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調書をとる／予約する Five, 一時期／支部 III
The same disposition to save and to hoard 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in the 君主 同様に as in the 支配するs. の中で nations to whom 商業 and 製造（する）s are little known, the 君主, it has already been 観察するd in the fourth 調書をとる／予約する, is in a 状況／情勢 which 自然に 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせるs him to the parsimony requisite for accumulation. In that 状況／情勢 the expense even of a 君主 cannot be directed by that vanity which delights in the gaudy finery of a 法廷，裁判所. The ignorance of the times affords but few of the trinkets in which that finery consists. Standing armies are not then necessary, so that the expense even of a 君主, like that of any other 広大な／多数の／重要な lord, can be 雇うd in 不十分な anything but bounty to his tenants and 歓待 to his retainers. But bounty and 歓待 very seldom lead to extravagance; though vanity almost always does. All the 古代の 君主s of Europe accordingly, it has already been 観察するd, had treasures. Every Tartar 長，指導者 in the 現在の times is said to have one.
In a 商業の country abounding with every sort of expensive 高級な, the 君主, in the same manner as almost all the 広大な／多数の／重要な proprietors in his dominions, 自然に spends a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of his 歳入 in 購入（する）ing those 高級なs. His own and the 隣人ing countries 供給（する） him abundantly with all the 高くつく／犠牲の大きい trinkets which compose the splendid but insignificant pageantry of a 法廷，裁判所. For the sake of an inferior pageantry of the same 肉親，親類d, his nobles 解任する their retainers, make their tenants 独立した・無所属, and become 徐々に themselves as insignificant as the greater part of the 豊富な burghers in his dominions. The same frivolous passions which 影響（力） their 行為／行う 影響（力） his. How can it be supposed that he should be the only rich man in his dominions who is insensible to 楽しみs of this 肉親，親類d? If he does not, what he is very likely to do, spend upon those 楽しみs so 広大な／多数の／重要な a part of his 歳入 as to debilitate very much the 防御の 力／強力にする of the 明言する／公表する, it cannot 井戸／弁護士席 be 推定する／予想するd that he should not spend upon them all that part of it which is over and above what is necessary for supporting that 防御の 力／強力にする. His ordinary expense becomes equal to his ordinary 歳入, and it is 井戸／弁護士席 if it does not frequently 越える it. The amassing of treasure can no longer be 推定する／予想するd, and when 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の exigencies 要求する 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の expenses, he must やむを得ず call upon his 支配するs for an 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 援助（する）. The 現在の and the late king of Prussia are the only 広大な／多数の／重要な princes of Europe who, since the death of Henry IV of フラン in 1610, are supposed to have amassed any かなりの treasure. The parsimony which leads to accumulation has become almost as rare in 共和国の／共和党の as in monarchical 政府s. The Italian 共和国s, the 部隊d 州s of the Netherlands, are all in 負債. The canton of Berne is the 選び出す／独身 共和国 in Europe which has amassed any かなりの treasure. The other スイスの 共和国s have not. The taste for some sort of pageantry, for splendid buildings, at least, and other public ornaments, frequently 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs as much in the 明らかに sober 上院-house of a little 共和国 as in the dissipated 法廷，裁判所 of the greatest king.
The want of parsimony in time of peace 課すs the necessity of 契約ing 負債 in time of war. When war comes, there is no money in the 財務省 but what is necessary for carrying on the ordinary expense of the peace 設立. In war an 設立 of three of four times that expense becomes necessary for the defence of the 明言する／公表する, and その結果 a 歳入 three or four times greater than the peace 歳入. Supposing that the 君主 should have, what he 不十分な ever has, the 即座の means of augmenting his 歳入 in 割合 to the augmentation of his expense, yet still the produce of the 税金s, from which this 増加する of 歳入 must be drawn, will not begin to come into the 財務省 till perhaps ten or twelve months after they are 課すd. But the moment in which war begins, or rather the moment in which it appears likely to begin, the army must be augmented, the (n)艦隊／(a)素早い must be fitted out, the 守備隊d towns must be put into a posture of defence; that army, that (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, those 守備隊d towns must be furnished with 武器, 弾薬／武器, and 準備／条項s. An 即座の and 広大な／多数の／重要な expense must be incurred in that moment of 即座の danger, which will not wait for the 漸進的な and slow returns of the new 税金s. In this exigency 政府 can have no other 資源 but in borrowing.
The same 商業の 明言する／公表する of society which, by the 操作／手術 of moral 原因（となる）s, brings 政府 in this manner into the necessity of borrowing, produces in the 支配するs both an ability and an inclination to lend. If it 一般的に brings along with it the necessity of borrowing, it likewise brings along with it the 施設 of doing so.
A country abounding with merchants and 製造業者s やむを得ず abounds with a 始める，決める of people through whose 手渡すs not only their own 資本／首都s, but the 資本／首都s of all those who either lend them money, or 信用 them with goods, pass as frequently, or more frequently, than the 歳入 of a 私的な man, who, without 貿易（する） or 商売／仕事, lives upon his income, passes through his 手渡すs. The 歳入 of such a man can 定期的に pass through his 手渡すs only once in a year. But the whole 量 of the 資本／首都 and credit of a merchant, who 取引，協定s in a 貿易（する） of which the returns are very quick, may いつかs pass through his 手渡すs two, three, or four times a year. A country abounding with merchants and 製造業者s, therefore, やむを得ず abounds with a 始める，決める of people who have it at all times in their 力／強力にする to 前進する, if they choose to do so, a very large sum of money to 政府. Hence the ability in the 支配するs of a 商業の 明言する／公表する to lend.
商業 and 製造（する）s can seldom 繁栄する long in any 明言する／公表する which does not enjoy a 正規の／正選手 行政 of 司法（官）, in which the people do not feel themselves 安全な・保証する in the 所有／入手 of their 所有物／資産／財産, in which the 約束 of 契約s is not supported by 法律, and in which the 当局 of the 明言する／公表する is not supposed to be 定期的に 雇うd in 施行するing the 支払い（額） of 負債s from all those who are able to 支払う／賃金. 商業 and 製造（する）s, in short, can seldom 繁栄する in any 明言する／公表する in which there is not a 確かな degree of 信用／信任 in the 司法（官） of 政府. The same 信用／信任 which 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせるs 広大な／多数の／重要な merchants and 製造業者s, upon ordinary occasions, to 信用 their 所有物／資産／財産 to the 保護 of a particular 政府, 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせるs them, upon 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の occasions, to 信用 that 政府 with the use of their 所有物／資産／財産. By lending money to 政府, they do not even for a moment 減らす their ability to carry on their 貿易（する） and 製造（する）s. On the contrary, they 一般的に augment it. The necessities of the 明言する／公表する （判決などを）下す 政府 upon most occasions willing to borrow upon 条件 極端に advantageous to the 貸す人. The 安全 which it 認めるs to the 初めの creditor is made transferable to any other creditor, and, from the 全世界の／万国共通の 信用／信任 in the 司法（官） of the 明言する／公表する, 一般に sells in the market for more than was 初めは paid for it. The merchant or monied man makes money by lending money to 政府, and instead of 減らすing, 増加するs his 貿易（する）ing 資本／首都. He 一般に considers it as a favour, therefore, when the 行政 収容する／認めるs him to a 株 in the first subscription for a new 貸付金. Hence the inclination or 乗り気 in the 支配するs of a 商業の 明言する／公表する to lend.
The 政府 of such a 明言する／公表する is very apt to repose itself upon this ability and 乗り気 of its 支配するs to lend it their money on 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の occasions. It 予知するs the 施設 of borrowing, and therefore dispenses itself from the 義務 of saving.
In a rude 明言する／公表する of society there are no 広大な／多数の／重要な 商業の or 製造業の 資本／首都s. The individuals who hoard whatever money they can save, and who 隠す their hoard, do so from a 不信 of the 司法（官） of 政府, from a 恐れる that if it was known that they had a hoard, and where that hoard was to be 設立する, they would quickly be plundered. In such a 明言する／公表する of things few people would be able, and nobody would be willing, to lend their money to 政府 on 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の exigencies. The 君主 feels that he must 供給する for such exigencies by saving because he 予知するs the 絶対の impossibility of borrowing. This foresight 増加するs still その上の his natural disposition to save.
The 進歩 of the enormous 負債s which at 現在の 抑圧する, and will in the long-run probably 廃虚, all the 広大な／多数の／重要な nations of Europe has been pretty uniform. Nations, like 私的な men, have 一般に begun to borrow upon what may be called personal credit, without 割り当てるing or mortgaging any particular 基金 for the 支払い（額） of the 負債; and when this 資源 has failed them, they have gone on to borrow upon assignments or mortgages of particular 基金s.
What is called the unfunded 負債 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain is 契約d in the former of those two ways. It consists partly in a 負債 which 耐えるs, or is supposed to 耐える, no 利益／興味, and which 似ているs the 負債s that a 私的な man 契約s upon account, and partly in a 負債 which 耐えるs 利益／興味, and which 似ているs what a 私的な man 契約s upon his 法案 or promissory 公式文書，認める. The 負債s which are 予定 either for 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の services, or for services either not 供給するd for, or not paid at the time when they are 成し遂げるd, part of the extrordinaries of the army, 海軍, and ordnance, the arrears of 補助金s to foreign princes, those of seamen's 給料, etc., usually 構成する a 負債 of the first 肉親，親類d, いつかs in 支払い（額） of a part of such 海軍 and exchequer 法案s, which are 問題／発行するd いつかs in 支払い（額） of a part of such 負債s and いつかs for other 目的s, 構成する a 負債 of the second 肉親，親類d- exchequer 法案s 耐えるing 利益／興味 from the day on which they are 問題／発行するd, and 海軍 法案s six months after they are 問題／発行するd. The Bank of England, either by 任意に 割引ing those 法案s at their 現在の value, or by agreeing with 政府 for 確かな considerations to 循環させる exchequer 法案s, that is, to receive them at par, 支払う／賃金ing the 利益／興味 which happens to be 予定 upon them, keeps up their value and 容易にするs their 循環／発行部数, and その為に frequently enables 政府 to 契約 a very large 負債 of this 肉親，親類d. In フラン, where there is no bank, the 明言する／公表する 法案s (billets d'etat) have いつかs sold at sixty and seventy per cent 割引. During the 広大な／多数の／重要な recoinage in King William's time, when the Bank of England thought proper to put a stop to its usual 処理／取引s, exchequer 法案s and 一致するs are said to have sold from twenty-five to sixty per cent 割引; 借りがあるing partly, no 疑問, to the supposed 不安定 of the new 政府 設立するd by the 革命, but partly, too, to the want of the support of the Bank of England.
When this 資源 is exhausted, and it becomes necessary, ーするために raise money, to 割り当てる or mortgage some particular 支店 of the public 歳入 for the 支払い（額） of the 負債, 政府 has upon different occasions done this in two different ways. いつかs it has made this assignment or mortgage for a short period of time only, a year, or a few years, for example; and いつかs for perpetuity. In the one 事例／患者 the 基金 was supposed 十分な to 支払う／賃金, within the 限られた／立憲的な time, both 主要な／長／主犯 and 利益／興味 of the money borrowed. In the other it was supposed 十分な to 支払う／賃金 the 利益／興味 only, or a perpetual annuity 同等（の） to the 利益／興味, 政府 存在 at liberty to redeem at any time this annuity upon 支払う／賃金ing 支援する the 主要な／長／主犯 sum borrowed. When money was raised in the one way, it was said to be raised by 予期; when in the other, by perpetual 基金ing, or, more すぐに, by 基金ing.
In 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain the land and malt 税金s are 定期的に 心配するd every year, by virtue of a borrowing 条項 絶えず 挿入するd into the 行為／法令／行動するs which 課す them. The Bank of England 一般に 前進するs at an 利益／興味, which since the 革命 has 変化させるd from eight to three per cent, the sums for which those 税金s are 認めるd, and receives 支払い（額） as their produce 徐々に comes in. If there is a 欠陥／不足, which there always is, it is 供給するd for in the 供給（する）s of the 続いて起こるing year. The only かなりの 支店 of the public 歳入 which yet remains unmortgaged is thus 定期的に spent before it comes in. Like an improvident spendthrift, whose 圧力（をかける）ing occasions will not 許す him to wait for the 正規の／正選手 支払い（額） of his 歳入, the 明言する／公表する is in the constant practice of borrowing of its own factors and スパイ／執行官s, and of 支払う／賃金ing 利益／興味 for the use of its own money.
In the 統治する of King William, and during a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of that of Queen Anne, before we had become so familiar as we are now with the practice of perpetual 基金ing, the greater part of the new 税金s were 課すd but for a short period of time (for four, five, six, or seven years only), and a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of the 認めるs of every year consisted in 貸付金s upon 予期s of the produce of those 税金s. The produce 存在 frequently insufficient for 支払う／賃金ing within the 限られた／立憲的な 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 the 主要な／長／主犯 and 利益／興味 of the money borrowed, 欠陥／不足s arose, to make good which it becam 割合 to the number of people who were 支配するd to it. 広大な／多数の／重要な indulgence would for some time be 予定 to those 州s of the empire which were thus 支配するd to 重荷（を負わせる）s to which they had not before been accustomed, and even when the same 税金s （機の）カム to be 徴収するd everywhere as 正確に／まさに as possible, they would not everywhere produce a 歳入 割合d to the numbers of the people. In a poor country the 消費 of the 主要な／長／主犯 商品／必需品s 支配する to the 義務s of customs and excise is very small, and in a thinly 住むd country the 適切な時期s of 密輸するing are very 広大な／多数の／重要な. The 消費 of malt アルコール飲料s の中で the inferior 階級s of people in Scotland is very small, and the excise upon malt, beer, and ale produces いっそう少なく there than in England in 割合 to the numbers of the people and the 率 of the 義務s, which upon malt is different on account of a supposed difference of 質. In these particular 支店s of the excise there is not, I apprehend, much more 密輸するing in the one country than in the other. The 義務s upon the distillery, and the greater part of the 義務s of customs, in 割合 to the numbers of people in the 各々の countries, produce いっそう少なく in Scotland than in England, not only on account of the smaller 消費 of the 税金d 商品／必需品s, but of the much greater 施設 of 密輸するing. In Ireland the inferior 階級s of people are still poorer than in Scotland, and many parts of the country are almost as thinl y 住むd. In Ireland, therefore, the 消費 of the 税金d 商品／必需品s might, in 割合 to the number of the people, be still いっそう少なく than Scotland, and the 施設 of 密輸するing nearly the same. In America and the West Indies the white people even of the lowest 階級 are in much better circumstances than those of the same 階級 in England, and their 消費 of all the 高級なs in which they usually indulge themselves is probably much greater. The 黒人／ボイコットs, indeed, who make the greater part of the inhabitants both of the southern 植民地s upon the continent and of the West India islands, as they are in a 明言する／公表する of slavery, are, no 疑問, in a worse 条件 than the poorest people either in Scotland or Ireland. We must not, however, upon that account, imagine that they are worse fed, or that their 消費 of articles which might be 支配するd to 穏健な 義務s is いっそう少なく than that even of the lower 階級s of people in England. In order that they may work 井戸／弁護士席, it is the 利益／興味 of their master that they should be fed 井戸／弁護士席 and kept in good heart in the same manner as it is his 利益／興味 that his working cattle should be so. The 黒人／ボイコットs accordingly have almost everywhere their allowance of rum and molasses or spruce beer in the same manner as the white servants, and this allowance would not probably be 孤立した though those articles should be 支配するd to 穏健な 義務s. The 消費 of the 税金d 商品／必需品s, therefore, in 割合 to the number of inhabitants, would probably be as 広大な／多数の／重要な in America and the West Indies as in any part of the British empire. The 適切な時期s of 密輸するing, indeed, would be much greater; America, in 割合 to the extent of the country, 存在 much more thinly 住むd than either Scotland or Ireland. If the 歳入, however, which is at 現在の raised by the different 義務s upon malt and malt アルコール飲料s were to be 徴収するd by a 選び出す／独身 義務 upon malt, the 適切な時期 of 密輸するing in the most important 支店 of the excise would be almost 完全に taken away: and if the dut ies of customs, instead of 存在 課すd upon almost all the different articles of 輸入, were 限定するd to a few of the most general use and 消費, and if the 徴収するing of those 義務s were 支配するd to the excise 法律s, the 適切な時期 of 密輸するing, though not so 完全に taken away, would be very much 減らすd. In consequence of those two, 明らかに, very simple and 平易な alterations, the 義務s of customs and excise might probably produce a 歳入 as 広大な／多数の／重要な in 割合 to the 消費 of the most thinly 住むd 州 as they do at 現在の in 割合 to that of the most populous.
The Americans, it has been said, indeed, have no gold or silver money; the 内部の 商業 of the country 存在 carried on by a paper 通貨, and the gold and silver which occasionally come の中で them 存在 all sent to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain in return for the 商品／必需品s which they receive from us. But without gold and silver, it is 追加するd, there is no 可能性 of 支払う／賃金ing 税金s. We already get all the gold and silver which they have. How is it possible to draw from them what they have not?
The 現在の scarcity of gold and silver money in America is not the 影響 of the poverty of that country, or of the 無（不）能 of the people there to 購入（する） those metals. In a country where the 給料 of 労働 are so much higher, and the price of 準備／条項s so much lower than in England, the greater part of the people must surely have wherewithal to 購入（する） a greater 量 if it were either necessary or convenient for them to do so. The scarcity of those metals, therefore, must be the 影響 of choice, and not of necessity.
It is for transacting either 国内の or foreign 商売／仕事 that gold and silver money is either necessary or convenient.
The 国内の 商売／仕事 of every country, it has been shown in the second 調書をとる／予約する of this 調査, may, at least in peaceable times, be transacted by means of a paper 通貨 with nearly the same degree of conveniency as by gold and silver money. It is convenient for the Americans, who could always 雇う with 利益（をあげる） in the 改良 of their lands a greater 在庫／株 than they can easily get, to save as much as possible the expense of so 高くつく／犠牲の大きい an 器具 of 商業 as gold and silver, and rather to 雇う that part of their 黒字／過剰 produce which would be necessary for 購入（する）ing those metals in 購入（する）ing the 器具s of 貿易（する）, the 構成要素s of 着せる／賦与するing, several parts of 世帯 furniture, and the ironwork necessary for building and 延長するing their 解決／入植地s and 農園s; in 購入（する）ing, not dead 在庫／株, but active and 生産力のある 在庫／株. The 植民地 政府s find it for their 利益／興味 to 供給（する） the people with such a 量 of papermoney as is fully 十分な and 一般に more than 十分な for transacting their 国内の 商売／仕事. Some of those 政府s, that of Pennsylvania 特に, derive a 歳入 from lending this paper-money to their 支配するs at an 利益／興味 of so much per cent. Others, like that of Massachusetts Bay, 前進する upon 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 緊急s a paper-money of this 肉親，親類d for defraying the public expense, and afterwards, when it 控訴s the conveniency of the 植民地, redeem it at the depreciated value to which it 徐々に 落ちるs. In 1747, that 植民地 paid, in this manner, the greater part of its public 負債s with the tenth part of the money for which its 法案s had been 認めるd. It 控訴s the conveniency of the planters to save the expense of 雇うing gold and silver money in their 国内の 処理／取引s, and it 控訴s the conveniency of the 植民地 政府s to 供給（する） them with a medium which, though …に出席するd with some very かなりの disadvantages, enables them to save that expense. The redundancy of paper-money やむを得ず banishes gold and silver from the 国内の transact イオンs of the 植民地s, for the same 推論する／理由 that it has banished those metals from the greater part of the 国内の 処理／取引s in Scotland; and in both countries it is not the poverty, but the 企業ing and 事業／計画（する）ing spirit of the people, their 願望（する） of 雇うing all the 在庫／株 which they can get as active and 生産力のある 在庫／株, which has occasioned this redundancy of paper-money. In the exterior 商業 which the different 植民地s carry on with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, gold and silver are more or いっそう少なく 雇うd 正確に／まさに in 割合 as they are more or いっそう少なく necessary. Where those metals are not necessary they seldom appear. Where they are necessary they are 一般に 設立する.
In the 商業 between 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain and the タバコ 植民地s the British goods are 一般に 前進するd to the colonists at a pretty long credit, and are afterwards paid for in タバコ, 率d at a 確かな price. It is more convenient for the colonists to 支払う／賃金 in タバコ than in gold and silver. It would be more convenient for any merchant to 支払う／賃金 for the goods which his 特派員s had sold to him in some other sort of goods which he might happen to 取引，協定 in than in money. Such a merchant would have no occasion to keep any part of his 在庫／株 by him 失業した, and in ready money, for answering 時折の 需要・要求するs. He could have, at all times, a larger 量 of goods in his shop or 倉庫／問屋, and he could 取引，協定 to a greater extent. But it seldom happens to be convenient for all the 特派員s of a merchant to receive 支払い（額） for the goods which they sell to him in goods of some other 肉親，親類d which he happens to 取引，協定 in. The British merchants who 貿易（する） to Virginia and Maryland happen to be a particular 始める，決める of 特派員s, to whom it is more convenient to receive 支払い（額） for the goods which they sell to those 植民地s in タバコ than in gold and silver. They 推定する／予想する to make a 利益（をあげる） by the sale of the タバコ. They could make 非，不，無 by that of the gold and silver. Gold and silver, therefore, very seldom appear in the 商業 between 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain and the タバコ 植民地s. Maryland and Virginia have as little occasion for those metals in their foreign as in their 国内の 商業. They are said, accordingly, to have いっそう少なく gold and silver money than any other 植民地s in America. They are reckoned, however, as 栄えるing, and その結果 as rich, as any of their 隣人s.
In the northern 植民地s, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, the four 政府s of New England, etc., the value of their own produce which they 輸出（する） to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain is not equal to that of the 製造（する）s which they 輸入する for their own use, and for that of some of the other 植民地s to which they are the 運送／保菌者s. A balance, therefore, must be paid to the mother country in gold and silver, and this balance they 一般に find.
In the sugar 植民地s the value of the produce 毎年 輸出（する）d to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain is much greater than that of all the goods 輸入するd from thence. If the sugar and rum 毎年 sent to the mother country were paid for in those 植民地s, 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain would be 強いるd to send out every year a very large balance in money, and the 貿易（する） to the West Indies would, by a 確かな 種類 of 政治家，政治屋s, be considered as 極端に disadvantageous. But it so happens that many of the 主要な／長／主犯 proprietors of the sugar 農園s reside in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. Their rents are remitted to them in sugar and rum, the produce of their 広い地所s. The sugar and rum which the West India merchants 購入（する） in those 植民地s upon their own account are not equal in value to the goods which they 毎年 sell there. A balance, therefore, must やむを得ず be paid to them in gold and silver, and this balance, too, is 一般に 設立する.
The difficulty and 不正行為 of 支払い（額） from the different 植民地s to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain have not been at all in 割合 to the greatness or smallness of the balances which were それぞれ 予定 from them. 支払い（額）s have in general been more 正規の／正選手 from the northern than from the タバコ 植民地s, though the former have 一般に paid a pretty large balance in money, while the latter have either paid no balance, or a much smaller one. The difficulty of getting 支払い（額） from our different sugar 植民地s has been greater or いっそう少なく in 割合, not so much to the extent of the balances それぞれ 予定 from them, as to the 量 of uncultivated land which they 含む／封じ込めるd; that is, to the greater or smaller 誘惑 which the planters have been under of overtrading, or of 請け負うing the 解決／入植地 and 農園 of greater 量s of waste land than ふさわしい the extent of their 資本／首都s. The returns from the 広大な／多数の／重要な island of Jamaica, where there is still much uncultivated land, have, upon this account, been in general more 不規律な and uncertain than those from the smaller islands of Barbadoes, Antigua, and St. Christophers, which have for these many years been 完全に cultivated, and have, upon that account, afforded いっそう少なく field for the 憶測s of the planter. The new 取得／買収s of Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincents, and Dominica have opened a new field for 憶測s of this 肉親，親類d, and the returns from those islands have of late been as 不規律な and uncertain as those from the 広大な／多数の／重要な island of Jamaica.
It is not, therefore, the poverty of the 植民地s which occasions, in the greater part of them, the 現在の scarcity of gold and silver money. Their 広大な／多数の／重要な 需要・要求する for active and 生産力のある 在庫／株 makes it convenient for them to have as little dead 在庫／株 as possible, and 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせるs them upon that account to content themselves with a cheaper though いっそう少なく commodious 器具 of 商業 than gold and silver. They are その為に enabled to 変える the value of that gold and silver into the 器具s of 貿易（する）, into the 構成要素s of 着せる／賦与するing, into 世帯 furniture, and into the ironwork necessary for building and 延長するing their 解決／入植地s and 農園s. In those 支店s of 商売／仕事 which cannot be transacted without gold and silver money, it appears that they can always find the necessary 量 of those metals; and if they frequently do not find it, their 失敗 is 一般に the 影響, not of their necessary poverty, but of their unnecessary and 過度の 企業. It is not because they are poor that their 支払い（額）s are 不規律な and uncertain, but because they are too eager to become 過度に rich. Though all that part of the produce of the 植民地 税金s which was over and above what was necessary for defraying the expense of their own civil and 軍の 設立s were to be remitted to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain in gold and silver, the 植民地s have abundantly wherewithal to 購入（する） the requisite 量 of those metals. They would in this 事例／患者 be 強いるd, indeed, to 交流 a part of their 黒字／過剰 produce, with which they now 購入（する） active and 生産力のある 在庫／株, for dead 在庫／株. In transacting their 国内の 商売／仕事 they would be 強いるd to 雇う a 高くつく／犠牲の大きい instead of a cheap 器具 of 商業, and the expense of 購入（する）ing this 高くつく／犠牲の大きい 器具 might damp somewhat the vivacity and ardour of their 過度の 企業 in the 改良 of land. It might not, however, be necessary to remit any part of the American 歳入 in gold and silver. It might be remitted in 法案s drawn upon and 受託するd by par ticular merchants or companies in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain to whom a part of the 黒字／過剰 produce of America had been consigned, who would 支払う／賃金 into the 財務省 the American 歳入 in money, after having themselves received the value of it in goods; and the whole 商売／仕事 might frequently be transacted without 輸出（する）ing a 選び出す／独身 ounce of gold or silver from America.
It is not contrary to 司法（官） that both Ireland and America should 与える／捧げる に向かって the 発射する／解雇する of the public 負債 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. That 負債 has been 契約d in support of the 政府 設立するd by the 革命, a 政府 to which the Protestants of Ireland 借りがある, not only the whole 当局 which they at 現在の enjoy in their own country, but every 安全 which they 所有する for their liberty, their 所有物／資産／財産, and their 宗教; a 政府 to which several of the 植民地s of America 借りがある their 現在の 借り切る／憲章s, and その結果 their 現在の 憲法, and to which all the 植民地s of America 借りがある the liberty, 安全, and 所有物／資産／財産 which they have ever since enjoyed. That public 負債 has been 契約d in the defence, not of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain alone, but of all the different 州s of the empire; the 巨大な 負債 契約d in the late war in particular, and a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of that 契約d in the war before, were both 適切に 契約d in defence of America.
By a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, Ireland would 伸び（る）, besides the freedom of 貿易（する）, other advantages much more important, and which would much more than 補償する any 増加する of 税金s that might …を伴って that union. By the union with England the middling and inferior 階級s of people in Scotland 伸び（る）d a 完全にする deliverance from the 力／強力にする of an aristocracy which had always before 抑圧するd them. By a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain the greater part of the people of all 階級s in Ireland would 伸び（る） an 平等に 完全にする deliverance from a much more oppressive aristocracy; an aristocracy not 設立するd, like that of Scotland, in the natural and respectable distinctions of birth and fortune, but in the most 嫌悪すべき of all distinctions, those of 宗教的な and political prejudices; distinctions which, more than any other, animate both the insolence of the 抑圧者s and the 憎悪 and indignation of the 抑圧するd, and which 一般的に （判決などを）下す the inhabitants of the same country more 敵意を持った to one another than those of different countries ever are. Without a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain the inhabitants of Ireland are not likely for many ages to consider themselves as one people.
No oppressive aristocracy has ever 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in the 植民地s. Even they, however, would, in point of happiness and tranquility, 伸び（る） かなり by a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. It would, at least, 配達する them from those rancorous and virulent 派閥s which are inseparable from small 僕主主義s, and which have so frequently divided the affections of their people, and 乱すd the tranquillity of their 政府s, in their form so nearly democratical. In the 事例／患者 of a total 分離 from 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, which, unless 妨げるd by a union of this 肉親，親類d, seems very likely to take place, those 派閥s would be ten times more virulent than ever. Before the 開始／学位授与式 of the 現在の 騒動s, the coercive 力／強力にする of the mother country had always been able to 抑制する those 派閥s from breaking out into anything worse than 甚だしい／１２ダース brutality and 侮辱. If that coercive 力／強力にする were 完全に taken away, they would probably soon 勃発する into open 暴力／激しさ and 流血／虐殺. In all 広大な／多数の／重要な countries which are 部隊d under one uniform 政府, the spirit of party 一般的に 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs いっそう少なく in the remote 州s than in the centre of the empire. The distance of those 州s from the 資本／首都, from the 主要な／長／主犯 seat of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 緊急発進する of 派閥 and ambition, makes them enter いっそう少なく into the 見解（をとる）s of any of the 競うing parties, and （判決などを）下すs them more indifferent and impartial 観客s of the 行為／行う of all. The spirit of party 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs いっそう少なく in Scotland than in England. In the 事例／患者 of a union it would probably 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる いっそう少なく in Ireland than in Scotland, and the 植民地s would probably soon enjoy a degree of concord and unanimity at 現在の unknown in any part of the British empire. Both Ireland and the 植民地s, indeed, would be 支配するd to heavier 税金s than any which they at 現在の 支払う／賃金. In consequence, however, of a diligent and faithful 使用／適用 of the public 歳入 に向かって the 発射する／解雇する of the 国家の 負債, the greater part of those 税金s might not be of long continuance, and the public 歳入 of 広大な／多数の／重要な B ritain might soon be 減ずるd to what was necessary for 持続するing a 穏健な peace 設立.
The 領土の 取得／買収s of the East India Company, the undoubted 権利 of the 栄冠を与える, that is, of the 明言する／公表する and people of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, might be （判決などを）下すd another source of 歳入 more abundant, perhaps, than all those already について言及するd. Those countries are 代表するd as more fertile, more 広範囲にわたる, and, in 割合 to their extent, much richer and more populous than 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. ーするために draw a 広大な／多数の／重要な 歳入 from them, it would not probably be necessary to introduce any new system of 課税 into countries which are already 十分に and more than 十分に 税金d. It might, perhaps, be more proper to lighten than to 悪化させる the 重荷（を負わせる） of those unfortunate countries, and to endeavour to draw a 歳入 from them, not by 課すing new 税金s, but by 妨げるing the 使い込み，横領 and misapplication of the greater part of those which they already 支払う／賃金.
If it should be 設立する impracticable for 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain to draw any かなりの augmentation of 歳入 from any of the 資源s above について言及するd, the only 資源 which can remain to her is a diminution of her expense. In the 方式 of collecting and in that of expending the public 歳入, though in both there may be still room for 改良, 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain seems to be at least as economical as any of her 隣人s. The 軍の 設立 which she 持続するs for her own defence in time of peace is more 穏健な than that of any European 明言する／公表する which can pretend to 競争相手 her either in wealth or in 力／強力にする. 非，不，無 of those articles, therefore, seem to 収容する／認める of any かなりの 削減 of expense. The expense of the peace 設立 of the 植民地s was, before the 開始／学位授与式 of the 現在の 騒動s, very かなりの, and is an expense which may, and if no 歳入 can be drawn from them ought certainly to be saved altogether. This constant expense in time of peace, though very 広大な／多数の／重要な, is insignificant in comparison with what the defence of the 植民地s has cost us in time of war. The last war, which was undertaken altogether on account of the 植民地s, cost 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, it has already been 観察するd, 上向きs of ninety millions. The Spanish war of 1739 was principally undertaken on their account, in which, and in the French war that was the consequence of it, 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain spent 上向きs of forty millions, a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of which ought 正確に，正当に to be 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d to the 植民地s. In those two wars the 植民地s cost 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain much more than 二塁打 the sum which the 国家の 負債 量d to before the 開始／学位授与式 of the first of them. Had it not been for those wars that 負債 might, and probably would by this time, have been 完全に paid; anater 削減 of the public 負債 than has ever since been brought about in so short a period of time. The remaining 負債, therefore, 量d only to L16,394,701 1s. 7 1/4d.
In the war which began in 1709., and which was 結論するd by the 条約 of Utrecht, the public 負債s were still more 蓄積するd. On the 31st of December 1714, they 量d to L53,681,076 5s. 6 1/2d. The subscription into the South Sea 基金 of the short and long annuities 増加するd the 資本／首都 of the public 負債s, so that on the 31st of December 1722 it 量d to L55,282,978 1s. 3 5/6d. The 削減 of the 負債 began in 1723, and went on so slowly that, on the 31st of December 1739, during seventeen years of 深遠な peace, the whole sum paid off was no more than L8,328,354 17s. 11 3/12d., the 資本／首都 of the public 負債 at that time 量ing to L46,954,623 3s. 4 7/12d.
The Spanish war, which began in 1739, and the French war which soon followed it occasioned その上の 増加する of the 負債, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after the war had been 結論するd by the 条約 of Aix-la-Chapelle, 量d to L78,293,313 1s. 10 3/4d. The most 深遠な peace of seventeen years continuance had taken no more than L8,328,354 17s. 11 3/12d. from it. A war of いっそう少なく than nine years' continuance 追加するd L31,338,689 18s. 6 1/6d. to it.
During the 行政 of Mr. Pelham, the 利益／興味 of the public 負債 was 減ずるd, or at least 対策 were taken for 減ずるing it, from four to three per cent; the 沈むing 基金 was 増加するd, and some part of the public 負債 was paid off. In 1755, before the breaking out of the late war, the 基金d 負債 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain 量d to L72,289,673. On the 5th of January 1763, at the 結論 of the peace, the 基金d 負債 量d to L122,603,336 8s. 2 1/4d. The unfunded 負債 has been 明言する／公表するd at L13,927,589 2s. 2d. But the expense occasioned by the war did not end with the 結論 of the peace, so that though, on the 5th of January 1764, the 基金d 負債 was 増加するd (partly by a new 貸付金, and partly by 基金ing a part of the unfunded 負債) to L129,586,789 10s. 1 3/4d., there still remained (によれば the very 井戸／弁護士席 知らせるd author of the Considerations on the 貿易（する） and 財政／金融s of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain) an unfunded 負債 which was brought to account in that and the に引き続いて year of L9,975,017 12s. 2 15/44d. In 1764, therefore, the public 負債 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, 基金d and unfunded together, 量d, によれば this author, to L139,516,807 2s. 4d. The annuities for lives, too, which had been 認めるd as 賞与金s to the 加入者s to the new 貸付金s in 1757, 概算の at fourteen years' 購入（する）, were valued at L472,500; and the annuities for long 条件 of years, 認めるd as 賞与金s likewise in 1761 and 1762, 概算の at twenty-seven and a half years' 購入（する）, were valued at L6,826,875. During a peace of about seven years' continuance, the 慎重な and truly 愛国者 行政 of Mr. Pelham was not able to 支払う／賃金 off an old 負債 of six millions. During a war of nearly the same continuance, a new 負債 of more than seventy-five millions was 契約d.
On the 5th of January 1775, the 基金d 負債 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain 量d to L124,996,086 1s. 6 1/4d. The unfunded, 排除的 of a large civil 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） 負債, to L4,150,263 3s. 11 7/8d. Both together, to L129,146,322 5s. 6d. によれば this account the whole 負債 paid off during eleven years' 深遠な peace 量d only to L10,415,474 16s. 9 7/8d. Even this small 削減 of 負債, however, has not been all made from the 貯金 out of the ordinary 歳入 of the 明言する／公表する. Several extraneous sums, altogether 独立した・無所属 of that ordinary 歳入, have 与える／捧げるd に向かって it. Amongst these we may reckon an 付加 shilling in the 続けざまに猛撃する land-税金 for three years; the two millions received from the East India Company as indemnification for their 領土の 取得／買収s; and the one hundred and ten thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs received from the bank for the 再開 of their 借り切る／憲章. To these must be 追加するd several other sums which, as they arose out of the late war, ought perhaps to be considered as deductions from the expenses of it. The 主要な／長／主犯 are,
L s. d.
The produce of French prizes 690,449 18 9
Composition for French 囚人s 670,000 0 0
What has been received from the sale
of the ceded islands 95,500 0 0
If we 追加する to this sum the balance of the Earl of Chatham's and Mr. Calcraft's accounts, and other army 貯金 of the same 肉親，親類d, together with what has been received from the bank, the East India Company, and the 付加 shilling in the 続けざまに猛撃する land-税金, the whole must be a good 取引，協定 more than five millions. The 負債, therefore, which since the peace has been paid out of the 貯金 the ordinary 歳入 of the 明言する／公表する, has not, one year with another, 量d to half a million a year. The 沈むing 基金 has, no 疑問, been かなり augmented since the peace, by the 負債 which has been paid off, by the 削減 of the redeemable four per cents to three per cents, and by the annuities for lives which have fallen in, and, if peace were to continue, a million, perhaps, might now be 毎年 spared out of it に向かって the 発射する／解雇する of the 負債. Another million, accordingly, was paid in the course of last year; but, at the same time, a new civil 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） 負債 was left 未払いの, and we are now 伴う／関わるd in a new war which, in its 進歩, may 証明する as expensive as any of our former wars.* The new 負債 which will probably be 契約d before the end of the next （選挙などの）運動をする may perhaps be nearly equal to all the old 負債 which has been paid off from the 貯金 out of the ordinary 歳入 of the 明言する／公表する. It would be altogether chimerical, therefore, to 推定する／予想する that the public 負債 should ever be 完全に 発射する／解雇するd by any 貯金 which are likely to be made from that ordinary 歳入 as it stands at 現在の.
* It has 証明するd more expensive than all of our former wars; and has 伴う／関わるd us in an 付加 負債 of more than one hundred millions. During a 深遠な peace of eleven years, little more than ten millions of 負債 was paid; during a war of seven years, more than one hundred millions was 契約d.
The public 基金s of the different indebted nations of Europe, 特に those of England, have by one author been 代表するd as the accumulation of a 広大な／多数の／重要な 資本／首都 superadded to the other 資本／首都 of the country, by means of which its 貿易（する） is 延長するd, its 製造（する）s multiplied, and its lands cultivated and 改善するd much beyond what they could have been by means of that other 資本／首都 only. He does not consider that the 資本／首都 which the first creditors of the public 前進するd to 政府 was, from the moment in which they 前進するd it, a 確かな 部分 of the 年次の produce turned away from serving in the 機能（する）／行事 of a 資本／首都 to serve in that of a 歳入; from 持続するing 生産力のある labourers to 持続する unproductive ones, and to be spent and wasted, 一般に in the course of the year, without even the hope of any 未来 reproduction. In return for the 資本／首都 which they 前進するd they 得るd, indeed, an annuity in the public 基金s in most 事例／患者s of more than equal value. This annuity, no 疑問, 取って代わるd to them their 資本／首都, and enabled them to carry on their 貿易（する） and 商売／仕事 to the same or perhaps to a greater extent than before; that is, they were enabled either to borrow of other people a new 資本／首都 upon the credit of this annuity, or by selling it to get from other people a new 資本／首都 of their own equal or superior to that which they had 前進するd to 政府. This new 資本／首都, however, which they in this manner either bought or borrowed of other people, must have 存在するd in the country before, and must have been 雇うd, as all 資本／首都s are, in 持続するing 生産力のある 労働. When it （機の）カム into the 手渡すs of those who had 前進するd their money to 政府, though it was in some 尊敬（する）・点s a new 資本／首都 to them, it was not so to the country, but was only a 資本／首都 孤立した from 確かな 雇用s in or to be turned に向かって others. Though it 取って代わるd to them what they had 前進するd to 政府, it did not 取って代わる it to the country. Had they not 前進するd this 資本／首都 to 政府, there would have been in the country two 資本／首都s, two 部分s of the 年次の produce, instead of one, 雇うd in 持続するing 生産力のある 労働.
When for defraying the expense of 政府 a 歳入 is raised within the year from the produce of 解放する／自由な or unmortgaged 税金s, a 確かな 部分 of the 歳入 of 私的な people is only turned away from 持続するing one 種類 of unproductive 労働 に向かって 持続するing another. Some part of what they 支払う／賃金 in those 税金s might no 疑問 have been 蓄積するd into 資本／首都, and その結果 雇うd in 持続するing 生産力のある 労働; but the greater part would probably have been spent and その結果 雇うd in 持続するing unproductive 労働. The public expense, however, when defrayed in this manner, no 疑問 妨げるs more or いっそう少なく the その上の accumulation of new 資本／首都; but it does not やむを得ず occasion the 破壊 of any 現実に 存在するing 資本／首都.
When the public expense is defrayed by 基金ing, it is defrayed by the 年次の 破壊 of some 資本／首都 which had before 存在するd in the country; by the perversion of some 部分 of the 年次の produce which had before been 運命にあるd for the 維持／整備 of 生産力のある 労働 に向かって that of unproductive 労働. As in this 事例／患者, however, the 税金s are はしけ than they would have been had a 歳入 十分な for defraying the same expense been raised within the year, the 私的な 歳入 of individuals is やむを得ず いっそう少なく 重荷（を負わせる）d, and その結果 their ability to save and 蓄積する some part of that 歳入 into 資本／首都 is a good 取引，協定 いっそう少なく impaired. If the method of 基金ing destroys more old 資本／首都, it at the same time 妨げるs いっそう少なく the accumulation or 取得／買収 of new 資本／首都 than that of defraying the public expense by a 歳入 raised within the year. Under the system of 基金ing, the frugality and 産業 of 私的な people can more easily 修理 the 違反s which the waste and extravagance of 政府 may occasionally make in the general 資本／首都 of the society.
It is only during the continuance of war, however, that the system of 基金ing has this advantage over the other system. Were the expense of war to be defrayed always by a 歳入 raised within the year, the 税金s from which that 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 歳入 was drawn would last no longer than the war. The ability of 私的な people to 蓄積する, though いっそう少なく during the war, would have been greater during the peace than under the system of 基金ing. War would not やむを得ず have occasioned the 破壊 of any old 資本／首都s, and peace would have occasioned the accumulation of many more new. Wars would in general be more speedily 結論するd, and いっそう少なく wantonly undertaken. The people feeling, during the continuance of the war, the 完全にする 重荷（を負わせる） of it, would soon grow 疲れた／うんざりした of it, and 政府, ーするために humour them, would not be under the necessity of carrying it on longer than it was necessary to do so. The foresight of the 激しい and 避けられない 重荷（を負わせる）s of war would 妨げる the people from wantonly calling for it when there was no real or solid 利益／興味 to fight for. The seasons during which the ability of 私的な people to 蓄積する was somewhat impaired would occur more rarely, and be of shorter continuance. Those, on the contrary, during which the ability was in the highest vigour would be of much longer duration than they can 井戸／弁護士席 be under the system of 基金ing.
When 基金ing, besides, has made a 確かな 進歩, the multiplication of 税金s which it brings along with it いつかs impairs as much the ability of 私的な people to 蓄積する even in time of peace as the other system would in time of war. The peace 歳入 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain 量s at 現在の to more than ten millions a year. If 解放する／自由な and unmortgaged, it might be 十分な, with proper 管理／経営 and without 契約ing a shilling of new 負債, to carry on the most vigorous war. The 私的な 歳入 of the inhabitants of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain is at 現在の as much encumbered in time of peace, their ability to 蓄積する is as much impaired as it would have been in the time of the most expensive war had the pernicious system of 基金ing never been 可決する・採択するd.
In the 支払い（額） of the 利益／興味 of the public 負債, it has been said, it is the 権利 手渡す which 支払う／賃金s the left. The money does not go out of the country. It is only a part of the 歳入 of one 始める，決める of the inhabitants which is transferred to another, and the nation is not a farthing the poorer. This 陳謝 is 設立するd altogether in the sophistry of the 商業の system, and after the long examination which I have already bestowed upon that system, it may perhaps be unnecessary to say anything その上の about it. It supposes, besides, that the whole public 負債 is 借りがあるing to the inhabitants of the country, which happens not to be true; the Dutch, 同様に as several other foreign nations, having a very かなりの 株 in our public 基金s. But though the whole 負債 were 借りがあるing to the inhabitants of the country, it would not upon that account be いっそう少なく pernicious.
Land and 資本／首都 在庫／株 are the two 初めの sources of all 歳入 both 私的な and public. 資本／首都 在庫／株 支払う／賃金s the 給料 of 生産力のある 労働, whether 雇うd in 農業, 製造（する）s, or 商業. The 管理／経営 of those two 初めの sources of 歳入 belong to two different 始める，決めるs of people; the proprietors of land, and the owners or 雇用者s of 資本／首都 在庫／株.
The proprietor of land is 利益／興味d for the sake of his own 歳入 to keep his 広い地所 in as good 条件 as he can, by building and 修理ing his tenants' houses, by making and 持続するing the necessary drains and enclosures, and all those other expensive 改良s which it 適切に belongs to the landlord to make and 持続する. But by different land-税金s the 歳入 of the landlord may be so much 減らすd, and by different 義務s upon the necessaries and conveniences of life that 減らすd 歳入 may be （判決などを）下すd of so little real value, that he may find himself altogether unable to make or 持続する those expensive 改良s. When the landlord, however, 中止するs to do his part, it is altogether impossible that the tenant should continue to do his. As the 苦しめる of the landlord 増加するs, the 農業 of the country must やむを得ず 拒絶する／低下する.
When, by different 税金s upon the necessaries and conveniences of life, the owners and 雇用者s of 資本／首都 在庫／株 find that whatever 歳入 they derive from it will not, in a particular country, 購入（する） the same 量 of those necessaries and conveniences which an equal 歳入 would in almost any other, they will be 性質の／したい気がして to 除去する to some other. And when, ーするために raise those 税金s, all or the greater part of merchants and 製造業者s, that is, all or the greater part of the 雇用者s of 広大な／多数の／重要な 資本／首都s, come to be continually exposed to the mortifying and vexatious visits of the 税金-gatherers, the disposition to 除去する will soon be changed into an actual 除去. The 産業 of the country will やむを得ず 落ちる with the 除去 of the 資本／首都 which supported it, and the 廃虚 of 貿易（する） and 製造（する）s will follow the declension of 農業.
To 移転 from the owners of those two 広大な／多数の／重要な sources of 歳入, land and 資本／首都 在庫／株, from the persons すぐに 利益／興味d in the good 条件 of every particular 部分 of land, and in the good 管理／経営 of every particular 部分 of 資本／首都 在庫／株, to another 始める，決める of persons (the creditors of the public, who have no such particular 利益／興味), the greater part of the 歳入 arising from either must, in the long-run, occasion both the neglect of land, and the waste or 除去 of 資本／首都 在庫／株. A creditor of the public has no 疑問 a general 利益／興味 in the 繁栄 of the 農業, 製造（する）s, and 商業 of the country, and その結果 in the good 条件 of its lands, and in the good 管理／経営 of its 資本／首都 在庫／株. Should there be any general 失敗 or declension in any of these things, the produce of the different 税金s might no longer be 十分な to 支払う／賃金 him the annuity or 利益／興味 which is 予定 to him. But a creditor of the public, considered 単に as such, has no 利益／興味 in the good 条件 of any particular 部分 of land, or in the good 管理／経営 of any particular 部分 of 資本／首都 在庫／株. As a creditor of the public he has no knowledge of any such particular 部分. He has no 査察 of it. He can have no care about it. Its 廃虚 may in some 事例／患者s be unknown to him, and cannot 直接／まっすぐに 影響する／感情 him.
The practice of 基金ing has 徐々に enfeebled every 明言する／公表する which has 可決する・採択するd it. The Italian 共和国s seem to have begun it. Genoa and Venice, the only two remaining which can pretend to an 独立した・無所属 存在, have both been enfeebled by it. Spain seems to have learned the practice from the Italian 共和国s, and (its 税金s 存在 probably いっそう少なく judicious than theirs) it has, in 割合 to its natural strength, been still more enfeebled. The 負債s of Spain are of very old standing. It was 深く，強烈に in 負債 before the end of the sixteenth century, about a hundred years before England 借りがあるd a shilling. フラン, notwithstanding all its natural 資源s, languishes under an oppressive 負担 of the same 肉親，親類d. The 共和国 of the 部隊d 州s is as much enfeebled by its 負債s as either Genoa or Venice. Is it likely that in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain alone a practice which has brought either 証拠不十分 or desolation into every other country should 証明する altogether innocent?
The system of 課税 設立するd in those different countries, it may be said, is inferior to that of England. I believe it is so. But it せねばならない be remembered that, when the wisest 政府 has exhausted all the proper 支配するs of 課税, it must, in 事例／患者s of 緊急の necessity, have 頼みの綱 to 妥当でない ones. The wise 共和国 of Holland has upon some occasions been 強いるd to have 頼みの綱 to 税金s as inconvenient as the greater part of those of Spain. Another war begun before any かなりの 解放 of the public 歳入 had been brought about, and growing in its 進歩 as expensive as the last war, may, from irresistible necessity, （判決などを）下す the British system of 課税 as oppressive as that of Holland, or even as that of Spain. To the honour of our 現在の system of 課税, indeed, it has hitherto given so little 当惑 to 産業 that, during the course even of the most expensive wars, the frugality and good 行為／行う of individuals seem to have been able, by saving and accumulation, to 修理 all the 違反s which the waste and extravagance of 政府 had made in the general 資本／首都 of the society. At the 結論 of the late war, the most expensive that 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain ever 行うd, her 農業 was as 繁栄するing, her 製造業者s as 非常に／多数の and as fully 雇うd, and her 商業 as 広範囲にわたる as they had ever been before. The 資本／首都, therefore, which supported all those different 支店s of 産業 must have been equal to what it had ever been before. Since the peace, 農業 has been still その上の 改善するd, the rents of houses have risen in every town and village of the country- a proof of the 増加するing wealth and 歳入 of the people; and the 年次の 量 the greater part of the old 税金s, of the 主要な／長／主犯 支店s of the excise and customs in particular, has been continually 増加するing- an 平等に （疑いを）晴らす proof of an 増加するing 消費, and その結果 of an 増加するing produce which could alone support that 消費. 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain seems to support with 緩和する a 重荷（を負わせる） which, half a century ago, nobody believed her 有能な of supporting. Let us not, however, upon this account rashly 結論する that she is 有能な of supporting any 重荷（を負わせる）, nor even be too 確信して that she could support, without 広大な／多数の／重要な 苦しめる, a 重荷（を負わせる） a little greater than what has already been laid upon her.
When 国家の 負債s have once been 蓄積するd to a 確かな degree, there is 不十分な, I believe, a 選び出す／独身 instance of their having been 公正に／かなり and 完全に paid. The 解放 of the public 歳入, if it has ever been brought about by 破産; いつかs by an avowed one, but always by a real one, though frequently by a pretended 支払い（額）.
The raising of the denomination of the coin has been the most usual expedient by which a real public 破産 has been disguised under the 外見 of a pretended 支払い（額）. If a sixpence, for example, should either by 行為／法令／行動する of 議会 or 王室の 布告／宣言 be raised to the denomination of a shilling, and twenty sixpences to that of a 続けざまに猛撃する 英貨の／純銀の, the person who under the old denomination had borrowed twenty shillings, or 近づく four ounces of silver, would, under the new, 支払う／賃金 with twenty sixpences, or with something いっそう少なく than two ounces. A 国家の 負債 of about a hundred and twenty-eight millions, nearly the 資本／首都 of the 基金d and unfunded 負債 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, might in this manner be paid with about sixty-four millions of our 現在の money. It would indeed be a pretended 支払い（額） only, and the creditors of the public would really be defrauded of ten shillings in the 続けざまに猛撃する of what was 予定 to them. The calamity, too, would 延長する much その上の than to the creditors of the public, and those of every 私的な person would 苦しむ a proportionable loss; and this without any advantage, but in most 事例／患者s with a 広大な／多数の／重要な 付加 loss, to the creditors of the public. If the creditors of the public, indeed, were 一般に much in 負債 to other people, they might in some 手段 補償する their loss by 支払う／賃金ing their creditors in the same coin in which the public had paid them. But in most countries the creditors of the public are, the greater part of them, 豊富な people, who stand more in the relation of creditors than in that of debtors に向かって the 残り／休憩（する） of their fellow-国民s. A pretended 支払い（額） of this 肉親，親類d, therefore, instead of 緩和するing, 悪化させるs in most 事例／患者s the loss of the creditors of the public, and without any advantage to the public, 延長するs the calamity to a 広大な／多数の／重要な number of other innocent people. It occasions a general and most pernicious subversion of the fortunes of 私的な people, 濃厚にするing in most 事例／患者s the idle and profuse debtor at the expense of the industrious and frugal creditor, and tr ansporting a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of the 国家の 資本／首都 from the 手渡すs which were likely to 増加する and 改善する it to those which are likely to dissipate and destroy it. When it becomes necessary for a 明言する／公表する to 宣言する itself 破産者／倒産した, in the same manner as when it becomes necessary for an individual to do so, a fair, open, and avowed 破産 is always the 手段 which is both least dishonourable to the debtor and least hurtful to the creditor. The honour of a 明言する／公表する is surely very 貧しく 供給するd for when, ーするために cover the 不名誉 of a real 破産, it has 頼みの綱 to a juggling trick of this 肉親，親類d, so easily seen through, and at the same time so 極端に pernicious.
Almost all 明言する／公表するs, however, 古代の 同様に as modern, when 減ずるd to this necessity have, upon some occasions, played this very juggling trick. The Romans, at the end of the first Punic war, 減ずるd the As, the coin or denomination by which they 計算するd the value of all their other coins, from 含む／封じ込めるing twelve ounces of 巡査 to 含む／封じ込める only two ounces; that is, they raised two ounces of 巡査 to a denomination which had always before 表明するd the value of twelve ounces. The 共和国 was, in this manner, enabled to 支払う／賃金 the 広大な／多数の／重要な 負債s which it had 契約d with the sixth part of what it really 借りがあるd. So sudden and so 広大な／多数の／重要な a 破産, we should in the 現在の times be apt to imagine, must have occasioned a very violent popular clamour. It does not appear to have occasioned any. The 法律 which 制定するd it was, like all other 法律s relating to the coin, introduced and carried through the 議会 of the people by a tribune, and was probably a very popular 法律. In Rome, as in all the other 古代の 共和国s, the poor people were 絶えず in 負債 to the rich and the 広大な／多数の／重要な, who ーするために 安全な・保証する their 投票（する）s at the 年次の 選挙s, used to lend them money at exorbitant 利益／興味, which, 存在 never paid, soon 蓄積するd into a sum too 広大な／多数の／重要な either for the debtor to 支払う／賃金, or for anybody else to 支払う／賃金 for him. The debtor, for 恐れる of a very 厳しい 死刑執行, was 強いるd, without any その上の gratuity, to 投票（する） for the 候補者 whom the creditor recommended. In spite of all the 法律s against 贈収賄 and 汚職, the bounty of the 候補者s, together with the 時折の 配当s of corn which were ordered by the 上院, were the princ By means of such expedients the coin of, I believe, all nations has been 徐々に 減ずるd more and more below its 初めの value, and the same 名目上の sum has been 徐々に brought to 含む／封じ込める a smaller and a smaller 量 of silver.
Nations have いつかs, for the same 目的, adulterated the 基準 of their coin; that is, have mixed a greater 量 of alloy in it. If in the 続けざまに猛撃する 負わせる of our silver coin, for example, instead of eighteen pennyweight, によれば the 現在の 基準, there was mixed eight ounces of alloy, a 続けざまに猛撃する 英貨の／純銀の, or twenty shillings of such coin, would be 価値（がある） little more than six shillings and eightpence of our 現在の money. The 量 of silver 含む／封じ込めるd in six shillings and eightpence of our 現在の money would thus be raised very nearly to the denomination of a 続けざまに猛撃する 英貨の／純銀の. The adulteration of the 基準 has 正確に／まさに the same 影響 with what the French call an augmentation, or a direct raising of the denomination of the coin.
An augmentation, or a direct raising of the coin, always is, and from its nature must be, an open and avowed 操作／手術. By means of it pieces of a smaller 負わせる and 本体，大部分／ばら積みの are called by the same 指名する which had before been given to pieces of a greater 負わせる and 本体，大部分／ばら積みの. The adulteration of the 基準, on the contrary, has 一般に been a 隠すd 操作／手術. By means of it pieces were 問題／発行するd from the 造幣局 of the same denominations, and, as nearly as could be contrived, of the same 負わせる, 本体，大部分／ばら積みの, and 外見 with pieces which had been 現在の before of much greater value. When King John of フラン, ーするために 支払う／賃金 his 負債s, adulterated his coin, all the officers of his 造幣局 were sworn to secrecy. Both 操作／手術s are 不正な. But a simple augmentation is an 不正 of open 暴力／激しさ, 反して the adulteration is an 不正 of 背信の 詐欺. This latter 操作／手術, therefore, as soon as it has been discovered, and it could never be 隠すd very long, has always excited much greater indignation than the former. The coin after any かなりの augmentation has very seldom been brought 支援する to its former 負わせる; but after the greater adulterations it has almost always been brought 支援する to its former fineness. It has 不十分な ever happened that the fury and indignation of the people could さもなければ be appeased.
In the end of the 統治する of Henry VIII and in the beginning of that of Edward VI the English coin was not only raised in its denomination, but adulterated in its 基準. The like 詐欺s were practised in Scotland during the 少数，小数派 of James VI. They have occasionally been practised in most other countries.
That the public 歳入 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain can never be 完全に 解放するd, or even that any かなりの 進歩 can ever be made に向かって that 解放, while the 黒字／過剰 of that 歳入, or what is over and above defraying the 年次の expense of the peace 設立, is so very small, it seems altogether in vain to 推定する／予想する. That 解放, it is evident, can never be brought about without either some very かなりの augmentation of the public 歳入, or some 平等に かなりの 削減 of the public expense.
A more equal land-税金, a more equal 税金 upon the rent of houses, and such alterations in the 現在の system of customs and excise as those which have been について言及するd in the foregoing 一時期／支部 might, perhaps, without 増加するing the 重荷（を負わせる） of the greater part of the people, but only 分配するing the 負わせる of it more 平等に upon the whole, produce a かなりの augmentation of 歳入. The most sanguine projector, however, could 不十分な flatter himself that any augmentation of this 肉親，親類d would be such as could give any reasonable hopes either of 解放するing the public 歳入 altogether, or even of making such 進歩 に向かって that 解放 in time of peace as either to 妨げる or to 補償する the その上の accumulation of the public 負債 in the next war.
By 延長するing the British system of 課税 to all the different 州s of the empire 住むd by people of either British or European extraction, a much greater augmentation of 歳入 might be 推定する／予想するd. This, however, could 不十分な, perhaps, be done, 終始一貫して with the 原則s of the British 憲法, without admitting into the British 議会, or if you will into the 明言する／公表するs general of the British empire, a fair and equal 代表 of all those different 州s, that of each 州 耐えるing the same 割合 to the produce of its 税金s as the 代表 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain might 耐える to the produce of the 税金s 徴収するd upon 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. The 私的な 利益／興味 of many powerful individuals, the 確認するd prejudices of 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体s of people seem, indeed, at 現在の, to …に反対する to so 広大な／多数の／重要な a change such 障害s as it may be very difficult, perhaps altogether impossible, to surmount. Without, however, pretending to 決定する whether such a union be practicable or impracticable, it may not, perhaps, be 妥当でない, in a 思索的な work of this 肉親，親類d, to consider how far the British system of 課税 might be applicable to all the different 州s of the empire, what 歳入 might be 推定する／予想するd from it if so 適用するd, and in what manner a general union of this 肉親，親類d might be likely to 影響する／感情 the happiness and 繁栄 of the different 州s comprehended within it. Such a 憶測 can at worst be regarded but as a new Utopia, いっそう少なく amusing certainly, but not more useless and chimerical than the old one.
The land-税金, the stamp-義務s, and the different 義務s of customs and excise 構成する the four 主要な／長／主犯 支店s of the British 税金s.
Ireland is certainly as able, and our American and West Indian 農園s more able to 支払う／賃金 a land-税金 than 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. Where the landlord is 支配する neither to tithe nor poor-率, he must certainly be more able to 支払う／賃金 such a 税金 than where he is 支配する to both those other 重荷（を負わせる）s. The tithe, where there is no modus, and where it is 徴収するd in 肉親，親類d, 減らすs more what would さもなければ be the rent of the landlord than a land-税金 which really 量d to five shillings in the 続けざまに猛撃する. Such a tithe will be 設立する in most 事例／患者s to 量 to more than a fourth part of the real rent of the land, or of what remains after 取って代わるing 完全に the 資本／首都 of the 農業者, together with his reasonable 利益（をあげる）. If all moduses and all impropriations were taken away, the 完全にする church tithe of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain and Ireland could not 井戸／弁護士席 be 概算の at いっそう少なく than six or seven millions. If there was no tithe either in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain or Ireland, the landlords could afford to 支払う／賃金 six or seven millions 付加 land-税金 without 存在 more 重荷（を負わせる）d than a very 広大な／多数の／重要な part of them are at 現在の. America 支払う／賃金s no tithe, and could therefore very 井戸／弁護士席 afford to 支払う／賃金 a land-税金. The lands in America and the West Indies, indeed, are in general not tenanted nor 賃貸し（する）d out to 農業者s. They could not therefore be 査定する／（税金などを）課すd によれば any rent-roll. But neither were the lands of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, in the 4th of William and Mary, 査定する／（税金などを）課すd によれば any rent-roll, but によれば a very loose and 不確かの estimation. The lands in America might be 査定する／（税金などを）課すd either in the same manner, or によれば an equitable valuation in consequence of an 正確な 調査する like that which was lately made in the Milanese, and in the dominions of Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia.
Stamp-義務s, it is evident, might be 徴収するd without any variation in all countries where the forms of 法律 過程, and the 行為s by which 所有物／資産／財産 both real and personal is transferred, are the same or nearly the same.
The 拡張 of the custom-house 法律s of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain to Ireland and the 農園s, 供給するd it was …を伴ってd, as in 司法（官） it せねばならない be, with an 拡張 of the freedom of 貿易（する）, would be in the highest degree advantageous to both. All the invidious 抑制s which at 現在の 抑圧する the 貿易（する） of Ireland, the distinction between the enumerated and 非，不，無-enumerated 商品／必需品s of America, would be 完全に at an end. The countries north of Cape Finisterre would be as open to every part of the produce of America as those south of that Cape are to some parts of that produce at 現在の. The 貿易（する） between all the different parts of the British empire would, in consequence of this uniformity in the custom-house 法律s, be as 解放する／自由な as the coasting 貿易（する） of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain is at 現在の. The British empire would thus afford within itself an 巨大な 内部の market for every part of the produce of all its different 州s. So 広大な／多数の／重要な an 拡張 of market would soon 補償する both to Ireland and the 農園s all that they could を煩う the 増加する of the 義務s of customs.
The excise is the only part of the British system of 課税 which would 要求する to be 変化させるd in any 尊敬（する）・点 （許可，名誉などを）与えるing as it was 適用するd to the different 州s of the empire. It might be 適用するd to Ireland without any variation, the produce and 消費 of that kingdom 存在 正確に／まさに of the same nature with those of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. In its 使用／適用 to America and the West Indies, of which the produce and 消費 are so very different from those of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, some modification might be necessary in the same manner as in its 使用／適用 to the cyder and beer 郡s of England.
A fermented アルコール飲料, for example, which is called beer, but which, as it is made of molasses, 耐えるs very little resemblance to our beer, makes a かなりの part of the ありふれた drink of the people in America. This アルコール飲料, as it can be kept only for a few days, cannot, like our beer, be 用意が出来ている and 蓄える／店d up for sale in 広大な／多数の／重要な breweries; but every 私的な family must brew it for their own use, in the same manner as they cook their victuals. But to 支配する every 私的な family to the 嫌悪すべき visits and examination of the 税金-gatherers, in the same manner as we 支配する the keepers of alehouses and the brewers for public sale, would be altogether inconsistent with liberty. If for the sake of equality it was thought necessary to lay a 税金 upon this アルコール飲料, it might be 税金d by 税金ing the 構成要素 of which it is made, either at the place of 製造（する）, or, if the circumstances of the 貿易（する） （判決などを）下すd such an excise 妥当でない, by laying a 義務 upon its 輸入 into the 植民地 in which it was to be 消費するd. Besides the 義務 of one penny a gallon 課すd by the British 議会 upon the 輸入 of molasses into America, there is a 地方の 税金 of this 肉親，親類d upon their 輸入 into Massachusetts Bay, in ships belonging to any other 植民地, of eightpence the hogshead; and another upon their 輸入, from the northern 植民地s into South Carolina, of fivepence the gallon. Or if neither of these methods was 設立する convenient, each family might 構内／化合物 for its 消費 of this アルコール飲料, either によれば the number of persons of which it consisted, in the same manner as 私的な families 構内／化合物 for the malt-税金 in England; or によれば the different ages and sexes of those persons, in the same manner as several different 税金s are 徴収するd in Holland; or nearly as Sir Matthew Decker 提案するs that all 税金s upon consumable 商品／必需品s should be 徴収するd in England. This 方式 of 課税, it has already been 観察するd, when 適用するd to 反対するs of a 迅速な 消費 is not a very convenient one. It might be 広告 選ぶd, however, in 事例／患者s where no better could be done.
Sugar, rum, and タバコ are 商品／必需品s which are nowhere necessaries of life, which are become 反対するs of almost 全世界の／万国共通の 消費, and which are therefore 極端に proper 支配するs of 課税. If a union with the 植民地s were to take place, those 商品／必需品s might be 税金d either before they go out of the 手渡すs of the 製造業者 or grower, or if this 方式 of 課税 did not 控訴 the circumstances of those persons, they might be deposited in public 倉庫／問屋s both at the place of 製造（する）, and at all the different ports of the empire to which they might afterwards be 輸送（する）d, to remain there, under the 共同の 保護／拘留 of the owner and the 歳入 officer, till such time as they should be 配達するd out either to the 消費者, to the merchant retailer for home 消費, or to the merchant 輸出業者, the 税金 not to be 前進するd till such 配達／演説／出産. When 配達するd out for exportation, to go 義務 解放する／自由な upon proper 安全 存在 given that they should really be 輸出（する）d out of the empire. These are perhaps the 主要な／長／主犯 商品／必需品s with regard to which a union with the 植民地s might 要求する some かなりの change in the 現在の system of British 課税.
What might be the 量 of the 歳入 which this system of 課税 延長するd to all the different 州s of the empire might produce, it must, no 疑問, be altogether impossible to ascertain with tolerable exactness. By means of this system there is 毎年 徴収するd in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, upon いっそう少なく than eight millions of people, more than ten millions of 歳入. Ireland 含む／封じ込めるs more than two millions of people, and によれば the accounts laid before the congress, the twelve associated 州s of America 含む／封じ込める more than three. Those accounts, however, may have been 誇張するd, in order, perhaps, either to encourage their own people, or to 脅迫してさせる those of this country, and we shall suppose, therefore, that our North American and West Indian 植民地s taken together 含む／封じ込める no more than three millions; or that the whole British empire, in Europe and America, 含む／封じ込めるs no more than thirteen millions of inhabitants. If upon いっそう少なく than eight millions of inhabitants this system of 課税 raises a 歳入 of more than ten millions 英貨の／純銀の, it ought upon thirteen millions of inhabitants to raise a 歳入 of more than sixteen millions two hundred and fifty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs 英貨の／純銀の. From this 歳入, supposing that this system could produce it, must be deducted the 歳入 usually raised in Ireland and the 農園s for defraying the expense of their 各々の civil 政府s. The expense of the civil and 軍の 設立 of Ireland, together with the 利益／興味 of the public 負債, 量s, at a medium of the two years which ended March 1775, to something いっそう少なく than seven hundred and fifty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs a year. By a very exact account of the 歳入 of the 主要な／長／主犯 植民地s of America and the West Indies, it 量d, before the 開始／学位授与式 of the 現在の 騒動s, to a hundred and forty-one thousand eight hundred 続けざまに猛撃するs. In this account, however, the 歳入 of Maryland, of North Carolina, and of all our late 取得／買収s both upon the continent and in the islands is omitted, which may perha ps make a difference of thirty or forty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs. For the sake of even numbers, therefore, let us suppose that the 歳入 necessary for supporting the civil 政府 of Ireland and the 農園s may 量 to a million. There would remain その結果 a 歳入 of fifteen millions two hundred and fifty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs to be 適用するd に向かって defraying the general expense of the empire, and に向かって 支払う／賃金ing the public 負債. But if from the 現在の 歳入 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain a million could in peaceable times be spared に向かって the 支払い（額） of that 負債, six millions two hundred and fifty thousand 続けざまに猛撃するs could very 井戸／弁護士席 be spared from this 改善するd 歳入. This 広大な／多数の／重要な 沈むing 基金, too, might be augmented every year by the 利益／興味 of the 負債 which had been 発射する／解雇するd the year before, and might in this manner 増加する so very 速く as to be 十分な in a few years to 発射する／解雇する the whole 負債, and thus to 回復する 完全に the at 現在の debilitated and languishing vigour of the empire. In the 合間 the people might be relieved from some of the most burdensome 税金s; from those which are 課すd either upon the necessaries of life, or upon the 構成要素s of 製造（する）. The 労働ing poor would thus be enabled to live better, to work cheaper, and to send their goods cheaper to market. The cheapness of their goods would 増加する the 需要・要求する for them, and その結果 for the 労働 of those who produced them. This 増加する in the 需要・要求する for 労働 would both 増加する the numbers and 改善する the circumstances of the 労働ing poor. Their 消費 would 増加する, and together with it the 歳入 arising from all those articles of their 消費 upon which the 税金s might be 許すd to remain.
The 歳入 arising from this system of 課税, however, might not すぐに 増加する in 割合 to the number of people who were 支配するd to it. 広大な／多数の／重要な indulgence would for some time be 予定 to those 州s of the empire which were thus 支配するd to 重荷（を負わせる）s to which they had not before been accustomed, and even when the same 税金s （機の）カム to be 徴収するd everywhere as 正確に／まさに as possible, they would not everywhere produce a 歳入 割合d to the numbers of the people. In a poor country the 消費 of the 主要な／長／主犯 商品／必需品s 支配する to the 義務s of customs and excise is very small, and in a thinly 住むd country the 適切な時期s of 密輸するing are very 広大な／多数の／重要な. The 消費 of malt アルコール飲料s の中で the inferior 階級s of people in Scotland is very small, and the excise upon malt, beer, and ale produces いっそう少なく there than in England in 割合 to the numbers of the people and the 率 of the 義務s, which upon malt is different on account of a supposed difference of 質. In these particular 支店s of the excise there is not, I apprehend, much more 密輸するing in the one country than in the other. The 義務s upon the distillery, and the greater part of the 義務s of customs, in 割合 to the numbers of people in the 各々の countries, produce いっそう少なく in Scotland than in England, not only on account of the smaller 消費 of the 税金d 商品／必需品s, but of the much greater 施設 of 密輸するing. In Ireland the inferior 階級s of people are still poorer than in Scotland, and many parts of the country are almost as thinly 住むd. In Ireland, therefore, the 消費 of the 税金d 商品／必需品s might, in 割合 to the number of the people, be still いっそう少なく than Scotland, and the 施設 of 密輸するing nearly the same. In America and the West Indies the white people even of the lowest 階級 are in much better circumstances than those of the same 階級 in England, and their 消費 of all the 高級なs in which they usually indulge themselves is probably much greater. The 黒人／ボイコットs, indeed, who m ake the greater part of the inhabitants both of the southern 植民地s upon the continent and of the West India islands, as they are in a 明言する／公表する of slavery, are, no 疑問, in a worse 条件 than the poorest people either in Scotland or Ireland. We must not, however, upon that account, imagine that they are worse fed, or that their 消費 of articles which might be 支配するd to 穏健な 義務s is いっそう少なく than that even of the lower 階級s of people in England. In order that they may work 井戸／弁護士席, it is the 利益／興味 of their master that they should be fed 井戸／弁護士席 and kept in good heart in the same manner as it is his 利益／興味 that his working cattle should be so. The 黒人／ボイコットs accordingly have almost everywhere their allowance of rum and molasses or spruce beer in the same manner as the white servants, and this allowance would not probably be 孤立した though those articles should be 支配するd to 穏健な 義務s. The 消費 of the 税金d 商品／必需品s, therefore, in 割合 to the number of inhabitants, would probably be as 広大な／多数の／重要な in America and the West Indies as in any part of the British empire. The 適切な時期s of 密輸するing, indeed, would be much greater; America, in 割合 to the extent of the country, 存在 much more thinly 住むd than either Scotland or Ireland. If the 歳入, however, which is at 現在の raised by the different 義務s upon malt and malt アルコール飲料s were to be 徴収するd by a 選び出す／独身 義務 upon malt, the 適切な時期 of 密輸するing in the most important 支店 of the excise would be almost 完全に taken away: and if the 義務s of customs, instead of 存在 課すd upon almost all the different articles of 輸入, were 限定するd to a few of the most general use and 消費, and if the 徴収するing of those 義務s were 支配するd to the excise 法律s, the 適切な時期 of 密輸するing, though not so 完全に taken away, would be very much 減らすd. In consequence of those two, 明らかに, very simple and 平易な alterations, the 義務s of customs and excise might probably produce a 歳入 as 広大な／多数の／重要な in プロの／賛成の 部分 to the 消費 of the most thinly 住むd 州 as they do at 現在の in 割合 to that of the most populous.
The Americans, it has been said, indeed, have no gold or silver money; the 内部の 商業 of the country 存在 carried on by a paper 通貨, and the gold and silver which occasionally come の中で them 存在 all sent to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain in return for the 商品／必需品s which they receive from us. But without gold and silver, it is 追加するd, there is no 可能性 of 支払う／賃金ing 税金s. We already get all the gold and silver which they have. How is it possible to draw from them what they have not?
The 現在の scarcity of gold and silver money in America is not the 影響 of the poverty of that country, or of the 無（不）能 of the people there to 購入（する） those metals. In a country where the 給料 of 労働 are so much higher, and the price of 準備／条項s so much lower than in England, the greater part of the people must surely have wherewithal to 購入（する） a greater 量 if it were either necessary or convenient for them to do so. The scarcity of those metals, therefore, must be the 影響 of choice, and not of necessity.
It is for transacting either 国内の or foreign 商売／仕事 that gold and silver money is either necessary or convenient.
The 国内の 商売／仕事 of every country, it has been shown in the second 調書をとる／予約する of this 調査, may, at least in peaceable times, be transacted by means of a paper 通貨 with nearly the same degree of conveniency as by gold and silver money. It is convenient for the Americans, who could always 雇う with 利益（をあげる） in the 改良 of their lands a greater 在庫／株 than they can easily get, to save as much as possible the expense of so 高くつく／犠牲の大きい an 器具 of 商業 as gold and silver, and rather to 雇う that part of their 黒字／過剰 produce which would be necessary for 購入（する）ing those metals in 購入（する）ing the 器具s of 貿易（する）, the 構成要素s of 着せる／賦与するing, several parts of 世帯 furniture, and the ironwork necessary for building and 延長するing their 解決／入植地s and 農園s; in 購入（する）ing, not dead 在庫／株, but active and 生産力のある 在庫／株. The 植民地 政府s find it for their 利益／興味 to 供給（する） the people with such a 量 of papermoney as is fully 十分な and 一般に more than 十分な for transacting their 国内の 商売／仕事. Some of those 政府s, that of Pennsylvania 特に, derive a 歳入 from lending this paper-money to their 支配するs at an 利益／興味 of so much per cent. Others, like that of Massachusetts Bay, 前進する upon 驚くべき／特命の／臨時の 緊急s a paper-money of this 肉親，親類d for defraying the public expense, and afterwards, when it 控訴s the conveniency of the 植民地, redeem it at the depreciated value to which it 徐々に 落ちるs. In 1747, that 植民地 paid, in this manner, the greater part of its public 負債s with the tenth part of the money for which its 法案s had been 認めるd. It 控訴s the conveniency of the planters to save the expense of 雇うing gold and silver money in their 国内の 処理／取引s, and it 控訴s the conveniency of the 植民地 政府s to 供給（する） them with a medium which, though …に出席するd with some very かなりの disadvantages, enables them to save that expense. The redundancy of paper-money やむを得ず banishes gold and silver from the 国内の transact イオンs of the 植民地s, for the same 推論する／理由 that it has banished those metals from the greater part of the 国内の 処理／取引s in Scotland; and in both countries it is not the poverty, but the 企業ing and 事業／計画（する）ing spirit of the people, their 願望（する） of 雇うing all the 在庫／株 which they can get as active and 生産力のある 在庫／株, which has occasioned this redundancy of paper-money. In the exterior 商業 which the different 植民地s carry on with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, gold and silver are more or いっそう少なく 雇うd 正確に／まさに in 割合 as they are more or いっそう少なく necessary. Where those metals are not necessary they seldom appear. Where they are necessary they are 一般に 設立する.
In the 商業 between 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain and the タバコ 植民地s the British goods are 一般に 前進するd to the colonists at a pretty long credit, and are afterwards paid for in タバコ, 率d at a 確かな price. It is more convenient for the colonists to 支払う／賃金 in タバコ than in gold and silver. It would be more convenient for any merchant to 支払う／賃金 for the goods which his 特派員s had sold to him in some other sort of goods which he might happen to 取引，協定 in than in money. Such a merchant would have no occasion to keep any part of his 在庫／株 by him 失業した, and in ready money, for answering 時折の 需要・要求するs. He could have, at all times, a larger 量 of goods in his shop or 倉庫／問屋, and he could 取引，協定 to a greater extent. But it seldom happens to be convenient for all the 特派員s of a merchant to receive 支払い（額） for the goods which they sell to him in goods of some other 肉親，親類d which he happens to 取引，協定 in. The British merchants who 貿易（する） to Virginia and Maryland happen to be a particular 始める，決める of 特派員s, to whom it is more convenient to receive 支払い（額） for the goods which they sell to those 植民地s in タバコ than in gold and silver. They 推定する／予想する to make a 利益（をあげる） by the sale of the タバコ. They could make 非，不，無 by that of the gold and silver. Gold and silver, therefore, very seldom appear in the 商業 between 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain and the タバコ 植民地s. Maryland and Virginia have as little occasion for those metals in their foreign as in their 国内の 商業. They are said, accordingly, to have いっそう少なく gold and silver money than any other 植民地s in America. They are reckoned, however, as 栄えるing, and その結果 as rich, as any of their 隣人s.
In the northern 植民地s, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, the four 政府s of New England, etc., the value of their own produce which they 輸出（する） to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain is not equal to that of the 製造（する）s which they 輸入する for their own use, and for that of some of the other 植民地s to which they are the 運送／保菌者s. A balance, therefore, must be paid to the mother country in gold and silver, and this balance they 一般に find.
In the sugar 植民地s the value of the produce 毎年 輸出（する）d to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain is much greater than that of all the goods 輸入するd from thence. If the sugar and rum 毎年 sent to the mother country were paid for in those 植民地s, 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain would be 強いるd to send out every year a very large balance in money, and the 貿易（する） to the West Indies would, by a 確かな 種類 of 政治家，政治屋s, be considered as 極端に disadvantageous. But it so happens that many of the 主要な／長／主犯 proprietors of the sugar 農園s reside in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. Their rents are remitted to them in sugar and rum, the produce of their 広い地所s. The sugar and rum which the West India merchants 購入（する） in those 植民地s upon their own account are not equal in value to the goods which they 毎年 sell there. A balance, therefore, must やむを得ず be paid to them in gold and silver, and this balance, too, is 一般に 設立する.
The difficulty and 不正行為 of 支払い（額） from the different 植民地s to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain have not been at all in 割合 to the greatness or smallness of the balances which were それぞれ 予定 from them. 支払い（額）s have in general been more 正規の／正選手 from the northern than from the タバコ 植民地s, though the former have 一般に paid a pretty large balance in money, while the latter have either paid no balance, or a much smaller one. The difficulty of getting 支払い（額） from our different sugar 植民地s has been greater or いっそう少なく in 割合, not so much to the extent of the balances それぞれ 予定 from them, as to the 量 of uncultivated land which they 含む／封じ込めるd; that is, to the greater or smaller 誘惑 which the planters have been under of overtrading, or of 請け負うing the 解決／入植地 and 農園 of greater 量s of waste land than ふさわしい the extent of their 資本／首都s. The returns from the 広大な／多数の／重要な island of Jamaica, where there is still much uncultivated land, have, upon this account, been in general more 不規律な and uncertain than those from the smaller islands of Barbadoes, Antigua, and St. Christophers, which have for these many years been 完全に cultivated, and have, upon that account, afforded いっそう少なく field for the 憶測s of the planter. The new 取得／買収s of Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincents, and Dominica have opened a new field for 憶測s of this 肉親，親類d, and the returns from those islands have of late been as 不規律な and uncertain as those from the 広大な／多数の／重要な island of Jamaica.
It is not, therefore, the poverty of the 植民地s which occasions, in the greater part of them, the 現在の scarcity of gold and silver money. Their 広大な／多数の／重要な 需要・要求する for active and 生産力のある 在庫／株 makes it convenient for them to have as little dead 在庫／株 as possible, and 配置する／処分する／したい気持ちにさせるs them upon that account to content themselves with a cheaper though いっそう少なく commodious 器具 of 商業 than gold and silver. They are その為に enabled to 変える the value of that gold and silver into the 器具s of 貿易（する）, into the 構成要素s of 着せる／賦与するing, into 世帯 furniture, and into the ironwork necessary for building and 延長するing their 解決／入植地s and 農園s. In those 支店s of 商売／仕事 which cannot be transacted without gold and silver money, it appears that they can always find the necessary 量 of those metals; and if they frequently do not find it, their 失敗 is 一般に the 影響, not of their necessary poverty, but of their unnecessary and 過度の 企業. It is not because they are poor that their 支払い（額）s are 不規律な and uncertain, but because they are too eager to become 過度に rich. Though all that part of the produce of the 植民地 税金s which was over and above what was necessary for defraying the expense of their own civil and 軍の 設立s were to be remitted to 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain in gold and silver, the 植民地s have abundantly wherewithal to 購入（する） the requisite 量 of those metals. They would in this 事例／患者 be 強いるd, indeed, to 交流 a part of their 黒字／過剰 produce, with which they now 購入（する） active and 生産力のある 在庫／株, for dead 在庫／株. In transacting their 国内の 商売／仕事 they would be 強いるd to 雇う a 高くつく／犠牲の大きい instead of a cheap 器具 of 商業, and the expense of 購入（する）ing this 高くつく／犠牲の大きい 器具 might damp somewhat the vivacity and ardour of their 過度の 企業 in the 改良 of land. It might not, however, be necessary to remit any part of the American 歳入 in gold and silver. It might be remitted in 法案s drawn upon and 受託するd by par ticular merchants or companies in 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain to whom a part of the 黒字／過剰 produce of America had been consigned, who would 支払う／賃金 into the 財務省 the American 歳入 in money, after having themselves received the value of it in goods; and the whole 商売／仕事 might frequently be transacted without 輸出（する）ing a 選び出す／独身 ounce of gold or silver from America.
It is not contrary to 司法（官） that both Ireland and America should 与える／捧げる に向かって the 発射する／解雇する of the public 負債 of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. That 負債 has been 契約d in support of the 政府 設立するd by the 革命, a 政府 to which the Protestants of Ireland 借りがある, not only the whole 当局 which they at 現在の enjoy in their own country, but every 安全 which they 所有する for their liberty, their 所有物／資産／財産, and their 宗教; a 政府 to which several of the 植民地s of America 借りがある their 現在の 借り切る／憲章s, and その結果 their 現在の 憲法, and to which all the 植民地s of America 借りがある the liberty, 安全, and 所有物／資産／財産 which they have ever since enjoyed. That public 負債 has been 契約d in the defence, not of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain alone, but of all the different 州s of the empire; the 巨大な 負債 契約d in the late war in particular, and a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of that 契約d in the war before, were both 適切に 契約d in defence of America.
By a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, Ireland would 伸び（る）, besides the freedom of 貿易（する）, other advantages much more important, and which would much more than 補償する any 増加する of 税金s that might …を伴って that union. By the union with England the middling and inferior 階級s of people in Scotland 伸び（る）d a 完全にする deliverance from the 力／強力にする of an aristocracy which had always before 抑圧するd them. By a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain the greater part of the people of all 階級s in Ireland would 伸び（る） an 平等に 完全にする deliverance from a much more oppressive aristocracy; an aristocracy not 設立するd, like that of Scotland, in the natural and respectable distinctions of birth and fortune, but in the most 嫌悪すべき of all distinctions, those of 宗教的な and political prejudices; distinctions which, more than any other, animate both the insolence of the 抑圧者s and the 憎悪 and indignation of the 抑圧するd, and which 一般的に （判決などを）下す the inhabitants of the same country more 敵意を持った to one another than those of different countries ever are. Without a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain the inhabitants of Ireland are not likely for many ages to consider themselves as one people.
No oppressive aristocracy has ever 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるd in the 植民地s. Even they, however, would, in point of happiness and tranquility, 伸び（る） かなり by a union with 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. It would, at least, 配達する them from those rancorous and virulent 派閥s which are inseparable from small 僕主主義s, and which have so frequently divided the affections of their people, and 乱すd the tranquillity of their 政府s, in their form so nearly democratical. In the 事例／患者 of a total 分離 from 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, which, unless 妨げるd by a union of this 肉親，親類d, seems very likely to take place, those 派閥s would be ten times more virulent than ever. Before the 開始／学位授与式 of the 現在の 騒動s, the coercive 力／強力にする of the mother country had always been able to 抑制する those 派閥s from breaking out into anything worse than 甚だしい／１２ダース brutality and 侮辱. If that coercive 力／強力にする were 完全に taken away, they would probably soon 勃発する into open 暴力／激しさ and 流血／虐殺. In all 広大な／多数の／重要な countries which are 部隊d under one uniform 政府, the spirit of party 一般的に 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs いっそう少なく in the remote 州s than in the centre of the empire. The distance of those 州s from the 資本／首都, from the 主要な／長／主犯 seat of the 広大な／多数の／重要な 緊急発進する of 派閥 and ambition, makes them enter いっそう少なく into the 見解（をとる）s of any of the 競うing parties, and （判決などを）下すs them more indifferent and impartial 観客s of the 行為／行う of all. The spirit of party 勝つ／広く一帯に広がるs いっそう少なく in Scotland than in England. In the 事例／患者 of a union it would probably 勝つ／広く一帯に広がる いっそう少なく in Ireland than in Scotland, and the 植民地s would probably soon enjoy a degree of concord and unanimity at 現在の unknown in any part of the British empire. Both Ireland and the 植民地s, indeed, would be 支配するd to heavier 税金s than any which they at 現在の 支払う／賃金. In consequence, however, of a diligent and faithful 使用／適用 of the public 歳入 に向かって the 発射する／解雇する of the 国家の 負債, the greater part of those 税金s might not be of long continuance, and the public 歳入 of 広大な／多数の／重要な B ritain might soon be 減ずるd to what was necessary for 持続するing a 穏健な peace 設立.
The 領土の 取得／買収s of the East India Company, the undoubted 権利 of the 栄冠を与える, that is, of the 明言する／公表する and people of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, might be （判決などを）下すd another source of 歳入 more abundant, perhaps, than all those already について言及するd. Those countries are 代表するd as more fertile, more 広範囲にわたる, and, in 割合 to their extent, much richer and more populous than 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain. ーするために draw a 広大な／多数の／重要な 歳入 from them, it would not probably be necessary to introduce any new system of 課税 into countries which are already 十分に and more than 十分に 税金d. It might, perhaps, be more proper to lighten than to 悪化させる the 重荷（を負わせる） of those unfortunate countries, and to endeavour to draw a 歳入 from them, not by 課すing new 税金s, but by 妨げるing the 使い込み，横領 and misapplication of the greater part of those which they already 支払う／賃金.
If it should be 設立する impracticable for 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain to draw any かなりの augmentation of 歳入 from any of the 資源s above について言及するd, the only 資源 which can remain to her is a diminution of her expense. In the 方式 of collecting and in that of expending the public 歳入, though in both there may be still room for 改良, 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain seems to be at least as economical as any of her 隣人s. The 軍の 設立 which she 持続するs for her own defence in time of peace is more 穏健な than that of any European 明言する／公表する which can pretend to 競争相手 her either in wealth or in 力／強力にする. 非，不，無 of those articles, therefore, seem to 収容する／認める of any かなりの 削減 of expense. The expense of the peace 設立 of the 植民地s was, before the 開始／学位授与式 of the 現在の 騒動s, very かなりの, and is an expense which may, and if no 歳入 can be drawn from them ought certainly to be saved altogether. This constant expense in time of peace, though very 広大な／多数の／重要な, is insignificant in comparison with what the defence of the 植民地s has cost us in time of war. The last war, which was undertaken altogether on account of the 植民地s, cost 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain, it has already been 観察するd, 上向きs of ninety millions. The Spanish war of 1739 was principally undertaken on their account, in which, and in the French war that was the consequence of it, 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain spent 上向きs of forty millions, a 広大な／多数の／重要な part of which ought 正確に，正当に to be 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金d to the 植民地s. In those two wars the 植民地s cost 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain much more than 二塁打 the sum which the 国家の 負債 量d to before the 開始／学位授与式 of the first of them. Had it not been for those wars that 負債 might, and probably would by this time, have been 完全に paid; and had it not been for the 植民地s, the former of those wars might not, and the latter certainly would not have been undertaken. It was because the 植民地s were supposed to be 州s of the British empire that this expense was laid out upon them. But countries which c ontribute neither 歳入 nor 軍の 軍隊 に向かって the support of the empire cannot be considered as 州s. They may perhaps be considered as appendages, as a sort of splendid and showy equipage of the empire. But if the empire can no longer support the expense of keeping up this equipage, it ought certainly to lay it 負かす／撃墜する; and if it cannot raise its 歳入 in 割合 to its expense, it ought, at least, to 融通する its expense to its 歳入. If the 植民地s, notwithstanding their 拒絶 to 服従させる／提出する to British 税金s, are still to be considered as 州s of the British empire, their defence in some 未来 war may cost 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain as 広大な／多数の／重要な an expense as it ever has done in any former war. The 支配者s of 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain have, for more than a century past, amused the people with the imagination that they 所有するd a 広大な／多数の／重要な empire on the west 味方する of the 大西洋. This empire, however, has hitherto 存在するd in imagination only. It has hitherto been, not an empire, but the 事業／計画（する） of an empire; not a gold 地雷, but the 事業／計画（する） of a gold 地雷; a 事業／計画（する） which has cost, which continues to cost, and which, if 追求するd in the same way as it has been hitherto, is likely to cost, 巨大な expense, without 存在 likely to bring any 利益（をあげる）; for the 影響s of the monopoly of the 植民地 貿易（する）, it has been shown, are, to the 広大な／多数の／重要な 団体／死体 of the people, mere loss instead of 利益（をあげる）. It is surely now time that our 支配者s should either realize this golden dream, in which they have been indulging themselves, perhaps, 同様に as the people, or that they should awake from it themselves, and endeavour to awaken the people. If the 事業／計画（する） cannot be 完全にするd, it せねばならない be given up. If any of the 州s of the British empire cannot be made to 与える／捧げる に向かって the support of the whole empire, it is surely time that 広大な／多数の／重要な Britain should 解放する／自由な herself from the expense of defending those 州s in time of war, and of supporting any part of their civil or 軍の 設立s in time of peace, and endeavour to 融通する her 未来 見解（をとる）s and designs to the real mediocrity of her circumstances.
虫垂
The two に引き続いて accounts are subjoined ーするために illustrate and
確認する what is said in the fifth 一時期／支部 of the fourth 調書をとる／予約する,
関心ing the tonnage bounty to the white-herring 漁業. The
reader, I believe, may depend upon the 正確 of both accounts.
An account of Busses fitted out in Scotland for Eleven Years, with
the Number of Empty バーレル／樽s carried out, and the Number of バーレル／樽s
of Herrings caught; also the Bounty at a Medium on each バーレル／樽 of
Seasteeks, and on each バーレル／樽 when fully packed.
Empty バーレル／樽s
Number of バーレル／樽s of Herrings Bounty paid on
Years Busses carried out caught the Busses
L s. d.
1771 29 5948 2832 2085 0 0
1772 168 41316 22237 11055 7 6
1773 190 42333 42055 12510 8 6
1774 248 59303 56365 16952 2 6
1775 275 69144 52879 19315 15 0
1776 294 76329 51863 21290 7 6
1777 240 62679 43313 17592 2 6
1778 220 56390 40958 16316 2 6
1779 206 55194 29367 15287 0 0
1780 181 48315 19885 13445 12 6
1781 135 33992 16593 9613 12 6
---- ------ ------ ------ -- -
Total 2186 550943 378347 155463 11 0
Seasteeks 378,347 Bounty at a medium for each
バーレル／樽 of seasteeks
L0 8 2 1/4
But a バーレル／樽 of seasteeks 存在
only reckoned two-thirds of a
バーレル／樽 fully packed, one-third is
deducted, which brings the bounty
to L0 12 3 3/4
1/3 deducted 126,115 2/3
-----------
バーレル／樽s fully packed 252,231 1/3
And if the herrings are 輸出（する）d, there is, besides,
a 賞与金 of 0 2 8
--------------
So that the bounty paid by 政府 in money for
each バーレル／樽 is L0 14 11 3/4
But if to this the 義務 of the salt usually taken
credit for as expended in curing each バーレル／樽, which
at a medium is of foreign, one bushel and one-fourth
of a bushel, at 10s. a bushel, be 追加するd, viz. 0 12 6
--------------
The bounty on each バーレル／樽 would 量 to L1 7 5 3/4
If the herrings are cured with British salt, it will stand thus,
viz.
Bounty as before L0 14 11 3/4
But if to this bounty the 義務 on two bushels of
Scots salt at 1s. 6d. per bushel, supposed to be the
量 at a medium used in curing each バーレル／樽 is
追加するd, to wit 0 3 0
--------------
The bounty on each バーレル／樽 will 量 to L0 17 11 3/4
And,
When buss herrings are entered for home 消費 in Scotland, and
支払う／賃金 the shilling a バーレル／樽 of 義務, the bounty stands thus, to wit as
before L0 12 3 3/4
From which the 1s. a バーレル／樽 is to be deducted 0 1 0
--------------
0 11 3 3/4
But to that there is to be 追加するd again the 義務 of
the foreign salt used in curing a バーレル／樽 of herrings,
viz. 0 12 6
--------------
So that the 賞与金 許すd for each バーレル／樽 of
herring entered for home 消費 is L1 3 9 3/4
If the herrings are cured with British salt, it will stand as
follows, viz.
Bounty on each バーレル／樽 brought in by the busses as
above L0 12 3 3/4
From which deduct the 1s. a バーレル／樽 paid at the time
they are entered for home 消費 0 1 0
--------------
L0 11 3 3/4
But if to the bounty the 義務 on two bushels of
Scots salt at 1s. 6d. per bushel, supposed to be the
量 at a medium used in curing each バーレル／樽, is
追加するd, to wit 0 3 0
--------------
The 賞与金 for each バーレル／樽 entered for home
消費 will be L0 14 3 3/4
Though the loss of 義務s upon herrings 輸出（する）d cannot, perhaps
適切に be considered as bounty; that upon herrings entered for
home 消費 certainly may.
An Account of the 量 of Foreign Salt 輸入するd in Scotland,
and of Scots Salt 配達するd 義務 解放する／自由な from the 作品 there for the
漁業, from the 5th of April 1771 to the 5th of April 1782, with
a Medium of both for one Year.
Scots Salt
Foreign Salt 配達するd from
Period 輸入するd the 作品
Bushels Bushels
From the 5th of April 1771
to the 5th of April 1782 936,974 168,226
Medium for one Year 85,179 5/11 15,293 3/11
It is to be 観察するd that the Bushel of Foreign Salt 負わせるs 84 lb., that of British Salt 56 lb. only.