of 支払い（額）, but would even 服従させる／提出する to much harder 条件s. We may therefore perceive, that if the 製造業者 can sell for ready money as much of this 商品／必需品 as is requisite to the 支払い（額） of the residue of their 給料, and at the same time 同等（の） to the 利益（をあげる） which he may derive from his 関心, it is all that he need 絶対 要求する. This 製造業の system 存在 thus not only ふさわしい to the 増加するing poverty of the community 捕まらないで, but also favourable to the 利益／興味s of all the parties 関心d in it, whether the proprietors or the workmen, cannot but 伸び（る） ground. A few years, in fact, will 完全に put it out of the 力／強力にする of at least seven-eighths of the 全住民 to have 頼みの綱 to the 製造（する）s of this country: the expences of the 植民地 will, indeed, as I have satisfactorily 証明するd, continue to 増加する, but still only in 割合 to the augmentation in the 団体／死体 of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs and others, 持続するd at the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of the 政府; while, on the contrary, the 全住民 of the 植民地, in spite of all the checks 課すd on it, will be 延長するing itself more 速く within, than by transportation and 移住 from without. Its 歳入, therefore, will be every year to be divided の中で a number of competitors 増加するing much more 速く than itself. Thus their ability to 購入（する） the more perfect and expensive 商品／必需品s of this country, will become daily more circumscribed, till at length the use of them will be 完全に superseded, or at best 限定するd to the higher orders of society; who, it is probable, may be induced in the long run both by the growing perfection of their native 製造（する）s, and by patriotism, to abjure the 消費 of all goods that may have a 傾向 to augment the 繁栄 of their ありふれた 抑圧者. The colonists, in fact, have only to 前進する a few steps その上の in the 製造業の system to be 完全に 独立した・無所属 of foreign 供給（する）. Already 捏造する，製作するing to a かなりの extent their own cloth, the first perhaps of 製造（する）s in 公共事業（料金）／有用性 and importance; already furnishing in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 their own hats, leather, soap, candles, and earthenware, they have only to 供給する their own linen, and to 築く アイロンをかける founderies, to become 所有するd of all that can be 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d 厳密に necessary to their subsistence and even 慰安. And these two 反対するs will doubtless be soon 影響d by the active 機関 of the same powerful necessity, which has so 速く given rise to the さまざまな 製造（する）s already について言及するd. It is, indeed, rather a 事柄 of surprise than さもなければ, that 試みる／企てるs have not been already made to 設立する manufactories of these two 高度に important articles; since the 植民地, on the one 手渡す, is peculiarly adapted to the growth of flax, and on the other abounds, as it has been seen, with アイロンをかける 鉱石 of the richest 質.

To what feelings, then, to what 行為／行う, it may be asked, will this independence in the 資源s of the colonists, the bitter fruit of so much privation and 悲惨, give birth? Will this, the painful result of so many years' 不正 and 圧迫, tend to 強化する the 社債 of union between the 植民地 and this country? Or will it not be the 危機 that will 切断する it for ever? England, placed as she is at 現在の on the pinnacle of glory, and reposing in 安全 on the basis of that 商業の and 海上の greatness, from which the gigantic 成果／努力s of 部隊d Europe have not been able to 除去する her, may laugh to 軽蔑（する） the presumption of any 植民地, however powerful, that might 試みる／企てる to shake off her 当局. Like Jupiter on Olympus, she has only to stretch out her 手渡す and 倒す the 部隊d 軍隊 of all her 植民地s with the chain to which she has bound their 運命s. No one can 疑問, that such an 試みる／企てる would be preposterous at the 現在の moment, nor would the most strenuous 支持する for 植民地の independence, the most violent enemy to the 最高位 of this country, dream of its 即座の 死刑執行. Still let her not なぎ herself into a 誤った 安全; let her not 手段 the forbearance of the 植民地 by its own impotency and insignificance. Despair always begets 資源s, and 奮起させるs an unnatural vigor. The 敵意 of the most feeble becomes formidable, when it has 司法（官） 範囲d under its 旗，新聞一面トップの大見出し／大々的に報道するs, and ought not to be excited without necessity. Besides, is it worthy the character of a nation, who has evinced herself the 決定するd enemy of tyrants, and the avenger of the freedom of the world, to become the 抑圧者 of her own 支配するs, and that too for the mere sake of 圧迫, in subversion alike of their 利益／興味s and of her own? Has she not, and will she not always have 外部の enemies enow to 競う with, without thus creating, unnecessarily creating, 国内の ones? Let her from the 中央 of the glory with which she is environed compare her 状況／情勢, brilliant and 課すing as it is, with what it might have been: let her look at the consequences of her former 不正. Is not the most formidable on the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of her enemies, a nation, which might have this day been the most 大（公）使館員d and faithful of her friends? A nation which, instead of watching every occasion to circumscribe her 力／強力にする, would, if its 権利s had been 尊敬（する）・点d, have been still 具体的に表現するd with her empire and confirmatory of her strength? Will this terrible lesson have no 影響（力） on the 規則 of her 未来 行為／行う? Will not this dear bought experience teach her 知恵? Or has she yet to learn that the 統治する of 不正 and tyranny 伴う／関わるs in its very 憲法 the germ of its duration and 罰? Let her ask herself, "what would have been the consequence if, during the late war with America, the ports of this 植民地 had been open to the 大型船s of that nation?" How many hundreds of the 価値のある 逮捕（する）s, which the Americans made in the Indian seas and on the coast of Peru, might have 安全に を待つd there the termination of the war, which were 再度捕まえるd by her 巡洋艦s in 見解（をとる） of the ports of their country? How many hundreds of their own 大型船s, that 株d the same 運命／宿命, would have still belonged to their merchants? And is there no probability, that a perseverance in the 現在の system of 不正 and 圧迫, may on some 未来 occasion, 勧める the colonists to shake off this intolerable yoke, and throw themselves into the 武器 of so powerful a protector? May they not by these means acquire independence long before the 時代 when they would have 得るd it by their own 軍隊 and 成熟? Or at least may they not place themselves under the 政府 of more just and considerate 支配者s? How would this country repent her folly, if she should thus become the 器具 of her own abasement; if she should herself be the 原因（となる） of 設立するing a 力／強力にする already the most formidable 競争相手 of her 商業の and 海上の ascendency, in the very heart of her most 価値のある 所有／入手s, at the main 外部の source of her wealth and 繁栄?

To those who are 熟知させるd with the 地元の 状況／情勢 of this 植民地; who have 横断するd the formidable chain of mountains by which it is bounded from north to south; who have 見解（をとる）d the impregnable natural positions, that the only connecting 山の尾根 by which a passage into the 内部の can be 影響d, every where 現在のs; to those who are aware that this 山の尾根 is in many places not more than thirty feet in width, and have beheld the terrific chasms by which it is bounded, chasms inaccessible to the most agile animal of the forest, and that will for ever 反抗する the approach of man; to those, I say, who are 熟知させるd with all these circumstances, the independence of this 植民地, should it be goaded into 反乱, appears neither so problematical nor remote, as might be さもなければ imagined. Of what avail would whole armies 証明する in these terrible defiles, which only five or six men could approach abreast? What would be the 影響 of 大砲 on 前進するing columns （人が）群がるd into so 狭くする a compass? A few minutes （危険などに）さらす to such a dreadful 大虐殺, would 絶滅する the 攻撃する，非難するing army; or at best only 保存する its scattered 残余s from 破壊 by raising an 介入するing 障壁 of the carcases of its 虐殺（する）d 殉教者s. If the colonists should prudently abandon the defence of the sea-coast, and 除去する with their flocks and herds into the fertile country behind these impregnable passes, what would the 軍隊 of England, gigantic as it is, 利益（をあげる） her? She might, indeed, if they were unassisted in their 成果／努力s by any foreign 力／強力にする, 削減（する） off their communication for awhile with the coast; but her armies 完全に 扶養家族 on 外部の 供給（する）, and at so 広大な／多数の／重要な a distance from the centre of their 資源s, would 徐々に moulder away, 同様に by the incessant 操作／手術 of a 同志／支持者 戦争, as by defection to their adversaries, whom her 軍隊／機動隊s would be led to 戦闘 only with 悔いる. They would not enter into a war of this description with the same animosity and 願望（する） of vengeance that might actuate their leaders. They would behold in their 対抗者s, Britons, or the 子孫s of Britons, placed in 敵意を持った array against them unwillingly, and not from any 古代の and inveterate spirit of 憎悪 and rivality, but from constrained 抵抗 to tyranny, and in vindication of their most sacred and indubitable 権利s. Nor would they in the 中央 of their disgust for so 不正な and unnatural a contest, behold the beauty and fertility of the country without 製図／抽選 a comparison between their 条件, and what it would be, were they to やめる the 階級s of 圧迫, and become the 支持する／優勝者s of that independence, which they were 運命にあるd to repress. Such will be the consequences of the impolitic and oppressive system of 政府 追求するd in this 植民地; such the probable results of the contest to which it must 結局 give rise. If I have been unqualified in 表明するing my reprobation of such unwise and 不正な 対策; if I have evinced myself the fearless assertor of the 権利s of my compatriots; and if I have spoke without reserve of the 抵抗 which the 違反 and 鎮圧 of those 権利s will in the end occasion, I must にもかかわらず 抗議する against 存在 classed の中で those who are the sworn enemies of all 当局, and who place the happiness of communities in a freedom from those 抑制s which the 知恵 of ages has 設立するd, and 論証するd to be salutary and 必須の. I hope, therefore, that my 原則s will not be mistaken, and that I shall not be exposed to the hue and cry which have been 正確に，正当に raised against those persons who are inimical to all 存在するing 会・原則s. There is not a more sincere friend to 設立するd 政府 and legitimacy than he who mildly 支持するs the 原因（となる） of 改革（する）, and points out with decency the excrescences that will occasionally rise on the political 団体／死体, 同様に from an 超過 of liberty as of 抑制: such a person may 妨げる anarchy; he can never occasion it.

These are the 見解（をとる）s by which I have been actuated in 令状ing this essay. If my hopes should be realized, if I should happily be the means of 回避するing the 雷雲 of calamity and 破壊 which is even now 集会 on the horizon of my country, and 脅すs at no very remote period to burst over its 長，率いる, and to scatter death and desolation in its bosom, it is all the recompence I 捜し出す. If my 成果／努力s should unfortunately 証明する abortive; if I should fail to rouse the friends of peace and humanity to its succour and 救済, I shall have experienced a 十分な mortification, without を受けるing the 付加 one of 存在 classed with a 禁止（する）d of ruffian levellers, who under the specious pretext of salutary 改革（する） 捜し出す, like the jacobin revolutionists of フラン, the subversion of all order, and the substitution in its stead, of a 統治する of terror, anarchy, and rapine, まっただ中に the horrors of which they may satiate their avarice, and glut their 復讐. Let then the 潔白 of my 動機s be unimpeached, if I should be 敗北・負かすd in the 業績／成就 of my 反対する. But why should I despair of success, when I have every support that せねばならない 確実にする it? 権利, 推論する／理由, expediency, morality, 宗教, are all on the 味方する of my 抑圧するd country, and must 結局 procure the termination of her sufferings. The disabilities, indeed, under which she has been so long groaning, grounded as they are in no 動機s of 政策, but averse to them all, ought rather to be ascribed to inadvertence than design. Engaged as this country has been in a tremendous 衝突, on the 疑わしい 問題／発行する of which her very 存在 as a nation was 火刑／賭けるd, she has had little or no leisure for …に出席するing to the 内部の economy of her 植民地s: in the 中央 of her own unparalleled sufferings and sacrifices, theirs have been 無視（する）d or forgotten. It is the knowledge of this circumstance that has shed a ray of hope and なぐさみ athwart the gloom which has been thickening year after year around the 植民地. It is this consideration that has enabled its inhabitants to support 重荷（を負わせる）s which would さもなければ have been 設立する intolerable. Let then their just 期待s be at length 実行するd, and let them not continue the only 部分 of the king's 支配するs, who have no personal 推論する／理由 to rejoice at the happy termination of this long and arduous contest. Their moderation and forbearance under their grievances, have given them an 付加 （人命などを）奪う，主張する to 是正する, scarcely いっそう少なく forcible than the 存在 of the grievances themselves. Yet already years have elapsed, since the consolidation of general peace and tranquillity, and no attention has been paid to their 状況／情勢 and remonstrances. Already, therefore, the spirit of discontent so long repressed by hope, but 生き返らせるing with the 進歩 of this unnecessary, this unaccountable 延期する, has begun to manifest itself, and will soon assume a determinate 形態／調整 and form. Let the 政府 repress this feeling of 敵意, while they have yet the 力／強力にする: a few years その上の inattention will （判決などを）下す it hereditary and rivet it for ever. It is in the 傾向 of 植民地s to overstep even 合法的 抑制; they will never long wear the fetters of 不正 and 圧迫. I am aware that it is not one of the least difficult proofs of 法律を制定する 知恵 to でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れる 規則s adapted to each 進歩／革新的な 行う／開催する／段階 of 植民地化, and that this difficulty 増加するs with the 成熟 which the 植民地 in question may have 達成するd; but although the 治療 of 植民地s upon their arrival at that degree of ascendency, when the 施行 of 古代の 制限s, 設立するd on the 利益／興味s, or supposed 利益／興味s of the parent country, but contraventory of the 繁栄 of the 植民地s themselves, becomes dangerous or impracticable, is, it must be 許すd, a point of extreme delicacy and tenderness; there can at no time be any 疑問 entertained of the propriety of abandoning a system 設立するd upon error and 不正, and 生産力のある of detriment, 同様に to those who have 課すd it, as to those who are 苦しむing under its baneful 操作／手術. It is therefore to be hoped that so unwise and 不正な a system will no longer be continued; that his majesty's 政府 will at length 許す the colonists to use 自由に the natural 生産／産物s of their country, and to 増加する to the 最大の its 人工的な ones; that they will, 許す them to call their own energies, their own 資源s, into life and 活動／戦闘, and no longer impoverish them by （判決などを）下すing them the prey of richer 植民地s, and what is still more absurd and vexatious, of foreigners; that they will, in 罰金, 認める them the 解放する／自由な unrestricted enjoyment of those 特権s which the bounty of the Creator has 延長するd to them, and which it is not in any human 当局 to 保留する, 終始一貫して with the eternal, immutable 原則s of 権利 and 公正，普通株主権.

These 特権s consist in the 除去 of 確かな 農業の and 商業の 抑制s, which I shall 分かれて enumerate; and in a 解放する／自由な 政府, under the 保護するing shade of which, the colonists may fearlessly 演習 and enjoy their personal and 私的な 権利s, without molestation or hindrance.

PART III.

VARIOUS ALTERATIONS SUGGESTED IN THE PRESENT POLICY OF THIS COLONY.

Of all the steps that could be taken for the 救済 of the 植民地, 非，不，無 certainly would 証明する of such 即座の efficacy, as the 創造 of distilleries, and the 課税 of so high a 義務 on the 輸入 of spirits from abroad, as would 量 to a 禁止. The advantages that would be attendant on this 手段 may, perhaps, be most 強制的に illustrated by a short review of the actual loss which the colonists have 支えるd during the last fifteen years, from the want of its 採択. The spirits 輸入するd during this period may be 安全に 概算の on an 普通の／平均（する） at the 年次の value of &続けざまに猛撃する;10,000, 量ing in fifteen years to the sum of &続けざまに猛撃する;150,000: and if we 追加する to this &続けざまに猛撃する;100,000 more, which it may be calculated that the 政府 have expended in this interval, in the 輸入 of corn, flour, rice, etc. from other countries, we have a grand total of &続けざまに猛撃する;250,000, that would have been saved to the 植民地 by the erection of distilleries. The 使用／適用 of so large a sum to the 即座の 激励 of 農業, would have imparted life and vigor into the whole community, and would have effectually 妨げるd that 増加するing poverty, and the 黒人／ボイコット train of evils consequent on it, which I have already 描写するd. And although from the 増加するd 需要・要求する for foreign 高級なs, which so 広大な／多数の／重要な an 新規加入 to the 植民地の income would have 自然に occasioned, but a small part perhaps of this sum would have 結局 continued in general 循環／発行部数, still the means of the colonists would have at least been brought to a level with their wants; and a 英貨の／純銀の 広まる medium would have remained 十分な for all the 目的s of 国内の economy. Under such circumstances there can be little 疑問 that the active and enterprizing spirit of our countrymen would have long since 影響d the 設立 of an 輸出（する） 貿易（する）, which would have 解放する／自由なd the 植民地 from 未来 当惑, and the mother country from the enormous expence which she is 毎年 軍隊d to 背負い込む in its support. But the continual and amazing fluctuations which have taken place in the price of corn, have been a death-blow to the success of every 成果／努力 that has been directed to this most important 反対する. At least but one out of all the 非常に／多数の 試みる／企てるs that have been made by individuals, (for 非，不，無 have been made by the 政府,) to raise さまざまな articles of 輸出（する）, has realized the 期待s of its sagacious author, and 約束s to become 結局 of 永久の 救済 and importance to the 植民地. But it will be more in the order of the 協定 which I have 示すd out for myself, to 扱う／治療する of this very important 支配する hereafter: I recur, therefore, to the 結論 which I was about to draw from the foregoing 前提s; that to the perfect success of every enterprize of a 手動式の nature, it is 必須の that the price of 準備／条項s in general, but of corn in particular, should be 減ずるd to such a point as to afford a fair 利益（をあげる） to the grower; and at the same time that it should not be 支配する to any such 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の rise as to superinduce a proportionate 増加する in the price of 労働. To keep the value of corn in this just mean, it is necessary that the growth of it should be encouraged to a pitch far beyond the sphere of the ordinary 需要・要求する; and this is to be 影響d 一般に in two ways, by augmenting the 内部の 消費 by 人工的な means, as by breweries, distilleries, etc. and by permitting a 解放する／自由な exportation of the 黒字／過剰. But the 植民地 is at 現在の unable from the smallness of its 資源s and its remoteness from Europe, the 広大な／多数の／重要な 市場 for the 黒字／過剰 corn of other countries, to become a competitor with them in this 支店 of 商業: it follows, therefore, that the constant 豊富 of corn 不可欠の to the 設立 and 維持／整備 of an 輸出（する） 貿易（する）, can only be 保証（人）d by the 施行 of all such 対策 as have a 傾向 to 増加する 内部の 消費; and of these I again repeat that the erection of distilleries, etc. is the most 平易な and the most efficacious.

独立した・無所属 of this general 推論する／理由ing, which is 平等に applicable to all countries, the 植民地 can unhappily furnish particular grounds of argument in the unfortunate localities of its 農業の 解決／入植地s, which （判決などを）下す the 採択 of this 手段 of still more imperative necessity. Allured to the banks of the river Hawkesbury, both by the 優越 of the 国／地域, and the 施設s which the 航海 of this river afforded for the conveyance of produce to market, a circumstance of 構成要素 advantage even at this moment, but of incalculable importance at a period, when as yet there were few or no cattle for the 目的s of land carriage, the first colonists were encouraged by 知事 Phillip to 設立する themselves on this low fertile tract of country, not so much perhaps from choice as necessity. His 後継者s, 影響（力）d in part by the same considerations, followed his example in directing the 現在の of 植民地化 into the same channel, till in the lapse of about fifteen years the whole of the fertile lands on the banks of this river were 完全に appropriated. Thus unfortunately for the 植民地, its 主要な／長／主犯 農業の 設立 was formed in a 状況／情勢 支配する to the inundations of a river, whose waters frequently rise seventy or eighty feet above its ordinary level.

The 現在の 知事, to his 継続している honour be it について言及するd, has done all that prudence could 影響 with the 限られた／立憲的な means confided to him, for the 予防 of the calamities invariably consequent on these destructive inundations. He has placed the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the colonists, who have been settled during his 行政, in 地区s that are not 支配する to flood; thus 安全な・保証するing to themselves and the community 捕まらないで the fruits of their 産業. He has also 設立するd 郡区s on the high grounds, which 一般に at the distance of a mile or two from the river 国境 its low fertile banks, and has held out さまざまな 激励s, ーするために induce the 植民／開拓者s to 除去する their houses and stacks to them. The richer class have in most instances been alive to their own 利益／興味s, and have abandoned their 古代の abodes on the 瀬戸際 of the river: so that the 破壊 occasioned by 未来 floods will be infinitely いっそう少なく 広範囲にわたる. But, still, a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of the poorer class 固執する to their 古代の habitations, impelled by the 二塁打 動機 of 避けるing the cost of carrying their 刈るs to these 郡区s, and from thence 支援する again to the river, ーするために send them to market by the boats, which ply on it for this 目的. And to such as have not horses and carts of their own, and would その結果 be 強いるd to 雇う them, a 住居 on the banks of the river is a saving of greater magnitude than might be at first imagined.

The greatest 障害 to the 完全にする 現実化 of the 知事's 事業／計画（する）, arises from the extreme poverty of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of the 植民／開拓者s, occasioned, as I have already noticed, by the 限られた／立憲的な and 不安定な market afforded for their produce. To build a house, however small, is an 請け負うing in this 植民地 as every where else, which can only be 影響d with 適する means; and if the colonists do not 訴える手段／行楽地 in （人が）群がるs to these 郡区s, it is not because they are insensible to the advantages which they would derive from a 除去 to these seats of 安全, but because their penury chains them to their 現在の dangerous and 哀れな hovels, and 強要するs them in spite of their better 推論する／理由 to 持つ／拘留する their lives and 所有物／資産／財産 on the most 不安定な of all 任期s, the caprice of the elements. But could the 知事 後継する in this, his 事業／計画（する） to the 最大の, could he induce every 植民／開拓者 on the banks of the Hawkesbury to 除去する to these 郡区s, he would be still far from 保証（人）ing the 植民地 from the calamitous 影響s of these inundations; since they are not 定期刊行物, like the risings of the Nile, but happen at all times, 同様に when the 刈るs are in stack as when growing, when they are in the 幼少／幼藍期 of vegetation, as when they have 達成するd 成熟 and are fit for the sickle. Some other expedient, therefore, would still be necessary to guard against those inundations which may happen at such 悲惨な periods; and there is but one that will be 設立する 十分な at all times and under all circumstances. It is to encourage by 人工的な means, the growth of corn so far beyond what is necessary for the 明らかにする 目的s of food, that in years of scarcity, whether arising from flood or 干ばつ, these 人工的な channels of 消費 may be stopped, and the whole of the corn in the 植民地 appropriated to the 供給（する） of the inhabitants. And this 激励 would be amply afforded by the 設立 of distilleries; since 許すing the 植民地 to 要求する sixty thousand gallons of spirits 毎年, twenty thousand bushels of 穀物 would be expended in distillation, the whole of which, when necessity 要求するd, might be コースを変えるd from its ordinary course of 消費, and directed to the 目的s of subsistence.

These advantages, 広大な／多数の／重要な as they must be 許すd to be, are not the only ones that would follow the erection of distilleries. This 手段 would still その上の 促進する the 繁栄 of the 農業の 団体／死体, by creating in the market a 競争 with the 政府 for the 購入（する） of 穀物, and would thus destroy the 最大限, that has been hitherto arbitrarily 割り当てるd as an 同等（の） for their produce 一般に, without 言及／関連 to the 明言する／公表する of the 刈るs, whether they have been 生産力のある or さもなければ. The prejudicial 操作／手術 of this 最大限 was noticed in the 報告（する）／憶測 of the Select 委員会 of the House of ありふれたs made in the year 1812, and the propriety of 工夫するing some 治療（薬） for this evil 堅固に 施行するd; but this 推薦 has hitherto been 無視（する）d, from the want, perhaps, of （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） 十分に 正確な to enable the 政府 of this country to …に出席する to it.

I の近くに the 目録 of arguments which I adduce in support of this 手段 with the last and most powerful of them all, its 有益な 影響（力） on the morality of the rising 世代. I do not so much take into 計算／見積り its probable 耐えるing on the 存在するing race of colonists, the greater part of whom are and will, perhaps, always be more or いっそう少なく （麻薬）常用者d to the pernicious habits 契約d in their 早期に days of 暴動 and debauchery, as on their posterity, who will やむを得ず soon form the 大多数 of this 植民地, and whose amelioration or reformation all 法律を制定する 対策 should have principally in 見解（をとる）. With those the immoderate use of spirituous アルコール飲料s is a long 契約d 病気, which it is perhaps past the 技術 of 法律制定 to cure. It is like an old inveterate ulcer, whose roots have 侵入するd into the seats of vitality, and are so intimately interwoven with the very 原則s of 存在, that the knife cannot be 適用するd to the extirpation of the one, without occasioning the 破壊 of the other. But though this gangrene can never be 完全に eradicated, the experience of late years has shewn that it may be 妨げるd from 増加するing, and even かなり 減ずるd. Drunkenness has been 観察するd to be いっそう少なく たびたび（訪れる） since the 制限のない 輸入 of spirits was permitted, even の中で that class who were most （麻薬）常用者d to this 副／悪徳行為 during the long period when the 輸入 was in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 制限するd, the price of アルコール飲料 exorbitantly 高めるd, and the consequent difficulty of 得るing it much more かなりの. 広大な／多数の／重要な, therefore, as are the 現在の 施設s to the indulgence of this propensity, they should be still その上の 延長するd, and this would be 影響d by 内部の distillation; for although the 輸入 of spirits from other countries has been for many years past 支配する to no 制限, but the 支払い（額） of a 確かな 義務, which would be 平等に 徴収するd on all spirits made in the 植民地, still the expence of freight, 保険, etc. would be 避けるd, the price proportionably abated, and the means of indulgence 増加するd in the same 割合.

The 即座の 影響 of this 解放する／自由な 循環／発行部数 of spirits having been so 有益な, we may easily infer what would be its remote consequences; and it is to these, to the 漸進的な developement of moral perfection, that all 法律s which are でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd with a 言及／関連 to this end, should be directed, and not to sudden and violent reformations, which are seldom or never …に出席するd with the 願望（する）d results. It was, indeed, natural to 推定する／予想する that this pernicious 麻薬 would be depreciated, in the estimation of its 消費者s, in exact 割合 to its superabundance; and although the 除去 of all 制限 to the 輸入 of spirits, might in its 即座の 有益な 操作／手術 on the morals of the 存在するing 世代, so long curtailed in the use of them, and so long habituated to 超過, whenever occasion 申し込む／申し出d, have been a 事柄 of serious 憶測, before this 実験 was tried, its 即座の result has far out-stripped the 期待s of its most sanguine 支持者s. The 現在の 影響（力） of this 手段 having been so 満足な, there cannot be a 疑問 that the 影響 of 内部の distillation on the morality of 未来 世代s will be still more salutary and 決定的な. It is 井戸／弁護士席 known that in the countries that are celebrated for the 生産／産物 of ワインs and spirits, as フラン, Spain, Italy, etc. so 広大な／多数の／重要な is the sobriety of the people, that a drunken person is an 反対する of contempt, and a sight which is but very seldom 証言，証人／目撃するd. This sobriety, therefore, can only be the consequence of a 安定した, equable 供給（する）, which induces 穏健な enjoyment, without 持つ／拘留するing out any 誘惑 to 過度の indulgence. And however strange or unaccountable this fact may at first appear, the 推論する／理由 of it may be traced to the nature of man, the same inconsistent creature in all ages and in all countries. 介入するing 障害s to enjoyment, far from repressing his 願望（する）s, serve but to 刺激する and inflame them; and so perverse and capricious is he in his 行為／行う, that he despises, or at best 持つ／拘留するs in but 第２位 estimation, the real 相当な good that is within his しっかり掴む; while remote or unattainable 反対するs 解雇する／砲火／射撃 his ambition, and swell into fanciful and preposterous 割合s the 背信の illusions of a fertile imagination, which 所有／入手 alone can dissipate and 減ずる to their proper 基準 and value. It is thus that lofty mountains seem to connect themselves with the heavens by enveloping clouds; but stripped of their deceptious covering, they stand 減ずるd to their 原始の dimensions, the blue 丸天井 towers far above their 長，率いるs, and the 注目する，もくろむ sees and defines their just 限界s and magnitude.

There can be but one 反対 勧めるd against the 設立 of 植民地の distilleries; that it will 奪う the 居住（者） merchants in India, from whence by far the greater 割合 of spirits is at 現在の 輸入するd into the 植民地, of this 支店 of 商業. The 貿易（する）, however, of that country is on too 広範囲にわたる a 規模, to be perceptibly 影響する／感情d by so trifling a 制限, which, in fact, has always 存在するd till within the last five years; as the 輸入 of spirits, till that period, was always 支配する to 制限, and only permitted by 表明する licence. But were the 事例／患者 さもなければ, what 権利 has one 部分 of the empire to look for aggrandisement at the expense of another? Ought the 福利事業 and happiness of twenty thousand persons to be sacrificed, ーするために 促進する the 見解（をとる）s of a few 利益／興味d individuals? If it were politic in his majesty's 政府 to 譲歩する any 優越 of 特権 to any one 団体／死体 of the king's 支配するs over another, surely a 植民地 composed 完全に of Englishmen has 推論する／理由 to 推定する／予想する that such a 譲歩 should be made in its favour, and not to its prejudice in favour of a country acquired and in some 手段 持続するd by 軍隊, and connected with the parent country by no 関係 of ありふれた origin and affinity, by no congeniality of habit, by no similarity of 宗教. But the colonists neither 推定する／予想する nor 願望（する） any such 譲歩s: they 捜し出す the 所有／入手 and enjoyment of their own indubitable 権利s; they would not curtail those of others: they neither want to （判決などを）下す other 植民地s 支流 to their 繁栄, nor to continue, as they have hitherto been, 支流 to that of others.

If, on the other 手渡す, we take a 迅速な 調査する of the advantages, which I 信用 it has been satisfactorily 証明するd, would be consequent on 内部の distillation, never, it will be seen, was there a 手段 which could adduce in its support more 緊急の and 重大な considerations. It would afford 雇用, and thus impart fresh health and vigor to the 農業の 団体／死体, debilitated by long 苦しむing and 病気; it would place the means of the colonists on a level with their wants, and by creating a good and 十分な medium of 循環／発行部数 in the place of the 現在の worthless 通貨, would give rise to other channels of 産業, and to the 迅速な 設立 of an 輸出（する） 貿易（する）. It is the only possible way of insuring the 植民地 against the calamitous 影響s which have hitherto been invariably attendant on the inundations of the river Hawkesbury; it would 少なくなる the injurious preponderancy of the 政府 in the market, by creating a 広大な／多数の／重要な 競争 for the 購入（する） of 穀物, and would thus 妨げる the 独断的な 課税 on this, the 主要な／長／主犯 生産／産物 of the colonists, of a 最大限 that is frequently beneath its just value, and it would 改善する the morals of the 現在の and of 未来 世代s. With these irresistible arguments in favour of this 手段, it must be evident that the 原因（となる） of 司法（官） and morality would be 侵害する／違反するd by any その上の unnecessary 延期する in its 採択.

The next 反対する of 内部の 消費, to which in my opinion the 政府 せねばならない direct the attention of the colonists, is the growth of タバコ. The 量 of the 年次の 輸入 of this article from the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America and the Brazils, (the two 供給（する）ing countries) cannot be 概算の at いっそう少なく than five thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. This would be a very 構成要素 saving to the 植民地 in its 現在の circumstances, and one that might be 影響d with the greatest 緩和する, and without prejudice to any part of the empire. The only question in this instance is, whether it be more politic that the 植民地 should 供給（する） itself, or be 扶養家族 on foreigners. There are no 競うing 利益／興味s to reconcile, no 部分 of his majesty's 支配するs in any part of the globe, who could wish to …に反対する the 課税 of a prohibitory 義務 on the 輸入 of this article into the 植民地. And this is the only 手段 that would be necessary to direct the attention of the 植民／開拓者s to this 高度に important 生産／産物, for which it has been 設立する that the 気候 and 国／地域 of the 植民地 are peculiarly adapted. In three years at most, after the 採択 of this 規則, the colonists would raise a 十分な 量 of タバコ for their own 消費. It will be an after consideration for the 政府 to take the requisite means to 促進する the 増加するd growth and exportation of this 高度に important 製品 to the mother country. The 巨大な advantage that she would derive from 所有するing in one of her own 植民地s, an article of such general 消費, and for which she is at 現在の 完全に 支流 to foreign 力／強力にするs, is too obvious to need illustration, and too かなりの not to attract the attention and 激励 of her 立法機関.

Hemp, flax, and linseed, are also 生産／産物s to which the 気候 and 国／地域 of the 植民地, and its 扶養家族 解決／入植地s at the Derwent and Port Dalrymple are remarkably congenial, and the growth of which might be easily 促進するd by wise 規則s. Yet 高度に 価値のある as are all these 生産／産物s, and altogether 扶養家族 as is this country for the amazing 量s of them, which she 消費するs in her 海軍, her 製造（する）s, and her 商業, no 試みる／企てる has been made since the 設立 of the 植民地 to direct the attention of its inhabitants to their growth and exportation. The 見解（をとる）s of the different gentlemen, who have been successively intrusted with the 政府, have either never reached so far, or else their means have been 不十分な to the 業績／成就 of these 広大な／多数の／重要な ends. In embellishing the 資本／首都, and 築くing さまざまな public edifices, of which, however, I do not mean to question the 公共事業（料金）／有用性, their attention appears to have been 主として 吸収するd. It seems never to have come into their contemplation that all these embellishments would have been the natural and 必然的な results of the 増加するing 繁栄 of the community, but that they could never of themselves either create or 促進する it. A 繁栄するing 農業, a 栄えるing 商業, would have 平等に 影響d all these 反対するs; but with this 構成要素 difference, without that enormous expence to this country with which they have been …に出席するd. The 課税 of small 税金s for the 昇進／宣伝 of public 反対するs, is no grievance to a people whose 繁栄 is the work of a wise and considerative 政府. An impolitic and oppressive one 取り消すs alike the will to make, and the 力／強力にする to 徴収する such 出資／貢献s; and 課すs on itself the necessity of 穏健なing its wants, or of having 頼みの綱 to foreign channels for their 供給（する）. In this instance the 広大な／多数の／重要な 重荷（を負わせる） of these public undertakings has fallen on this country, nor have they been the most inconsiderable item in the 量 of the 植民地の 支出. Yet all that has been already lavished, and all that this country may hereafter lavish in 起訴 of the same 狭くする and absurd system, will have but little 影響（力） in 促進するing the real 目的s of 植民地化.

This mania for building, which has always directed the 政府, has unfortunately communicated itself to the colonists, 特に those who 住む the さまざまな towns, and they are at 現在の in the 条件 of a man who has a large house, but wants wherewithal to furnish and support it. Their 状況／情勢 would be more enviable, if they had smaller habitations replete with a greater degree of plenty and 慰安. The 設立 of an 輸出（する） 貿易（する）, that may enable them to procure in 十分な 豊富 those foreign 商品／必需品s which long habit has （判決などを）下すd 不可欠の to civilized life, is what they 願望（する）, and what a wise 政府 would 願望（する） also; more 特に since the parent 植民地 is a 広大な／多数の／重要な 製造業の nation, and 所有するs the 力／強力にする of 供給（する）ing the 商品／必需品s in question. Millions more expended in the same improvident manner as heretofore, will not 影響 this 広大な／多数の／重要な 反対する; and with half the expence already incurred a politic 政府 would have already 遂行するd it. Of this 主張 the 労働s of an individual, who, if on the one 手渡す he has met with some support from the more 自由主義の and enlightened 行政 of this country, has 絶えず experienced, on the other, all the 対立 which the envy and malevolence of the 地元の 政府 could throw in his way, furnish an indubitable proof.

This gentleman, John Mac Arthur, Esq. 以前は a captain in the New South むちの跡s 軍団, which was afterwards 変えるd into the 102d 連隊, 乗る，着手するd more 大部分は from the very 開始／学位授与式 of the 植民地, in the 後部ing of sheep and cattle, than any other individual. Notwithstanding the very 広大な／多数の／重要な 利益（をあげる）s which his 広範囲にわたる flocks and herds 産する／生じるd him, a circumstance that would have 満足させるd the ambition, and なぎd to sleep the 調査s of a いっそう少なく 侵入するing mind, he foresaw so long as fifteen years 支援する, what has since been realized, the 危機 of general 苦しめる and embarassment, to which the course 追求するd by the 地元の 政府, would 結局 行為／行う; and on the occasion of his 存在 不正に ordered to this country by the then 知事, where he soon vindicated himself from the 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s imputed to him, he 納得させるd the 省 of the advantages that would accrue to the nation from 促進するing in the 植民地 the growth of 罰金 wool; and 得るd from them a かなりの 認める of land, and さまざまな 激励s besides, ーするために enable him to carry this 高度に important 事業／計画（する） into 死刑執行. の中で other indulgences, he procured an order in 会議 permitting him to 乗る，着手する on board the 大型船 that was to reconvey him to the 植民地, four Spanish ewes and a 押し通す, which he had 購入（する）d out of the king's flocks. With this small beginning he undertook, and in spite of an incessant war 行うd against him by malignity and misrepresentation, the 保留するing in some 手段 of the 激励s ordered by the liberality of his majesty's 省, and endless other 失望s and vexations that would have damped any ordinary 決意／決議, his 成果／努力s have been 栄冠を与えるd with the most 完全にする success, and he has at 現在の not いっそう少なく than five thousand sheep, of which the wool from continual crosses with Spanish tups, the progeny of the few sheep 購入（する）d by him at the sale of the king's flocks, has become as 罰金 as the best 輸入するd from Saxony, and has been 設立する to より勝る it in elasticity, a 質 高度に 役立つ to the firmness and durability of the cloth. Many gentlemen also of the 植民地 who have large flocks, sensible of the folly of 産む／飼育するing sheep for the mere sake of the carcases, which in consequence of the 限られた／立憲的な 全住民, and 制限のない extent of grazing country, have already become of inferior value, and in a short time more will be 価値（がある） little or nothing, entered some years 支援する on this gentleman's system; and there may, perhaps, be の中で all the 残り／休憩（する） of the sheep 支えるもの／所有者s, the same number of 罰金 woolled sheep which he alone 所有するs. Here then is an exportable article of 巨大な consequence to the 植民地, and of the highest political importance to this country; an article 不可欠の to the support of her 中心的要素 製造（する）, and for which she has hitherto been altogether 扶養家族 on foreign nations; yet has no 試みる／企てる but the one I have just alluded to, been made, either by the 政府 of this country, or of the 植民地, to direct the attention of the sheep-支えるもの／所有者s to its 生産／産物; on the contrary, the greatest 障害s have been thrown in the way of this gentleman's success, 障害s which 非，不，無 but the most enthusiastic spirit could have surmounted. Thanks, however, to his invincible perseverance, the 夜明け of 繁栄 is at length breaking on the 植民地. The long 嵐の night of 苦しむing and 悲惨 is 製図／抽選 to a の近くに; yet a few years, and the sun of peace and plenty will appear on its horizon. But although this event will in the natural course of things soon take place, its approach may be 大いに 加速するd, or retarded by the 知恵 or folly of the 政府. The colonists, in spite of every 妨害 they may have to 遭遇（する）, cannot much longer remain insensible to the advantages which they 所有する, who have already followed the wise example of this gentleman: these they will daily behold in the enjoyment of comparative 緩和する and happiness, and in 所有／入手 of a 確かな 進歩／革新的な income, exposed to few or no contingencies, and 扶養家族 on no man for its extent and duration; while on the other 手渡す, they will find that their own income must not only 減らす every year, but also 残り／休憩（する） for its continuance on the good 楽しみ of their 知事, who, if he should even 所有する the will, would not want the 力／強力にする to 大きくする it to any かなりの 量, and who, should he be their enemy, might at any time 減ずる it to nothing. The manifest 優越, therefore, which the proprietors of 罰金 woolled 所有する over those of coarse woolled sheep, would alone 十分である in the end to draw the attention of all the sheep-支えるもの／所有者s in the 植民地 to the 改良 and perfection of the wool of their flocks. This is happily a much easier 仕事 at 現在の than at the period when Mr. Mac Arthur first entered on the system of crossing. At that 時代 there were few sheep in the 植民地, but such as had been introduced from the East Indies, which it is 井戸／弁護士席 known are 完全に covered with hair. This race, so disgusting in its 外見 to Englishmen, has long since disappeared; nor are there any sheep at 現在の, whose wool could be 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d 現実に coarse: the wool of the Leicester 産む／飼育する is perhaps the coarsest that could any where be 設立する. A few years continual crossing with Spanish tups would その結果 十分である to cover all the sheep in the 植民地 with 罰金 wool. Three crosses which under a proper system would 占領する about six years, would be 十分な, if the 政府 would 雇う the means at their 処分, to 遂行する this 広大な／多数の／重要な 国家の 反対する. The number of sheep in the month of November last 量d, as it has already been seen, to 170,920; out of which, as I have just 明言する／公表するd, 10,000 are of the pure Spanish 産む／飼育する or nearly: it may therefore be perceived what an 巨大な exportation of this precious article might take place in a few years, under judicious and politic 規則s.

No country in the world is perhaps so 井戸／弁護士席 adapted to the growth of 罰金 wool as this 植民地. There is in its 気候 alone, a peculiar congeniality for the amelioration of wool, which has been 設立する of itself to occasion in a few years, a very perceptible 改良 in the fleeces of the coarsest description of sheep. Even the East India 産む／飼育する, 完全に covered with hair, produce without 存在 crossed with a finer race a progeny, the 優越 of whose fleece over that of the parent 在庫／株 is 明白な in every remoter 世代. This amazing congeniality of 気候 is supported by 地元の advantages of equal if not greater importance. For hundreds of miles into the 内部の, the country has been 設立する to be covered with the richest pasturage, and every where intersected with rivulets of the finest water. A constant succession of hill and dale diversifies the whole 直面する of the country, which is so 解放する／自由な from 木材／素質, that in many places there are thousands of acres without a tree.

The 解決／入植地s at the Derwent and Port Dalrymple, though 据えるd in a colder 気候, and therefore in all probability not 平等に congenial to the growth of 罰金 wool, afford the same excellent pasture, and 含む／封じ込める in every 尊敬（する）・点 besides, the same 施設s for the 後部ing of Spanish sheep, whose fleeces it is reasonable to 推定する／予想する on comparing the 気候 of these 解決／入植地s, with that of Saxony, would not degenerate, if the same system which 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs in that country were followed in the 管理／経営 of sheep in this.

Saxony is 据えるd between the 50th and 51st 平行のs of north latitude; and 先頭 Diemen's Land, on the northern and southern parts of which these two 解決／入植地s are formed, between the 41st and 43d degrees of south; so that 許すing for the superior coldness of the southern 半球, the whole of this island 所有するs a 気候 more congenial to the growth of wool, than the finest parts of a country, whose wool 越えるs in value that of Spain and Italy. The 植民／開拓者s, however, have not yet opened their 注目する，もくろむs to the advantage of having 罰金 woolled flocks, although they have for many years past had but a very 限られた／立憲的な market for their mutton, and the 政府 there, as at Port Jackson, have made no 成果／努力s to turn their attention to this 反対する.

This unaccountable 無関心／冷淡 to a 事柄 of such 広大な political importance, it is to be hoped will at length be followed by a proper degree of attention and 激励. の中で all the さまざまな ends 提案するd by our 延長するd 植民地の system, 非，不，無 perhaps is more intrinsically worthy the cordial undeviating support of his majesty's 政府, than the one in question. In twenty years, the 広範囲にわたる exportation which might be 影響d under proper 規則s in this 選び出す／独身 article, would alone raise the colonists from the point of 不景気 and 悲惨 to which they have been 減ずるd, to as high a pitch of affluence and 繁栄 as is enjoyed by any 部分 of his majesty's 支配するs in any ４半期/4分の1 of the globe. Before the 満期 of that period, I am 納得させるd that they might be enabled to ship for this country, at least a million's 価値（がある） of 罰金 wool 毎年; and for the 業績／成就 of this 広大な 国家の 反対する, it would not be necessary for this country to expend one far-thing more than is at 現在の wasted in 起訴 of a system of mere 第２位 importance, and having little or no 耐えるing on the 結局の 繁栄 of the 植民地. It is only by 設立するing this 繁栄 on a solid basis, by encouraging the growth of 輸出（する）s, until they rise to a level with its 輸入するs, that it can be 変えるd from an unproductive and ruinous dependency into a profitable and important appendage. Whenever it shall have 達成するd this point of 進歩, whenever it shall have acquired an independence in its 資源s, then, and not before, will it begin to answer the real ends of all 植民地化, the 拡張 of the 商業 and rescurces of the empire. Then like some 広大な river of the ocean, will it 注ぐ 支援する its majestic stream into the bosom of its parent flood, and 与える／捧げる to the 循環／発行部数 and salubrity of its bounteous author.

の中で the さまざまな remaining articles of 輸出（する）, which the 植民地 is 有能な of producing, and to which the 産業 of its inhabitants might be 徐々に attracted, the last two that I shall 明示する, are the vine and the olive. These, indeed, with the さまざまな 生産／産物s which I have already 指名するd, are 有能な of such 広大な 拡張, as to be fully 適する to 吸収する all the energies of the colonists for many years to come, whatever may be the 増加する in their numbers. To について言及する, therefore, the endless いっそう少なく important 生産／産物s to which the 気候 and 国／地域 of this 植民地 are 平等に congenial, would only be to perplex their choice, and to コースを変える, perhaps, their 産業 into いっそう少なく 生産力のある channels. It would be superfluous to dwell upon the happy results that would …に出席する the general introduction and culture of these two 生産／産物s, both with 言及／関連 to them as articles of 内部の 消費 and exportation; since it is 井戸／弁護士席 known how materially they 与える／捧げる to the 慰安 and affluence of the countries which are blessed with them. I shall, therefore, only just について言及する that the greatest 施設s have been lately afforded for their general culture by the same gentleman who first introduced the Spanish sheep into the 植民地; and that there is only now wanting the fostering 手渡す of the 政府 to occasion their その上の propagation.

One of the most efficacious 対策 that could be 可決する・採択するd, as 井戸／弁護士席 for their general introduction, as for that of the さまざまな other 価値のある 生産／産物s before enumerated, would perhaps be the 設立 of a 植民地の 農園, in which a 確かな number of the most enterprizing 青年s might be 教えるd in their culture and 準備. This 会・原則 might, I am 納得させるd, be 設立するd under a proper system without occasioning any かなりの expence. The first step to be taken would of course be the 選択 of a fit allotment of ground, which ought to be 認めるd to trustees, によれば the usual forms of 法律. These should consist of a 確かな number of gentlemen of consideration in the 植民地, who would 同意 to 持つ／拘留する this office as an 名誉として与えられる one, without any 見解（をとる） to 私的な emolument, and for the mere sake of 促進するing the public weal. To place this 会・原則 近づく the 資本／首都, Sydney, where the greater part of the land is already 位置を示すd, and besides of a very indifferent 質, ought not, by any means, to be 試みる／企てるd, not only for these 推論する／理由s, but also because the 青年, whom it would be the main 反対する of this 会・原則 to train up to economical and laborious 追跡s, would run the 危険 of 契約ing the vicious habits, and 落ちるing into the 超過s of that town; a probability which a 除去 to a proper distance from that 沈む of iniquity, would effectually 供給する against. The most 適格の 状況／情勢, perhaps, for the 設立 of this 高度に important 会・原則 would be some fertile 位置／汚点／見つけ出す in the cow pastures, which, as it has been already について言及するd, are injudiciously reserved for the use of the wild cattle, notwithstanding that they have nearly disappeared.

The only two individuals who have 認めるs of land in this 地区 are Messrs. Mac Arthur and Davison; and my 推薦 that this 会・原則 should be formed in the same 地区, is not more 影響（力）d by the fertility of its 国／地域 than by the contiguity which it would in this 事例／患者 所有する to the former gentleman's 広い地所; a contiguity, which would enable him frequently to visit it, and to afford the director of it such （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） as could not fail to 与える／捧げる very materially to its 進歩 and success. It must be やめる unnecessary for me to dwell on the importance of confiding the superintendence of such an 設立 to some one, who might be duly qualified for the 発射する／解雇する of the 義務s that would be 大（公）使館員d to it. Perhaps the 政府 would 行為／法令／行動する wisely, if my suggestion on this 長，率いる should be みなすd worthy of attention, in selecting for this office an intelligent person from the South of フラン, who has been accustomed to the culture of the vine and the olive. These with タバコ, hemp, and flax, are the 反対するs to which, I am of opinion the attention of such an 会・原則 would be most beneficially 適用するd. And if, as is not improbable, it should be 設立する impracticable to procure a person 熟知させるd with the culture and 準備 of all these さまざまな 生産／産物s, it would not be difficult to discover の中で the colonists themselves men of good character 所有するing the knowledge in which he might be deficient, and who might be 割り当てるd him as assistants, but still placed under his direction and 支配（する）／統制する. The 激励 which I consider should be held out to the director, 同様に as to his subordinate スパイ／執行官s, ought not to consist of 規定するd salaries, which might superinduce lethargy, and 妨げる them from 与える／捧げるing their 最大の to the success of the 設立, but of a 確かな 割合 of the （疑いを）晴らす 利益（をあげる）s of the 関心, after the deduction of all 次第で変わる／派遣部隊 expences. What I conceive this 割合 せねばならない be, I will hereafter 明示する, as also the manner in which I would 分配する the 残りの人，物. The 支配するs which I 提案する for 即座の consideration are: 1st, The manner in which this 会・原則 might be 設立するd; 2dly, The number and description of the 候補者s to be 認める, with the manner of their 占領／職業; and, lastly, the nature of the 激励 to be （許可，名誉などを）与えるd them.

The means necessary for this 請け負うing must be unavoidably 供給（する）d by the 政府. "The Police 基金" is so 重荷（を負わせる）d with 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s of one sort or another, that I 恐れる it would 証明する of itself 不十分な to the 完成 of this 手段; although there can be no 疑問, that most of the ends to which this 基金 is at 現在の 充てるd are of but subordinate 公共事業（料金）／有用性, and might be very advantageously 延期するd to the 反対する under consideration. The erection of the different buildings that would be すぐに 要求するd for the さまざまな incipient 目的s of this 会・原則, and the 供給（する） of its inmates with 準備／条項s and the requisite 器具／実施するs of husbandry during the first eighteen months of its 設立, after which period I consider they would be fully able to 治める in these 尊敬（する）・点s to their own wants, would be the 主要な／長／主犯 expences to be incurred. About &続けざまに猛撃する;6000 would 十分である for these 反対するs; while, in return, its 操作／手術 would 徐々に 延長する itself to every 地区, would develope and bring to 成熟 さまざまな exportable 商品／必需品s, which are as yet lying in embryo, and which this country does not 所有する in any of her 植民地s; and, in 罰金, would be more sensibly felt, and become more extensively 有益な, in 割合 to its own 進歩／革新的な march に向かって perfection.

Secondly, With 尊敬（する）・点 to the number of 候補者s to be 認める, they ought perhaps, in the first instance, to be 限られた／立憲的な to fifty, although they might, and indeed せねばならない be subsequently 増加するd to not より小数の than two hundred. More than those in the 開始／学位授与式, before a 予定 degree of order and economy could be introduced, would undoubtedly create 混乱 and an unnecessary augmentation of expence. Fifty are as many as I conceive could be advantageously 占領するd for the first two or three years. It must, however, be obvious, that the 能力 of this 会・原則 for the 歓迎会 and profitable 雇用 of a greater number of pupils, would very materially depend on the director, and be, in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段, 加速するd or retarded by his ability or incompetency for a 予定 発射する／解雇する of his 義務s.

As to the description of these 候補者s, it would, I consider, be proper that they should consist of young men born in the 植民地, or who may have come to it with their parents; that they should not 越える eighteen years of age, nor be under fifteen; that they should be of docile tempers and 正規の／正選手 habits, which points should be ascertained 以前 to their admittance; and that their parents or 後見人s should 貯蔵所d them 見習い工 for the space of four years to the trustees or directors of this 設立 for the time 存在, during which period they should 放棄する all 支配（する）／統制する over them whatever.

I will not here pretend to 定める／命ずる all the さまざまな 方式s of 占領／職業 which it might be proper to 割り振る them; I have already enumerated those 生産／産物s, the culture of which I conceive might be most advantageously taught and disseminated by means of this 会・原則. Others, however, of equal and perhaps greater 公共事業（料金）／有用性, may be hereafter 示唆するd by persons more conversant with the 状況／情勢 and 利益／興味s of the 植民地, and ought unquestionably, if there be any such, to become identified with those which I have 明示するd. Whatever may be the 決定／判定勝ち（する） of more competent 裁判官s than myself on this 支配する, I may perhaps confidently 投機・賭ける to recommend, that the pupils should be divided into classes, that each of these should be 教えるd in a particular sort of culture at a time; and that upon the attainment of a 徹底的な knowledge how to cultivate and 準備する any one article, and not before, their attention should be directed to some other, and so on, till the 満期 of their several 見習いの身分制度s. It would be proper also to 許す their parents or 後見人s the 選択 of the 占領／職業s in which they might wish their children or 区s to be 教えるd, in so far at least, as such 占領／職業s might be 両立できる with any of the 目的s of the 会・原則.

And lastly, with 言及／関連 to the nature and extent of the 激励s to be （許可，名誉などを）与えるd to the pupils, I would recommend, in order that their energies might be stretched to the greatest possible point of 拡張, that six eighths of the 逮捕する 年次の 利益（をあげる）s arising from their 労働s should be 始める，決める apart, and remain in the 手渡すs of the trustees, for their 単独の use and 利益; and that on their retiring from this 会・原則, the 蓄積するd 量 should be 平等に divided の中で them, both to 安全な・保証する their successful 設立 in life, and to （判決などを）下す the knowledge which they may have severally acquired, of 永久の 利益 to the community. I would also recommend that the accounts both of the 支出 and 利益（をあげる）s of the 会・原則 should be 毎年 submitted to the trustees for their 是認, and afterwards printed and 分配するd の中で the pupils, not only for the 目的 of 刺激するing 調査 into their 正確, and 得るing that rectification in 事例／患者 of error, which it might be difficult to 影響 after the lapse of five years; but also with a 見解（をとる） to bring home to their understandings, and to 納得させる them beyond the 可能性 of 疑問, of the 利益s which they may have derived from their past 労働s; a 有罪の判決 that would 証明する the most cordial incentive, the most powerful lever which could be 適用するd to their 未来 産業 and exertion. I would lastly recommend, that the 量 of land, and indeed that the 激励s of every 肉親，親類d which the 政府 are in the habit of 認めるing to the ordinary class of 植民／開拓者s, should be 増加するd in a two-倍の 割合 to the pupils of this 会・原則; but as it evidently would not be expedient or equitable that those who might habitually 侵害する／違反する the 規則s to be made for the good 政府 of this little community, should receive on the one 手渡す an equal recompence with those whose 行為／行う might have always been 正規の／正選手 and 模範的な, or that they should be 奪うd on the other of their 割当 of the emoluments that might 蓄積する during the period of their 見習いの身分制度s, I would 示唆する, ーするために 示す that 予定 gradation which in every 井戸／弁護士席 規制するd society must やむを得ず 存在する in the 規模 of rewards to be （許可，名誉などを）与えるd to such as may be subordinate or refractory,--industrious, or idle; that these latter 激励s should only be 延長するd in this 二塁打 割合 to those who might やめる the 設立 with a 証明書 of good 行為／行う from the director.

With regard to the allowance to be made the gentleman to whom the directorship might be confided, I should imagine that one eighth of the （疑いを）晴らす 利益（をあげる）s arising from the 会・原則, would be a most 自由主義の 補償（金） for his trouble and attention, and that the remaining eighth would be an 平等に handsome 準備／条項 for the whole of his assistants: one of whom would be 要求するd for the superintendence and 指示／教授／教育 of each of the classes into which it might be 決定するd that the pupils should be divided.

Such are the 主要な／長／主犯 対策 which are 必須の to the 復活 of the 農業の 繁栄. I will now 簡潔に notice the さまざまな 制限s with which the 商業の 利益／興味s have been not いっそう少なく injudiciously fettered, and the 除去 of which is of the highest importance to the 進歩 and 福利事業 of the 植民地. These may be divided into two 長，率いるs, 義務s and disabilities; and first, with 言及／関連 to the 義務s with which the さまざまな articles of 輸出（する） that the colonists 所有する or procure, have been shackled by the 連続する 知事s. The 義務s in question are enumerated in the に引き続いて schedule, and are 徴収するd upon the undermentioned articles, whether they are ーするつもりであるd for home 消費 or for exportation, in which latter 事例／患者 it will be seen that some few of them are even 二塁打d.

On each トン of sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd                                        &続けざまに猛撃する;2  10  0
On each トン of pearl 爆撃するs                                        2  10  0
On each トン of beche la mer                                        5   0  0
On each トン of sperm oil                                           2  10  0
On each トン of 黒人／ボイコット 鯨 or other oil                            2   0  0
On each fur 調印（する） 肌                                              0   0  1½
On each hair ditto                                                 0   0  0½
On each kangaroo ditto                                             0   0  0½
On cedar or other 木材／素質 from Shoal-港／避難所, or any other part
of the coast or harbours of New South むちの跡s (Newcastle excepted,
as the 義務s are already 定める／命ずるd there) when not 供給（する）d by
政府 labourers, for each solid foot -010 For every twenty
spars from New Zealand or elsewhere1000n 木材／素質 in スピードを出す／記録につける or plank
from New Zealand, or どこかよそで, for each solid foot                0   1  0
For each トン of coals from Newcastle for home 消費          0   2  6
Ditto if 輸出（する）d                                                  0   5  0
For each thousand square feet of 木材／素質 for home 消費       3   0  0
Ditto if 輸出（する）d                                                  6   0  0

That all these 義務s should be 徴収するd on these different articles, in as far as they may be 消費するd in the 植民地, may be 高度に expedient; but that they should be 平等に 徴収するd on exportation, and in two of the most 構成要素 instances 二塁打d, is so manifestly absurd, that it must be やめる superfluous to dilate on the 支配する. It is a system of 政策 which it may be 安全に 主張するd is unknown in any other part of the world; and nothing but the indubitable certainly of its 存在 would 納得させる any 合理的な／理性的な person that it could ever have entered into the contemplation of any one intrusted with the 政府 of a 植民地. These 義務s have had the 影響 which might have been 推定する／予想するd from them; they have in most instances 量d to actual 禁止s. Their 操作／手術, indeed, has been 設立する so burdensome and oppressive, that the 植民地の merchants have frequently 嘆願（書）d the 地元の 政府 for 救済; but no attention whatever has been paid to their repeated 代表s and remonstrances. Had it not been for the 義務s on coals and 木材／素質, some hundred トンs of these 価値のある natural 生産／産物s would have been 輸出（する）d 毎年 to the Cape of Good Hope and India; since the 大型船s which have been in the practice of 貿易（する）ing between those countries and the 植民地 have always returned in ballast; and the owners or consignees would, therefore, have 喜んで shipped 貨物s of 木材／素質 or coals, if they could have derived the most minute 利益（をあげる） from the freight of them. This 観察 持つ／拘留するs good in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 with 尊敬（する）・点 to the さまざまな other articles which have been enumerated: the exportation of the whole has been 大いに circumscribed by the same ridiculous and vexatious system of impost. It can hardly be credited that the veriest sciolist in political economy could have been 有罪の of such a palpable deviation from its 根底となる 原則s; but it is still more unaccountable, that a succession of 知事s should have pertinaciously 固執するd to a system of 財政／金融 so absurd and monstrous.

高度に injurious, however, as are the 義務s which are 徴収するd in the 植民地, they are not nearly so oppressive as those which are 徴収するd in this country, on spermaceti, 権利 鯨, and elephant oils procured in 大型船s built in the 植民地. The 義務s on the 輸入 of such oil into this country, are &続けざまに猛撃する;24 18s. 9d. for the first sort, and &続けざまに猛撃する;8 6s. 3d. for the two last. If we 追加する to these enormous 義務s those which are 徴収するd by the 当局 of the 地元の 政府, it will be perceived that all the spermaceti oil procured by the 植民地の 大型船s has to 支払う／賃金 a 義務 of &続けざまに猛撃する;28 8s. 9d. and all the 権利 鯨 and elephant oil a 義務 of &続けざまに猛撃する;10 6s. 3d. before it can come into 競争 with the oil of the same description procured in 大型船s built in the 部隊d kingdom. It has, however, been seen, that the colonists, propelled not いっそう少なく by that spirit of enterprize which distinguishes Englishmen in every ４半期/4分の1 of the globe, than by the 願望（する） of finding profitable 雇用 for that large 部分 of unoccupied 労働, of which I have あわてて pointed out the 原因（となる）s and march for the last fifteen years, have frequently 試みる／企てるd, notwithstanding these 圧倒的な 禁止s, to carry on these 漁業s, but always without success; and that the 価値のある 漁業 of 権利 鯨s which the river Derwent affords at a particular season, is now only 訴える手段／行楽地d to, ーするために procure the trifling 供給（する） of oil which is requisite for the East India market and for 内部の 消費. All 試みる／企てるs to 輸出（する） oil to this country have been for many years abandoned; since the 貿易（する） could only be 持続するd at a dead loss, as the ruinous experience of many of the 植民地の merchants has abundantly attested. The 推論する／理由 why these enormous 義務s were 課すd on oil procured in the 植民地の 大型船s is not 一般に understood here, but it is universally known in the 植民地; and the knowledge has materially tended to 増加する the 不満 which the 課税 of such 義務s would of itself, to a 確かな extent, have 自然に excited. The 行為／法令／行動する which 権限を与えるs these 義務s, is one of those 密輸するd 行為／法令／行動するs by which, to the 不名誉 of our 立法機関, the 福利事業 and happiness of helpless unprotected thousands have been so frequently sacrificed on the 神社 of individual avarice or ambition. It 起こる／始まるd in a 確かな 広大な／多数の／重要な 商業の house extensively 関心d in the South Sea 漁業s, and could never have been passed, had there been a 選び出す／独身 person in either house of 議会, at all 利益／興味d in the 繁栄 of this 植民地. This 行為／法令／行動する, indeed, is such a terrible deviation, such a monstrous exception to the usual 政策 of this country with 尊敬（する）・点 to the 漁業s, that it carries with itself the strongest 内部の 証拠 of its 汚染するd origin. No such 制限s had ever before been 課すd on any of our 植民地s, as will be 十分に evident, if we compare the 義務s which are 徴収するd in this country on oils procured in the 大型船s belonging to the 植民地s in North America and the West Indies, with those which are 徴収するd on oils procured in the 大型船s fitted out from the 部隊d kingdom. These 義務s are as follow:

*Train oil, the produce of fish, or creatures living in the
sea, taken and caught by the 乗組員 of a British built 大型船,
wholly owned by his majesty's 支配するs, usually residing in 広大な／多数の／重要な
Britain, Ireland, or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney,
Sark, or Man, 登録（する）d and navigated によれば 法律, and
輸入するd in any such shipping, per トン                         0  8  3¾

[* See ローマ法王's Practical Abridgment of the 法律s of
Customs and Excise, etc. etc. 肩書を与える 246.]

Train oil, the produce of fish, or creatures living in the
sea, taken and caught on the banks and shores of the island of
Newfoundland and parts 隣接する, wholly by his majesty's 支配するs
carrying on such 漁業 from that island, and residing therein,
and 輸出（する）d 直接／まっすぐに from thence in a British built ship or
大型船, 登録（する）d and navigated によれば 法律, per トン     1  4 11¼

Train oil, the produce of fish, or creatures living in the
sea, taken and caught wholly by his majesty's 支配するs, usually
residing in any of the Bahama or Bermudas islands, or in any
British 農園 in North America, and 輸入するd in a British
built 大型船, 登録（する）d and navigated によれば 法律, per
トン                                                            3  6  6

Train oil, the produce of fish, or creatures living in the
sea, taken and caught wholly by his majesty's 支配するs, usually
residing in any other British 農園, 領土, or
解決／入植地, and 輸入するd in a British built 大型船, 登録（する）d
and navigated によれば 法律, per トン                        8  6  3

Spermaceti oil, or 長，率いる 事柄, taken and caught by the 乗組員
of a British built 大型船, wholly owned by his majesty's
支配するs, usually residing in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, Ireland, and the
islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, 登録（する）d
and navigated によれば 法律, and 輸入するd in any such 大型船,
per トン                                                        0  8  3¾

Spermaceti oil, or 長，率いる 事柄, taken and caught on the banks
and shores of the island of Newfoundland and parts 隣接する,
wholly by his majesty's 支配するs carrying on such 漁業 from
that island, and residing therein, and 輸入するd 直接／まっすぐに from
thence in a British built 大型船 登録（する）d and navigated
によれば 法律, per トン                                      1  4 11¼

Spermaceti oil, or 長，率いる 事柄, taken and caught wholly by his
majesty's 支配するs, usually residing in any of the Bahama or
Bermudas islands, or in any British 農園 in North America,
and 輸入するd in a British built 大型船, 登録（する）d and navigated
によれば 法律, per トン                                      4 19  9

Spermaceti oil, or 長，率いる 事柄, taken and caught wholly by his
majesty's 支配するs, usually residing in any other British
農園, 領土, or 解決／入植地, and 輸入するd in a British
built 大型船, 登録（する）d and navigated によれば 法律, per
トン                                                           24 18  9

From the foregoing 声明 it will be perceived that the 義務 徴収するd on train oil, or spermaceti oil, or 長，率いる-事柄 procured by the inhabitants of Newfoundland, is 正確に the same, and only three times the 量 of that which is 徴収するd on the same 実体s procured by British 支配するs residing in the 部隊d kingdom; and that the 義務 徴収するd on oil, procured by British 支配するs residing in the Bahama, or Bermudas islands, or in the 農園s in North America, is only eight times the 量 on train oil, and twelve times the 量 on spermaceti oil or 長，率いる-事柄, of that which is 徴収するd on the same 実体s taken by British 支配するs residing within the 部隊d kingdom. While on the other 手渡す, the 義務 徴収するd on oil procured in any other 植民地; (for 示す, the contrivers of this 行為／法令／行動する had 十分な cunning not to particularize the unfortunate 植民地 against which it was 徴収するd) is twenty times greater on train oil, and oh, monstrous 不正! 上向きs of sixty times greater on spermaceti oil, or 長，率いる-事柄, than that which is 徴収するd on 類似の 実体s taken by British 支配するs residing within the 限界s of the 部隊d kingdom. The 義務, therefore, which is payable on train oil procured in 大型船s belonging to this 植民地 is nearly seven times greater than that which is payable on the same description of oil taken in 大型船s belonging to the island of Newfoundland, and かなり more than 二塁打 that which is payable on it, when taken in 大型船s belonging to the Bahama or Bermudas islands, or to the 農園s in North America; while the 義務 which is 徴収するd on spermaceti oil, or 長，率いる-事柄, procured in 大型船s belonging to this 植民地, is five times the 量 of that which is 徴収するd on such oil or 長，率いる-事柄, when taken in 大型船s belonging to the Bahama, or Bermudas islands, or to the 農園s in North America; and twenty times the 量 of that which is 徴収するd on 類似の 実体s when taken in 大型船s belonging to Newfoundland. This very unequal 割合 which the 義務s 徴収するd on these two sorts of oil, if procured by the inhabitants of this 植民地, 耐える to each other when compared with the 義務s which are 徴収するd on the same 実体s if procured by the inhabitants of any of the foregoing 植民地s or 農園s, furnishes an 付加 proof, were any 要求するd, of the correctness of my 主張s with 尊敬（する）・点 to the origin of the 行為／法令／行動する by which they were 課すd. The house who were the authors of it, could not 終始一貫して get the 義務 on one description of oil raised, without at the same time admitting the necessity for raising the 義務 on the other; but as they were not 利益／興味d in the 権利 鯨 漁業, they were only anxious to 妨げる the colonists of New South むちの跡s from 乗る，着手するing in the sperm 鯨 漁業; and could they have 遂行するd this 反対する without running the 危険 of discovering the covert 目的（とする） of the 行為／法令／行動する in its 進歩 through 議会, they would have 喜んで 妥協d this point with them, and have left the 権利 鯨 漁業 open to them on the same 条件s as it was before the （法の）制定 of this 法案. To have evinced, however, any such tolerant inclination might have betrayed their design, and accordingly the colonists were debarred from both the 漁業s; for notwithstanding that 正規の／正選手 gradation has by no means been 固執するd to in the 課税 of these 義務s, which had been 以前 観察するd in the 規模 of the 義務s 徴収するd in the other 植民地s or 農園s, they have in both instances been more than 十分な to 構成する actual 禁止s.

That any 優越 of 特権 whatever should have been 譲歩するd by the 立法機関 of this country, in the さまざまな 行為／法令／行動するs which have been passed for the 激励 of the 漁業s, to British 支配するs residing within the 限界s of the 部隊d kingdom, is at best a manifest 不正 to such of her 支配するs as 住む the 植民地s; but yet so long as this partiality was 限定するd within any reasonable bounds, it would not have excited any かなりの feeling of 不満. That there should, however, be any gradation in the 規模 of 義務s to be 徴収するd on any description of 商品／売買する procured or produced in the 植民地s themselves, is a system which it is impossible to reconcile with any 原則 of 司法（官） or 政策. Still so long as this disproportion of impost, however unwise and 不正な, did not become so burdensome and oppressive as to 限定する this 支店 of 商業, whatever it might be, to the 特権d 植民地 or 植民地s, some palliation might be 申し込む／申し出d by its 支持するs for its continuance, although the warmest of them would not be able to 試みる／企てる its vindication. But that any one 植民地 should be utterly 除外するd from 特権s 自由に （許可，名誉などを）与えるd to another, is such a monstrous stretch of tyrannical partiality, that it never could have been deliberately discussed in a 解放する／自由な 政府, and must therefore have been contrived by the secret machinations of 私的な avarice and 汚職.

Can any 推論する／理由 be adduced why British 支配するs residing in one 植民地, should be 除外するd from the 鯨 漁業s more than British 支配するs residing in another? Why 大型船s built in Canada, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, or the Bahama islands, should 所有する a 特権 否定するd to 大型船s built in New Holland or 先頭 Diemen's Land? The 鯨 漁業 is not more contiguous to the inhabitants of the former 植民地s than to those of the latter; yet every 激励 is afforded for the carrying on of the one, and every 障害 thrown in the way of the successful 起訴 of the other. Why such a 幅の広い line of distinction is drawn, it is impossible to divine; since the disability which is the consequence of it, is not only not in furtherance of any of the ends 熟視する／熟考するd by the 航海 行為／法令／行動する,* but in diametrical 対立 to the whole of them. This will be evident if we 言及する to its preamble, and to a few of its 目だつ 準備／条項s. "反して for the 増加する of shipping and 激励 of the 航海 of this nation, wherein under the good providence and 保護 of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of this kingdom is so much 関心d; it is 制定するd that no goods, or 商品／必需品s どれでも, shall be 輸入するd into, or 輸出（する）d out of any lands, islands, 農園s or 領土s to his Majesty belonging, or in his 所有／入手, or which may hereafter belong unto or be in the 所有／入手 of his Majesty in Asia, Africa, or America, in any other 大型船s どれでも, but in such 大型船s as do truly and without 詐欺 belong only to the people of England, Ireland, or are of the built of and belonging to any of the said lands, islands, 農園s, or 領土s as the proprietors and 権利 owners thereof, and whereof the master and three-fourths of the 水夫s at least are English, under the 刑罰，罰則 of the 没収 and loss of all the goods and 商品／必需品s which shall be 輸入するd into, or 輸出（する）d out of any the aforesaid places, in any other 大型船, as also of the 大型船 with all its 取り組む," etc. From this, which is the 主要な／長／主犯 条項 of the 行為／法令／行動する, it 明確に appears that British 支配するs in whatever part of the empire they may happen to reside, are する権利を与えるd to 正確に the same 特権s, and that 大型船s built in any of her 植民地s are to all 意図s and 目的s to be みなすd of British built, in the same manner and on the same 条件 and 条件s as if they had been built within the 限界s of the 部隊d kingdom, i. e. so long as the master and three fourths of the 乗組員 are British 支配するs. That this admission to a perfect equality of 特権, was and is still the 意図 not only of the 航海 行為／法令／行動する, but of all the 主要な 行為／法令／行動するs of 航海 which have been passed since, we shall be still その上の 満足させるd, if we trace them in their whole 進歩 to the 現在の hour. It will not, however, be necessary to 延長する our examination either way beyond the 広大な／多数の／重要な registry 行為／法令／行動する passed in the twenty-sixth year of the 統治する of his 現在の majesty, cap. 60. "By this 行為／法令／行動する very かなりの alteration was made in the whole 関心 of 登録（する）ing shipping, with a 見解（をとる） of 安全な・保証するing to ships of the built of this country, a preference and 優越 which they had not enjoyed so 完全に before. The 計画（する） of 規則 then 提案するd to 議会 was the result of an 調査 and 審議 of 広大な／多数の／重要な length before the 委員会 of Privy 会議 for the 事件／事情／状勢s of 貿易（する） and 農園s; and that 調査 was 開始するd and carried on, and the 手段 at length decided upon principally by the exertion and perseverance of the late Earl of Liverpool."** What 大型船s are still みなすd in this careful and (a)手の込んだ／(v)詳述する 改正 of the 航海 code to be of British built, may be seen from the first 条項 of this 行為／法令／行動する, which 任命するs "that no 大型船s foreign built (except such 大型船s as have been, or shall hereafter be taken by any of his Majesty's 大型船s of war, or by any 私的な, or other 大型船, and 非難するd as lawful prize in any 法廷，裁判所 of admiralty) nor any 大型船 built or rebuilt upon any foreign-made keel or 底（に届く）, in the manner heretofore practised and 許すd, although owned by British 支配するs, and navigated によれば 法律, shall be any longer する権利を与えるd to any of the 特権s or advantages of a British built ship, or of a ship owned by British 支配するs, and all the said 特権s and advantages shall hereafter be 限定するd to such ships only as are wholly of the built of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain or Ireland, Guernsey, Jersey, and the 小島 of Man, or of some of the 農園s, islands, or 領土s in Asia, Africa, or America, which now belong, or at the time of building such 大型船s did belong, or which may hereafter belong to or be in the 所有／入手 of his Majesty; 供給するd always, that nothing hereinbefore 含む／封じ込めるd shall 延長する to 禁じる such foreign built 大型船s only as before the 1st of May, 1786, did truly and without 詐欺 wholly belong to any of the people of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain or Ireland, Guernsey, Jersey, and the 小島 of Man, or of some of the 農園s, etc. etc." Here then we have 特記する／引用するd the two 主要な 条項s in the two 主要な 行為／法令／行動するs of 航海, and both 証明する that the 反対するs which this country had in 見解（をとる）, were to create nurseries of seamen for her 海軍, and to 安全な・保証する to her 支配するs, in whatever part of her 延長するd empire they might reside, the 利益 of the carrying 貿易（する）. The 課税, therefore, of any 義務s on her 支配するs in any of her 植民地s, greater than those which are 徴収するd under 類似の circumstances on her 支配するs at home, far from 存在 in unison with the 自由主義の and enlightened 政策 of the 航海 法律s, is a 幅の広い deviation from their 根底となる 原則s, and the 創造 of an entire system of 除外, such as the one under consideration is, a fortiori, an utter 違反 of their letter and spirit. That any prohibitory 義務s of this sort could ever have been 制定するd, will appear still more surprising, if we look a little その上の into the 政策 which this country has 追求するd with 尊敬（する）・点 to her other 漁業s, 特に the cod 漁業 on the banks of Newfoundland, and parts 隣接する. For when by the 15th Charles II. cap. 7. she 大きくするd the 範囲 of her 広大な／多数の／重要な 航海 行為／法令／行動する, and to the two main 初めの 反対するs 熟視する／熟考するd in this 行為／法令／行動する, viz. the 創造 of nurseries for seamen, and the 安全な・保証するing to her 支配するs the carrying 貿易（する）, she superadded a third, viz. that of making herself the entrepot for the deposit of all goods and 商品／必需品s, whether the growth, 生産／産物, or 製造（する） of Europe, or of her 植民地s, it having been foreseen that this alteration in her 海上の code would be prejudicial to the cod 漁業s, and that it would most materially conduce to their 繁栄 and 拡張 still to 許す salt, 準備／条項s, ワイン, etc. to be 輸入するd 直接／まっすぐに from さまざまな countries not 支配する to the dominion of the 栄冠を与える of England into the 植民地s from whence these 漁業s are carried on, this 大きくするd 行為／法令／行動する,*** after 任命するing "that no 商品／必需品 of the growth, 生産／産物, or 製造（する） of Europe shall be 輸入するd into any land, island, 農園, 植民地, 領土, or place to his Majesty belonging, or which shall hereafter belong unto, or be in the 所有／入手 of his Majesty in Asia, Africa, or America, (Tangier only excepted) but what shall be bona fide and without 詐欺, laden and shipped in England, and in English built shipping, and whereof the master and three fourths of the 水夫s at least are English, and which shall be carried 直接／まっすぐに thence to the said lands, islands, 農園s, 植民地s, 領土s or places, and from no other place どれでも, any 法律 or usage to the contrary notwithstanding, under the 刑罰，罰則 of the loss of all such 商品／必需品s of the growth, 生産／産物, or 製造（する） of Europe, as shall be 輸入するd into any of them from any other place by land or by water, and if by water, of the 大型船 also in which they were 輸入するd with her 取り組む, etc. etc." すぐに subjoins:--"供給するd that it shall be lawful to ship and lade in such ships, and so navigated as in the foregoing 条項 is 始める，決める 負かす／撃墜する and 表明するd in any part of Europe, salt for the 漁業s of New England and Newfoundland, and to ship and lade in the Madeiras ワインs of the growth thereof, and to ship and lade in the Western Islands, or Azores, ワインs of the growth of the said islands, and to ship and take in servants or horses in**** Scotland or Ireland, and to ship or lade in Scotland all sorts of victual, the growth or 生産／産物 of Scotland, and to ship and lade in Ireland all sorts of victual of the growth or 生産／産物 of Ireland, and the same to 輸送（する） into any of the said lands, islands, 農園s, 植民地s, 領土s or places." Here then is an instance of a very 構成要素 deviation from the spirit of the 航海 法律s for the 単独の 目的 of encouraging a 漁業; but who can 否定する its 政策? The 立法機関 in this 事例／患者 had to decide whether they would 延長する this 広大な／多数の／重要な 国家の nursery for seamen, or whether they would check its growth by 妨げるing the direct 貿易（する） between these 植民地s and Europe, Madeira, the Azores, etc. and by making herself the entrepot for the deposit and 交流 of all the produce of these 漁業s on the one 手渡す, and of the 生産／産物s of Europe, etc. etc. that were necessary for their 拡張 on the other. The advantages that she would have derived from such a selfish 協定, she wisely foresaw would be more than counterbalanced by the concomitant detriment which her 海上の 利益／興味s would have 支えるd from it. And hence this deviation from one of the 主要な 反対するs of her 航海 法律s, a deviation which has not only been continued ever since, but even かなり 大きくするd; for many other places are now 含むd in the direct 商業 with these 植民地s, as will be seen by 言及／関連 to the 46 Geo. III. c. 116. which recites, "反して by the 法律s in 軍隊 no 商品／必需品 of the growth, 生産／産物, or 製造（する） of Europe, is 許すd to be 輸入するd into any place to his Majesty belonging, or which shall hereafter belong unto, or be in the 所有／入手 of his Majesty in Asia, Africa, or America, but what shall be bona fide and without 詐欺, laden and shipped in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, or Ireland, except salt for the 漁業s of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Quebec, which may be laden in any port of Europe, and also except any goods fit and necessary for the 漁業 in the British 植民地s or 農園s in America, 存在 the growth, produce, or 製造（する） of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain or Ireland, or of the islands of Guernsey or Jersey, which may be shipped and laden in the said islands それぞれ by any of the inhabitants thereof, and also except ワインs of the growth of the Madeiras and the Western Islands, or Azores, which may be laden at those places それぞれ: and 反して, it may tend to the 利益 of the British 漁業s, and to the advantage of the 商業 and 航海 of this country, if 許可 was given for 確かな other articles to be shipped for the British 植民地s in North America, at other places in Europe than those hereinbefore について言及するd, under 確かな 規則s and 制限s:" it is therefore 制定するd that any fruit, ワイン, oil, salt, or cork, the produce of Europe, may be shipped and laden at Malta, or Gibraltar, for exportation direct to the said 農園s in North America, on board any British built 大型船, owned, navigated, and 登録（する）d によれば 法律, which shall arrive with the produce of the said 漁業s taken and cured by his majesty's 支配するs carrying on the said 漁業 from any of the said 農園s, or from 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain or Ireland.

[* 12 Car. II. chap. 18.]

[** Reeves, second 版, p. 397.]

[*** 15 Charles II. cap. 7.]

[**** England, Ireland and Scotland, since 部隊d into one kingdom.]

I have been thus copious in 抽出するs from the 航海 法律s, to 証明する that the 広大な／多数の／重要な 主要な 原則s of these 法律s would not only be in no wise encroached upon by 許すing the inhabitants of this 植民地 to carry on the 鯨 漁業s in their own 大型船s, but also that the 義務s which were thus clandestinely 課すd on oils so procured, have been a 極悪の 違反 of them, and that they are a 選び出す／独身 孤立するd exception to a general 支配する. Nor would the 廃止 of the 義務s in question, and the consequent 激励 of these 漁業s, 証明する injurious to the British merchants at home, as must have been apprehended by those who were the authors of the prohibitory 法律 by which these 義務s were 制定するd. Looking, indeed, at the mere 状況／情勢 of the 植民地, it would not be unnatural to 結論する that its contiguity to the sperm 鯨 漁業s, on the coast of New Zealand, New Caledonia, and New Guinea, would give its inhabitants such a decided advantage over the persons carrying on the same 漁業s from this country, that these latter would soon be 軍隊d to abandon a ruinous 競争, and that she would その結果 be 奪うd of the very important 利益s which she at 現在の derives from it. The 恐れるs, however, which are apt to arise on this 見解（をとる） of the 支配する will be すぐに dissipated if it be considered, that the rope, canvas, 樽s, and gear of every description, necessary for the outfit of the 植民地の 大型船s for these 漁業s, are furnished by this country, and can never be 得るd in the 植民地 under an 前進する of fifty per cent. on the prime cost; that the sperm oil in the market is unequal to the 需要・要求する for it, an 主張 証明するd 同様に by the 存在するing bounties held out by the 立法機関 for the 激励 of these 漁業s, as by the enormous 給料 伸び（る）d by the seamen 雇うd in them; that these bounties themselves operate as a かなりの 禁止 to the colonists; and, lastly, that many years must elapse before the 植民地の fishermen can be 適切に 組織するd, and （判決などを）下すd as 専門家 as the English. These さまざまな disadvantages under which the inhabitants of this 植民地 労働, are all but one of a 永久の nature, and it is evident will always more than counterbalance the 選び出す／独身 地元の 優越 which they 所有する, and 確実にする the English merchants a decided advantage in the market;--an advantage which if it will not はるかに引き離す all 競争, will at least only just 許す that salutary 対立 which is 必須の to the 予防 of monopoly and to the 利益／興味s of the public.

It must, I should imagine, by this time be やめる obvious, that the 除去 of the 義務s in question would be in 完全にする unison with the spirit of the 航海 法律s, and with that 自由主義の and enlightened 政策, which this country has on all other occasions invariably 観察するd, with 尊敬（する）・点 to 植民地s in 平行の circumstances. In 設立するing, therefore, a precedent, I hope that I have made out a 事例／患者 十分に strong to 令状 the 干渉，妨害 of the 立法機関. It may not, however, be altogether superfluous, if it be only to point out the 傷害 which this country has 支えるd from her past 不正 and impolicy, just to ちらりと見ること at the advantages that she would 所有する in 未来 wars from having an 広範囲にわたる 団体／死体 of seamen at her 処分 in the South 太平洋の Ocean. Hitherto our 騎兵大隊s in India have been 完全に 供給（する）d with seamen from this country, and the 広大な／多数の／重要な mortality which takes place on that 駅／配置する 要求するs this 供給（する） to be 絶えず kept up. It is 井戸／弁護士席 known, although より小数の 活動／戦闘s take place in the Indian seas than perhaps on any other of our 海上の 駅／配置するs, that the number of deaths occasioned by the 影響（力） of the 気候 alone are 比例して more かなりの than in any other part of the world, with the 選び出す／独身 exception, I believe, of the coast of Africa. It becomes, therefore, a question of the greatest importance, whether considered in a political or philanthropic point of 見解（をとる）, to ascertain if this lamentable 支出 of human life might not be かなり 減らすd by manning our ships of war in the Indian seas with the inhabitants of New Holland. It is 井戸／弁護士席 known that our 解決／入植地s in this 広大な island are 据えるd in a 気候 which forms a mean between the 気温 of this country and India. There is その結果 every probability, that the persons born in these 植民地s would be able to support the extreme heats of India much better than Englishmen. Be this, however, as it may, there can be no 疑問 of the advantage which this country would derive from having a 価値のある nursery for seamen in a 状況／情勢, from which her 海軍 in the East might at no very remote period be so easily 供給（する）d on all occasions of 緊急. This prospect cannot fail to 証明する an 付加 動機 with the 政府 for the 廃止 of 義務s, which, if persevered in, will for ever stifle all 商業の enterprize, and debar not only the colonists themselves, but the parent country also from the さまざまな important advantages, which I should 推定する it is now evident that an uncontrolled ability to 起訴する these 漁業s would infallibly 安全な・保証する to one and the other.

With 言及／関連 now to the 商業の disabilities which have been 課すd on this 植民地: the first 妨害, the 除去 of which may be said to be of any 構成要素 importance to its 商業の 繁栄, is the 条項 in the East India Company's 借り切る／憲章*, which 供給するs, "that it shall not be lawful for any 大型船, the 登録（する）d 測定 whereof shall be いっそう少なく than three hundred and fifty トンs, other than such 大型船s as may be 雇うd by the East India Company as packets, to （疑いを）晴らす out from any port in the 部隊d kingdom for any place within the 限界s of the said company's 借り切る／憲章, or be 認める to 入ること／参加（者） at any port of the 部隊d kingdom from any place within those 限界s.**" When this 行為／法令／行動する was passed, the pernicious 耐えるing of this 条項 on the 植民地 was most probably overlooked. It has been 設立する prejudicial in the に引き続いて 尊敬（する）・点s:--First, The 需要・要求する for British goods is not 十分に 広範囲にわたる to 吸収する 貨物s of such magnitude; so that when any such have arrived, they have 一般に been …に出席するd with a loss to the owners, who will probably soon become too wise to continue such a 危険な 商業. Those merchants, indeed, who were in the habit of shipping 貨物s in smaller 大型船s for the 植民地の market, before the passing of this 行為／法令／行動する, have already abandoned, in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段, their connexion within the 植民地, which is at 現在の 主として 扶養家族 for its 供給（する）s of British 製造（する）s, on the captains of the 大型船s 雇うd in the transportation of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs. These 供給（する）s, therefore, have 自然に become unequal and 不安定な: いつかs 存在 unnecessarily superabundant and cheap, and at other times 存在 so 極端に 不十分な and dear as to be 完全に beyond the reach of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of the 消費者s. Such 広大な／多数の／重要な fluctuations are 明白に not more repugnant to the 井戸／弁護士席 存在 and 慰安 of the colonists themselves than to the 商業の 利益／興味s of this country.

[* 53 Geo. 3. c. 155.]

[** The 植民地 of New South むちの跡s is within these 限界s.]

Secondly, The 傾向 of this 行為／法令／行動する is not いっそう少なく injurious to the colonists with regard to the few articles of 輸出（する） which they are enabled to produce or collect for the British market. These indeed are only three in number, wool, hides, and 調印（する） 肌s, and are at 現在の very inconsiderable in 量; but the two former articles must やむを得ず 増加する every year, and will at length become of 広大な／多数の／重要な extent and importance. The probable 量 of the 植民地の 輸出（する）s has been already 率d at about &続けざまに猛撃する;28,000, out of which I consider that not more than &続けざまに猛撃する;15,000 価値（がある） is 伝えるd to this country. The 残りの人，物 consists of sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd, beche la mer, etc. 輸出（する）d principally to 中国. It may therefore be perceived that the whole of the 年次の 輸出（する）s of this 植民地 would not 十分である for half the freight of a 選び出す／独身 大型船 of the size 規制するd by the 行為／法令／行動する in question. It happens, in consequence, that the different articles of 輸出（する） which the colonists collect, frequently 蓄積する in their 蓄える／店s for a year and a half, before it becomes 価値（がある） the while of the captain of any of the 大型船s which たびたび（訪れる） the 植民地, to give them ship-room; and even then they do it as a 事柄 of favour, not forgetting, however, to だまし取る an exorbitant return for their 親切 and condescension. The owners, indeed, of these 大型船s are so 井戸／弁護士席 aware of the 無（不）能 of the 植民地 to furnish them with 貨物s on freight, that they 一般に manage before their 出発, to 契約 for freights from some of the ports in India; a 警戒 which 増加するs still more perceptibly the difficulty which the colonists experience in sending their produce to market. It must, therefore, be evident that they 苦しむ a two-倍の 傷害 from this 行為／法令／行動する, both as it 妨げるs a 正規の／正選手 供給（する） of the 植民地の markets with British 製造（する）s, and as it 妨げるs the conveyance of their 輸出（する）s to this country. It is to be hoped, then, that this unnecessary and oppressive 準備／条項 of the 行為／法令／行動する will be 改訂するd, and that 大型船s of any 重荷（を負わせる） will be 苦しむd to 貿易（する） between this country and the 植民地, until its 増加するd growth and 成熟 shall have （判決などを）下すd the 改正 of obsolete efficacy.

The last disability of serious detriment to the colonists, is that their 大型船s cannot navigate the seas within the 限界s of the East India Company's 借り切る／憲章. I say cannot; because, although since the late 再開 of their 借り切る／憲章 大型船s built in this 植民地 are, I should apprehend, する権利を与えるd to all the 特権s of other British built 大型船s, so long as they are navigated によれば 法律, it has not yet 達成するd 十分な strength to be enabled to build 大型船s of the 重荷（を負わせる） of three hundred and fifty トンs; and if it even 所有するd this ability, such 大型船s could only 伝える the produce of the countries in the Eastern seas, to which the 自由貿易 has lately been opened, to 確かな ports in the 部隊d kingdom. The colonists, therefore, are 事実上 妨げるd from 貿易（する）ing in their own 大型船s within these 限界s; a 制限 高度に injurious to them, and of no 利益 whatever to the company. Till within these few years the 大型船s built at the Cape of Good Hope were 支配する to a 類似の 抑制; but its useless and oppressive 傾向 became so glaring, and the 抑制 itself so obnoxious to the people who were 苦しむing under it, that it was at length 除去するd by an Order in 会議, 時代遅れの 24th September, 1814, which was made by virtue of an 行為／法令／行動する passed so long 支援する as the 49th* year of the 統治する of his 現在の Majesty. By the 57th Geo. 3. c. 95. this 解決／入植地 was expressly 含むd, for all the 目的s of the 行為／法令／行動する, within the 限界s of the East India Company's 借り切る／憲章. The same 推論する／理由s that 十分であるd for 認めるing this 特権 in the one instance, are at least 平等に conclusive in the other; and it is to be hoped, that the 立法機関 will soon 解放（する） the 植民地 of New South むちの跡s also from so grievous and unnecessary a 抑制. Indeed no new 行為／法令／行動する for this 目的 is necessary; for the 57th Geo. 3. c. 1. after reciting, "反して it is expedient under the 現在の circumstances, that the 貿易（する） and 商業 to and from all islands, 植民地s, or places, and the 領土s and dependencies thereof to his Majesty belonging, or in his 所有／入手 in Africa or Asia, to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, excepting only the 所有／入手s of the East India Company, should be 規制するd for a 確かな time in such manner as shall seem proper to his Majesty in 会議, notwithstanding the special 準備／条項s of any 行為／法令／行動する or 行為／法令／行動するs of 議会, that may be construed to 影響する／感情 the same," 制定するs, "that it shall be lawful for his Majesty in 会議, by any order to be 問題／発行するd from time to time, to give such directions, and make such 規則s touching the 貿易（する） and 商業 to and from the said islands, 植民地s, or places, and the 領土s and dependencies thereof, as to his Majesty in 会議 shall appear most expedient and salutary; any thing 含む／封じ込めるd in any 行為／法令／行動する of 議会 now in 軍隊 relating to his Majesty's 植民地s and 農園s, or any other 法律 or custom to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding." It may, therefore, be perceived that the disability in question might be 除去するd by a simple Order in 会議. Whenever his Majesty's 政府 shall have 解放する／自由なd the colonists from this useless and cruel 禁止, the に引き続いて 支店s of 商業 would then be opened to them: First, they would be enabled to 輸送（する） in their own 大型船s their coals, 木材／素質, spars, flour, meat, etc. to the Cape of Good Hope, the 小島 of フラン, Calcutta, and many other places in the Indian seas, in all of which markets more or いっそう少なく 広範囲にわたる 存在する for these and さまざまな other 生産／産物s which the 植民地 might furnish; Secondly, they would be enabled to carry 直接／まっすぐに to Canton the sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd, beche la mer, 乾燥した，日照りのd 調印（する） 肌s, and in fact all the 非常に／多数の 生産／産物s which the surrounding seas and islands afford for the 中国 market, and return freighted with 貨物s of tea, silks, nankeens, etc. all of which 商品／必需品s are in 広大な／多数の／重要な 需要・要求する in the 植民地, and are at 現在の altogether furnished by East India or American merchants, to the 広大な／多数の／重要な detriment and 不満 of the 植民地の. And, lastly, they would be enabled in a short time, from the 広大な／多数の／重要な 増加する of 資本／首都 which these important 特権s would of themselves occasion, 同様に as attract from other countries to open the fur 貿易（する） with the north-west coast of America, and 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of the 貨物s procured in 中国; a 貿易（する） which has hitherto been** 排他的に carried on by the Americans and ロシアのs, although the colonists 所有する a 地元の 優越 for the 起訴 of this 価値のある 支店 of 商業, which would 確実にする them at least a successful 競争 with the 支配するs of those two nations.

[* Cap. 17.]

[** Many 試みる／企てるs have been made by the 立法機関 to encourage British 支配するs to carry on this 商業 from the ports of the 部隊d kingdom, but they have in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 failed in this 反対する: see 条約 with the King of Spain, 33 Geo, 3. c. 52. Indeed, during the period of the Company's 排除的 貿易（する） with 中国, it can only be 首尾よく undertaken by persons residing within the 限界s of their 借り切る／憲章.]

Such are the 主要な／長／主犯 alterations in the 政策 of this 植民地 which appear most 必須の to its 進歩 and 福利事業. All these indeed, and many other 特権s, which, though of only 第２位 consideration, would tend like a constant concurrence of small rivulets to swell and 大きくする the stream of 植民地の 繁栄, would be the natural consequences of a 解放する／自由な 代表者／国会議員 政府. If I have, therefore, 徐々に 上がるd from 影響 to 原因（となる）, after the manner of 実験の philosophy, I have chosen this 方式 of elucidation, not because it was the only one which 申し込む／申し出d for the illustration of my 支配する, but because I consider the inferences to be drawn from it more 満足な than those to which the opposite 方式 of 推論する／理由ing (that of descending from generals to particulars) 行為／行うs; because it would be as 平易な that the 廃止 of the さまざまな grievances which have been enumerated should be coeval with the 創造 of the 解放する／自由な 憲法, by which such 廃止 would be 結局 遂行するd; and lastly, because the 付加 tedious 延期する which would さもなければ 介入する between the 設立 of a 植民地の 立法機関, the 代表 of grievances by which it would be followed, and their consequent 除去,--a 過程 that would 占領する two years, might be thus 避けるd; or in other words, the same period of unnecessary endurance and 悲惨 spared to the ill 運命／宿命d inhabitants of this 植民地. In recommending, however, that the 政府 of this country should 権限を与える the 即座の 採択 of the 対策 which I have 提案するd, I do not mean to 暗示する that such authorization alone would be 生産力のある of the important results in contemplation. However extensively 有益な in their 現在の and remote 影響s the 特権s thus conferred might 証明する, they would にもかかわらず be unsatisfactory and incomplete, so long as they were unaccompanied with a 政府 competent and willing to watch over and 安全な・保証する their continuance. While it should be in the 力／強力にする of any individual to 一時停止する or 無効にする them, what 保証（人）, in fact, would 存在する for their permanence and durability? What solid basis on which the 資本／首都 and 産業, which they might be calculated to elicit, could repose in 安全?

The 信用／信任, indeed, which an impartial 知事 might 奮起させる, would most probably, as often as the 植民地 might be blessed with a 長，指導者 of this description, give a momentary impulse to the activity of the colonists, and create a 一時的な 繁栄 の中で them; but the shortness of his 行政 will always interrupt the 完成 of his 事業／計画（する）s, and the caprice, imbecillity, or 不正 of some one or other of his 後継者s, like the 爆破 of the sirocco, wither up the tender shoots of 繁栄, which a 一貫した and 保護するing 政府 would have 養育するd and brought to 成熟. The experience of the past has 十分に evinced the little dependence which is to be placed on the degree of countenance and 保護 which the system of one 知事, however 有益な the 起訴 of it might 証明する, is likely to 会合，会う with from his 後継者. It is, indeed, in the nature of man, to prefer his own 事業／計画（する）s to those of any other: there is a degree of 楽しみ in striking off from the beaten path, and rambling in the untrodden wilds of 憶測 and 実験, which is alone 十分な, without the help of bad 動機s, to account for the 多様制 of 政策, by which the 行政s of the さまざまな 知事s have been contra-distinguished. This inherent 原則 of our nature, so averse to the 現実化 of every 有益な design, which is not 有能な of 即座の 開発, ought evidently to be 中和する／阻止するd and not encouraged, as it is at 現在の, to the 最大の point to which an uncontrolled and ridiculous caprice may choose to indulge it. The 存在するing system of 政府 is, in fact, a woof of inconsistency, from which no 広大な／多数の／重要な harmonious tissue can proceed. A gentleman is 任命するd to this important 状況／情勢: on his arrival in the 植民地 he finds no 会議, no house of 議会, not even a 植民地の 長官 to 補助装置 him: a stranger, and 自然に unacquainted with its 利益／興味s, he is やむを得ず 強いるd to have 頼みの綱 to some person or other for advice: to 避ける the 外見 of ignorance, which however he cannot but 所有する, he will not most probably 適用する to the gentleman whom he supersedes; and he again, from a 原則 of delicacy, will not be 今後 in 申し込む／申し出ing his advice unsolicited: those who had been the assistants, and perhaps able assistants of the latter, will keep aloof, as much out of 尊敬（する）・点 to the gentleman whom they had last served, as from that 恐れる of obtrusion, that feeling of diffidence, which is inherent in persons of real 長所 and probity; so that it is ten to one but he 落ちるs into the 手渡すs of the 派閥 who had been the enemies of his 前任者, only perhaps because he had too much honour and 正直さ to 促進する their selfish 見解（をとる）s, at the expence of the public weal. Scarcely, therefore, will this gentleman have quitted the 植民地, before the whole of the superstructure which he had been 後部ing will have been pulled 負かす／撃墜する, and another of a different description 開始するd in its stead. Such has almost invariably been, and such will continue to be the 行為／行う of the actual 政府; nothing judicious or 永久の can ever be 推定する／予想するd to proceed from it. How then, it may be asked, can 繁栄 be 推定する／予想するd to flow from sources so 不安定な and inconstant? Are they calculated to 供給（する） that 正規の／正選手 equal stream of 安全 and 信用／信任 which has been 設立する 必須の to the 進歩 of 改良? But were the 存在するing system of 政府 essentially 保守的な in its nature, instead of 存在 事実上 destructive, it would still 証明する 不十分な and inefficient. The circumstances and wants of this 植民地 will 変化させる every year, and その結果 要求する either such 部分的な／不平等な modifications or entire alterations of 政策 as may be ふさわしい to each 進歩／革新的な 行う／開催する／段階 of 進歩. Its 政府, therefore, せねばならない be so 構成するd, as not only to 所有する the 力／強力にする of 改訂するing old 法律s, but also of でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるing new ones. It ought, in fact, to 伴う／関わる in itself a creative 同様に as a 保守的な faculty; a faculty which might enable it to 融通する its 対策 to every change of 状況／情勢, and 供給する an instant 治療（薬） for every unforeseen and prejudicial contingency. Nothing short of this will 十分である to 奮起させる that 信用／信任 which alone can be 生産力のある of 永久の 繁栄. The 政府 of an individual, however respectable he may be, will always engender 不信 and cramp exertion. Man is distinguished from the 残り／休憩（する） of the 創造 by his circumspection and providence. There must 存在する a moral probability of 得るing before he will 投機・賭ける to （種を）蒔く. This 用心深い calculating disposition too, is most predominant in those who are in the most 平易な circumstances: where the 義務／負債 to 背負い込む loss is greatest, the spirit of enterprize is 一般に most 抑制するd. But this class, which 含む／封じ込めるs the 広大な／多数の／重要な 資本主義者s of all countries, are 正確に those whose means, if they could be enticed into activity, would be 生産力のある of the most 有益な results. No 国／地域 is so barren, no 気候 so forbidding, as not to 現在の 施設s more or いっそう少なく favourable for the absorption of 資本／首都, and the 拡張 of 産業. Wherever the tide of 改良 is at its 高さ, and a reflux 続いて起こるs, it is to the impolicy of the 政府, and not to the sterility of the country, that this retrogradation is to be せいにするd. 繁栄 and happiness belong to no 気候, they are indigenous to no 国／地域: they have been known to 飛行機で行く the allurements of the fertile vale, and to nestle on the 最高の，を越す of the barren mountain: the plains of Latium could not 安全な・保証する their stay, yet have they 自由に alit on the snow-capt 首脳会議s of Helvetia: they have been the faithful companions of freedom in all her wanderings and 迫害s: they have never graced the 勝利s of 不正 and 圧迫.

I have now あわてて sketched the 主要な／長／主犯 出来事/事件s which have characterized the march of this 植民地 during the last fifteen years. If I have neglected 代表するing its more 早期に 成果／努力s; if I have 除外するd from 見解（をとる） the amazing difficulties and privations with which its 即座の 創立者s had to 競う; if, in 罰金, I have altogether omitted in the picture the 非常に／多数の 利益／興味ing events that took place during the first fifteen years of its 設立, I have been induced to all these omissions by a 有罪の判決, that the 存在するing system of 政府, if not the most 適格の that could have been 工夫するd, was at least unproductive of those glaring ill consequences, with which it has subsequently been …に出席するd. A singleness of design and a まとまり of 活動／戦闘, could not be deviated from during the period of its 幼少／幼藍期 by the most ignorant and inexpert bungler in political science. There was a 幅の広い path open to its 政府, which it could not かもしれない mistake. The 植民地 as yet 完全に 扶養家族 on 外部の 供給（する）s, always 不安定な from their very nature, but （判決などを）下すd still more so by a tedious, and at that time almost unexplored 航海, would unavoidably turn its whole attention to the 選び出す／独身 反対する of raising food, and emancipating itself as soon as possible, from so uncertain and dangerous a dependence. The 原則 of 恐れる would have 十分であるd to 推進する the colonists to a spontaneous 使用／適用 of their strength to the 現実化 of this end, 独立した・無所属 of any directing 力／強力にする whatever. It was, therefore, only on the attainment of this most important point, that the impolicy of the 現在の form of 政府 became a 事柄 of 憶測, and subsequently, that it has been 論証するd by its practical result,--the wretched 状況／情勢 to which it has 減ずるd a 植民地, that might be made, as I have satisfactorily 設立するd, one of the most useful and 繁栄するing appendages of the empire. It is at the 時代 when the produce of the colonists began to 越える the 需要・要求する, and when their 産業, instead of 存在 encouraged and directed into new channels of profitable 占領／職業, was not only left to its own blind unguided impulse, but also placed under the most impolitic and oppressive 制限s, that I have taken up the pencil, and made a 早い but faithful delineation of the deplorable consequences that have been attendant on a concatenation of injudicious and absurd disabilities, which, though not altogether 課すd by its 即座の 政府, would have been easily 除去するd by the more 重大な 影響（力） of a 連合させるd 代表者／国会議員 立法機関. I have therefore throughout the whole of this essay, considered the 現在の 政府 not only 責任がある its own impolitic 行為／行う, but also for the 存在 of those grievances which have been created by a higher 当局, and of which it has 手配中の，お尋ね者 the will or the 力／強力にする to procure the 廃止する. I have 開始するd by ちらりと見ることing at some of the most striking events that 古代の history affords, to 証明する that the 繁栄 of nations has kept pace with the degree of freedom enjoyed by their 国民s, and that their decadence and 結局の 倒す have been invariably occasioned by a selfish and 圧倒的な 先制政治. Descending to more modern times, and adverting to the 条件 of 存在するing nations, I have shewn that the unparalleled 力／強力にする and affluence of our own country, which I have selected out of them by way of exemplification, are 単独で to be せいにするd to the superior freedom of her 法律s, which have engendered her a freer, more virtuous, and more warlike race of people. From these striking illustrations, this 安定した coincidence of 原因（となる） and 影響, deduced from the 記録，記録的な／記録するs of the greatest の中で 古代の and modern empires, I have 結論するd that every community which has not a 解放する／自由な 政府, is devoid of that 安全 of person and 所有物／資産／財産 which has been 設立する to be the 長，指導者 刺激 to individual exertion, and the only basis on which the social edifice can repose in a solid and 持続する tranquillity. That the system of 政府 可決する・採択するd in the 植民地 of New South むちの跡s does not 残り／休憩（する） on this 創立／基礎 石／投石する of 私的な 権利 and public 繁栄, I have 証明するd from the detestable tyranny and consequent 逮捕（する） of a 知事, whose 行為／行う anterior to his 存在 intrusted with this important 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金, it will have been seen, was such as might have led without any 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 力／強力にするs of 差別 to a 予測 of the 大災害 that befel him. The 残虐（行為）s （罪などを）犯すd by this monster, and the events to which they gave rise, are 十分な to 納得させる the most incredulous, that the colonists have no 保証（人） for the undisturbed enjoyment of their 権利s and liberties, but the 公平さ and good 楽しみ of their 知事; and that they have no 資源 but in 反乱 against the unprincipled attacks and 正統化できない inroads of 独断的な 力／強力にする. So radically 欠陥のある, indeed, is the 政府 to which they are 支配するd in its very 憲法, that it not only 持つ／拘留するs out, in the uncontrolled 当局 which it vests in the 手渡すs of an individual, the strongest 誘惑s for the 演習 of tyranny to those who may habitually 所有する an overbearing and despotic temperament, but has also a manifest 傾向, as history amply attests, to vitiate the heart, and to produce a spirit of 不正 and 圧迫 in those who may have been antecedently distinguished by a 井戸／弁護士席 規制するd and humane disposition. While it is thus, on the one 手渡す, calculated to beget the most monstrous 残虐（行為）s within the sphere of its 裁判権, I have shewn that it has not, on the other, been 投資するd by the 力／強力にする to whom it 借りがあるs its origin and 存在 with the ability to 成し遂げる any 延長するd good; and that while it 伴う／関わるs in its essence all the elements of 破壊, it 所有するs no one 原則 of vitality. Of this 主張 the 行政 of 知事 Macquarie, who if you may 裁判官 from the length of time during which he has held this high office, would appear to 所有する a greater 部分 of the 信用／信任 of his Majesty's 大臣s, than any of his 前任者s, furnishes an indubitable proof: for relieved as the mind of the reader will have been from the 分割されない indignation, disgust, and abhorrence, which the 超過s committed in the foregoing 政府 cannot fail to excite, by a review of the prudence and moderation by which his career has been contra-distinguished, he will にもかかわらず have beheld the 植民地, from the want of 特権s, of which this gentleman has not 所有するd 十分な 影響（力） to procure the authorization, 沈むing in spite of his 支持するing 手渡す, from a comparative 明言する／公表する of affluence and 慰安, to the lowest depth of poverty and endurance. He will have seen the colonists checked in their 農業の 追跡s, 急ぐing promiscuously into every avenue of 内部の 産業 that lay open to them, and afterwards 建設するing 大型船s, and not only 調査するing every known shore within the 限界s of their 領土, in search of sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd, but even discovering unknown islands abounding with 調印（する）s. He will have 見解（をとる）d them exhausting these 一時的な sources of 救済, and 試みる／企てるing, but 強いるd to desist by the 負わせる of impolitic imposts, both 内部の and 外部の, from those inexhaustible fountains of wealth, the 価値のある 鯨 漁業s that 存在する in the 隣接する seas. He will have beheld them from 無（不）能 to 購入（する） the more 高くつく／犠牲の大きい 商品／必需品s of other countries, making the most astonishing exertions in 製造（する）s, and thus impelled by necessity to the 採択 of a system not more averse to the 利益／興味s of the parent country than to their own; and which under a 井戸／弁護士席 規制するd 政府, would have been one of the last 影響s of 成熟 and civilization. He will have 証言，証人／目撃するd, notwithstanding these vigorous and unnatural 成果／努力s, numbers of them bending every day beneath the 圧力 of 当惑, and at length stripped of their lands, and 奪うd of their freedom, by a 始める，決める of rapacious and unprincipled 売買業者s, who are 徐々に （判決などを）下すing themselves masters of the persons and 所有物／資産／財産 of the agriculturists; the greater part of whom, if the 現在の system continue a few years longer, will be 事実上 減ずるd to a 明言する／公表する of bondage, and 非難するd to 大臣 to the 緩和する and enjoyments of the worthless and the vile. He will have seen that, while the poorer 植民／開拓者s have already in general fallen 犠牲者s to the 不正な and impolitic disabilities with which they are beset, the circle of 苦しめる has 延長するd itself from these, the central 団体／死体 of the community, to its circumference; and that the 輸入するs have so 絶えず preponderated in the balance over the 部隊d 負わせる of the income and 輸出（する）s, that the whole wealth of the 植民地 has been continually flowing into foreign countries, for the 支払い（額） of the necessary 商品／必需品s furnished by them, leaving no money in 循環／発行部数 for the important 目的s of 国内の economy, and 説得力のある the colonists by a general, constrained, and tacit 条約, to 許容する, as a 代用品，人 for a 合法的 広まる medium, a 通貨 所有するd of no intrinsic value whatever. He will have beheld this 早い 激流 of 苦しめる 強制的に 運動ing 支援する the tide of 全住民, both by the difficulties which it throws in the way of 後部ing up a family, and by the 非常に／多数の 団体／死体s of 解放する／自由なd 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, whom it 推進するs to a return to their native country, the greater part of whom, more from necessity than choice, are led to a 再開 of their 古代の habits, ーするために procure a subsistence, and either 課す on the 政府 the expense of retransporting them to this 植民地, or end their career of iniquity by 落ちるing 犠牲者s to the vengeance of the 法律s which they had so often 侵害する／違反するd. He will have seen during these continual and violent concussions, by which the whole social edifice has been shaken to the 創立／基礎, that the 支出 of the 植民地 has been in a 明言する／公表する of the most 早い 増加する, and that the 存在するing system of 政府 is 相いれない with its diminution. He will, in 罰金, have been 満足させるd that the immorality and 副／悪徳行為 which it was the main 反対する of the 立法機関 to repress and extirpate, are making the most alarming 進歩 and 拡張.

Looking a little beyond these, the actual results of the 現在の order of things, he will find that it is affording the most efficacious 援助 and 激励 to the perfection of the 製造業の system, already in a 明言する／公表する of かなりの 進歩, and that a few years more will so 大いに circumscribe the means of the colonists, that the 大多数 of them will be 完全に 除外するd from the use of foreign 商品／必需品s, and compelled to content themselves with the homely 製品s of their own ingenuity; and that thus not only one of the 広大な／多数の／重要な ends of 植民地化, the 創造 of a market for the 消費 of the 製造（する）s of the parent country, will be 敗北・負かすd by her own impolitic 行為／行う, but also a spirit of animosity will be engendered by the recollection of the privations and sufferings 遭遇（する）d by the colonists in their tedious and painful march to this unnatural independence in their 資源s; a spirit which will be 手渡すd 負かす／撃墜する from father to son, acquiring in its 降下／家系 fresh 軍隊, and settling at length into an hereditary 憎悪, which it will no longer be in the 力／強力にする of the 政府 to 消滅させる, and which will 推進する them, whenever an 適切な時期 申し込む／申し出s, to 放棄する the 支配（する）／統制する of such unwise and unfeeling masters. Passing from this 暗い／優うつな picture of vexatious tyranny and unmerited 苦しむing, he will proceed to the more 感謝する contemplation of the 治療（薬）s that are 提案するd as a cure for the 現在の evils, and as a 予防の against the 未来 tremendous 爆発 with which the 存在するing system, a 山地の agglomeration of impolicy and barbarity, is so fatally 妊娠している. He will be 満足させるd that the 使用／適用 of the restoratives 定める／命ずるd, will both reintegrate the 農業の 団体／死体, now in the last 行う／開催する／段階 of debility and 消費, and impart fresh life and vigour into the 商業の, which is 平等に impaired; and that while the parent country will by these means 回復する the トン and energies of the 植民地, she will be 与える／捧げるing in the most effectual manner to her own strength and greatness. He will be 説得するd that all these most 望ましい ends will 必然的に follow the 設立 of a 解放する／自由な 代表者／国会議員 政府; and that however salutary the 採択 of the 対策 提案するd might be, unaccompanied with that 内部の 力／強力にする of 法律制定 from which they would have 結局 proceeded, they would of themselves be utterly 不十分な to 影響 a perfect and 永久の cure for the 存在するing evils; and that nothing short of a 地元の 立法機関, 適切に 構成するd, can on the one 手渡す either 奮起させる into 資本主義者s that 信用／信任 which is 必須の to the 解放する／自由な unimpeded 拡張 of 産業, or be competent on the other, to 供給する an instant 救済 for those growing wants, which spring out of the 進歩 of 進歩, and are 次第で変わる／派遣部隊 on those changes of circumstances and 状況／情勢, to which incipient communities are so peculiarly liable. He will, in 罰金, be 納得させるd even to demonstration, that the erection of a 解放する／自由な 政府 in the 植民地 of New South むちの跡s would be a panacea for all its sufferings; that it is the only 手段 which can 緩和する this country of the enormous 重荷（を負わせる） which it will さもなければ entail on her, and save the unspent millions that will be ingulphed, uselessly ingulphed, in the devouring vortex of the 現在の system; and that the 創造 of an 輸出（する） 貿易（する） of raw 構成要素s, and the consequent 延長するd 消費 of her 製造（する）s which the 提案するd change of 政府 would superinduce, is the only way in which she can ever 返す herself for the 巨大な expence that she has lavished on this 植民地, as 井戸／弁護士席 during the period of its really helpless 幼少／幼藍期, as during the still longer interval of its 抑制するd growth and fictitious imbecillity.

PART IV.

VARIOUS CHANGES PROPOSED IN THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT.

It 存在 thus （疑いを）晴らす and indubitable that 解放する／自由な 代表者／国会議員 政府s are the only 創立／基礎 on which the 繁栄 and happiness of communities can 安全に repose, it only remains to ascertain how far the actual circumstances and 状況／情勢 of this 植民地 are 両立できる with the 譲歩 of so 広大な／多数の／重要な and important a 特権. At my very 相殺する in this essay, after ちらりと見ることing in a cursory manner at the history of the most celebrated 古代の and modern empires, and shewing that their 進歩 kept pace with their freedom, and that their retrogradation is to be 時代遅れの only from the 時代 when they fell under the dominion of 独断的な and ambitious despots, whose 後継者s 徐々に 完全にするd the work of 破壊 which they had 開始するd, I was compelled in candour to 収容する／認める that the heterogeneous 成分s of which this 植民地 was 構内／化合物d, did not at the period of its 創立／基礎, afford his Majesty's 政府 the 力／強力にする, if they had even 所有するd the will, to 設立する a 解放する／自由な 代表者／国会議員 system. It is therefore 現職の on me, now that I have 論証するd the 有益な 影響（力） which 解放する／自由な 政府s have in 促進するing the 繁栄 of communities in general, and have 証明するd that this 植民地 has for many years been languishing in a 明言する／公表する of 妨げるd growth, and tottering imbecillity, from the inefficiency of its 行政 to 可決する・採択する those 対策 which are necessary to its revigoration; I say it is 現職の on me to shew that the 構成要素 parts of this 団体／死体 politic, have undergone such a change since the period of its 創造, as will 令状 its 身元確認，身分証明 in this 尊敬（する）・点 with other 明言する／公表するs, and 正当化する the 結論 that such 会・原則s are 必須の to its 福利事業 as have been 設立する 役立つ to theirs.

It must be almost superfluous to 明言する／公表する, that when this 植民地 was formed, it was composed, with the exception of its civil and 軍の 設立s, 完全に of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs. It was その結果 impossible that a 団体／死体 of men, who were all under the 宣告，判決 of the 法律, and had been 非難するd for their 罪，犯罪s to 苦しむ either a 一時的な 中断, or total deprivation of the civil 権利s of 国民s, could be 認める to 演習 one of the most important の中で the whole of them, the elective franchise; and to have vested this 特権 in the civil and 軍の 当局, both of whom then as at 現在の were 支配する to 戦争の 法律, and were besides at that time without landed 所有物／資産／財産, the only 基準 I conceive by which the 権利 either of electing or 存在 elected can in any country be 適切に 規制するd, would have been 平等に 妥当でない and absurd. A 会議 indeed might have been 任命するd, but even an 会・原則 of this 肉親，親類d might have clogged the wheels of the 政府 by its 対立, and could have been of but little 援助 with its advice; for as it has been already 明言する／公表するd, there was but one 反対する to be 追求するd, and that was to 促進する by every means the 農業 of the 植民地, so as to emancipate it as soon as possible from a 不安定な and dangerous dependence on other countries. Until, therefore, the 解放する／自由な inhabitants of the 植民地 had 増加するd to a 十分な number to 演習 the elective franchise, and until its 生産力のある 力／強力にするs had outstripped its consumptive, and it became necessary either to create new markets for its produce within, or to direct a 部分 of its strength to the raising of articles for exportation to other countries, the 設立 of a 解放する／自由な 代表者／国会議員 政府 would not have been expedient had it even been practicable.

The period at which the produce of this 解決／入植地 公正に／かなり 越えるd the 内部の 需要・要求する for it, may, as I have already noticed, be 時代遅れの so far 支援する as the year 1804, 存在 about sixteen years after the period of its 創立／基礎. It has been already seen that the 収穫s of that and the 後継するing year were so abundant, that no sale could be 得るd for more than one half of the 刈る;--that had it not been for a tremendous flood which happened in 1806, the 大多数 of the cultivators must have abandoned their farms, and sought for other 占領／職業;--and that since that period there has fortunately been a succession of floods and 干ばつs, which with the exception of two or three seasons of equal plenty, have kept the 生産力のある 力／強力にするs of the 植民地 nearly on a level with its consumptive, or else the 状況／情勢 of the 植民／開拓者s, deplorable as it now is, would have been infinitely more so. How radically 欠陥のある, then, must be the 政府 of this 植民地, when what would be calamities of the most serious and afflicting nature in a 井戸／弁護士席 組織するd community are here blessings! Is it in the nature of things to adduce more 重大な arguments in proof of the necessity which has 存在するd since the above period for its supercession? Ought not a 政府 that would have felt the importance, and have 所有するd the 力／強力にする of creating new channels of 消費 for 農業の produce to have been then 学校／設けるd? This 広大な／多数の／重要な 反対する, it has been already shewn, could have been in no way so easily 遂行するd as by the erection of distilleries. To have コースを変えるd the attention of any part of the agriculturists from the growth of corn, would have been 高度に impolitic in a country, where the greatest and most fertile 部分 of the arable land is 支配する to such awful inundations. On the contrary, it was and still is expedient, that the whole 農業の energies of the 植民地 should be 限定するd to the 生産／産物 of 穀物, until the 黒字／過剰 become so 広大な／多数の／重要な as to leave no chance whatever of these inundations 存在 any longer …に出席するd with their former baneful consequences. But this can only be 影響d by creating a sure and 適する market for this 黒字／過剰; and whether such market is to be 設立する in the 植民地, or to be sought for abroad, no 力／強力にする either would have been, or is so fully competent to 遂行する this important 目的, as an 独立した・無所属 立法機関 chosen from the 中央 of the community, whose 利益／興味s are identified with its own.

With 尊敬（する）・点 to the expediency or even practicability of 学校／設けるing a 団体／死体 of this nature so long as fourteen years 支援する, I am aware that there 存在するs a 広大な／多数の／重要な difference of opinion の中で the respectable class of the colonists themselves. For my own part, however small may have been the number of those from or by whom a 植民地の 立法機関 could at that time have been formed, I consider of but little moment in solving this 広大な／多数の／重要な problem. The only question it appears to me to be ascertained, is, whether a 法律を制定する 議会, however small the number of whom it might have been composed, and however 限られた／立憲的な the 団体／死体 of electors by whom it might have been chosen, would not have done its 最大の to 促進する its own 利益／興味s, or what would have been the same thing, the 福利事業 of the community which it 代表するd. I cannot conceive the 可能性 of any one's 疑問ing that such would have been its 行為／行う; and in this 事例／患者 what 力／強力にする could have been 学校／設けるd in the 植民地 that would have been so 井戸／弁護士席 calculated to foster its 幼児 成果／努力s, and develope its nascent 繁栄, as one that would have been 投資するd with the faculties of 法律制定; or in other words, with the 当局 to 制定する as a 事柄 of course those 対策 of which the 存在するing 政府 has not had 十分な 影響（力） to procure the authorization.

The expediency, however, of having 設立するd a house of 議会 in the 植民地 at the period in question, is at this moment, perhaps, rather a 事柄 of curious 憶測, than of profitable 調査. Extensively 有益な, as would in all probability have been its 影響s, it is にもかかわらず useless to 嘆き悲しむ an omission which cannot now be 治療（薬）d. Nor has the absence, perhaps, of this important 会・原則 been altogether without its advantages. It has at least indisputably 証明するd the inefficiency of the 現在の system of 政府, and that the 植民地 could not have sunk under any other form of 行政 whatever, to a lower ebb of poverty and wretchedness, nor have become a heavier and more unproductive burthen to the mother country. The want, therefore, of an 内部の 立法機関 has 連合させるd every consideration that could be adduced in proof of the necessity of changing the 現在の system, and 可決する・採択するing in its stead that form of 政府 which has been 設立する so salutary and efficacious in all countries where it has been 設立するd. The only question that remains to be ascertained, is whether the 植民地 is now in a 明言する／公表する of 成熟 for the 歓迎会 of so important a 特権 as the elective franchise; and this I conceive will be best answered by a 言及／関連 to the 数値／数字による strength of its 解放する／自由な 全住民. At the general 召集（する） or 国勢（人口）調査 結論するd on the 19th of November, 1817, there were 設立する to be in all the さまざまな 解決／入植地s and 地区s of the 植民地 of New South むちの跡s, and its dependencies, twenty thousand three hundred and twenty-eight souls, of whom sixteen thousand six hundred and sixty-four were in the さまざまな towns and 地区s belonging to Port Jackson. Out of these there were six hundred and ten 兵士s, and six thousand two hundred and ninety-seven 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, leaving a 解放する／自由な 全住民, 独立した・無所属 of the 軍の, of nine thousand seven hundred and fifty-seven souls. At Newcastle, a 解決／入植地 about sixty miles to the northward of Port Jackson, there were five hundred and fifty souls, about seventy of whom were 解放する／自由な. At the 解決／入植地s of the Derwent and Port Dalrymple, there were in all three thousand one hundred and fourteen souls, of whom two thousand five hundred and fifty-four were at the former place, and five hundred and sixty at the latter: out of these there were about two hundred 兵士s, but the number of 解放する／自由な persons I have not been able 正確に to discover. As these 解決／入植地s, however, 含む the 大多数 of the colonists and their families, who were 除去するd from Norfolk Island; and as by far the greater 割合 of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs who have been 輸送（する）d from this country have been sent to Port Jackson, I have no 疑問 that the number of 解放する／自由な persons there, may be 安全に 概算の at three fourths of their entire 全住民, seeing that it is about two thirds of the 全住民 of Port Jackson. によれば this 率 of computation, therefore, the number of 解放する／自由な persons in these two 解決／入植地s, after 以前 deducting the two hundred 軍の, will 量 to about two thousand one hundred and eighty-six souls. It may, その結果, be perceived, that the grand total of the 解放する／自由な 全住民 of all these さまざまな 植民地s in the latter end of November, 1817, may be 安全に 概算の to have been eleven thousand nine hundred and seventy-three, 存在 an 超過 of four thousand four hundred and seventy above the number of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, or in the 割合 of more than three to two.

As the 設立 of the 法律を制定する 議会 in question could not, however, be 井戸／弁護士席 影響d before the end of the year 1819, it may not be altogether irrelevant to ascertain what will be the probable 量 of the 解放する／自由な 全住民 at that period. The number of births in the 植民地 cannot at 現在の be 計算するd under two thousand 毎年, since the 増加する in these さまざまな 解決／入植地s between the month of November, 1816, and the month of November, 1817, is 設立する to have been three thousand two hundred and eighty-nine souls; and the number of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs 輸送（する）d thither from the first of January, 1816, to the first of January, 1818, was only three thousand one hundred and eight. 許すing, therefore, that one half of these, or one thousand five hundred and fifty-four, were 輸送（する）d to the 植民地 during the year 1817, the 増加する that took place there, from birth and 移住 will have been one thousand seven hundred and thirty-five: to which if we 追加する five hundred, the number of persons that probably やめる the 植民地 毎年; the actual 率 of 増加する in the 解放する／自由な 全住民 in the course of the year 1817, may be 直す／買収する，八百長をするd at two thousand two hundred and thirty-five souls. Of these the 黒字／過剰 above two thousand, is perhaps composed of emigrants, and the 残りの人，物 of births. If we 追加する to these one thousand more, who it may be 安全に calculated 年一回の become 解放する／自由な, by 容赦 or 満期 of servitude, we have an 年次の augmentation to the 解放する／自由な 全住民 of three thousand two hundred and thirty-five souls: so that if we take the year 1817, as a 基準 of computation, and it is evidently a low one, the 解放する／自由な 全住民 will 量 by the end of the year 1819, to at least eighteen thousand four hundred and forty-three souls. This is an elective 団体／死体 much more 広範囲にわたる than is to be 設立する in several of our West India islands, where houses of 議会 have been long 設立するd. But as this 解放する／自由な 全住民 is of a mixed description, and composed 同様に of persons who have been 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, and have become 解放する／自由な either by the 満期 of their 各々の 宣告，判決s, or by 容赦, as of those who have been born in the 植民地, or have emigrated to it, and have never 苦しむd the 刑罰，罰則s of the 法律, a very delicate question here arises as to the propriety of 延長するing to the first of these classes the 特権 of 存在 認める into the 法律を制定する 団体／死体. There is, I am aware, a party in the 植民地, by whom the very notion of 認めるing such a 特権 to a class of men who have been 支配する to the 攻撃する of the 法律, would be 扱う／治療するd as a chimera 妊娠している with the most 致命的な consequences to this 幼児 community. In this, as in most other societies, there is an aristocratic 団体／死体, which would 独占する all 状況／情勢s of 力／強力にする, dignity and emolument, and put themselves in a posture to domineer alike over the 知事 and the people. If you 協議する one of this 派閥 (they deserve no milder 呼称) he will tell you that it is dangerous to vest any 当局 beyond the 狭くする circle of his own 即座の friends. Until the 行政 of General Macquarie, this 団体／死体 considered themselves 所有するd of an equal 権利 to the 知事's 信用／信任, as if they stood in the same relation to him which the nobility of this country 耐える to the king, and were de jure his hereditary counsellors. Before his 政府 the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of the people. I mean such as had become 解放する／自由な, scarcely 所有するd any 特権 but that of 告訴するing and 存在 告訴するd in the 法廷，裁判所s of civil 裁判権. The whole 力／強力にする, and nearly the whole 所有物／資産／財産 and 商業 of the 植民地, were in the 手渡すs of this 派閥, who with a very few exceptions were composed of the civil and 軍の, and of persons who had belonged to these 団体／死体s 以前は. And even in those few 独房監禁 instances which could be adduced, of persons 初めは 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, who were 許すd to acquire an independence, their 繁栄 was to be traced to the patronage and 保護 afforded them by some member of the aristocratic 革命評議会, to whom they either 行為／法令／行動するd as スパイ／執行官s in the 処分 of their merchandize (for it was considered by these gentlemen derogatory to their dignity to keep shop and sell 率直に) or 訴える手段／行楽地d for the 購入（する） of goods on their own accounts. At the 繁栄, however, and importance of this 派閥, the 現在の 知事 has levelled many a deadly blow within these last nine years; but more 特に in 禁じるing the 軍の to 持つ／拘留する lands, or to be 関心d in traffic, in raising to 状況／情勢s of the highest 信用 and dignity many deserving persons who had been 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, and in throwing open the ports of the 植民地 to an 制限のない 輸入 of all sorts of merchandize. But he has not 影響d these 過激な and salutary changes in the 植民地の 政策 without having 遭遇（する）d a long and inveterate 敵意. Many have been the 試みる／企てるs which this 派閥 have made to vilify his 動機s and misrepresent his 活動／戦闘s; but to every 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金 of his enemies his unshaken 正直さ and unwearied zeal for the conscientious 発射する／解雇する of his 義務s have 証明するd a 十分な refutation. The opinion of this gentleman with 尊敬（する）・点 to the expediency of 可決する・採択するing a 自由主義の system, that may 証明する an effectual 刺激 to reformation and good 行為／行う in those who have unhappily deviated from the path of rectitude, has been 表明するd unequivocally both in his 派遣（する）s, and in the 目だつ 対策 of his 政府, and will deservedly carry with it more 負わせる than the whole collected 対立 which I 心配する from those who have been his 対抗者s and calumniators. The covert 目的（とする） of these men is to 変える the ignominy of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of the people into an hereditary deformity. They would 手渡す it 負かす／撃墜する from father to son, and raise an eternal 障壁 of 分離 between their offspring, and the offspring of the unfortunate 罪人／有罪を宣告する. They would 設立する distinctions which may serve hereafter to divide the colonists into castes; and although 非，不，無 の中で them dares 公然と avow that 未来 世代s should be punished for the 罪，犯罪s of their progenitors, yet such are their 私的な 感情s; and they would have the 現在の race branded with disqualifications, not more for the sake of pampering their own vanity, than with a 見解（をとる） to 反映する 不名誉 on the offspring of the disfranchised parent, and thus cast on their own children and 子孫s that 未来 splendor and importance, which they consider to be their 現在の peculiar and distinguishing 特徴. Short-sighted fools! they 予知する not the consequences of their 狭くする machinations! They know not that they would be （種を）蒔くing the seeds of 未来 discords and commotions, and that by exalting their 即座の 子孫s, they would occasion the 結局の degradation and 倒す of their posterity. Such would be the result of their ambition; for it is the 悪口を言う／悪態 of 不正 that it brings with it sooner or later its own 罰. Happily for the 植民地 the 現実化 of their 事業／計画（する）s depends not upon themselves; and his Majesty's 大臣s will not lend their 許可／制裁 to 計画／陰謀s of 私的な aggrandizement, which can only be 遂行するd by the sacrifice of the public good. If these men have not themselves the sagacity to dive into futurity, and to 予知する the dangers and contests to which 不正な 特権s and distinctions must 結局 give birth, shall the 政府 be 平等に blind and improvident? Shall they in the short space of thirty years forget the benevolent designs for which this 植民地 was 設立するd, and 変える what was ーするつもりであるd as an 亡命 for repentant 副／悪徳行為, not into a house 単に of salutary 是正, which may 穏健な with 生き返らせるing morality and 中止する 完全に with 完全にする reformation, but into a 刑務所，拘置所 of endless 拷問, where though the sufferings of the 団体／死体 may 終結させる, the worst 種類 of 拷問, the endurements and mortifications of the soul, are to end only with 存在? Shall a vile 派閥 be 許すd to （打撃，刑罰などを）与える on the unfortunate 罪人／有罪を宣告する a 罰 infinitely greater than that to which he has been 宣告，判決d by the 侵害する／違反するd majesty of the 法律? Has not a 陪審／陪審員団 of impartial freemen solemnly 調査／捜査するd the 事例／患者 of every individual who has been 輸送（する）d to this 植民地? And have not the 手段 and duration of their 罰s been apportioned to their 各々の offences? Is it then for any 団体／死体 of men to 主張する that the 法律 has been too lenient, and that it is necessary to （打撃，刑罰などを）与える an ulterior 罰 which shall have no termination but in the 墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な? Shall the unhappy 犯人, 追放するd from his native shore, and 厳しいd perhaps for ever from the friends of his 青年, the 反対するs of his first and best affections, after years of 苦しむing and atonement, still find no 残り／休憩（する）ing place,--no 位置／汚点／見つけ出す where he may hide his shame and endeavour to forget his errors? Shall the finger of 軽蔑（する） and derision be pointed at him wherever he betake himself? And must he for ever wander a recreant and outcast on the 直面する of the earth, 捜し出すing in vain some friendly shore, where he may at length be 解放する／自由なd from ignominious disabilities, and 回復するd to the long lost enjoyment of equal 権利s and equal 保護 with his fellows?

I am aware it may be here 勧めるd that these men, if they were to return to this country, could never enjoy the 特権s for which I am 競うing; and that the very same 法律s, which have 直す／買収する，八百長をするd the bounds of their corporal 罰 have 奪うd them for ever of the most 価値のある 権利s of 国民s. To this I reply, that in this country, whither if the whole of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs who have been 追放するd from its shores were to return, they would form but an inconsiderable 部分 of the people, all such disqualifications as the 法律 has 別館d to 有罪の判決 in a 法廷，裁判所 of 司法（官）, are good 政策; because they tend to 促進する virtue and discountenance 副／悪徳行為. But the very same grounds of 政策 要求する that such disqualifications should not 存在する in New South むちの跡s. There the 広大な／多数の／重要な 集まり of the people are composed of persons who have been under the 操作／手術 of the 法律, and who were 輸送（する）d with the avowed 意向 of the 立法機関 to 影響 their reformation. How then is this 広大な／多数の／重要な philanthropic end to be best 達成するd? Is it by 持つ／拘留するing out no 誘導s to good 行為／行う, no distinction between repentant 副／悪徳行為 and incorrigible enormity? Those who have been 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of the higher order of offences, and have been in consequence 輸送（する）d for life, are from the very nature of their 宣告，判決s 妨げるd from ever enjoying the 特権 in question, unless, indeed, their very 模範的な 行為／行う subsequently induce the 知事 to 延長する to them the 利益 of the king's 容赦. This, however, is an indulgence at 現在の so rarely （許可，名誉などを）与えるd, that the whole of this class may be in a manner considered as 存在 without the pale of 市民権; and it is therefore such only as have been 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 罪，犯罪s to which the 法律 has 別館d the minor 刑罰，罰則s of seven or fourteen years transportation, who could 一般に become 候補者s for a seat in the 法律を制定する 議会? How many of this description have been （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd in their first offence, in their very 相殺する in the career of criminality? How many ever afterwards 嘆き悲しむ their errors in sackcloth and ashes, and 行為／行う themselves in the most 訂正する and unexceptionable manner? And shall no distinction be made between them and the still persevering 違反者／犯罪者 whom no 誘導s can 保留する, no 罰s 阻止する from the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 of fresh enormities? Shall the novice in 罪，犯罪 and the 退役軍人 be placed on the same 地盤 and held in equal estimation? To what end do they profess themselves to be Christians who can 持続する such infernal doctrines? How can they reconcile them with that 全世界の／万国共通の charity and good will inculcated in their 宗教? How can they themselves 推定する／予想する 容赦 of their God, who would thus 保留する oblivion from their repentant fellow creatures? If it be then alike conformable to the 原則s of Christianity and sound 政策, to make a 差別 between the 改革（する）d sinner, and the still 常習的な and abandoned profligate, what incentive to good 行為／行う would 証明する so efficacious as the prospect of 回復するing, after years of unimpeachable 正直さ, all those civil 権利s which they had 没収されるd, of becoming once more 特権d to 行為／法令／行動する as jurymen, 治安判事s, and 立法議員s? Such a 可能性 would quickly 生き返らせる the latent 誘発するs of virtue wherever they were not やめる extinct, and electrify the mind when all other 使用／適用s would fail to rouse it from its despondence and lethargy. And shall not this 単独の efficacious 治療（薬） be 治めるd, because a 始める，決める of interlopers, persons in no wise connected with the 目的s for which this 植民地 was 設立するd, wish to 独占する all the respectable offices of the 政府, all the 機能（する）／行事s of emolument, 力／強力にする, and dignity to themselves? Shall the 決定的な 利益／興味s of the whole community 沈む before the ambitious 事業／計画（する）s of a few designing individuals, who have no 反対する in 見解（をとる）, but their own personal aggrandizement, and the 維持／整備 of a self-assumed aristocratic importance? And who would build their own and their families' 繁栄 on the 廃虚s of the social edifice, on the 悲惨 and degradation of thousands? But it is useless to 大きくする on this topic: 大臣s will not 許す their judgments to be warped by the subtle 代表s of this 派閥. In 組織するing that new 憲法 for this 植民地, of which every 動機 of humanity and 政策 conspires to 論証する the necessity, they will be actuated 単独で by those 原則s that are best calculated to その上の the philanthropic and enlightened ends which were 熟視する／熟考するd by the 立法機関 at the period of its 創立／基礎. The good of the many will not be sacrificed to the sordid 見解（をとる）s of the few, and no disqualifications will be permitted, but such as are confessedly necessary for the repression of 副／悪徳行為, and the 昇進／宣伝 of morality and 宗教.

But, while I am thus 競うing against the total 除外 of such as may have been 罪人／有罪を宣告するs from the enjoyment of this 広大な／多数の／重要な 特権, I would by no means 暗示する that the doors of the 法律を制定する 議会 should be thrown open to all indiscriminately who may happen to be 解放する／自由な. An unrestricted ability to 演習 a 機能（する）／行事 of such 広大な／多数の／重要な 信用／信任 and dignity, would superinduce consequences 平等に 致命的な with those against which I would guard: in endeavouring to shun one extreme, it behoves us 平等に to 避ける 落ちるing into the other. The very 原則 which forbids their utter inadmissibility to become 立法議員s, 需要・要求するs that 非，不，無 should be able to arrive at that dignity, but those whose 行為／行う during their abode in the 植民地 shall have been 絶対 unimpeachable. Retrospection should not be 押し進めるd beyond the period of their arrival; but their その後の behaviour should be 支配するd to the severest 実験（する）s, to the most rigorous scrutiny. 有罪の判決 either before a 法廷，裁判所 or a 治安判事, for any offence of a 犯罪の nature, should be a 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 to their pretensions for ever. 罪，犯罪s committed in this country should be overlooked when followed by 適する atonement and indubitable reformation; but the 利益／興味s 同様に of the rising 世代, as of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs themselves, 要求する that the re-罪人／有罪を宣告するd felon, whom neither the hope of distinction can 埋め立てる, nor the 恐れる of 罰 阻止する from a 再発 to his old iniquities, should be branded with the 継続している impressions of infamy, and （判決などを）下すd for ever afterwards incapable of 演習ing so respectable and important a 機能（する）／行事 as the one in question.

With 尊敬（する）・点 to the nature and extent of the 所有物／資産／財産 to be 所有するd by the members of the 法律を制定する 議会, I am of opinion, that a freehold 広い地所 of five hundred acres in any part of the 領土 of New South むちの跡s, or its 扶養家族 解決／入植地s on 先頭 Diemen's Land, should be considered a 十分な 資格, and that in the 事例／患者 of electors twenty acres of freehold should give the 権利 of 投票（する）ing at 選挙s for the 地区s in which such freehold 所有物／資産／財産 may be 据えるd; and that either a leasehold of the value of &続けざまに猛撃する;5 a year, or 支払う／賃金ing a house rent of &続けざまに猛撃する;10 a year, that of 投票（する）ing at 選挙s for towns. Excepting 有罪の判決, therefore, in this country as a ground of 除外 both as 尊敬（する）・点s the 候補者s and the 選挙権を持つ／選挙人s, and making the above variation in the 基準 of their 各々の 資格s as to 所有物／資産／財産, I think that every 原因（となる） of 拒絶 which is みなすd in Canada of 十分な efficacy to 無効にする the （人命などを）奪う，主張するs of either party, should be held of equal 軍隊 in this 植民地, not only with persons who may have been 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, but with all such as may wish either to 投票（する） for the return of members, or to become members of the 法律を制定する 団体／死体 themselves. In でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるing, indeed, a 憲法 for the 植民地, that of Canada would, I 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑う, be upon the whole the best model for imitation; since there is not only a much stronger affinity between the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of its inhabitants, and those of New South むちの跡s, than 存在するs in any of our other 植民地s; but every 後継するing year will （判決などを）下す the approximation of their character and 追跡s still more 完全にする.

There is but one topic more connected with the 設立 of a house of 議会 in this 植民地, on which I ーするつもりである to comment; and I notice it not so much with a 見解（をとる） to 申し込む／申し出 fresh arguments in support of the necessity of this 手段, which I consider I have already 十分に 論証するd, as to 明言する／公表する all the 目だつ 推論する／理由s which might be adduced on the occasion. It is a 根底となる maxim of the British 憲法, that no 税金s shall be 徴収するd on the 支配する without his 同意 表明するd by his 代表者／国会議員s, and yet 義務s have been exacted in this 植民地 for the last fifteen years, by the mere 当局 of the さまざまな 知事s. These, it has been seen, are appropriated to さまざまな 目的s of 内部の economy, all of 広大な／多数の／重要な public importance and 公共事業（料金）／有用性, to which it is but equitable that the colonists should 与える／捧げる. This system of 課税 起こる／始まるd, I believe, with 知事 King, but whether with the 許可／制裁 of his Majesty's 大臣s, or from his own suggestion I am not able to 決定する. Since his time I should imagine that not いっそう少なく than two hundred thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs have been 徴収するd in this 憲法違反の manner; and until the 行政 of the 現在の 知事, those who paid this money had not even the satisfaction of knowing how any part of it was 適用するd. From the secrecy indeed which was 観察するd in the 支出 of this 基金, and the rapacious character of his 前任者, many of the colonists 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd that very little of it was appropriated during his time to the 目的s for which it was ーするつもりであるd. This misapplication of it, however, is but a 事柄 of conjecture; and it was probably to 避難所 himself from the 可能性 of 落ちるing under a 類似の imputation, that the 現在の 知事 has 原因（となる）d 年４回の accounts, which are first 立証するd by a 委員会 consisting of the 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事 and the 裁判官 支持する, and afterwards 診察するd and 認可するd by himself, to be published for the general （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）. This custom, however, is a deviation, although it must be 自白するd a good one, from precedent: and the colonists have no 保証（人） that his 後継者s will not 逆戻りする to the same mysterious 使用／適用 of this 基金 that has been practised by his 前任者s. In this 事例／患者 it may be 変えるd into a 実りの多い／有益な source of peculation and plunder, and be at last in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 コースを変えるd from the public 反対するs for which it was 学校／設けるd to the satiation of 私的な rapacity, and the colonists become 徐々に 重荷（を負わせる）d with an overbearing 負担 of 課税, 単に for the 目的 of 濃厚にするing their 知事s. Be this, however, as it may, the illegality of 徴収するing money by the 当局 of any individual, is, I should 推定する, やめる unquestionable; and I have no 疑問 that if any of the colonists had public spirit enough to resist the 支払い（額） of these 義務s, the 法廷，裁判所 of civil 裁判権 would not 施行する it; since the 決定／判定勝ち（する）s of this 法廷，裁判所 are 単独で 設立するd on 行為／法令／行動するs of 議会. The 治安判事s of the 植民地 might indeed take upon themselves to direct the 死刑執行 of the 知事's orders, which 権限を与える the 徴収するing of these 税金s, but I have 疑問s, since 抵抗 to these orders would not 量 to an 行為／法令／行動する of a 犯罪の nature, and the point at 問題／発行する would be a mere 事柄 of 負債 between an individual and the 政府, whether they even would 同意 to give such an 違法な method of 課税 the 許可／制裁 of their support. At all events an 控訴，上告 would 嘘（をつく） in the 形態／調整 of a 令状 of certiorari to the 民事裁判所, which could not 避ける annulling the judgment of the 治安判事s, and その結果 宣言するing the 知事's 行為／行う unwarranted and 違法な. Such an occurrence would evidently be …に出席するd with the most prejudicial 影響s; for not to dwell on the mortification which the 知事 for the time 存在 would experience at discovering in so disagreeable a way that by treading in the footsteps of his 前任者s, he had been 演習ing a 力／強力にする to which his 状況／情勢 gave him no （人命などを）奪う，主張する, there can be little 疑問 that a victory of this nature 伸び（る）d by an individual over the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある would be the signal for the 会・原則 of 控訴s against the 政府 for the 回復 of all the money that has been 徴収するd under such an 違法な and 独断的な 当局. To 妨げる the probability of 存在 軍隊d to refund so large a sum of money to the persons or their 相続人s from whom it has been thus 不法に ひったくるd, and to 合法化する all 未来 徴収するs of 義務s in the 植民地, the 設立 of a 植民地の 立法機関 certainly 申し込む／申し出s the only judicious and 憲法の expedient.

I would not that it should be considered from the foregoing 発言／述べるs that the colonists are averse to 課税. On the contrary, it is my belief that they would cheerfully 与える／捧げる whatever may be necessary for the 昇進／宣伝 of 反対するs 純粋に 植民地の; but they 推定する／予想する, and have a 権利 to do so, that all such 反対するs should be submitted to the consideration and 是認 of their 代表者／国会議員s, and that their money should not be taken out of their pockets, whether they will or not, by the mere ipse dixit of a 知事. Few are discontented with the 現在の 率 of 課税, because it is 穏健な; and, with the exception of that small part of the 植民地の 歳入 which arises from 義務s on articles of 輸出（する）, may be even considered judicious; inasmuch as the 広大な／多数の／重要な 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of the 義務s 落ちるs on 高級なs which can be dispensed with, without occasioning any 構成要素 diminution of 慰安 and enjoyment. But all are averse to the manner in which these 義務s are 徴収するd; for if they once 収容する／認める that a 知事 has the 権利 to exact one farthing by his 選び出す／独身 当局, what 限界s can be afterwards 割り当てるd to the 演習 of this 力／強力にする? He may on the very same 原則 税金 every article of 消費, and on the 嘆願 of public 出資／貢献s 土台を崩す the whole 繁栄 and happiness of the community. That the different 知事s have been 許すd to 起訴する this system without 対立 for so many years, could only have arisen from the peculiar 憲法 of this 植民地; but its 全住民 has now 達成するd a degree of consequence and respectability, which will not much longer tamely 許す such an 前例のない deviation from all 憲法の 当局; and the best way to obviate the unpleasant circumstances of the contest, to which a continuance of the 現在の system must すぐに give rise, is to create a 団体／死体 合法的に endowed with the 力／強力にするs of 法律制定.

On the expediency of 任命するing a 会議, his Majesty's 大臣s are, I believe, themselves agreed; and I will not, therefore, enter at 広大な／多数の／重要な length on the 支配する. The 独断的な and 反乱ing 行為／法令／行動するs, which the want of a controlling 団体／死体 of this nature has already occasioned, furnish the most 納得させるing proof of its necessity. No 力／強力にする, in fact, could be 設立するd, which would at one and the same time 証明する so 会社／堅い a defence to the 支配する, and so stable a support to the (n)役員／(a)執行力のある. A 会議 in the 植民地s 耐えるs many points of resemblance to the House of Lords in this country. It forms that just equipoise between the democratic and 最高の 力／強力にするs of the 明言する／公表する, which has been 設立する not いっそう少なく necessary to repress the licentiousness of the one, than to 抑制（する） the tyranny of the other. Besides, it at all times 供給するs a 治療（薬） for the inexperience or ignorance of 知事s; and is a sort of 核, 一連の会議、交渉／完成する which all new 団体／死体s may easily agglomerate. Like a handful of 退役軍人s in a newly raised 連隊, it will be 有能な of setting in 動議 the whole 機械／機構 of the 政府, and 設立するing with the greatest celerity that organization and discipline which are as requisite in 行政 as in war. There is but one 警戒 to be 観察するd in the 形式 of the 会議: it is to give the members of it an 適する salary, or in other words to insure the 独立した・無所属 and conscientious 発射する／解雇する of the 義務s of their 高度に important office.

The expediency of 任命するing a 植民地の 長官 残り／休憩（する）s in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 on the same grounds as that of creating a 会議. How can a 私的な 長官, whom every new 知事 is at 現在の under the necessity of bringing out with him, be 有能な of entering at once upon the 義務s of the most 複雑にするd and laborious office in the 植民地? It is evident that a かなりの time must unavoidably elapse, before he can acquire, how 広大な／多数の／重要な soever his abilities, that 基金 of 地元の （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） which can alone qualify him for his 状況／情勢. In the mean while it is ten to one but he becomes the 道具 of one or other of his clerks, who are for the most part 罪人／有罪を宣告するs; and thus the 主要な／長／主犯 行為／法令／行動するs of the 知事, which from the confidential nature of his office are やむを得ず very materially 影響（力）d by his advice, may be 内密に dictated by persons who 所有する very little 原則 or character, and who if they be themselves too insignificant to 利益（をあげる） to an 広範囲にわたる degree by the 対策 of the 政府, may for a trifling consideration become the スパイ／執行官s of richer and more powerful individuals, and the public good be inadvertently sacrificed at the 神社 of 私的な avarice or ambition.

The last 手段 which I consider necessary to the 繁栄 of this 植民地 is a 過激な 改革（する） in the 法廷，裁判所s of 司法（官）. It has long since been noticed that at the 主要な／長／主犯 解決／入植地 and its dependencies, there are five 法廷，裁判所s, one of 犯罪の and the other four of civil judicature, viz. the 刑事裁判所, the 知事's 法廷，裁判所, the 最高の 法廷，裁判所, the 法廷，裁判所 of 副／悪徳行為 admiralty, the high 法廷，裁判所 of 控訴，上告s, all of which are held in Sydney, and the 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事's 法廷，裁判所, which is held in Hobart Town. The 憲法 of these さまざまな 法廷，裁判所s has been already explained, and a mere cursory ちらりと見ること at their several 裁判権s, will 納得させる us of the danger and absurdity of their organization. To 開始する in the order in which I have noticed them, what can be more 妥当でない than the 憲法 of the 刑事裁判所? At the time indeed, when this 法廷，裁判所 was 学校／設けるd, there was a necessity that it should wholly consist of the officers of the 植民地, since they and 罪人／有罪を宣告するs were the only two classes of whom it was composed; but even then, what 動機 存在するd for 除外するing the civil officers? Were they either いっそう少なく competent to be members of a 法廷，裁判所, whose 決定／判定勝ち（する）s せねばならない be 設立するd 単独で on the 法律s of England, or were they いっそう少なく respectable than the 軍の and 海軍の? The 明らかにする 外見 of this 法廷 has long been 嫌悪すべき and 反乱ing to the 大多数 of the colonists. It is disgusting to an Englishman to see a 犯人, however heinous may be his offence, arraigned before a 法廷，裁判所 覆う？ in 十分な 軍の 衣装; nor can it indeed be readily conceived that a 団体／死体 of men, whose 原則s and habits must have been materially 影響（力）d, if not 完全に formed, by a code altogether foreign to the 法律s of this country, should be able on such occasions to divest themselves of the 兵士, and to 裁判官 as the 国民. Without meaning to impugn the general 公平さ and 司法（官） of their 決定／判定勝ち（する）s, it may be easily imagined that an individual might happen to be traduced before a 法廷，裁判所, of which all, or part of the members, might from さまざまな 原因（となる）s be his enemies. No one has mixed much in 軍の society, without 証言，証人／目撃するing that esprit du 軍団 which is so ありふれた in 連隊s, and which, however much it may 与える／捧げる to their union and happiness, is, in a community of this nature, of the most dangerous 傾向 to the individual, against whom its collected fury may be levelled. It must be remembered that this 植民地 is not like a country town from whence a 連隊 may be 除去するd the moment its 行為／行う becomes obnoxious to the inhabitants. There the 連隊s やむを得ず remain for many years, and from this very circumstance, 論争s of a much more serious and rancorous nature are apt to arise between the inhabitants and the 軍の, than are known in this country. And this 観察 適用するs more 特に to the officers and the superior class of the colonists: since the 論争s and contests which take place between the lower orders of the inhabitants and the ありふれた soldiery, 一般に arise on the 刺激（する） of the moment, and evaporate with the 即座の 原因（となる） of the 誘発; while the others are more frequently the 影響 of 冷静な／正味の and 審議する／熟考する 侮辱, and その結果 settle into a 直す／買収する，八百長をするd and inveterate 敵意. Under these circumstances, therefore, it is not to be wondered at, that no person should feel himself in perfect 安全. The respectability of the higher order of the colonists may indeed 保護物，者 the generality of them from any 見込み of their 存在 ever arraigned before this 法廷; but still it might happen to them to be traduced before a 法廷，裁判所 composed of their bitterest 敵s, not only on 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s of a mixed nature, such as 強襲，強姦, 殴打／砲列, 名誉き損, etc. but also on others of a much weightier 責任／義務. The probability of such a contingency would be still その上の 増加するd if the 知事 should happen to have imbibed the same spirit of 敵意 against the （刑事）被告, which I have supposed actuating the 軍の. For although the 現在の 知事, ーするために （判決などを）下す the 行政 of 司法（官） as unimpeachable as the nature of this 法廷，裁判所 will 許す, has invariably 任命するd the members of it によれば the roaster furnished by the 命令（する）ing officer of the 連隊, his 前任者s did not, I believe, invariably 観察する the same delicacy, nor is it 現職の on his 後継者s to imitate his example. Any person therefore, who may unfortunately become obnoxious to the 知事 and the officers of the 連隊, or indeed any part of them, should he be （刑事）被告 of any offence within the pale of the 刑事裁判所, might be thus 軍隊d to take his 裁判，公判 before his selected and implacable enemies. In this extremity what could he do to 救助（する） himself from their 支配する? He would have no 権利 to challenge one of them; and if the sanctity of an 誓い, and the dread of the 未来 軽蔑（する） and detestation of mankind, did not 阻止する them from the （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 of a crying and palpable 不正, his innocence, were it as （疑いを）晴らす as the noon day, would avail him nothing, and he must unavoidbly 沈む, the 充てるd 犠牲者 of foul 共謀 and deadly 復讐. I am not 十分に 熟知させるd with the history of the 訴訟／進行s of this 法廷，裁判所 from the period of its 会・原則, to shew how far the whole or any part of this supposed 事例／患者 may have been in any instance 立証するd. That it may occur is 十分な to 証明する the necessity for changing the 憲法 of this 法廷，裁判所, and to 正当化する the general 苦悩 which is felt by the colonists for the introduction of that 権利, so dear to the heart of every Englishman, the 裁判，公判 by 陪審／陪審員団. It is this inestimable 特権 alone which can insure them the tranquil enjoyment of their persons and 所有物／資産／財産, and enable them, while 所有するd of conscious 正直さ of 行為／行う, to 始める，決める at 反抗 the confederated 成果／努力s of their enemies, and to despise both the open attacks of 力／強力にする and the secret contrivances of malignity.

The 憲法 of the 知事's 法廷，裁判所 and of the 最高の 法廷，裁判所, is liable to the same 反対. They are both composed of the 裁判官s, who have each a 投票（する） in their 各々の 法廷，裁判所s, and of two members 特に 任命するd by the 知事: so that 非，不，無 of those 原因（となる）s of challenge which are held 十分な in this country to disqualify a 賠審員, are of any 有効性，効力 in the 法廷，裁判所s of this 植民地. In the 知事's 法廷，裁判所, indeed, the two members are to be 任命するd from の中で the respectable inhabitants; but, although the 知事 himself is the only 裁判官 of the 手段 of their respectability, he could not 井戸／弁護士席 避ける selecting them out of that class which in 事例／患者 of the introduction of 裁判，公判 by 陪審／陪審員団, would have a 権利 from their 所有物／資産／財産 and character to be 召喚するd as jurymen. In this 法廷，裁判所, therefore, an individual in a 裁判，公判 with the 栄冠を与える, would have a much greater chance of 得るing 司法（官） than in the 最高の 法廷，裁判所; because the two members of it are to be 任命するd from the magistracy, and might be selected by the 知事 from their known zeal and corrupt devotedness to his service. But it is of infinitely greater importance that the 決定／判定勝ち（する）s of this latter 法廷，裁判所 should be the いっそう少なく exposed of the two to the 可能性 of bias; because in the former the 傷害 which an individual could 支える from an 不正な 判決 could only 量 to &続けざまに猛撃する;50, and in the latter it might 延長する to &続けざまに猛撃する;3000, and その結果 occasion his utter 廃虚. I 限界 the 不正 which might arise from the very 妥当でない 憲法 of this 法廷，裁判所 to the above sum; because, although it is competent, as I have before 明言する／公表するd, to take cognizance of all 嘆願s to any 量 whatever, an 控訴，上告 would 嘘（をつく）, from the high 法廷，裁判所 of 控訴，上告s, whose 判決 I here take it for 認めるd, would in all 栄冠を与える 原因（となる）s be confirmatory of the judgment of the inferior 法廷，裁判所, to the king in 会議, when the 事柄 in 論争 越えるd this sum. Any 不正な 判決, therefore, for more than &続けざまに猛撃する;3000, would of course be 逆転するd in this country; but this is a trifling 始める，決める-off against the 激しい 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s to which the 法廷，裁判所 is in other 尊敬（する）・点s liable; since few of the colonists are 豊富な enough to be 関心d in 原因（となる）s where the 事柄 at 問題／発行する could 達成する so 広大な／多数の／重要な an 量: so that this 治療（薬） is やめる beyond the reach of the 大多数 of the inhabitants, and they are abandoned to the 天罰（を下す） of 圧迫, wherever a capricious and 圧倒的な tyranny may choose to えり抜く its 犠牲者. It is 高度に necessary, therefore, that the 憲法 of both these 法廷，裁判所s should を受ける an 即座の 改正, and be so でっちあげる，人を罪に陥れるd as to 確実にする henceforth the impartial 行政 of 司法（官） to all. They are not to be 許容するd because they cannot commit a 強盗 beyond this enormous 量, and because there are some few individuals, whose 繁栄 is too 深く，強烈に rooted to be overturned by the malignant fury of vengeful despots. It must be evident that the 力／強力にする of the 知事 of this 植民地 is 十分に leviathan, uncontrolled as he is by a 会議, and 所有するd as he is of an incontrovertible 権利 to 指名する the most obsequious of his creatures as jurymen on all 裁判，公判s, whether of a civil or 犯罪の nature, to 危うくする the 所有物／資産／財産 and life of every individual under his 政府. Nor should it here be forgotten that there has been a 知事 who, if the colonists had not 逮捕（する）d him in his iniquitous career of vengeance and 先制政治, would have 投げつけるd death and 破壊 from one end of the 植民地 to the other. Without the circle of his 即座の creatures, with the most 好意d of whom it is 井戸／弁護士席 known that he was in a 商業の 共同, every individual who either had 達成するd affluence, or was 徐々に rising to it, was the 反対する of his 憎悪 or envy. The former he detested, not more because they had no need of his 保護, than from 恐れる they should promulgate to the world his nefarious 訴訟／進行s; the latter because they were 吸収するing some 部分 of that wealth, which he wished should flow wholly into the coffers, the contents of which at the 分割 of the spoil he was to have so large a 株 of. It does not follow, therefore, because his 後継者 has not imitated his base example, because he has surrounded himself with respectable counsellors and a conscientious magistracy, that we should overlook the 可能性 that his very 後継者 may 土台を崩す the whole superstructure which he has been 後部ing, and become in every 尊敬（する）・点 as 広大な／多数の／重要な a monster as the wretch who before drove the colonists to desperation and 反乱. Experience is the beacon of past times 始める，決める up for the 指導／手引 of 未来; and those who 形態／調整 their course by it, shall 避ける striking on the 激しく揺するs to which it forbids approach. Woe to the 操縦する who 無視（する）s this friendly admonition, and runs on incredulous of the 危険. Soon in the 中央 of surrounding 暗礁s he shall when too late repent his temerity, and wish, that content with the experience of others he had not authenticated by the shipwreck of his hopes, the folly of his incredulity, and the reality of the danger! It is with 政府s as with individuals. The 会・原則s which have occasioned anarchy and 荒廃 before, will, if 固執するd in, produce them again. Vile and detestable as have been the monsters of antiquity, the world still 含む／封じ込めるs their 平行のs; and if they languish in obscurity, if they have not 達成するd a celebrity 平等に atrocious, it is because they 所有する not equal 施設s for the 陳列する，発揮する of their real character and propensities. Human nature is still the same, and wherever a field is opened for the growth of tyranny, there that poisonous fungus, a tyrant, will shoot up.

But the 激励 which these 法廷，裁判所s in general 持つ／拘留する out for the indulgence of 私的な animosities, and their その結果 imperfect adaptation to the 行政 of 司法（官）, are not the only 推論する／理由s which may be 勧めるd for a change in their 現在の organization. The whole of the inhabitants of the さまざまな 解決／入植地s in 先頭 Diemen's Land, are in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 placed without the pale of the 法律. They have, indeed, what is 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語d the 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事's 法廷，裁判所, but as I have already 観察するd, it can only take cognizance of 嘆願s to the 量 of fifty 続けざまに猛撃するs, and 所有するs no 犯罪の 裁判権 whatever. They are その結果 left without any 内部の 保護 from the spoliations of lawless ruffians, and in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 from the scarcelyless pernicious depredations of dishonest creditors. For although they may 得る 是正する in both instances in the 法廷，裁判所s 設立するd at Port Jackson, nothing but an invincible necessity will 推進する them to 捜し出す so distant and expensive a 治療（薬）. The consequence is, that scarcely any but delinquents of the very worst cast, as 殺害者s and 押し込み強盗s, are ever brought to 裁判，公判; for notwithstanding all 犯罪の 起訴s are 行為／行うd at the cost of the 政府, and the 証言，証人／目撃するs are paid their 不可欠の expenses from the police 基金, still, what with the period that elapses in the voyage to Port Jackson, the 延期するs 出来事/事件 to the 法廷，裁判所s themselves, and the time that the 証言，証人／目撃するs must 一般に wait before they can 得る a passage 支援する again, very few of the persons who are constrained to give 証拠 on such occasions can かもしれない manage to 再開する their 国内の 占領／職業s under three months. This to a 始める，決める of men, who are for the most part agriculturists, is too serious a sacrifice of 私的な advantage to public 義務; and it is not, therefore, to be wondered at that a general disposition should be manifested by the inhabitants of 先頭 Diemen's Land to 苦しむ 静かに the depredations that may be committed on their 所有物／資産／財産, rather than 背負い込む perhaps the much greater loss 大（公）使館員d to the 起訴 of the 違反者／犯罪者. The 治療（薬）, which they 所有する for civil 傷害s is, indeed, somewhat more palatable, but still far too remote and expensive. The 主要な／長／主犯 推論する／理由, indeed, why so many 負債s and 義務s 契約d in these 解決／入植地s, become 事柄 of 活動／戦闘 before the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 at Port Jackson, is to be traced to the satisfaction which results from 説得力のある one who considers himself a 特権d plunderer, and at liberty to fatten with impunity on the industrious, to disgorge the wealth of others, which he may have thus sucked. The expence, however, of supporting 証言，証人／目撃するs at so 広大な／多数の／重要な a distance from their homes, and the 不安定な 問題／発行する of 控訴s in general, induce many creditors to run the 危険 of voluntary 支払い（額） at some 未来 period, who would not hesitate to 学校／設ける 活動／戦闘s against their debtors, if there were a competent 法廷 within their reach. The want, therefore, of a 法廷，裁判所 所有するing an 制限のない civil and 犯罪の 裁判権, is of the most baneful consequence to these 幼児 解決／入植地s. It encourages all 種類 of 罪，犯罪s and dishonesty, strikes at the very root of virtue and 宗教, and cannot but have a most pernicious 影響 on the morals of the rising 世代.

Such are the 主要な defects in the actual system of jurisprudence 設立するd in this 植民地; and I think it will not be 論争d that a more 天然のまま and undigested organization of the 植民地の 法廷，裁判所s could hardly have been 工夫するd. Whether the 裁判官s of these 法廷，裁判所s have made any 代表s on the 支配する to his Majesty's 政府 I am not aware; but I should apprehend not, or surely they would have been remodelled ere this after a more perfect design. To 影響 this 高度に important 反対する would be a 事柄 of very 広大な／多数の／重要な 緩和する: it appears to me that the に引き続いて 対策 would amply 十分である. 1st, The entire 廃止 of the actual 法廷，裁判所s of civil and 犯罪の 裁判権; 2dly, The 創造 in their stead of one 最高の 法廷，裁判所, consisting of a 裁判長 and three puisne 裁判官s; 3dly. The 設立 of 裁判，公判 by 陪審／陪審員団; and lastly, the 創造 of a high 法廷，裁判所 of 控訴，上告s to consist of the 知事 in 会議. The sittings of the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 should only be held at Sydney, the seat of 政府; but 回路・連盟s should be 設立するd through-out the different 地区s of the 植民地, and of its 扶養家族 解決／入植地s in 先頭 Diemen's Land, and （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限s of assize, of oyer and terminer, and of general gaol 配達／演説／出産 should be 問題／発行するd by the 知事 to the 裁判官s at 明言する／公表するd periods, and they should 決定する の中で themselves their 各々の 回路・連盟s. These 法廷，裁判所s of assize should 所有する the same 力／強力にする as belongs to 類似の 法廷，裁判所s in this country, and in some 尊敬（する）・点s it might be advisable that they should be vested with a still more 広範囲にわたる 当局. In the 解決／入植地s in 先頭 Diemen's Land I am of opinion that no 控訴，上告 should be 許すd from the 決定／判定勝ち（する）s of the 法廷，裁判所 of assize to the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 at Sydney, unless the 判決 should 越える three hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs; but it would of course be proper that the 裁判官s of this 法廷，裁判所 should 所有する the 力／強力にする of 認めるing new 裁判，公判s, on the same grounds on which such are （許可，名誉などを）与えるd in this country. In judgments, however, for more than the above sum an 控訴，上告 to the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 should be 認める.

With 尊敬（する）・点 to the civil 裁判権 of the 法廷，裁判所s of assize in the さまざまな 地区s belonging to Port Jackson, I think it せねばならない be かなり curtailed, and that their 決定／判定勝ち（する） should not be final in any instance whatever; because the 除去 of 原因（となる）s to the 最高の 法廷，裁判所 would be …に出席するd with a comparatively trifling expense and inconvenience to the parties. From the judgment of this latter 法廷，裁判所 itself, I am of opinion that an 控訴，上告 should 嘘（をつく） in all 原因（となる）s where the 損害賠償金 might be 概算の at more than one thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs to the high 法廷，裁判所 of 控訴，上告s, and that its 決定／判定勝ち（する）s should be conclusive in all 嘆願s under the 量 of three thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs; but where the 事柄 in 論争 越えるd this sum, that an 控訴，上告 should 嘘（をつく） en dernier 訴える手段／行楽地 to the king in 会議. If to these 法廷，裁判所s were 追加するd a 法廷，裁判所 of admiralty, 所有するing both a civil and 犯罪の 裁判権, the system of jurisprudence would be やめる 適する to all the 現在の necessities of the 植民地; 司法（官） would be brought home to the doors of all his Majesty's 支配するs in these remote and 延長するd 解決／入植地s; the 延期する and expence now attendant on civil and 犯罪の 起訴s, would be in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 obviated; and the loyal and industrious would be effectually 保護するd, both from the secret depredations of the midnight plunderer, and from the open dishonesty of the unprincipled debtor: hundreds of indolent and profligate persons who now prey in one way or the other on the hard earned 貯金 of thrift and frugality, would be compelled to 訴える手段／行楽地 to the 追跡s of 産業 for a subsistence; 副／悪徳行為 and immorality would be checked, and the wealth, happiness, and virtue of the community 捕まらないで 速く 繁栄する and 拡大する.

Of all the changes or modifications which I have thus 投機・賭けるd to recommend in the polity of this 植民地, the 創造 of a 会議, the 任命 of a 植民地の 長官, and these alterations in the system of its jurisprudence, are the only 対策 which would be …に出席するd with an 増加する of expence. The 設立 of a house of 議会, might of course be 影響d without any cost whatever, and even the remodelling of the 法廷，裁判所s of 司法（官） would be 生産力のある of but a very trifling 新規加入 to the 規模 of the civil 設立. The three 裁判官s who at 現在の 統括する in the さまざまな 法廷，裁判所s, might be transferred to the 最高の 法廷，裁判所, which I have recommended to be 代用品，人d in their stead; so that the 任命 of one new 裁判官 is the 主要な／長／主犯 付加 expense of which this 再組織 of the 法廷，裁判所s would be 生産力のある. It is true that it would be necessary to place all the puisne 裁判官s on the same 地盤 in point of salary, and likewise to 任命する an 弁護士／代理人／検事 general to 行為／法令／行動する in に代わって of the 栄冠を与える, but all this might be liberally 遂行するd for about six thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs per 年. As to the 法廷，裁判所 of admiralty, the 裁判長 might be 任命するd to 統括する in it, whenever circumstances might 要求する it to be held; but this necessity would occur so seldom that no 付加 salary need be 許すd him on this account. A few barristers would be necessary besides the 弁護士／代理人／検事 general, to support the respectability of these 法廷，裁判所s; but I consider that the practice arising out of them, would be 十分に 広範囲にわたる to 返す a few gentlemen of the 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 very liberally for the sacrifices they would make in emigrating to this 植民地, and that the 政府 need not 持つ／拘留する out any pecuniary 誘導s to 影響 this 反対する; although it is only four or five years since two attornies were each 許すd &続けざまに猛撃する;300 per 年 by way of 激励 for them to go out and practise in the 法廷，裁判所s at 現在の 設立するd there. Since that time, however, two more have 任意に gone out to the 植民地 without any salary whatever, and have 設立する that there is 十分な litigation without the 補助装置ing liberality of the 政府. An 新規加入 therefore of &続けざまに猛撃する;6000 per 年 to the civil 設立 of this 植民地, would 影響 the 広大な／多数の／重要な 過激な reformation in its polity, of which it has been the main 反対する of this essay to 証明する the 知恵 and necessity; while on the other 手渡す, the 貯金 which this country would derive from the 採択 of the さまざまな alterations 提案するd, would be 設立する not only in the almost 即座の check which would be 課すd on the 速く 増加するing 支出 of this 植民地, but also in the 広大な／多数の／重要な 永久の 削減 in it, which would be the 結局の consequence. The best means of 遂行するing these 高度に important ends shall be the 支配する of the に引き続いて section.

On the Means of 減ずるing the Expences of this 植民地.

The 設立 of a 解放する／自由な 憲法 in the place of the 独断的な 当局 of an individual, would superinduce so many 特権s of which the colonists have hitherto been debarred, that they would not at first be fully sensible of the nature and extent of their new 取得／買収s. The 広大な／多数の／重要な 施設s which would be 現在のd to 農業の and 商業の enterprize, would not at once be 一般に perceived, or extensively embraced. 産業, though one of the most active 原則s of human nature, settles when long 抑制するd into a habit of inertion, which cannot be 即時に 打ち勝つ. When the 塚s within which this 原則 has been long 限定するd, are suddenly 除去するd, it will not of itself 急ぐ at once into every new channel in its way, and stop only when it has 設立する its own level. It is not like fluids 所有するd of an inherent elasticity and 傾向 to 動議, but 要求するs a directing impulse to 始める，決める and continue it in activity, and its activity will then only be in 割合 to the 力／強力にする and energy 適用するd. It is not, therefore, to be 推定する／予想するd, because the 広大な／多数の／重要な 根底となる changes which I have recommended in the polity of this 植民地 would if 可決する・採択するd, すぐに create new sources of profitable 占領／職業, and 完全に unfetter the long 抑制するd 産業 and enterprize of its inhabitants, that they are at once to take 十分な advantage of their 状況／情勢. There is a timidity in man, which though not 十分な to 抑制（する） the adventurous spirit of his nature, tends materially to check and repress it. This 原則 alone, therefore, would 十分である to 妨げる the sober and 控えめの part of the colonists from 急ぐing headlong into the さまざまな new avenues of profitable 占領／職業 that would be open to them; but there is also in their poverty a still more effectual 妨害. Though 労働 is itself the origin and 手段 of all wealth, it 与える／捧げるs but little to public or 私的な advantage when left to its own 孤立するd and unconnected 成果／努力s. It is only when in a 明言する／公表する of union, and when 支配するd to the controul of a directing 知能, which can 連合させる its energies, and （判決などを）下す them subservient to the attainment of some 選び出す／独身 end, that it becomes 有能な of 影響ing 広大な／多数の／重要な 有益な results. But this necessary combination of 労働 can only be 持続するd by the help of 資本／首都; and where such 資本／首都 does not 存在する, these 広大な／多数の／重要な 部隊d 成果／努力s, the 影響 of the 漸進的な accumulation of wealth, and the main 原因（となる） of the 繁栄 of all 古代の and populous communities, cannot be すぐに 組織するd and 設立するd. This 観察 in its 言及／関連 to this 植民地, it will be seen, 耐えるs more 特に on the 商業の 特権s of which its inhabitants would thus become 所有するd. These undoubtedly would not be extensively embraced, until a very かなりの accumulation of 資本／首都 should have arisen from the 進歩 and perfection of 農業. This and 製造（する）s are therefore the only two 即座の channels that remain for the absorption of 労働 and the 開発 of 産業. The latter, I have long since endeavoured to 証明する would never have 占領するd any 株 of the attention of the colonists, had those 激励s which the 政府 had at their 処分, been bestowed on the former. The 製造業の system, now so 速く 伸び（る）ing ground, has been one of the retributive consequences of the short-sighted and illiberal 政策 of which this unfortunate 植民地 has been so long the 犠牲者, and will 中止する of itself, whenever the 存在するing 妨害s to the 拡張 of 農業 shall be 除去するd, for the best of all 推論する／理由s, because no person will select a いっそう少なく profitable 請け負うing when a more profitable one, and one 要求するing いっそう少なく 技術, 資本／首都, and assiduity, lies open to him. 農業, therefore, as soon as it shall be 解放する／自由なd from its 現在の 抑制s, will afford the readiest and most accessible channel for carrying off the large accumulation of 沈滞した 労働 which at 現在の infests this 植民地. It is this 集まり of superfluous labourers, for whom there 存在するs only a fictitious 需要・要求する, and with whom the 政府 are at 現在の 強いるd to give a bounty in the 形態／調整 of 着せる／賦与するing and 準備／条項s, to induce the 植民／開拓者s to 受託する their services, that 構成するs the main source of the 広大な／多数の／重要な and 増加するing 支出 of this 植民地; and it is to this point alone that all 過激な and 包括的な 計画／陰謀s of retrenchment must be directed. The 貧窮化した 条件 of the colonists, to which circumstance alone the expences of the 政府 are おもに attributable, arises from the means of 雇用 not keeping pace with the 早い 増加する in the 全住民, and yet perhaps there is no community in which equal 激励s to 産業 are to be 設立する. It has already been 明言する／公表するd that within the last six years the 全住民 of this 植民地 has 現実に 二塁打d itself, in other words, it has 前進するd in this 尊敬（する）・点 with a celerity nearly four times as 広大な／多数の／重要な as the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America,--a country whose 早い 数値／数字による 増加する has been a 支配する of astonishment to the whole world. It may therefore be perceived that this unparalleled augmentation in the 全住民 of this 植民地, must of itself afford an 前例のない 刺激 to 農業;--a 刺激, perhaps, with which the 農業の 進歩 of any other country could not keep pace. It is 井戸／弁護士席 known that Poland, which is the greatest corn country in Europe, and whose whole strength is directed to the 追跡s of 農業, does not 輸出（する） more than one month's 消費 of 穀物 for its 全住民. America 輸出（する）s somewhat いっそう少なく, but would be able, without 疑問, to 輸出（する） somewhat more, if the collected 軍隊 of its inhabitants were 適用するd to the raising of corn; yet still neither the one nor the other of these countries would be enabled to support such a 早い 増加する of 全住民 as is taking place in this 植民地. Such, however, is its fertility that the 広大な 激励 afforded by this 前例のない augmentation in its numbers (who, it must be recollected, are for the most part adults, and not, as in the 事例／患者 of old 設立するd societies, 幼児s, and in consequence not gifted with the 十分な 力／強力にするs of 消費,) so prodigious, I say, is its fertility, that there is far from a 十分な 需要・要求する for 労働. The 解決／入植地s in 先頭 Diemen's Land alone, on the occasion of the flood which took place in the month of March, 1817, at the Hawkesbury river, the 主要な／長／主犯 農業の 設立, and where, for the 原因（となる）s I have already explained, the colonists, in most instances, 許す their stacks to remain within the 影響（力） of these destructive inundations, were able to 供給（する） Port Jackson with about twenty thousand bushels of wheat, the whole of which was raised without any probability of a market, and would have 死なせる／死ぬd in the 手渡すs of the growers, or at best, have become the food of hogs, had it not been for the 広大な／多数の／重要な loss of 穀物 occasioned by the 洪水ing of the above river. It may, therefore, be perceived, that the colonists in 先頭 Diemen's Land raise on the strength of the 明らかにする 可能性 of a flood happening at the 主要な／長／主犯 解決／入植地, very nearly as much corn as is 要求するd for their own 消費; and there can be no 疑問 if their 産業 was stretched to the 最大の point of 拡張, that they would be enabled to 輸出（する） at least three times as much as they thus casually furnished in the year 1817. The 解決／入植地s, however, at Port Jackson, cannot pretend to equal fertility of 国／地域, yet even their 生産力のある 力／強力にするs are かなり cramped by the want of an 適する market. How this most important 反対する might be 影響d, and profitable 占領／職業 created for all the 労働 that is now, or may be hereafter 使い捨てできる in the 植民地, I have already explained at かなりの length; and it is under the presumption that my 推薦s on this 長，率いる will be みなすd worthy of 採択, that I shall hereafter 服従させる／提出する a 計画（する） for 徐々に 減らすing the 植民地の 支出.

The readiest way of 遂行するing this 反対する would be to 廃止する at once the system of victualling and 着せる／賦与するing the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs from the king's 蓄える／店s; but this is impracticable and must be done judiciously, and in 割合 only to the 徐々に 増加するing 需要・要求する for 労働. This 方式 of retrenchment, indeed, has already been 押し進めるd その上の than circumstances have 令状d. The ticket of leave system, by which 罪人／有罪を宣告するs are permitted to go on their own 手渡すs, and 治める in any way that they can to their own wants, though first ーするつもりであるd as a reward to the really 改革（する）d and meritorious 罪人／有罪を宣告する, has of late years been 訴える手段／行楽地d to as the most efficacious means of 少なくなるing the expences of the 政府. And hence the very end and 目的（とする） of this 植民地, the reformation of the lawless ギャング（団） who are 輸送（する）d to its shores, have been 延期するd to a paltry saving, unworthy the character of the nation, and 破壊分子 in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 of the philanthropic 意向s with which the 立法機関 were 初めは actuated. The alarming 増加する of 罪，犯罪 that has taken place within the last few years, is the re-活動／戦闘 of this pernicious and mercenary system, which has already been carried to such an extent as to 危うくする the lives and 所有物／資産／財産 of every honest and 井戸／弁護士席 性質の／したい気がして inhabitant of the 植民地. This system, so injurious of itself, has been powerfully seconded by the lax and 無差別の manner in which 罪人／有罪を宣告する servants have been 割り当てるd to the さまざまな 植民／開拓者s. 存在 in most instances 解放する／自由なd or emancipated 罪人／有罪を宣告するs themselves, many of them 所有する but little character, and in fact only 受託する the different indulgences that are held out to 植民地化, with a 見解（をとる） to the 即座の 利益（をあげる） which they can derive from them, and without any 意向 of 成し遂げるing the remote 条件s which they tacitly or expressly enter into with the 政府. So long as their servants are victualled and 着せる／賦与するd at the cost of the 栄冠を与える, they in general avail themselves fully of their services, but the moment this 広大な／多数の／重要な indulgence 中止するs, they 一般に 構内／化合物 with them, and in consideration of the 業績／成果 of a 規定するd 量 of 労働 解放する／自由な of expence, 認める them an 控除 from their 雇用 for the 残りの人，物 of the year, and その結果, a licence to prowl about the country, and plunder at every convenient 適切な時期, the honest and deserving part of the community. And although the 現在の 知事 has taken every step that could be 工夫するd for the 鎮圧 of this pernicious practice, yet in consequence of the thinly 住むd 明言する／公表する of the 植民地, and the remoteness of the さまざまな 農業の 解決／入植地s from one another, circumstances which 妨げる the 任命 of proper persons to （悪事，秘密などを）発見する and punish such 違反s of public orders, his 成果／努力s have been in a 広大な／多数の／重要な degree unavailing. He is 井戸／弁護士席 aware of the nature of the 病気 under which the 植民地 is languishing, but he has not the 力／強力にする to 治める the only effectual 治療（薬）. Create but a 十分な market for the 植民地の produce, and 労働 will then become too 価値のある to be 苦しむd thus to remain in inactivity. It will then and not before be the 利益／興味 of the 植民／開拓者s to 押し進める their servants' exertions to the 最大の. The 競争 that will then 存在する for the 製品s of 労働, will be the best 保証（人） for its proper 使用／適用. The method which I am about to 服従させる／提出する for the 鎮圧 of this alarming 明言する／公表する of anarchy and danger, will, it must be 自白するd, occasion a very かなりの 即座の 新規加入 of expence; but this is necessary to 修正する the 広大な／多数の／重要な and 増加するing evils of the ticket of leave system, and to insure the honest and laborious colonist that 安全 of person and 所有物／資産／財産 which the injudicious 拡張, within these few years, of this 狭くする-minded system has so 大いに 危うくするd. Without the enjoyment of a 十分な and 十分な 保護, the colonists, however enlightened may be the 未来 行為／行う of their 政府 in other 尊敬（する）・点s, will make but a timid and feeble 前進する in the さまざまな departments of 内部の 産業. A certainty of 得るing the fruits of their exertions, is indeed an 不可欠の 予選 to the 再開 of those active habits which have been so long 麻ひさせるd, and a 再発 to which is the main 在庫／株 whereon all shoots of 未来 retrenchment must be engrafted. Under a hope, therefore, that an 内部の 立法機関, which I again 主張する can alone fully 供給する for the 現在の and 未来 necessities of this 植民地 will be 設立するd, I 投機・賭ける to 提案する the に引き続いて 計画（する） for 結局 減らすing the 規模 of its 支出:

First, That the ticket of leave system, except in as far as its continuance may be really 必須の to the 昇進／宣伝 of good 行為／行う in the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, should be 廃止するd.

Secondly, That the ticket of leave men, and all the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs now in the service of individuals, whether victualled and 着せる／賦与するd at the expence of the 栄冠を与える or not, should be called in and re-割り当てるd, either to their 現在の masters or to others, and that these should be 許すd with them the 賞与金 hereafter to be 指名するd; but that they should be 以前 in every instance 要求するd to give 安全 to the 政府, that such 罪人／有罪を宣告する servants should not on any account be permitted to be absent from their 各々の 雇用s.

Thirdly, That instead of the 現在の 方式 of victualling and 着せる／賦与するing the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs from the king's 蓄える／店s, the 植民／開拓者s should be 許すd a 規定するd 賞与金 with them, one fifth いっそう少なく than the actual cost of 持続するing them, and that this 賞与金 should 減らす one fifth 年一回の from the date of the changes in the 植民地の polity, which have been recommended.

Fourthly, That the price now directed to be paid 罪人／有罪を宣告する servants for their extra time, should be 減ずるd from &続けざまに猛撃する;10 in the men, to &続けざまに猛撃する;5; and from &続けざまに猛撃する;7 to &続けざまに猛撃する;3 10s. in the women: and that this 削減 should be subtracted from the 量 of the above 賞与金, and carried to the credit of the 政府.

Fifthly, That all such 罪人／有罪を宣告するs as may arrive in the 植民地 within the five years next 続いて起こるing the above period, other than those who may be 要求するd for the 政府 作品, should be in like manner 割り当てるd to deserving applicants, with the 減少（する）d 賞与金 of the year in which they may arrive.

Sixthly, That at the 満期 of the above period of five years, the whole of the 政府 作品 which are now for the most part carried on by 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, victualled and 着せる／賦与するd from the king's 蓄える／店s, should be 成し遂げるd by 契約.

Seventhly, That the 最大の 激励 should be held out by the 政府 to the 移住 of 豊富な individuals to the 植民地; and that with a 見解（をとる） to 影響 this 反対する, not only a passage should be furnished them 解放する／自由な of expence in the さまざまな 輸送（する）s, which are 毎年 sent thither, but that also the 量 of land to be hereafter 認めるd them, should be 増加するd in 割合 to their 資本／首都, from eight hundred acres (the 現在の customary 認める) up to five thousand.

Lastly, That the unappropriated lands most eligibly 据えるd for the 目的s of 植民地化, should be 調査するd and 示すd out into sections, each 含む／封じ込めるing one square mile, or six hundred and forty acres; that each of these sections should be again subdivided into four parts; that thirty-six of these sections should as in America form a 郡区; that at 明言する／公表するd periods the lands so 調査するd should be 始める，決める up to auction, and sold to the best 入札者, 供給するd the price 申し込む／申し出d for them should 越える one dollar per acre; if not, that they should be 保持するd until they could be sold for such price at some その後の period; that the same credit should be given for the 購入（する） of these lands as is given in America, and the same 割引 on ready money; and that the 量 of such sales should go to the Police 基金, and be 雇うd in defraying the expences of the 植民地.

The 反対する of the foregoing propositions must be too evident from the 予選 発言／述べるs which I have made, to need any 延長するd illustration; にもかかわらず, it may not be altogether inexpedient to say a few words in その上の explanation of them to such persons as have bestowed no 部分 of their attention on the circumstances and 状況／情勢 of this 植民地. The first, second, and third articles speak for themselves. The 治療（薬） here 提案するd for the alarming evils, which I have so copiously traced to the 原因（となる）s of their origin and continuance, will certainly occasion the 政府 for the next five years a very 広大な／多数の／重要な 付加 expence; but after the most 円熟した reflection on the 現在の 貧窮化した 明言する／公表する of this 植民地, and the 深く，強烈に rooted habits of idleness and 副／悪徳行為, which a fifteen years' deprivation of the most important civil and political 権利s has occasioned, I can 工夫する 非，不，無 besides that could be 適用するd with any probability of 影響ing a 過激な and 永久の cure. The 協定 recommended in the third article, I mean the substitution of a 賞与金 for the 現在の 方式 of 着せる／賦与するing and victualling the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, would be 高度に favourable to the 農業の 利益／興味s, both by 限界ing to the cultivators of the 国／地域, the 供給（する） of the food 消費するd by their servants, and by sparing them the trouble and expence of sending their carts for it to the king's 蓄える／店s, an 控除 which would be …に出席するd with a かなりの saving to such of them as 住む 地区s remote from the towns: it would also be a source of economy to the 政府, by enabling them to make a 広大な／多数の／重要な 削減 in the commissariat department. The only 反対 I can 心配する to this article, is, that it 直す／買収する，八百長をするs an 独断的な 率 of 削減 on the 賞与金 to be 許すd the 植民／開拓者s with the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs; and that this 率 may 証明する greater than the 前進する which the 植民地 may make in the さまざまな avenues of 内部の 産業. This may かもしれない be the 事例／患者, although I consider the period I have 指名するd 十分に 長引いた to 許す the colonists 予定 time to ascertain the nature and extent of their newly acquired 特権s, and to 利益（をあげる） by them. If, however, it were practicable, it would certainly be more 適格の that they themselves should become the arbiters of the abatement which should 毎年 take place in the 賞与金 to be given with the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs. I do not, however, 井戸／弁護士席 know how this desideratum could be 影響d, unless the 大陪審s during the 回路・連盟 of the 法廷，裁判所s in the different 地区s, could be 権力を与えるd to 問い合わせ into and 決定する the 増加する that may take place in the 需要・要求する for 労働, and 規制する the price of it, or in other words the 賞与金 to be given with it accordingly. To detract as far as possible from the 増加するd expence which would follow the 採択 of the 対策 recommended in the first, second, and third articles, is the 反対する of the fourth. By making the abatement here 提案するd in the 量 of the 給料 now directed to be paid by the 植民／開拓者s to their 罪人／有罪を宣告する servants, and carrying it to the credit of the 政府, an 即座の saving of &続けざまに猛撃する;5 per man, and &続けざまに猛撃する;3 10s. per woman would be 影響d. And if the 計算／見積り be 正確な that each male 罪人／有罪を宣告する victualled and 着せる／賦与するd at the expence of the 栄冠を与える costs &続けざまに猛撃する;18, and each 女性（の） &続けざまに猛撃する;12 10s. it will be seen that above one fourth more might be supported by the 政府 in the manner here recommended, and that likewise a fifth might be 毎年 追加するd to the number, without occasioning any 増加する whatever in the 植民地の 支出. The 負わせる too of this 方式 of retrenchment would not 落ちる on the 植民／開拓者, and by operating as a check to 農業 perhaps 長引かせる the period when the さまざまな departments of 産業 will be enabled to 吸収する the large 集まり of 労働 which is 毎年 regurgitated on the shores of this 植民地, but on the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs themselves, to whose reformation indeed, (the 最初の／主要な 反対する of its 創立／基礎) it is 必須の that every incentive to the 再開 of their 古代の disorderly and profligate habits should be 孤立した. Even with this 減らすd 規模 of 給料, the 状況／情勢 of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs would be far より望ましい to that of the 労働ing class in this country. &続けざまに猛撃する;2 10s. to the men, and &続けざまに猛撃する;1 10s. to the women, would then remain, 独立して of their food and 着せる／賦与するing, which is surely やめる 十分な for the "menus plaisirs" of a 始める，決める of persons who are supposed to be smarting under the 攻撃する of the 法律. Article fifth needs no explanation. Article sixth, 熟視する／熟考するs the saving that might be 影響d in the public 作品 of the 政府, by 交流ing at the 満期 of the period, when the bounty to be 許すd to 植民／開拓者s with 罪人／有罪を宣告するs shall 中止する, the 現在の 方式 of carrying them on by a 団体／死体 of men, victualled and 着せる／賦与するd at the expence of the 栄冠を与える, for the more economical 計画（する） of 契約ing for them with the lowest 入札者. I 限界 the 開始／学位授与式 of this method of retrenchment to the above period, because so long as a necessity 存在するs for giving a bounty with 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, there can be no 疑問 that it would be judicious for the 政府 to 利益（をあげる） as far as possible by the 労働 of persons whom even in the 雇用 of individuals, they would be in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 強いるd to support. But the moment this necessity shall 中止する, it is 平等に indubitable that a かなりの saving might be 影響d by carrying on the public 作品 by 契約. Where a 団体／死体 of fourteen or fifteen hundred 罪人／有罪を宣告するs are 雇うd under the superintendence of the most active and upright man, there will always be a system of idleness and plunder, which his assiduity will never be able 完全に to baffle. Out of the 巨大な number of minor スパイ／執行官s on whose 知能 and 正直さ he would be 強いるd to place a かなりの degree of dependence, it is not readily to be believed, however 広大な／多数の／重要な may be his activity and 差別, that he would not be frequently deceived, and that those very men on whom he most relied to 抑える the dishonest inclinations of others, would not themselves occasionally 利益（をあげる） by the 施設s to plunder and peculation, which the 信用／信任 they enjoyed might throw in their way. That such is, and always has been the 事例／患者 in this 植民地, no person at all conversant with its real 明言する／公表する, can have any hesitation in 主張するing; and その結果 that the substitution of 契約s in the place of the 現在の 方式 of 行為／行うing the public 作品, would become a very important source of economy at the period in question. Article the seventh, is ーするつもりであるd to encourage 移住 to the 植民地, and to turn to its shores some 部分 of the 巨大な numbers who are 毎年 身を引くing from this country to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America. It appears almost inexplicable how the 政府 can look on, and behold the thousands who are propelled by さまざまな 原因（となる）s to やめる their native land, and not make some vigorous 成果／努力s, if not to check this strong tide of 移住, at least to コースを変える it to our 植民地s, where in general it is so much 要求するd, and might become of such 巨大な and 永久の 公共事業（料金）／有用性 to the empire. It is true that of those who thus abandon the land of their forefathers, many are actuated by political animosities, and could not by any means be induced to settle in any of our 植民地s. But it is not いっそう少なく 確かな that there are others, and that the 大多数 are of this class, whom mere 苦しめる and 無（不）能 to 供給する for the growing wants of their families, unalloyed with any political feelings whatever, most reluctantly 運動 to 捜し出す an 亡命 in America, and who 深く，強烈に lament the necessity of betaking themselves to a country where they and their children may one day be compelled to draw their paricidal swords against the mother that gave them birth. It cannot indeed be 否定するd that the 政府 to 妨げる this horrible 代案／選択肢, have for a long time held out かなりの 激励s to persons emigrating to Canada; but besides that the 政策 of thus peopling at so かなりの an expence a country which in the natural course of events must become an integral member of the American union, is at least 疑わしい, it is 井戸／弁護士席 known that three-fourths of those who are thus induced to settle in Canada, end by 除去するing to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. The 激しい severity of the winters, and the 避けられない 中断 of the 追跡s of 農業 during six months in the year, with the habits and language of the Canadians, so repulsive and annoying to the generality of Englishmen, 十分に account for this circumstance, without taking into computation the superior advantages of 気候 and 国／地域 which the greater part of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs is 代表するd as 所有するing. If the impolicy, therefore, of encouraging 移住 to Canada be 論争d, still the inefficiency of the means 雇うd to 達成する the end 熟視する／熟考するd by the 政府 せねばならない decide them to try some other expedient to 妨げる so large a 在庫／株 of British 産業 and 資本／首都 from thus 追加するing to the 資源s of a nation, who is already the most formidable, as she is the most rancorous on the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） of our enemies. No 手段, perhaps, that could be 可決する・採択するd would tend so effectually to the 業績／成就 of this 反対する, as 持つ／拘留するing out the 広大な／多数の／重要な 激励 明示するd in this article to all such as may settle in this 植民地. 所有するd as it is of a most salubrious and diversified 気候, fertile 国／地域, and unbounded extent of 領土, it evidently 含む／封じ込めるs every requisite for the 形式 of a 広大な／多数の／重要な and 繁栄するing community; and whenever it shall be blessed with a 解放する／自由な 政府 will 申し込む／申し出 much greater 施設s for the 開発 of 産業 and the 取得／買収 of wealth, than are to be 設立する in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. Until the 植民地, however, shall 所有する this 根底となる 特権, every 試みる／企てる of the 政府 to コースを変える the 現在の of 移住 thither from America must 証明する in a 広大な／多数の／重要な 手段 unavailing. A 解放する／自由な 憲法 is the first want of those who have known the blessings of one; and no prospects of 利益（をあげる） to an honourable and 独立した・無所属 mind can 補償する for its loss. There can be little 疑問, therefore, that as soon as this 不可欠の 予選 to general 移住 shall be 認めるd, thousands of persons will 乗る，着手する for this 植民地, and continue to 与える／捧げる to the wealth and 力／強力にする of their native country, who would さもなければ become 国民s of her most formidable and inveterate 競争相手.

The 採択 also of the 対策 here recommended, would have a sensible 影響 in 減らすing the 支出 of this 植民地; and would amply 補償する for any loss which the 政府 might 支える by affording 植民／開拓者s a passage thither, 解放する／自由な of expence, in the 輸送（する）s. I 開始するd this section by an 試みる／企てる to 証明する that the 広大な／多数の／重要な 即座の hindrance to the 雇用 of the large 集まり of unoccupied 労働 in the さまざまな new departmeuts of 内部の 産業 that will be created by the 設立 of a 解放する／自由な 政府, will arise from the want of 資本／首都; and the 賞与金 I have recommended to be 認めるd with 罪人／有罪を宣告するs for the first five years 続いて起こるing the 提案するd change in the 植民地の polity, is ーするつもりであるd to impart an 人工的な vigour into the community, and to 許す of that accumulation of wealth, which may afterwards 十分である of itself to keep in 解答 all the 使い捨てできる 労働 of the 植民地. Every 即位, therefore, of 資本／首都 that may take place, will 与える／捧げる to swell the 植民地の 在庫／株 to that extent which is necessary for the 完全にする 占領／職業 of the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, and thus become the means of 加速するing the period when the 政府 will be 完全に emancipated from the necessity of 許すing the 植民／開拓者s a bounty with them.

The last article scarcely needs any explanation. Whenever that 広範囲にわたる 移住 of 資本主義者s which I confidently 心配する would follow the 設立 of a 解放する／自由な 政府 shall take place, the sale of the 栄冠を与える lands would evidently become a source of かなりの 利益（をあげる）, and would go a long way に向かって defraying the expences of the 植民地. It would also be the means of bringing numbers of rich 相場師s thither, who wonld not think of emigrating even for the 増加するd indulgences which I have recommended in the foregoing article. A man of fortune would then be enabled to vest his money in land to the exact extent that he might 願望（する）; 反して at 現在の, he must either be content with the 部分 割り当てるd him, or else 購入（する） by dribblets the farms that may become 空いている in the 周辺 of his 広い地所, and after all perhaps, be annoyed by having the 所有／入手s of others in the 中央 of his own. It is true that individuals, who do not 所有する 十分な land for the support of their flocks and herds, are 許すd to 料金d them on the unappropriated lands, and can therefore 増加する their 在庫／株 to any extent they may please. But the 早い 進歩 of 植民地化 places the 栄冠を与える lands every day at a greater distance from the 初めの 解決／入植地s, and occasions a constant necessity for receding, so that at last that part of his 在庫／株 which the 農業者 cannot 料金d at home is 徐々に 除去するd to an inconvenient distance, and no longer can have the 利益 of his personal superintendence. With men of 資本／首都, therefore, the class of whom it has been seen that the 植民地 is most in need, this sale of the 栄冠を与える lands at half the price which is 需要・要求するd for land in America, would 証明する a very powerful 刺激 to 移住, and would その結果 have a twofold 操作／手術 in 減らすing the 支出 of this 植民地; viz. by filling the coffers of the Police 基金, and by occasioning that 即位 of 資本／首都, which I have before shewn to be 必須の before the 政府 can be 解放する／自由なd from the 重荷（を負わせる） of supporting the 罪人／有罪を宣告するs.

On the Advantages which the 植民地 申し込む／申し出s for 移住.

After the 暗い／優うつな picture which I have drawn of the actual 条件 of the 植民地; after having 代表するd both its 農業の and 商業の 利益／興味s as 存在 already not only in a 明言する／公表する of impair, but also of 増加するing dilapidation and 廃虚, it may appear somewhat paradoxical that I should 試みる／企てる to 勝利，勝つd up the account with an enumeration of the advantages which it 持つ／拘留するs out to 移住. If 予定 consideration, however, be given to the nature of the 成分s of which the 農業の 団体／死体 is composed; if it be recollected that it consists principally of persons, who have been since their earliest years habituated to every sort of 副／悪徳行為 and debauchery; of persons bred up in cities, and unacquainted with the arts of husbandry, who had, therefore, to 競う against the 連合させるd 軍隊 of an inveterate propensity to the profligate indulgences of their 古代の 方式 of life, and of utter ignorance of the laborious 占領／職業s and thrifty arts of their new: I say if all these serious 妨害s to success be impartially 重さを計るd, it will be seen that the anomaly is rather 明らかな than real. にもかかわらず I do not mean to 暗示する that this 植民地 or its dependencies, 現在の at this moment any very flattering prospects for the mere agriculturist. That the skilful 農業者 would be enabled to 得る an 独立した・無所属 and comfortable subsistence is, however, indubitable; and the larger his family, 供給するd they were of 十分な age to afford him an effectual co-操作／手術, the greater would be his chance of a successful 設立. Hundreds of this laborious class of people, who in spite of unremitting toil and frugality, find themselves every day getting behind-手渡す with the world, would undoubtedly better their 条件 by emigrating to this 植民地, if there were only a probability that they would be enabled to go on from day to day as they are doing here. In this country they are at best but tenants of the 国／地域 they cultivate; 反して there they would be proprietors, and the mere 前進する which would be taking place in the value of their farms, would before many years not only （判決などを）下す them 独立した・無所属 but even 豊富な. Of the truth of this 主張, we shall be fully 納得させるd by referring to the price of land on the banks of the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers, the only parts which can be said to be even tolerably colonized. It has already been 明言する／公表するd that as far as the river Hawkesbury is navigable, the unimproved land is 価値（がある） five 続けざまに猛撃するs per acre, and 改善するd land 二塁打 this 量. This land was at first of no value whatever; because in the 幼少／幼藍期 of societies, so long as there is an 制限のない 範囲 of land of the first 質, which any one may 占領する as far as his occasions 要求する, it is evident that there would be no purchasers; since it is absurd to imagine that any one would buy that which he could 得る for nothing. It is only, as Mr. Ricardo has 論証するd, when land of an inferior 質 is brought into cultivation, and when the difference in the produce of the two sorts gives the occupier of the one a 優越 over the occupier of the other, and （判決などを）下すs it as 適格の for a person to cultivate land of the first description as a tenant, and to 支払う／賃金 the proprietor the difference of produce by way of rent, as to be himself the proprietor of land of the second description; or when the 状況／情勢 of the different appropriated tracts of land does not 収容する／認める of the conveyance of their produce to market at an equal cost; and thus again gives the owners of those farms which are more contiguous, an advantage over the owners of those which are more remote: I say it is only when societies have made that 進歩, which begets one or other of these contingencies, or both, that land is of any value whatever. In the course, therefore, of thirty-one years, the tract of land in question, taking the unimproved part as our criterion, since the 改良s made in that 部分 of it, which is in a 明言する／公表する of cultivation, may be considered tantamount to the difference in value between the one and the other, has evidently risen to this enormous price, from having been of no 価値（がある） whatever: or in other words, each acre of land has 増加するd in value during the interval that has elapsed since the 創立／基礎 of the 植民地 at the 率 of 3s. 2 1/2d. per 年; and this too under the most impolitic and oppressive system, to which any 植民地, perhaps, was ever 支配するd. How much greater then, will be the 未来 rise in the value of landed 所有物／資産／財産, if, as there is now every 推論する／理由 to hope from the attention which the 政府 are at this moment 支払う／賃金ing to the 明言する／公表する of this 植民地, the whole of the disabilities under which its inhabitants have been so long groaning, should at length be abandoned? Without taking at all into the 見積（る） the 即座の amelioration which a 過激な change in the polity of this 植民地, would occasion in the 条件 of the 農業の 団体／死体; without depending on the probability that it will soon be in the 力／強力にする of the laborious and frugal 植民／開拓者 to rise 速く to wealth and independence; it must be evident that the mere 増加する which is 年一回の taking place in the value of landed 所有物／資産／財産, affords of itself the strongest 誘導 to 移住; since if it does not 持つ／拘留する out to the industrious man the prospect of acquiring 即座の wealth, it relieves him from all 逮捕s for his family, should a premature 運命 追いつく himself. He at least knows that every 後継するing year will be augmenting in a 早い manner the value of his farm, and that the same 位置／汚点／見つけ出す which 治めるs to his and their 現在の wants, cannot fail to 十分である for their 未来. This is of itself a most consolatory prospect; it at all events 妨げるs the 現在の good from 存在 embittered with any dread of 未来 evil; it 許すs the industrious man the tranquil enjoyment of the fruits of his 労働s, and 救助（する）s him from the necessity of hoarding up against the approach of 集会 calamity, against the 嵐の season of 差し迫った poverty.

The amelioration, that would take place in the 条件 of the mere labourer, who should emigrate to this 植民地, without 基金s 適する to the 形式 of an 農業の 設立, would not be so かなりの. Still there can be no 疑問 that the honest and industrious man would always be able to 供給する for himself and his family a 十分なこと of food and 着せる／賦与するing; 慰安s which with his 最大の endeavours he can hardly 得る in this country without having 頼みの綱 to parochial 救済. He would, therefore, at all events emancipate himself from this humiliating,--this demoralizing necessity; for although there is confessedly a greater 部分 of 労働 in the 植民地 than can at 現在の be 持続するd in activity, any person who might emigrate thither 任意に would easily find 雇用, when those who are, or have been under the 操作／手術 of the 法律 would 捜し出す for it in vain. A good character is a jewel of greater value there than in this country, because it is more difficult to be met with; and その結果 all the advantages which it procures its possessor in the one place, it will insure him at least in a two-倍の 手段 in the other.

The 植民地 申し込む／申し出s very little 激励 to the 製造業者. The 製造業の 利益／興味s are not at 現在の in the most 繁栄する 状況／情勢; and if the 政府 should, as there is every probability, at length 可決する・採択する those 対策 which are called for by every consideration of 司法（官） and expediency, a few years will 絶滅する them 完全に. To this class therefore, with 言及／関連 both to the proprietor and workman, a 除去 to this 植民地 would undoubtedly be prejudicial.

For the artisan and mechanic, who are 技術d in the 作品 of 公共事業（料金）／有用性, rather than of 高級な, there is, as it has been already 発言／述べるd, no part of the world, perhaps, which affords an equal chance of success. To any, therefore, who have the means of 輸送（する）ing themselves and families to this 植民地, the 除去 would be in the highest degree advantageous. They could not fail to find 即座の 雇用, and receive a more 自由主義の return for their 労働, than they would be able to procure どこかよそで. The blacksmith, carpenter, cooper, 石／投石する-mason, brick-層, brick-製造者, wheel and plough-wright, harness-製造者, tanner, shoe-製造者, taylor, 閣僚-製造者, ship-wright, sawyer, etc. etc. would very soon become 独立した・無所属, if they 所有するd 十分な prudence to save the money which they would earn. For the master artisan and mechanic, the prospect of course is still more 元気づける; since the 労働 they would be enabled to 命令（する） would be 割合d to the extent of their 資本／首都.

The advantages, however, which the 植民地 申し込む／申し出s to this class of emigrants, 広大な／多数の／重要な as they undoubtedly are, when considered in an 孤立するd point of 見解（をとる）, are 絶対 of no 負わせる when placed in the balance of comparison against those which it 申し込む／申し出s to the 資本主義者, who has the means to 乗る，着手する 大部分は in the 産む／飼育するing of 罰金 woolled sheep. It may be 安全に 主張するd that of all the さまざまな 開始s which the world at this moment affords for the profitable 投資 of money, there is not one 平等に 招待するing as this 選び出す／独身 channel of enterprize 申し込む／申し出d by the 植民地. The proof of this 主張 I shall 残り／休憩（する） on a 計算／見積り so plain and intelligible, as I hope to be within the 範囲 of the comprehension of all. Before we proceed, however, it is necessary to settle a few points, as the data on which this 計算／見積り is to be 設立するd; viz. the value of wool, the 負わせる of the fleece, and the number of sheep to be kept in a flock. With regard to the value of the wool grown in this 植民地, the last 輸入s of the best 質 普通の／平均（する）d five shillings and sixpence per 続けざまに猛撃する in the fleece. This was sold last month; [March, 1819] and as the market was at that time overcharged, and as moreover the best description of wool yet produced in this 植民地, is far from having 達成するd the perfection of which it is 有能な, and which a few more crosses with the pure 産む／飼育する will undoubtedly 影響 in it, it may be 安全に 結論するd, that this is the lowest price at which this sort of wool will ever be sold. This will be more evident, if we 熟視する／熟考する the 漸進的な rise in value, which the wool from the same gentleman's flocks has been experiencing during the last four years. In 1816, it was sold for 2s. 6d. per 続けざまに猛撃する in the fleece; in March, 1818, for 3s. 6d. per 続けざまに猛撃する; in July, 1818, for 4s. 4d. per 続けざまに猛撃する; and in March, 1819, for 5s. 6d. per 続けざまに猛撃する in the fleece. For some of this last 量 of wool, 適切に sorted and washed, Mr. Hurst of 物陰／風下d was 申し込む／申し出d 9s. per 続けざまに猛撃する, and 辞退するd it. To take the 未来 普通の／平均（する） price of wool at 5s. 6d. per 続けざまに猛撃する, is, therefore, forming an 見積（る）, which in all probability will 落ちる far short of the truth. However, let this be one of our data; and let us 許す three 続けざまに猛撃するs, which is also an 見積（る） 平等に 穏健な, as the 普通の／平均（する） 負わせる of each fleece. The 負わせる of a yearling's fleece may be taken at three ４半期/4分の1s of a 続けざまに猛撃する, and the value of the wool at 2s. 9d. per 続けざまに猛撃する. The number of ewes 一般に kept in a flock by the best 子孫を作る人s are about 330, and we will suppose that the emigrant has the means of 購入（する）ing a flock of this size of the most 改善するd 産む／飼育する: this with a 十分な number of tups may be had for &続けざまに猛撃する;1000. These points 存在 決定するd, let us now proceed to our 計算／見積り.

It would be useless to 起訴する this 計算／見積り, since any person who may be anxious to ascertain its その上の results, may easily follow it up himself. It will be seen that with the most 自由主義の allowances for all manner of expenses, 死傷者s and 悪化／低下s, 資本／首都 投資するd in this channel will 産する／生じる the first year an 利益／興味 of 13½ per cent. besides experiencing itself an 増加する of nearly 24 per cent.; that the second year it will 産する／生じる an 利益／興味 of nearly 25 per cent. besides experiencing itself a その上の 増加する of rather more than 37½ per cent.; and that the third year it will 産する／生じる an 利益／興味 of nearly 37 per cent. besides experiencing itself an 付加 増加する of about 42½ per cent. or, in other words, money sunk in the 後部ing of sheep in this 植民地 will, besides 支払う／賃金ing an 利益／興味 of about 75½ per cent. in the course of three years, rather more than 二塁打 itself. Here then is a 方式 of 投資するing 資本／首都 by which the proprietor may insure himself not only an 年次の 利益／興味, the 割合 of which would augment every year in the most astonishing progression, but by which the 資本／首都 itself also would experience an 前進する still more 早い and 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の. Any person, therefore, who has the means of 乗る，着手するing in this 憶測, could not fail with ありふれた attention to realize a large fortune in a few years. His chance of so doing would be still greater if he should happen to be 熟知させるd with the 管理／経営 of sheep; but this is by no means an 不可欠の 資格; for such is the fineness of the 気候, both in the 解決／入植地s in New Holland and 先頭 Diemen's Land, that all those 警戒s which are necessary to be 観察するd in this country, ーするために 避難所 this animal from the inclemency of the seasons, are there, やめる superfluous: sheds, indeed, are not only useless, but injurious; the flocks never do so 井戸／弁護士席 as when they are continually exposed to the 天候. It is only necessary that the 倍のs should be 転換d every other day, or if the sheep are kept by night in yards, to take care that these are daily swept out.

The extent to which 資本／首都 might thus be 投資するd is boundless; since if the 子孫を作る人 did not 所有する as much land as would 料金d the number of sheep that he might wish to keep, he would only have to send his flocks beyond the 限界s of 植民地化, and retire with them as the tide of 全住民 approached. His 障害物s, and the rude huts or テントs of his shepherds, might always be 除去するd with very little difficulty and expense; and if his and his 隣人s' flocks should happen to come into 接触する, such is the immensity of the wilderness which would 嘘（をつく） before him, that he might exclaim in the language of Abram to Lot: "Let there be no 争い I pray thee between me and thee, and between my herdsmen and thy herds-men; for we be brethren. Is not the whole land before us? Separate thyself I pray thee from me. If thou wilt take the left 手渡す, then I will go to the 権利; or if thou 出発／死 to the 権利 手渡す, then I will go to the left." Such, should any of these 論争s occur, might always be their 友好的な termination. There is, and will be for ages to come, whatever may be the extent of 移住, more land than can かもしれない be 要求するd. The 憶測, therefore, of growing wool can 会合，会う with no checks from the want of pasturage in the 植民地, and it is 平等に improbable that it can be 妨げるd by the want of a market in this country. It is 井戸／弁護士席 known that the Saxon wool cannot be sold under the 現在の prices without loss to the growers. The severity of the 気候 of Saxony, （判決などを）下すs it 不可欠の for the sheep-支えるもの／所有者s to take a variety of 警戒s which are not only useless in this 植民地, but would even 証明する 高度に detrimental to the 憲法 of this 価値のある animal. In the former country, the flocks are kept almost invariably in sheds of a very 高くつく／犠牲の大きい construction both by day and night, and are fed almost wholly upon hay; in the latter, they are always better when kept in the open 空気／公表する and fed on the spontaneous herbage of the forest. The mildness of the seasons, therefore, spares the colonists two 巨大な sources of expence, and will without 疑問 in the end, enable them to undersell and 廃虚 the Saxon wool growers; since the only point of 優越 these latter can pretend to is their greater contiguity to the market, and this, in consequence of the extreme value of the 商品／必需品, is of too trifling 輸入する to 需要・要求する consideration. The freight of wool from the 植民地, has already been 減ずるd to three pence per 続けざまに猛撃する, which is very little more than is paid for the 輸送（する） of wool from Saxony; and all the other expences, with the exception of 保険, as 仲買業, 蓄える／店-room, etc. are 正確に the same. Upon these grounds, therefore, I am contented to 残り／休憩（する） the support of my 主張, that the world does not at 現在の 含む／封じ込める so advantageous, and I might also 追加する, so 広範囲にわたる an 開始 for the 投資 of 資本／首都 as the one in question.

With 言及／関連 to the 商業の prospects 現在のd by this 植民地, they are certainly much more 限られた／立憲的な, but still of very かなりの 範囲. The 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の fluctuations which are incessantly taking place in the prices of all sorts of merchandize, are evidently 有能な of 存在 turned to 広大な／多数の／重要な account by a skilful and 冷静な／正味の calculator. Any person of this character 所有するd of 十分な 資本／首都 to enable him to buy goods when the market should happen to be in a 明言する／公表する of 不景気, and to keep them in his 蓄える／店 till the glut should pass by, could not fail to realize a 早い fortune. The only event that could 妨げる his success, would be an imprudent avidity. If he should be once tempted to go out of his depth, so that he would be compelled to sell whether at 伸び（る） or loss, in order to make good his 支払い（額）s, he would most probably 沈む never more to rise. But if he would never 推測する beyond the compass of his actual means, he might easily （疑いを）晴らす fifty per cent. per 年 on the 量 of his 貿易（する）ing 資本／首都.

Were I asked to particularize any avenue of 産業 not 厳密に 含むd in any of the foregoing general classes, in which persons inclined to emigrate to this 植民地, might 乗る，着手する with a fair chance of success, I should say that any one who had the means of taking out a steam engine of six or eight-horse-力／強力にする with the requisite 機械／機構 for sawing boards, would make it answer his 目的s very 井戸／弁護士席; that a 木材／素質 merchant also, 所有するing a 資本／首都 of three or four thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs, might 雇う his 基金s very advantageously by 設立するing a 木材／素質 yard; and that a skilful brewer who could 命令（する） five thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs and 上向きs, would 後継する either at Sydney or Hobart Town. It would be necessary, however, that he should understand the 過程 of making malt, since there are no 正規の／正選手 maltsters yet in the 植民地, and that he should also grow his own hops.* Until, therefore, he had 設立するd a hop 農園 十分な for his 関心 it would be requisite that he should make 手はず／準備 to be 供給（する）d with hops from this country. There are already several breweries in New South むちの跡s, but the beer which is made in them is so bad, that many thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs 価値（がある） of porter and ale 輸入するd from this country, is 毎年 消費するd in these 解決／入植地s. This is in some 手段 occasioned by the inferiority of the barley grown at Port Jackson; but more, I am inclined to believe, by the want of 技術 in the brewers. If the indifferent 質 of the beer, however, be attributable to the badness of the barley, this 妨害 to success would be 除去するd by emigrating to 先頭 Diemen's Land; since the barley raised in both the 解決／入植地s in this island is equal to the best produced in this country. I should also say, that the skilful dairyman who could take out with him a 資本／首都 of from one to two thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs, would do 井戸／弁護士席 in any of these 解決／入植地s, but more 特に in New South むちの跡s. Butter, as it has been already 発言／述べるd, is still as high as 2s. 6d. per 続けざまに猛撃する, notwithstanding the 巨大な 増加する which has taken place in the 黒人／ボイコット cattle. The extreme dearness of this article arises principally from the natural grasses not 存在 十分に nutritive to keep milch cattle in good heart, and from the colonists not having yet got into the proper method of 供給するing 人工的な food. Any one, therefore, who would introduce the 酪農場 system practised in this country, could hardly fail of finding his account in it.

[* The hop 栄えるs very 井戸／弁護士席 at Port Jackson: there are several 繁栄するing 農園s owned by the brewers. This 工場／植物 has not, I believe, yet been introduced into the southern 解決／入植地s; but as they 耐える a much greater affinity to this country in point of 気候 than Port Jackson, no 疑問 can be entertained that it might at least be cultivated there with equal certainty of success.]

These さまざまな advantages which this 植民地 and its dependencies 申し込む／申し出 for 移住, have many points of 優越 over any to which the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs of America can lay （人命などを）奪う，主張する; if we even 収容する／認める the truth of all that the most enthusiastic admirers of that country have written, 尊敬（する）・点ing its 繁栄するing 条件. Mr. Birbeck*, whose "Letters," if not "公式文書，認めるs," 含む／封じ込める strong 示すs of an 誇張するd 予期 of their 資源s and 能力s, has not, though evidently under the 影響（力） of feelings やめる 相いれない with a 訂正する and disinterested judgment, 投機・賭けるd to 率 his imaginary 最大限 of the 利益（をあげる） to be derived from farming in the Illinois, (which appears to be the 主要な／長／主犯 magnet of attraction 所有するd by the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs,) so high as I have 証明するd by a 計算／見積り, to which I 反抗する any one to attach the character of hyperbolical, that the 投資 of 資本／首都 in the growth of 罰金 wool in this 植民地 will infallibly produce. This too, although certainly the most 招待するing and 広範囲にわたる channel of enterprize which it 含む／封じ込めるs, is not its only ground of preference: it has many 誘惑s besides for 移住, of which the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs are wholly destitute: の中で these the に引き続いて are perhaps the most かなりの.

[* See Mr. Cobbett's Letter to Mr. Birbeck on his "Letters from the Illinois."]

First, Any person of respectability upon emigrating to this 植民地, is given as much land as would cost him four hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs.

Secondly, He is 許すd as many servants as he may 要求する; and the 給料 which he is bound to 支払う／賃金 them, are not one third the 量 of the price of 労働 in America.

Thirdly, He, his family and servants, are victualled at the expence of the 政府 for six months.

These are three considerations of 広大な／多数の／重要な importance to the emigrant, and やめる peculiar to this 植民地: 追加するd to which the value of the produce of this gratuitous land and 労働 is three times as 広大な／多数の／重要な as in the Illinois, as will be seen by a comparison of the prices of produce there as given by Messrs. Birbeck and Fearon, and the prices of 類似の produce as 明言する／公表するd in the first part of this work. It is true that there is not the same 制限のない market as in America; but it must be evident, that, if the price of 労働 were even equal, the colonist who could 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせる of one third of his 刈るs, would be in a better 条件 than if he were 設立するd in the Illinois, and could find vent for the whole. The market, however, has never been circumscribed to this degree in periods of the greatest 豊富; and the 巨大な arrivals of 罪人／有罪を宣告するs, that have been daily taking place for the last three years, have 増加するd the consumptive 力／強力にするs of the 植民地 so かなり, that there has at most been but a very trifling 黒字／過剰 in the barns of the 農業者s at the の近くに of the year. On the other 手渡す, all articles of foreign growth and 製造（する） are in general much cheaper than in the Illinois, and the other remote parts of the American Union, 供給するd the purchaser has ready money, and is not under the necessity of having 頼みの綱 to 第２位 スパイ／執行官s for goods on long credit.

Here, then, are many powerful 推論する／理由s why persons bent on 移住 should prefer this 植民地 to America. The only point is whether the latter can throw any weightier arguments into the opposite 規模. What may be 勧めるd on the other 味方する of the question, may, I apprehend, be 構成するd under these two 長，率いるs: first, the greater contiguity of the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs to this country, and the consequent 緩和する and cheapness with which 移住 thither may be 影響d; and, secondly, the 優越 of their 政府.

The first of these points 長所s very little consideration, except in the instance of those who have not the means of choosing between the two countries. If a person only 所有する the 力／強力にする of 除去するing to that which is the more contiguous, 適格（性） is out of the question: he is no longer a 解放する／自由な スパイ／執行官. But the difference in the cost of emigrating is far from 存在 so かなりの as might be imagined on a mere 見解（をとる） of their comparative distances from this country. I understand that a gentleman of 広大な／多数の／重要な experience and respectability in the 商業の world, has 現在のd a 計算／見積り to the 委員会 of the House of ありふれたs, which is now 占領するd with an 調査 into the 明言する／公表する of this 植民地, from which it appears that a family, consisting of a man, his wife and two children, with five トンs for their accommodation and for the 歓迎会 of their baggage, might emigrate to the 植民地 for one hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs, inclusive of every 次第で変わる／派遣部隊 expense, 供給するd a 十分な number of families could be collected to freight a ship. The same gentleman calculates that a 選び出す／独身 man might be taken out thither for thirty 続けざまに猛撃するs.* The difference, therefore, in the mere cost of emigrating to the two places is so trifling, that the superior locality of the one cannot be 認める as any sort of 始める，決める off against the superior advantages of the other. With 尊敬（する）・点, however, to the last 嘆願, that has been adduced in favour of 移住 to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, the 優越 which they 所有する in a 解放する／自由な 政府, it must be 認める, that this is a 決定的な ground of preference, and a blessing to which the greatest pecuniary advantages cannot be considered a 十分な counterpoise. And if it be imagined that the 現在の 独断的な system of 政府 is not 製図／抽選 to a 結論; if it be apprehended that it has not yet reached its 最高潮 of 圧迫 and iniquity, and that it will be 施行するd until all who are within the sphere of its 影響（力） are 減ずるd to a 明言する／公表する of moral degradation and infamy, and the 植民地 becomes one 広大な stye of abomination and depravity; the emigrant will do 井戸／弁護士席 to discard from his mind every mercenary consideration, and to turn away with disgust from all prospects of 伸び（る）; so long as they are only to be realized by entering into so contagious and demoralizing an 協会. But if he believe that the hour is at 手渡す when the 現在の system is to be 廃止するd; when 圧迫 is to be 投げつけるd from the car in which it has driven triumphantly over prostrate 司法（官）, virtue, and 宗教; and when the dominion of 権利 and morality is to be 主張するd and 設立するd; then I have no hesitation in recommending him to give a preference to this 植民地. In the agonies of approaching 解散, the 成果／努力s of tyranny will be feeble and impotent. Moral 汚職, though the 必然的な result of a voluntary submission to the will, is not the consequence of an indignant and impatient sufferance of its 支配する for a season; and the chance of personal 傷害 would be still more 不安定な and uncertain. Under the most 独断的な 政府s the vengeance of the despot has seldom been known to 延長する beyond the circle of his 法廷，裁判所; his 犠牲者s have been の中で the ambitious 候補者s for 力／強力にする and distinction. The retired 追跡s of unobtrusive 産業 have 証明するd a 聖域, which has remained inviolate in all ages.

"The 解除するd axe, the agonizing wheel,
Luke's アイロンをかける 栄冠を与える, and Damien's bed of steel,
To men remote from pow'r but rarely known,
Leave 推論する／理由, 約束, and 良心 all our own."

APPENDIX.

Civil 設立, and Public 会・原則s in the 領土 of New South むちの跡s and its Dependencies.

Seat of 政府, Sydney.

Captain General, 知事 in 長，指導者, 副／悪徳行為 海軍大将, and 指揮官 of the 軍隊s, His Excellency Lachlan Macquarie, Esq. Major General in the Army, and 中尉／大尉／警部補 陸軍大佐 of the 73d 連隊.

中尉／大尉／警部補 知事--James Erskine, Esq. 中尉／大尉／警部補 陸軍大佐 of the 48th 連隊.

援助（する）-de-（軍の）野営地，陣営 to his Excellency the 知事, John ワットs, 中尉／大尉／警部補 in the 46th 連隊.

Major of 旅団--Henry Colden Antill, Captain in the 73d 連隊.

High 法廷，裁判所 of 控訴，上告s.

裁判官--His Excellency the 知事 in 長，指導者.

長官--John Thomas Campbell, Esq.

Clerk--Michael Robinson, Gent.

Door-keeper--Serjeant Charles Whalan, of the 46th 連隊.

法廷，裁判所 of 副／悪徳行為 Admiralty.

裁判官--John Wylde, Esq. L. L. B.

Registrar--John Thomas Campbell, Esq.

Clerk to the Registrar--Mr. Michael Robinson.

保安官--William 血の塊／突き刺す, Esq.

Cryer--Mr. Edward Quin.

The 知事's 法廷，裁判所.

The Honorable the 裁判官 支持する and 首相 裁判官 of this 領土--John Wylde, Esq. L. L. B.

Members--Two Inhabitants of the 領土, 特に 任命するd by Precept from His Excellency the 知事 and 指揮官 of the 軍隊s.

Clerk, and Registrar of the 法廷，裁判所--Joshua J. Moore, Gent.

Cryer--Mr. Edward Quin.

And it is to be 公式文書，認めるd, that this 法廷，裁判所 has cognizance of all 嘆願s, where the 量 告訴するd for does not 越える 501. 英貨の／純銀の (except such 嘆願s as may arise between party and party, in 先頭 Diemen's Land); and from its 決定／判定勝ち（する）s there is no 控訴，上告.

The 最高裁判所.

The Honorable the 裁判官--Barron Field, Esq.

Members--Two 治安判事s of the 領土, 任命するd by Precept from His Excellency the 知事.

Clerk of the 最高裁判所--Mr. John Gurner.

Cryer--Mr. Edward Quin.

Solicitors--Mr. Thomas Wylde; Mr. William Henry Moore; Mr. Frederick Garling; Mr. T. S. Amos.

長官's Office.

長官--John Thomas Campbell, Esq.

主要な／長／主犯 Clerk Michael Robinson, Gent.

Second ditto--Mr. Charles Reid.

Assistant Clerks--Mr. James Sumpter; Mr. Thomas Ryan.

Commissariat Staff.

副 Commissary General--David Allan, Esq.

Assistant Commissary General--John Palmer, Esq. Parramatta;

事実上の／代理 Assistant Commissary General--W. Broughton, Esq. Hobart Town;

副 Assistant Commissary General--P. G. Hogan, Esq.

事実上の／代理 Ditto--Thomas Archer, Esq. Port Dalrymple.

Clerks on the Commissariat Staff--Mr. E. Hobson, Parramatta; Mr. A. Allan, Sydney; Mr. R. Fitzgerald, Windsor; Mr. George Johnston, Sydney.

主要な／長／主犯 Assistant Clerk--Mr. T. W. Middleton.

Storekeepers--Mr. W. Scott, Sydney; Mr. S. Larken, Parramatta; Mr. John Tucker, Newcastle; Mr. R. 乾燥した，日照りの, Port Dalrymple; Mr. John Gowen, Liverpool; Mr. John Rayner, Hobart Town.

Assistant Clerks--Mr. John Flood, Mr. E. J. Yates, Mr. John Rickards, Mr. J. Hankinson, Mr. George Smith, Mr. C. Sommers, Mr. N. Edgworth, Mr. C. 橋（渡しをする）s, Mr. W. Todhunter, Mr. Richard Walker, Mr. Todd Watson--at Sydney.

Mr. J. Obee, at Parramatta--Mr. B. Rix, at Windsor--Mr. W. Kitchener, Port Dal.--Mr. John Gregory, Hobart Town--Mr. W. Turner, Hobart Town.

Messenger--Thomas Parsons.

蓄える／店 Assistant--T. Jennings.

Cooper--Edward Hewen.

Provost Marshall's Department.

Provost Marshall--William 血の塊／突き刺す, Esq.

Clerk--Mr. Henry Hart;

（強制）執行官 and Officer at Sydney--Mr. W. Evans;

Ditto at Windsor, etc.--Mr. Richard 山の尾根.

Church 設立.

主要な／長／主犯 Chaplain of the 領土--The Rev. Samuel Marsden, Parramatta;

Assistant Chaplain at Sydney--Rev. Wm. Cowper;

Assistant Chaplain at Windsor--Rev. Robert Cartwright;

Assistant Chaplain at Castlereagh--Rev. Henry Fulton;

Assistant Chaplain for Port Dalrymple, but now officiating at Liverpool--Rev. John Youl.

Assistant Chaplain 任命するd for Liverpool--Rev. Ben. Vale, returned to Europe on leave of absence.

Parish Clerk of St. Philip's, Sydney--Mr. Thomas Taber;

Ditto of St. John's, Parramatta--Mr. John Eyre;

Ditto of the Chapel at Windsor--Mr. Joseph Harpur.

治安判事s.

The 主要な／長／主犯 治安判事 of the 領土, and Chairman of the （法廷の）裁判 of 治安判事s at Sydney--The Honorable the 裁判官 支持する.

治安判事s of the 領土 and its Dependencies.

D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq.

John Thomas Campbell, Esquire.

治安判事s of the さまざまな 解決／入植地s of the 領土.

At Sydney--W. Broughton, Esq. absent at Hobart Town; Simeon Lord, Esq. Richard Brooks, Esq.

Clerk to the （法廷の）裁判 of 治安判事s--Joshua John Moore, Gent.

Assistant Clerk--Mr. Ezekiel 支持を得ようと努めるd.

At Parramatta--The Rev. Samuel Marsden; Hannibal M'Arthur, Esq.

At Windsor--William Cox, Esq.

At Wilberforce--Rev. Robert Cartwright;

At Castlereagh--James Mileham, Esq. Rev. Henry Fulton;

At Liverpool--Thomas Moore, Esq.

At Bringelly--Robert Lowe, Esq.

At Hobart Town--Rev. Robert Knopwood, A. M. A. W. H. Humphrey, Esq. James Gordon, Esq. Francis Williams, Esq. A. F. Kemp, Esq.

At Port Dalrymple--Brevet Major James Stewart, 46th 連隊; Thomas Archer, Esq.

医療の Staff.

主要な／長／主犯 外科医--D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq.

First Assistant ditto--Mr. James Mileham, at Windsor.

Second ditto ditto--Mr. William Redfern, at Sydney;

事実上の／代理 ditto ditto--Mr. Wm. Evans, at Newcastle;

事実上の／代理 ditto ditto--Mr. Major West, at Parramatta;

事実上の／代理 ditto ditto--Mr. R. W. Owen, at Sydney;

事実上の／代理 ditto ditto at the Lunatic 亡命, 城: Hill, Mr. Thomas Parmeter.

Assistant at General Hospital--Mr. Henry Cowper.

Surveyors of 栄冠を与える Lands.

Surveyor General--John Oxley, Esq.

副 Surveyor--Mr. James Meehan.

Ditto at Hobart Town--Mr. G. W. Evans.

Collector of やめる-Rents, Mr. James Meehan.

海軍の Officer's Department.

海軍の Officer--John Piper, Esq.

Assistant to the 海軍の Officer--Mr. Alfred Thrupp.

Wharfingers--Mr. William Hutchinson; Mr. James Stewart.

事実上の／代理 Engineer, and 大砲 Officer, and 視察官 of 政府 作品--Captain John Gill, 46th 連隊.

Civil Architect--Mr. F. H. Greenway.

Barrack Master--Charles M'Intosh, Esq.

His Majesty's ドッキングする／減らす／ドックに入れる Yard.

Master Boat 建設業者--Mr. William Cossar.

調書をとる／予約する-keeper--Mr. John Fowler.

Harbour Master--Mr. Stephen Milton.

Superintendents.

Of 政府 在庫／株--Mr. Rowland Hassall;

Assistant Superintendent of ditto--Mr. Sam. Hassall;

Of the Lunatic 亡命 at 城 Hill--Mr. George Sutter;

Of 政府 Labourers and Cattle, and of Public 作品 at Windsor--Mr. Richard Fitzgerald;

Of Public Labourers, etc. at Sydney--Mr. William Hutchinson;

Of Carpenters at Parramatta--Mr. Richard Rouse;

Of Bricklayers--Mr. Thomas Legg;

Of 政府 Mills--Mr. Abraham Hutchinson.

主要な／長／主犯 Overseers of 政府 在庫／株, under the Orders of the Superintendent.

Mr. Thomas Arkell, and Mr. William Chalker.

Trustees and Commissioners of Turnpike Roads and 主要道路s.

For the Roads from Sydney to Hawkesbury--D'Arcy Wentworth, Simeon Lord, and James Mileham, Esquires;

For the Roads to and from Liverpool, 支店ing out at any of the above--Thomas Moore, Esq.

視察官 of 主要道路s and 橋（渡しをする）s--Mr. James Meehan.

女性（の） 孤児 会・原則.

Patron--His Excellency the 知事.

Patronesses--Mrs. Macquarie; Mrs. Wylde; Mrs. Hannibal M'Arthur.

委員会 for the 孤児 基金.

His 栄誉（を受ける） 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事 Erskine;

The Honorable Mr. 裁判官 支持する Wylde;

The Reverend Samuel Marsden, 主要な／長／主犯 Chaplain;

The Reverend Wm. Cowper, Assistant Chaplain;

Hannibal M'Arthur, Esq.

Treasurer--Reverend Samuel Marsden;

Master of the School--Mr. William Hosking;

Matron--Mrs. Hosking.

会・原則 for the Civilization, Care, and Education of the Aborigines or 黒人／ボイコット Natives of New South むちの跡s.

Patron, the 知事; Patroness, Mrs. Macquarie.

委員会.

1. His 栄誉（を受ける） 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事 Erskine, 大統領. 2. The Honorable Mr. 裁判官 支持する Wylde;--3. J. T. Campbell, Esq.--4. D. Wentworth, Esq.--5. William Redfern, Esq.--6. H. M'Arthur, Esq.--7. The Rev. Wm. Cowper;--8. The Rev. 女／おっせかい屋. Fulton;--9. Mr. Rowland Hassall.

長官 and Treasurer of the 会・原則--John Thomas Campbell, Esq.

Schoolmaster--

Masters of the Public Schools throughout the 領土.

At Sydney--Mr. Thomas Bowden;

At Liverpool--Mr. Robert Keeves;

At Parramatta--Mr. John Eyre;

At Windsor--Mr. Joseph Harpur;

At Richmond--Mr. Matthew Hughes;

At Kissing Point--Mr. James Cooper;

At Wilberforce--Mr. M. P. Thompson;

At Newcastle--Mr. H. Rainsforth.

Police 設立 at Sydney.

委員会 of the Police 基金.

The 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事; the 裁判官 支持する.

Treasurer--D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq.

Superintendent of Police--D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq.

Assistant to the Superintendent--Mr. Robert Jones.

主要な／長／主犯 Clerk in the Police Office . . .

Assistant Clerk--Mr. Ezekiel 支持を得ようと努めるd.

Six 地区 Constables, and 50 Constables in Ordinary;

長，指導者 Constable at Sydney--Mr. John Redman;

Ditto ditto at Parramatta--Mr. Francis Oakes;

Ditto ditto at Windsor--Mr. John Howe.

Keeper of the 郡 Gaol at Sydney--Mr. John Jaques.

Clerk to ditto--George Jubb.

検死官--Mr. J. W. Lewin.

Ditto for Windsor, and the 地区s on the Banks of the Hawkesbury--Mr. Thomas Hobby.

Bank of New South むちの跡s.

大統領--J. T. Campbell, Esq.

Directors--D'Arcy Wentworth, Esq.--John Harris, Esq.--Thomas Wylde, Esq.--William Redfern, Esq.--William 血の塊／突き刺す, Esq.--Robert Jenkins, Esq.

長官 and Cashier--Mr. E. S. Hall.

主要な／長／主犯 Accountant--Mr. R. Campbell, junior.

Printing Office.

政府 Printer--Mr. George Howe.

地位，任命する Office.

地位，任命する Master--Mr. Isaac Nichols.

副 at Hobart Town--Mr. James Mitchell.

Licensed Auctioneers and Appraisers.

At Sydney--Mr. Simeon Lord; Mr. David Bevan.

At Parramatta--Mr. Richard Rouse; Mr. Francis Oakes.

At Windsor--Mr. John Howe.

Clerk of the Market at Sydney--Mr. Miles Fieldgate.

Clerk of the Market and Fair at Parramatta--Mr. Francis Oakes.

N. B. These Fairs are held half-年一回の; viz. the second Thursday in March, and the first Thursday in October

海洋 設立.

His Majesty's 植民地の 切断機，沿岸警備艇 Mermaid, 雇うd in 調査するing the Coast, 中尉／大尉／警部補 Philip Parker King, R. N. 指揮官.

His Majesty's 植民地の Brig Elizabeth Henrietta--Mr. Thomas Whyte, Master.

His Majesty's 植民地の Brig Lady Nelson, at 現在の を受けるing 修理--Mr. David Smith, Master.

Harbour 操縦するs.

At Port Jackson--Mr. Robert Mason; Mr. Robert Murray.

At Hunter's River--Robert Whitmore.

Newcastle.

Commandant--Captain Wallis, of the 46th Regt.

事実上の／代理 Assistant 外科医--Mr. William Evans.

蓄える／店-keeper--Mr. John Tucker.

Civil 設立 at Hobart Town.

中尉／大尉／警部補 知事 of the 解決／入植地s on 先頭 Diemen's Land--中尉／大尉／警部補 陸軍大佐 William Sorrell;

副 裁判官 支持する--Edward Abbott, Esq.

Chaplain--Reverend R. Knopwood, A. M.

外科医--Mr. Edward Luttrell;

Assistant 外科医--Mr. H. St. John Younge;

事実上の／代理 補助装置. Commissary General--W. Broughton, Esq.

Provost 保安官--Mr. ツバメ Tims;

Surveyor of Lands--Mr. G. W. Evans;

視察官 of Public 作品--Captain Nairn, 46th Regt.;

海軍の Officer--Mr. John Beamont;

蓄える／店-keeper--Mr. Rayner;

Auctioneer--Mr. Richard 吊りくさび;

Harbour 操縦する--Mr. Michael Mansfield;

Two Superintendents, and two Overseers.

治安判事s at Hobart Town.

Reverend R. Knopwood, A. M; 事実上の／代理 Assistant Commissary General Broughton; James Gordon, Esq.; A. W. H. Humphrey, Esq.; Francis Williams, Esq.; A. F. Kemp, Esq.

The 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事's 法廷，裁判所, 先頭 Diemen's Land.

副 裁判官 支持する--Edward Abbott, Esq.;

And two 居住（者） Inhabitants, 任命するd as Members by His 栄誉（を受ける） the 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事.

Clerk to the 副 裁判官 支持する--Mr. N. Ayres.

And it is by 借り切る／憲章 供給するd, that the 現在の and all 未来 知事s, 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事s, the 裁判官 支持する, 裁判官 of the 最高裁判所, and 副 裁判官 支持する, shall be 司法（官）s of the Peace throughout the 領土 and its Dependencies; and all Places and 解決／入植地s therein, with all the 力／強力にするs 所有するd by 司法（官）s of the Peace in England, within their 各々の 裁判権.

Civil 設立 at Port Dalrymple.

Commandant--Brevet Major James Stewart, 46th Regt.

Assistant Chaplain, now doing 義務 at 長，率いる ４半期/4分の1s, Reverend John Youl;

外科医--Mr. Jacob Mountgarret;

Assistant 外科医--Mr. John Smith;

Superintendent of the 政府 Herds--David Rose, Esq.

視察官 of 政府 Public 作品--Mr. William Elliot Leith;

蓄える／店-keeper--Mr. R. 乾燥した，日照りの.

Harbour Master.

Master of the Public School--Mr. Thomas M'Queen;

事実上の／代理 Master Carpenter--Mr. Richard Sydes.

治安判事s--Brevet Major James Stewart, 46th Regt. Thomas Archer, Esq.

料金s and 予定s in the さまざまな Offices.

SECRETARY'S OFFICE.--GOVERNOR'S FEES.

For the 広大な／多数の／重要な 調印（する） to every 認める, not 越えるing 1000 acres     0  5  0
For all 認めるs 越えるing 1000 acres, for every 1000 each
認める 含む／封じ込めるs                                                  0  2  6
For a license of 占領／職業                                     0  5  0

長官's 料金s.

For every 認める, and passing the 調印（する） of the 州,
if under 100 acres                                              0  5  0
Between 100 and 500 acres                                       0 10  0
All above                                                       0 15  0
In 認めるs of land, where the number of proprietors shall
越える 20, each 権利                                           0  2  6
In ditto, where the number of proprietors shall not 越える
20--the same as for 認めるs in 割合 to the 量 of land
For license of 占領／職業 of land                               0  2  6
For every 認める of land from 1000 to 20,000 acres, take for the
first 1000 acres 15s. and for every 1000 acres more, 2s. 6d.

料金s to be taken by the Surveyor General of Lands.

For each 認める, not 越えるing 40 acres                          0  7  6
Ditto                         90 ditto                          0 10  0
Ditto                        190 ditto                          0 15  0
Ditto                        250 ditto                          1  0  0
Ditto                        350 ditto                          1 10  0
Ditto                        400 ditto                          2  0  0
Ditto                        750 ditto                          2 12  6
Ditto                       1000 ditto                          3  5  0
Ditto, on town 賃貸し（する）s, per foot on street 前線                 0  0  1
And on all 認めるs 越えるing 1000 acres for each 100 acres
so 越えるing                                                    0  4  0

Auditor's 料金s.

For the auditing of every 認める                                 0  3  4

Registrar's 料金s.

For 記録，記録的な／記録するing a 認める of land, for or under 500 acres           0  1  3
For ditto from 500 to 1000 acres                                0  2  6
For every 100 acres to the 量 of 20,000                     0 10  6
For 記録，記録的な／記録するing a 認める of a 郡区                             1  0  0

To be received in the 長官's Office.

On all 植民地の 任命s, and （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限s of whatever 肉親，親類d,
where the 公式の／役人 調印（する） is affixed                              5  5  0
On all special licenses for marriages                           4  4  0
On the 登録（する）ing of 大型船s 越えるing 40 トンs per トン;        0  1  0
And to the 主要な／長／主犯 Clerk                                      0 10  0
For all 大型船s not 越えるing 40 トン's                          2  0  0
And to the 主要な／長／主犯 Clerk                                      0 10  0
On affixing 公式の／役人 調印（する） to the 通関手続き／一掃s of 大型船s of
foreign voyages, or fishing, per トン                            0  0  6
For every person leaving the 植民地, whereof ls. goes to
the 主要な／長／主犯 Clerk                                             0  2  6
Transcripts of all papers, per folio of 72 words ls. and
transcribing Clerk, per ditto, 3d.                              0  1  3
Licenses for 植民地の 大型船s coastwise to the Coal River,
Hawkesbury, or どこかよそで, not 延長するing to 先頭 Diemen's Land
or Bass's 海峡s, as heretofore to Coal River                  0  5  0

料金s to the 主要な／長／主犯 Clerk

On 解放する／自由な or 条件付きの 容赦s, each                            0  5  6
証明書s and tickets of leave, each                         0  2  8
N. B.--Six-pence of the 解放する／自由な and 条件付きの 容赦s,
and two-pence on 証明書s and tickets of leave, are to be
paid to the 政府 Printer, as a remuneration for the
paper and printing.

On receiving 控訴，上告s.

If for the sum of &続けざまに猛撃する;50, or under, as heretofore            1  1  0
上向きs of &続けざまに猛撃する;50, and not 越えるing &続けざまに猛撃する;100              2  2  0
上向きs of &続けざまに猛撃する;100, and not 越えるing 300                    3  3  0
Any sum 越えるing &続けざまに猛撃する;300                                    5  5  0
On all 控訴，上告s To the 主要な／長／主犯 Clerk                           0 10  0
To the Door-keeper                                              0  5  0
Affixing 植民地の 調印（する） to 控訴，上告s to the King in 会議        5  5  0
主要な／長／主犯 Clerk                                                 1  0  0
Transcripts of all papers, per folio of 72 words ls.
and transcribing Clerk per ditto, 3d.                           0  1  3

海軍の Office.

入ること／参加（者） for a ship with articles for sale, and in 政府
service                                                         0 15  0
Ditto, ditto, and not in 政府 service                     1 10  0
Ditto with no articles, ditto ditto                             0 15  0
Ditto for all foreign 大型船s                                   3  0  0
許可 to 支持を得ようと努めるd and water, for every 大型船 not 越えるing
100 トンs per 登録（する）                                           1  0  0
For every 大型船 上向きs of 100, and not 越えるing 200 トンs     2  0  0
For every 大型船 上向きs of 200, and not 越えるing 300 ditto    3  0  0
For every 大型船 上向きs of 300, and not 越えるing 400 ditto    4  0  0
For every 大型船 上向きs of 400, and not 越えるing 500 ditto    5  0  0
For every 大型船 上向きs of 500 トンs                            6  0  0
Ditto to 貿易（する）                                                  1  1  0
予定s of each 社債                                               0 10  6
Ditto of port 通関手続き／一掃                                         0  5  0
Ditto ditto to the 海軍の Officer's Clerk                        0  2  6
Ditto to 海軍の Officer's Clerk, for each 許す to land
spirits or ワイン, per 樽                                       0  0  6

For 植民地の 大型船s

行為s of 入ること／参加（者） and 通関手続き／一掃 to the Hawkesbury                  0  4  0
Ditto ditto to Newcastle                                        0 10  0
Ditto to the 漁業 or 解決／入植地s at the southward            0 10  0
Ditto to 海軍の Officer's Clerk                                  0  2  0

King's 予定s for 孤児s

For each トン of coals for home 消費                      0  2  6
Ditto ditto 輸出（する）d                                            0  5  0
For each 1000 square feet of 木材／素質 for home 消費        3  0  0
Ditto ditto 輸出（する）d                                            6  0  0

義務s

Ships from any part of the world 輸入するing 貨物s
(the 製造（する）s of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain excepted) to 支払う／賃金 a 義務 of
5 per cent. 広告 valorem on the 量 of their 各々の
invoices.
On every gallon of spirits landed                               0 10  0
Ditto ワイン ditto                                                0  0  9
n every 続けざまに猛撃する of タバコ                                        0  0  6
Wharfage on each bale, 樽, or 一括                         0  0  6
The 海軍の Office to receive 5 per cent. on all 義務s collected
at this port.

Wharfinger's 料金s.

On each bale, 樽, or 一括, landed or shipped               0  0  3
Metage per トン on coals                                         0  2  6
手段 of 木材／素質, per 1000 feet                                0  2  0

The に引き続いて 義務s to be 徴収するd and collected by the 海軍の
Officer on the articles hereunder 指名するd, upon their arrival and
上陸, whether for 植民地の 消費 or re-出荷／船積み.

On each トン of sandal 支持を得ようと努めるd                                      2 10  0
On each トン of pearl 爆撃するs                                     2 10  0
On each トン of beech-le-mer                                     5  0  0
On each トン of sperm oil (252 gallons)                          2 10  0
On each トン of 黒人／ボイコット 鯨 or other oil                         2  0  0
On each fur 調印（する） 肌                                           0  0  1½
On each hair ditto                                              0  0  0½
On each kangaroo ditto                                          0  0  0½
On cedar, or other 木材／素質, from Shoal 港／避難所, or any other
part of the coast or harbours of New South むちの跡s (Newcastle
excepted, as the 義務s are already 定める／命ずるd there),
when not 供給（する）d by 政府 labourers, for each solid foot  0  1  0
For every 20 spars from N. Zealand or どこかよそで                 1  0  0
On 木材／素質, in スピードを出す／記録につける or plank, from New Zealand or どこかよそで,
for each solid foot                                             0  1  0

Gaoler's 料金s.

From every debtor on his 発射する／解雇する from each 活動／戦闘             1  0  0
From every sailor 限定するd for 存在 disorderly, for the
first night thereof                                             0  2  6
For every に引き続いて night                                       0  1  0
From every 解放する／自由な person thereof, and person having a ticket of
leave, taken up and 限定するd for 存在 disorderly, on the
発射する／解雇する of the same, each                                     0  3  0

From every person receiving a 証明書 of his or her 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語
of transportation 存在 満了する／死ぬd (言及／関連 存在 always had to
the 黒人／ボイコット 調書をとる／予約する in his 所有／入手)                               0  0  6

料金s to be received by the 長，指導者 Constable

On the apprehending and 宿泊するing in gaol any sailor who may be
設立する riotous or disorderly, of constables 補助装置ing in the
逮捕                                                    0  2  6
For each night that sailors so apprehended may be 限定するd;
which is to be directed as the foregoing                        0  2  6
For the apprehending of 見捨てる人／脱走兵s or runaway sailors, to be
divided 平等に の中で apprehending constables and himself       2  0  0
For serving summonses from the 裁判官 支持する's Office, for 負債s
under 40s. each 召喚するs                                         0  1  0
For the seizure of stills, or other articles 禁じるd by the
植民地の 規則s, and ordered for 配当 の中で the
掴むing Constables, the 長，指導者 Constable is to receive an equal
割合 with them.

Surplice 料金s.

Marriages by License, Clergyman                                 3  3  0
   Clerk                                                        0 10  6
   Sexton                                                       0  5  0
Ditto by Banns, 解放する／自由な persons Clergyman                          0 10  6
Clerk banns                                                     0  2  0
Clerk marriage                                                  0  3  0
Sexton marriage                                                 0 10  6
Christenings, for 登録（する）ing Clerk                             0  1  0
Churching, 解放する／自由な persons only Clergyman                          0  1  0
   Clerk                                                        0  0  6
   Sexton                                                       0  0  6
Funerals, 解放する／自由な persons--Clergyman                               0  3  0
   Clerk                                                        0  1  0
   Bell                                                         0  0  6
   墓／厳粛／彫る／重大な digger                                                 0  2  6

地位，任命する Office 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s

Every letter, English or Foreign                                0  0  8
Every 小包 not 越えるing 20lbs.                               0  1  6
Every ditto if 越えるing 20lbs.                                 0  3  0
Every 植民地の letter from any part of the 領土            0  0  4
兵士s' letters, or those 演説（する）／住所d to their wives            0  0  1

Market 義務s at Sydney.--穀物, etc. 宿泊するd in the
蓄える／店 to be paid for as follows; viz. wheat or barley 3d. per
bushel; maize or oats 2d. per ditto; potatoes 3d. per cwt. and if
not sold the same day shall 支払う／賃金 蓄える／店-room rent every 後継するing
market day the articles continue there, to the clerk, who is not
to 配達する up such articles until the same be paid.

Market and Fair 義務s at Parramatta.

For each horse, 損なう, gelding, or foal, if sold              0  1  6
Ditto ditto, ditto, if not sold                                 0  0  6
For each bull, cow, ox, or calf, if sold                        0  1  0
Ditto ditto, ditto, if not sold                                 0  0  4
Sheep, lambs, or pigs, per 得点する／非難する／２０, if sold                       0  2  0
Ditto, ditto, ditto, if not sold                                0  0  8
And any number of sheep, lambs, or pigs, under a 得点する／非難する／２０,
for each sold                                                   0  0  1½
Ditto, ditto, ditto, if not sold                                0  0  0½

フェリー（で運ぶ） across the River Hawkesbury, called Nowland's フェリー（で運ぶ）:

（死傷者）数s for each foot 乗客                                   0  0  3
A saddle horse                                                  0  1  6
A foal                                                          0  0  6
A horse and chaise                                              0  2  6
A cart with 1 horse or two bullocks                             0  2  6
A ditto with 2 horses or 3 bullocks                             0  3  0
A waggon with 4 horses or 6 bullocks                            0  4  0
For horned cattle 1s. per 長，率いる
For do. if more than 1, and not 越えるing 20, 9d. per ditto
For ditto, if 上向きs of twenty, 6d. per ditto
For sheep 2s. per 得点する／非難する／２０, or 7s. 6d. per hundred
For hogs and goats 2d. each, or 2s. per 得点する／非難する／２０
乗客s to pass and repass the same day for one 支払い（額）.

（死傷者）数 Gates between Sydney and Parramatta:

For each 長，率いる of horned cattle                                  0  0  2
For each 得点する／非難する／２０ of sheep or swine                                0  0 10
For every 選び出す／独身 horse                                          0  0  3
For every cart drawn by a 選び出す／独身 horse or bullock               0  0  4
For every cart drawn by 2 horses or bullocks                    0  0  6
For every cart drawn by 3 horses or bullocks                    0  0  9
For every cart drawn by 4 horses or bullocks                    0  0 10
For every waggon drawn by 2 horses or bullocks                  0  0 10
For every waggon drawn by 3 horses or bullocks                  0  1  0
For every waggon drawn by 4 horses or bullocks, or more         0  1  2
For every 選び出す／独身 horse chaise                                   0  1  0
For every curricle with two horses                              0  1  6
For a four-wheel carriage drawn by 2 horses                     0  2  0
For the same drawn by three horses                              0  2  6
For the same drawn by four horses                               0  3  0

N. B. The （死傷者）数s between Parramatta and Windsor are 正確に／まさに the
same as those between Sydney and Parramatta, only at the former a
cart drawn by 4 horses or bullocks is 10d.

（死傷者）数s at the New 橋（渡しをする） over the South Creek at Windsor, called Howe 橋（渡しをする）.

For each foot 乗客                                         0  0  2
Ditto ditto 選び出す／独身 horse                                        0  0  6
Ditto ditto ditto, or bullock in 草案                          0  1  0
A cart, with 2 horses or bullocks                               0  1  2
For each horse or bullock above that number                     0  0  2
Waggons, or four wheeled carriages with two horses or bullocks  0  1  6
For each 長，率いる of cattle not in 草案, under a 得点する／非難する／２０             0  0  6
For every 得点する／非難する／２０                                                 0  5  0
Ditto ditto per hundred                                         1  0  0
Ditto ditto sheep, goat, or pig, under a 得点する／非難する／２０                  0  0  1
Ditto ditto a 得点する／非難する／２０                                             0  1  0

The 知事 and Family, the 中尉／大尉／警部補 知事, and all
persons on public 義務 to pass 解放する／自由な.

（死傷者）数s to be taken at the フェリー（で運ぶ） across the River Hawkesbury.

(This is Mr. Howe's フェリー（で運ぶ）).

For each foot 乗客                                         0  0  3
A 選び出す／独身 horse                                                  0  1  0
A 選び出す／独身 horse chaise                                           0  1  6
A chaise with 2 or more horses                                  0  2  6
A cart with 1 horse or bullock                                  0  2  6
Each 付加 horse or bullock                                0  0  3
Waggons, or 4 wheeled carriages, with 3 horses or bullocks      0  2  0
Each horse or bullock                                           0  0  3
Each 長，率いる of cattle not in 草案, under 6                       0  0  9
Ditto ditto under 20                                            0  0  6
Every 得点する／非難する／２０                                                     0  7  6
Every sheep, goat, or pig, under a 得点する／非難する／２０                        0  0  1
Ditto ditto per 得点する／非難する／２０                                           0  1  0
Ditto ditto per hundred                                         0  4  0

The unweaned young of every 肉親，親類d, half price.

（死傷者）数s to be taken at the 橋（渡しをする） over the Chain of Ponds, 近づく Windsor.

For a 選び出す／独身 horse                                              0  0  3
A cart and horse, or two bullocks                               0  0  6
Ditto with more than two                                        0  0  9
A waggon with 3 horses or 4 bullocks                            0  1  0
Ditto with more                                                 0  1  3
A 選び出す／独身 horse chaise                                           0  1  0
A four-wheel carriage                                           0  1  6
Horned cattle, each                                             0  0  2
Sheep and pigs, per 得点する／非難する／２０                                       0  1  0

The 植民地の Garden.

Potatoes.

For a general winter 刈る in field or garden, should be 工場／植物d from the end of January to the end of February, or even the beginning of March, rather than lose the 工場／植物ing; and they will come into use in winter, when cabbages and other vegetables run to seed. The ground should if possible be 用意が出来ている a month before the 工場／植物ing, and a preference given by the country gardener to new ground, or 乾燥した，日照りの wheat stubble, where the 国／地域 is light. The town gardener should keep his ground in a good 明言する／公表する by たびたび（訪れる） light manuring.

The 始める，決めるs made choice of should be the produce of the last winter 刈る; and when 工場／植物d should have a covering of light manure; without which the ground will be 貧窮化した; but with such 援助 be 改善するd.

The best potatoes to 保存する for 始める，決めるs are of a middle size, 同様に for 利益（をあげる） as 安全; for if the largest are made use of, there must be a かなりの waste; and those of the dwarf 肉親，親類d should be 拒絶するd, from their degeneracy and 証拠不十分.

An experienced gardener, who has been a 植民／開拓者 here more than twenty years, 工場／植物s his seed potatoes uncut for the winter 刈る; his 推論する／理由 for which is, that if they are 削減（する） they are likely to 死なせる／死ぬ in the ground, from the rains of March; which will not be the 事例／患者 if put in whole.

In July the ground should be 用意が出来ている for the summer 刈る, at which time the winter 刈る will be fit for digging; in which 過程 every care should be taken to 妨げる their 存在 bruised; and if possible they should be dug in cloudy 天候, to 避ける （危険などに）さらす to the sun, which would rot them; 反して if carefully 保存するd they will keep sound for a length of time; which will be the more 望ましい, as at this season vegetables are mostly 不十分な and dear.

In August the 工場／植物ing should be made, or even in September, if necessary; and at the end of the latter, or in October, they will 要求する to be hilled and earthed, and 井戸／弁護士席 洗浄するd from 少しのd, which must also now and then be done as 少しのd make their 外見. In the choice of seed for this 刈る, a middle sized potatoe should be preferred, without any 反対 to their 存在 削減（する）, as is the customary 方式 of 工場／植物ing.

Manure.--Fresh stable dung, and litter, or decayed thatch, answers better for manure than that which is very rotten; but if the ground be fresh and light, they will want no manure, and the potatoes be of a better 質, though probably いっそう少なく plentiful.

In October you may also 工場／植物 potatoes for a latter 刈る; and this, though perhaps いっそう少なく abundant than that sown in August or the beginning of September, will にもかかわらず be 十分に 生産力のある to 支払う／賃金 井戸／弁護士席 the expence and 労働 of 工場／植物ing.

The potatoe is so 必須の and 望ましい an article of food, that too much care cannot be bestowed in their culture and 保護; for should other 刈るs 落ちる short, this will afford the grower a 確かな means of supporting his family.

Carrots and Parsnips

For a general 刈る, may be best sown in December and January. The ground should be dug 深い, and broke up very 罰金. If the 国／地域 be light, the seed should be sown on a 静める day, and trod in.

Carrots and Parsnips may also be 工場／植物d in July, and also in November. They 栄える best in an open 状況／情勢, or a light sandy 国／地域; and after they come up, should be thinned and 始める，決める out with a small two インチ garden 売春婦.

Cabbages

For a constant 供給（する） may be sown in January, April, May, July, August, October, and 早期に in November, at a time when the ground is in a moist 明言する／公表する. The 工場／植物s sown in April will not run to seed. Care should be taken to 始める，決める out the 工場／植物s in a richer and stronger ground than the bed they are taken from; さもなければ the 刈る will be poor. Their first bed should now and then be weeded with the 手渡す, in 乾燥した，日照りの 天候, and the freshest and strongest 工場／植物s 除去するd first. In setting them out, a passage should be 許すd between the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of at least two feet, and in the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s the 工場／植物s kept eighteen or twenty インチs distant from each other, which will 許す them a 解放する／自由な 循環／発行部数 of 空気／公表する. As they grow up, they should occasionally be earthed up a little, and carefully weeded, as nothing has a more negligent and slovenly 外見 than a foul bed of cabbage. In very 乾燥した，日照りの hot 天候, their first bed should be watered now and then; after rain they should be 始める，決める out, but not during its continuance, as it would wash the mould from the roots, and numbers decay without taking root at all in the new bed. Cabbages run to seed in August and September.

A gardener of long experience in the 植民地 has 好意d us with the に引き続いて 発言／述べるs on the culture of the cabbage: "Although cabbage seed may be here sown with advantage at several times of the year, yet I have of late years 限定するd myself to two sowings only; すなわち, in January, and as 近づく the middle of May as I could find the 天候 most 都合のよい, for two general 刈るs. That sown in January comes 井戸／弁護士席 in for a winter 供給（する）; but must be taken 広大な／多数の／重要な care of, or will come to nothing; for as January is one of our hottest months, they will 要求する to be shaded from the sun's 過度の heat by boughs, which if closely twined together will continue their 避難所 even after the leaves are withered; and also, to be watered at least once in every two or three days, until they get pretty strong in the ground. The other 刈る, sown in May, will come into use 早期に in summer; and do not 要求する any care more than they usually receive."

Turnips

The ground should be 用意が出来ている in February; and at the latter end of the month some may be 工場／植物d; for which 目的 gentle showery 天候 is most favourable.

Turnips for a general 刈る should be sown 早期に in March, and they will be ready for food for sheep in the beginning of May. During their growth they 要求する hoeing once or twice, to thin and keep them clean, if the land be foul.

Turnips for （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する use may be sown at any time between March and September, or the beginning of November, when 絶対 necessary.

Turnips for Sheep.--The ground should be 用意が出来ている in January and February, by the plough or 売春婦, harrowing, manuring, and 全く 洗浄するing it from all 少しのd whatever, so that it be brought into the best 明言する／公表する possible.

The Seed.--To raise turnip seed 適切に is an 反対する worthy of the strictest attention. To do this, the bed should be 診察するd carefully when the turnips have 達成するd about a third of their size, and the largest, smoothest, and most healthy taken up and 移植（する）d into a richer bed, in 列／漕ぐ／騒動s a foot wide, and about six インチs between the 工場／植物s that are in the same 列／漕ぐ／騒動.--The seed will be fit to 削減（する） the latter end of November.

Cauliflower.

The seed may be sown at any time between November and February; but best in December. Some （種を）蒔く about the middle of May for a summer 刈る, and this practice is 設立する to answer.

Asparagus.

The seed should be sown in October, in 演習s, four 演習s in a bed four feet wide, the ground 存在 first 井戸／弁護士席 用意が出来ている, and richly manured. At the latter end of April, or beginning of May, the haulm should be 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する within two インチs of the bed (though some 削減（する） it nearly level), and 絶えず kept from 少しのd. The ground should be dug with a three pronged fork, and not with a spade, as the latter will 削減（する） the 栄冠を与える of the roots, and destroy the 工場／植物s. A professed gardener of twenty-three years practice in the 植民地 保証するs us, that he has now a bed of twenty years standing, which 絶えず 産する／生じるd a good 刈る until the year before last, the 失敗 of which he せいにするd to the ground 存在 worn out, and therefore 始める，決める out a fresh bed. In this country it 要求するs a 冷静な／正味の 国／地域, and that the beds should not be laid too high, four or five インチs 存在 a 十分な 高さ.

Onions.

In March 準備する the ground, by breaking it up 井戸／弁護士席, and richly manuring it. At the end of the month, and beginning of April, （種を）蒔く for a light 刈る of onions for 即座の use.

In April 準備する for a general 刈る, which should be sown at the latter end of the month, or beginning of May, to keep them from going to seed. When they grow to a proper size, which will be from the latter end of October to the beginning of November, they should be carefully laid 負かす／撃墜する, so as not to break the 最高の，を越すs; for should the 最高の，を越すs be broke, and the wet 侵入する, the onions will 必然的に spoil. When fit to draw, they should be gathered on a 罰金 乾燥した，日照りの day, and lain under cover, so as not to be at all exposed to the sun.

Pease and Beans of all 肉親，親類d.

The ground should be 用意が出来ている in March, by 井戸／弁護士席 working and manuring; and at the end of the month, and in April, they may be sown for a spring 刈る. Some （種を）蒔く from the beginning of March till the middle of June, as occasion may 要求する.

準備する in August for a latter 刈る; and

French beans may be 同様に sown in October as at any other time.

Cucumbers, Pumpkins, and Melons.

The ground should be got ready for these in August, and they should be sown in September.

Radishes.

May be sown when turnips are sown.

Lettuces and Small Sallad

Are sown every month, for a constant 供給（する）; but lettuces are best sown in April and November, and small sallads in May, and the latter end of November.

Grass and Clover.

Turnip ground, on which either is ーするつもりであるd to be sown, should be （疑いを）晴らすd, cleaned, and broke up in August, 広大な／多数の／重要な care 存在 taken to leave no 少しのd or large clods.

Spinage

Is best sown in March and September.

Brocoli, brown and white

Should be sown the beginning of January, and 扱う／治療するd as cabbage sown at that time. Some 観察する the practice of （種を）蒔くing from November until February, but this is a vague method, and not to be depended on.

Strawberries.

March is the proper season for 工場／植物ing this fruit. The 走者s and leaves should be all 削減（する） の近くに away before they are 始める，決める, which will 強化する them 大いに, and before winter they will have new leaves. If 工場／植物d in clumps, the fruit will be larger than if 苦しむd to run over the bed; but by the latter method they 保存する a more delicate 外見, and are certainly いっそう少なく likely to 契約 filth.

As soon as 工場／植物d, a ぱらぱら雨ing of fresh earth should be thrown over the beds, which should be plentifully watered twice or thrice a week, if the season turn out 乾燥した，日照りの; and as the 工場／植物s 要求する much 空気／公表する, they should be thinned, ーするために 保存する a 解放する／自由な 循環／発行部数.

When sown in beds, the に引き続いて 方式 of 治療 should be 観察するd:--When the bed is 井戸／弁護士席 用意が出来ている, 工場／植物 the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of the large 肉親，親類d, such as the Chili and Carolina, two feet apart, and 許す one foot between each of the 工場／植物s in the same 列／漕ぐ／騒動. The smaller 肉親，親類d do not 要求する so much space; eighteen インチs between the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s, and eighteen between the 工場／植物s will be 十分な; but as much greater space may be given as the ground will 収容する／認める of.

In April all strawberry beds should be 井戸／弁護士席 dressed and cleaned, ーするために 妨げる the 宿泊するing of insects; and in July they should be gone 井戸／弁護士席 over, and have their spring dressing; in doing which the 走者s must be taken off from the 工場／植物s, and the 少しのd （疑いを）晴らすd away. The ground will then also 要求する to be 緩和するd, and would be much 利益d by a 層 of 罰金 manure and fresh earth between the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s, as this 治療 will 強化する the 工場／植物s, and produce the largest and finest fruit.

Raspberries

Should also be dressed and cleaned in July.

Grapes.

Begin in April to pinch and prune the vines, which must be cleaned from all cankered and unhealthy leaves or other 実体s, to 保存する them from insects. In July they should also be gone over, and pruned and nailed, where requisite. All 塀で囲むs and 火刑／賭けるs should then be attentively 診察するd, to 妨げる the harbouring of insects, which will さもなければ destroy the young 支持を得ようと努めるd and fruit.

Pine Apples.

In the 管理／経営 of Pinery, should gentlemen incline their attention thitherward, the に引き続いて observances will be useful. In May let them be unplunged, and lain 負かす／撃墜する on their 味方するs, till all their leaves be 解放する／自由な from water. Take off all yellow leaves, and suckers, and let these suckers be 急落（する），激減（する）d into fresh マリファナs of earth, and in a fresh bed of heat, by means whereof the Pinery will always be kept 十分な. The spider is their 長，指導者 enemy, and therefore should not be permitted to harbour 近づく them, as the smallest of the tribe will kill the 栄冠を与える, and destroy the fruit.

Trees of all 肉親，親類d

In JANUARY and FEBRUARY should be BUDDED. A competent 裁判官 will best 知らせる himself of the proper time for this 操作／手術 by the 熟した 外見 of the buds themselves. For this use the practical gardener chooses a small 器具 which may be made of bone, with wrappers of worsted, which 存在 elastic, is better than bark, or any other 代用品，人. The 最高の，を越すs of the budded 在庫／株s are by some left uncut until the August or September に引き続いて; but a gardener of much experience in the 植民地 makes it a 支配する to 削減（する） his 最高の，を越すs off すぐに, as the buds strike much sooner with this practice.

PEACHES and PLUMS are best budded upon their own 在庫／株s.

APRICOTS may be budded upon peach 在庫／株s.

The ENGLISH MULBERRY upon the cherry; or Cape; and ORANGES will 後継する best upon lemons; and all tender trees are better to be budded in summer than in spring.

It may be here proper to 観察する, for the better （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） of those who have not given themselves the trouble of dividing the year into seasons, and which it would indeed be difficult to do by a comparison with those to which in Europe we were accustomed, that the spring months are, September, October, and November; the summer months, December, January, and February; the autumn months, March, April, and May; and the winter months, June, July, and August. Hence it is observable, that our wheat 収穫ing begins in the last of the spring months, November, and is 完全に over before the end of summer.

In March, all fruit trees should be 診察するd, and the broken or decayed 四肢s taken off.

In May, all fruit trees should be pruned, except evergreens, and such 支店s as are necessary to be taken off 削減（する） の近くに to the tree, that the 負傷させる may 傷をいやす／和解させる the sooner, and thus 妨げる the tree from 傷害 by rain or dew.

In May, orange trees may be 安全に 移植（する）d, 同様に as in

June; which is the general season for 移植（する）ing fruit trees: in doing which, the roots should be carefully taken up, and 工場／植物d as 近づく to the surface as possible, taking care at the same time that the whole be covered, 存在 first spread out like an open 手渡す; after which the covering may be thickened with a little rich manure; and when the 穴を開ける is filled, the earth about the root should be trodden gently, so as to 直す／買収する，八百長をする the position of the 工場／植物.

June is also the best time for making 層s, and 工場／植物ing cuttings from hardy trees.

In July, such fruit trees as were not 移植（する）d in June should be 除去するd, and 在庫／株s to bud and 汚職，収賄 upon 移植（する）d.

In August, evergreens may be 移植（する）d, in which 広大な／多数の／重要な care must be 観察するd, as they are very tender; and as their roots will not 耐える （危険などに）さらす to the sun, they must be so carefully dug 一連の会議、交渉／完成する as to 収容する／認める their 存在 taken up with as large a ball of earth 粘着するing to the root as can be done, in which exact 明言する／公表する they always should be fresh 工場／植物d.

In August, also, the nursery will 要求する to be 井戸／弁護士席 gone over and cleaned, and young trees 用意が出来ている for 汚職，収賄ing. 塀で囲む fruit and shrubs must be now 特に …に出席するd to, in divesting them of every foul or decayed 実体.

In this month, also, all gardens should be cleaned and dressed. The gardener せねばならない be 特に attentive in keeping off 少しのd and insects, as grubs frequently make their 外見 at this time, which very much 負傷させる all vegetable 生産／産物s.

This month also the nursery wants きれいにする, and the young trees must be 用意が出来ている for 汚職，収賄ing: the 少しのd 準備の to which, must be 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する and destroyed, or they will afterwards give much trouble. Decayed 支店s should likewise be taken from fruit trees; and such trees as appear stunted should have the ground opened about the roots.

SEPTEMBER is a good month for 汚職，収賄ing fruit trees, the scions ーするつもりであるd for 汚職，収賄s 存在 削減（する） off a fortnight or three weeks before, and the ends which are 削減（する） stuck in the ground until 手配中の，お尋ね者 for use.

Trees budded at the beginning of the year must now be 削減（する） 負かす／撃墜する within about two インチs of the bud; this space above the bud 存在 left to tie the young shoots to, to 妨げる their 存在 broken off by the 勝利，勝つd. No shoots should be 苦しむd to grow but the 注目する，もくろむ that was budded, and all others should be rubbed off as soon as they appear.

OCTOBER.--Young trees that were 汚職，収賄d in September should now be 診察するd, and all the young shoots broken off, but one or two, both from the 汚職，収賄s and 在庫／株s:--The clay must be taken off, and the 包帯s 緩和するd. The ground between the 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of all young trees should also be kept （疑いを）晴らす of 少しのd, or they will 奪う the trees of a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of their nourishment.

Apricot and peach trees should be 診察するd this month, and where the fruit appears to be 始める，決める too 厚い, which will be mostly the 事例／患者 in prolific seasons, they must be 減ずるd to a 穏健な 量. This must にもかかわらず be done with care, and only such of the fruit as is proper to remain left upon the tree.

In this month the garden should be cleaned all through, and 塀で囲むs and fruit trees 井戸／弁護士席 診察するd, to 妨げる insects from 宿泊するing.

In NOVEMBER such trees as were inoculated the previous summer will want the young shoots tying, either to the 最高の，を越す of the 在庫／株, or to have a 火刑／賭ける driven in 近づく them to tie the shoot to, that they may not be broken off by the 勝利，勝つd. All budded and 汚職，収賄d trees will in November want constant attention. All shoots that do not grow from the 注目する，もくろむ of the bud, or from the 汚職，収賄, must be taken off, that the 汚職，収賄 or bud may receive all the nourishment the 在庫／株 can afford.

In November evergreens may be propagated by 層s, from the young shoots of the summer's growth.

In December the same observance is to be …に出席するd to with 尊敬（する）・点 to evergreens; and peach trees should now be thinned of their fruit, where it appears too 厚い.

観察s on some particular Fruit Trees.

The Orange.

In pruning, the knife should be as little used as possible, if you wish them to 耐える. The southerly 勝利，勝つd are very unfavorable to their growth, and parts opened by the knife 収容する／認める the 空気／公表する, and kill the bloom. This tree is perhaps more infested by ants than any other; and the 黒人／ボイコット 契約d 外見 of the leaves is much せいにするd to this insect. From this 説得／派閥, which is pretty general, さまざまな methods have been tried to keep them off. Human ordure laid 一連の会議、交渉／完成する the boll of the tree will 妨げる their appearing so long as it 保持するs moisture, but not longer; tar has been 適用するd 一連の会議、交渉／完成する both the trunk and 支店s, and only answered while moist; yet a cure, if the ant be really inimical, is 確かな to be 設立する, with little trouble, and without expence, in ありふれた suds from a wash tub, in which ley has been used. This wash should be laid 井戸／弁護士席 about the roots in the evening, when the ants have left the tree, which will be mostly the 事例／患者, and in wet 天候 always so, and there need be little 逮捕 of their return next morning; a woollen 包帯, dipped in oil, will also be 設立する a preventative to their 上がるing the tree. This 使用／適用, whenever ants appear, will have the 願望（する）d 影響; but whether these insects are injurious to the tree or not, is to be 疑問d upon this 原則, すなわち, that the ant, 存在 過度に carnivorous, is instinctively led to the orange tree in 追求（する），探索（する） of the eggs, exuviae, larvae, etc. of some very minute insect, whose eggs are 大（公）使館員d to the leaves by a glutinous 実体, emitted by themselves in such 量 as to discolour the leaf, the pores of which 存在 thus stopped, it becomes hard and tusky, and 徐々に の近くにs. It seems impossible that this change should be produced by the ant: for if it even attacked or destroyed the blossom, this would not 影響する／感情 the leaves when the tree is not in bloom; and therefore it is 合理的な／理性的な to 結論する that their changed 外見 proceeds from some other 原因（となる）, perhaps from some other insect, perhaps from the 強襲，強姦s of the 天候, or some peculiarity in its 国／地域 or 状況／情勢, or from a combination of these and other 原因（となる）s; in exemplification whereof it is worthy to be 発言／述べるd, that a gardener in the Brickfields 工場／植物d a number of seed sixteen years ago, all from the same tree; of which forty-four （機の）カム up, and were all 扱う／治療するd with equal care. 非，不，無 shewed fruit until about seven years since; when one produced about two-hundred oranges, and four or five others had from thirty 負かす／撃墜する to ten or a dozen each. The に引き続いて year the same trees were 十分な; and afterwards others began to 耐える. This very 広大な／多数の／重要な 不平等 in their time of 耐えるing, keeping in mind at the same time that the seeds were from the same tree, all sown at once, and all 平等に 井戸／弁護士席 …に出席するd to, would be 十分な to excite astonishment, were we not to make allowance for the さまざまな 原因（となる）s that might have tended to 加速する or retard their growth.

The gardener himself says, that the 長，指導者 of the defaulters were a good 取引，協定 shaded from the sun by a 範囲 of peach trees, which 奪うing them of a 広大な／多数の／重要な 割合 of the warmth necessary to a fruit which 栄えるs best in the hottest 気候s, he considers 十分な to occasion all the difference spoken of.

The Apple

Has a 広大な／多数の／重要な enemy in a minute insect called the Cochineal, 借りがあるing more, perhaps, to its 存在 nearly of the same colour, than from any resemblance to the Spanish insect of that 指名する. A gentleman who had eight trees that had for several years borne a delicious apple, had the mortification to find the whole of his trees at once infested by those insects in 過度の number; after which they left off 耐えるing, and after failing in many 実験s to relieve them, he （機の）カム unwillingly to the 決意／決議 of cutting 負かす／撃墜する the trees. These insects are of a dark red, approaching to a purple, and 連合させる in such numbers on the roots 同様に as 支店s, as to shew in protuberated clusters, 展示（する）ing a downy whiteness on the surface. A gardener of the 植民地, who has …に出席するd a good 取引，協定 to this 事柄, 断言するs that a 少しのd called the Churnwort 現在のs a perfect 治療（薬） to the 災害; with this 少しのd, the roots, （疑いを）晴らすd of the earth, and the 支店s also, he advises to be 完全に 井戸／弁護士席 rubbed.

THE END

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