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Lunacharsky on Zinoviev
 
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Grigory Ovseyevich Zinoviev

by A. V. Lunacharsky (from 革命の Silhouettes)


When I arrived in Geneva in 1904 I joined the 編集(者)の staff of the central 組織/臓器 of the Bolshevik section of the Party. At that time we were busily engaged in 捜し出すing スパイ/執行官s and in 組織するing 独房s の中で as many of the émigré student 植民地s as possible. It became 明らかな that this was not the easiest of 仕事s, as the Mensheviks were 堅固に 堅固に守るd everywhere. その上に the 非常に/多数の Bundists and the 社会主義者 groups of other 非,不,無-ロシアの 国籍s were 手渡す-in-glove with the Mensheviks. No one supported us; we were the most 孤立するd and the least 融通するing of all the parties. その結果 we 心にいだくd every 同盟(する) we could find. From Berne we received an enthusiastic letter with an 申し込む/申し出 of service, 調印するd by 'Kazakov and Radomyslsky'.

When I went to Berne to give a lecture, I 自然に made it my first 仕事 to 会合,会う these Bernese Bolsheviks. At the time Kazakov appeared to be the keener of the two. Subsequently he played a 確かな part in the history of our Party under the surname of Svyagin. He worked in Kronstadt, was 追放するd and, I think, 宣告,判決d to hard 労働. While in 拘留,拘置 during the war he joined the French army and was killed.

Radomyslsky, on the other 手渡す, did not すぐに strike me as very 約束ing. He was rather a fat young man, pale and sickly, who 苦しむd from shortness of breath and was, I thought, too phlegmatic in temperament. The loquacious Kazakov never 許すd him to get a word in edgeways. However, after we had been in 永久の touch with them for some time we became 納得させるd that Radomyslsky was an efficient lad and we (機の)カム to 扱う/治療する Kazakov as what he was - a very glib talker.

When I arrived in Petersburg after the 革命 I learned that Radomyslsky, under the 指名する of Grigory, was working in the Vassilevsky Island 地区 and working very 井戸/弁護士席, that he was a 候補者 for the Petersburg 委員会, which he entered, if I am not mistaken, very soon after my arrival. I was very pleased to hear such good 報告(する)/憶測s of our young student from Switzerland. I soon met him 本人自身で and at his request I edited a whole 一連の his translations.

In the 中央 of some 広大な/多数の/重要な 論争 during the 嵐の 選挙運動 for the Stockholm '統一' 議会, Zinoviev and I spoke up 共同で in defence of our line. It was here that I first heard him 演説(する)/住所ing a 会合. I すぐに 高く評価する/(相場などが)上がるd his ability and was also somewhat surprised: usually so 静かな and rather delicate, he warmed during his speech and spoke with 広大な/多数の/重要な 活気/アニメーション. He had a 大規模な and 異常に resonant tenor 発言する/表明する. Even then I realized that this 発言する/表明する could 支配する an audience of thousands. To these remarkable physical 質s was plainly 追加するd an 緩和する and fluency of speech which sprang from mental resourcefulness and a remarkable しっかり掴む of logic, from the ability to see his speech as a whole and not to 許す 詳細(に述べる)s to dull his 支配する on the main 主題. In time comrade Zinoviev systematically developed all these 質s and made himself into the 優れた master of the spoken word that we know today.

自然に Zinoviev's speeches are not as rich or as 十分な of new ideas as the real leader of the 革命, Lenin, and he cannot compete in graphic 力/強力にする with Trotsky, but with the exception of these two orators, Zinoviev has no equals. I do not know of a 選び出す/独身 S.R. or Menshevik who is in the same class as Zinoviev (again, except Trotsky) as a (人が)群がる orator, an orator of the streets or of the 集まり 会合.

As a 新聞記者/雑誌記者 Zinoviev is 示すd by the same 質s as Zinoviev the orator, すなわち the clarity and accessibility of his thought and a smooth and 平易な style, although what makes Zinoviev so 特に 価値のある as a tribune - the remarkable, tireless, 支配するing 力/強力にする of his 発言する/表明する is lost in print.

I do not believe, however, that Zinoviev 借りがあるs the high place which he already 占領するd in our Party long before the 革命 and the historic part that he is playing now 単に, or even 主として, to his talents as a (衆議院の)議長 and 新聞記者/雑誌記者. At a very 早期に 行う/開催する/段階 Lenin (機の)カム to rely on him not only as a 政治上 experienced friend who was wholly 奮起させるd with Vladimir Ilyich's own spirit, but as a man who had a 深遠な understanding of the 根底となるs of Bolshevism and who 所有するd a political intellect of the highest order. Zinoviev is undoubtedly one of the 主要な/長/主犯 counsellors of our Central 委員会 and belongs unquestionably to the four or five men who 構成する the political brain of the Party.

As a person Zinoviev is an 極端に humane man, a good man who is 高度に intelligent, but he is literally rather ashamed of these 質s of his and is いつかs over-ready to buckle on the armour of 革命の hardness.

Zinoviev has always 行為/法令/行動するd as Lenin's faithful henchman and has followed him everywhere. The Mensheviks have 影響する/感情d a わずかに scornful 態度 to Zinoviev for 存在 just such a 献身的な henchman. Perhaps we Forwardists were also わずかに 感染させるd by this 態度. We knew that Zinoviev was an excellent Party 労働者, but we knew little of him as a political thinker and we too often used to say of him that he followed Lenin as the thread follows a needle.

The first time that I heard a 完全に different 査定/評価 of Zinoviev was from Ryazanov. I met Ryazanov in Zurich, where Zinoviev was also living, and fell into conversation with him about さまざまな 主要な Party members. Ryazanov について言及するd that he often met Zinoviev: 'He is a tremendous 労働者. He 作品 hard and intelligently and by now he is so 井戸/弁護士席 詩(を作る)d in 経済的なs and sociology that he has far より勝るd most of the Mensheviks in those 支配するs, even, I would say, all the Mensheviks.' This commendation from such a scholar as Ryazanov, incontestably the most learned man in the Party, was once again a pleasant and 予期しない surprise to me.

When I finally joined the main stream of Bolshevism, it was to Zinoviev in Zurich that I turned. We 解任するd our earlier good relations and agreed on the 条件 of a political 同盟 in literally half an hour.

The above short 一時期/支部 from 容積/容量 I of The 広大な/多数の/重要な 革命 is so far from 存在 exhaustive, even as a 'profile', that I think I should 追加する a few more lines at this point.

Many Bolsheviks, perhaps indeed all of them, have grown enormously in stature since the 革命: 広大な/多数の/重要な 仕事s, 広大な/多数の/重要な 責任/義務s and 幅の広い 視野s break only the 女性 大型船s and always serve to 大きくする people who have any degree of 知能 and energy.

Yet かもしれない not one of our Party 人物/姿/数字s has 伸び(る)d so much in stature during the 革命 as Grigory Ovseyevich Zinoviev.

Lenin and Trotsky have, of course, become the most 広範囲にわたって known (whether they are loved or hated) personalities of our 時代, almost all over the globe. Zinoviev recedes わずかに in comparison with them, but on the other 手渡す Lenin and Trotsky have so long been regarded in our 階級s as men of such enormous talent, as such incontestable leaders, that their colossal 増加する in stature during the 革命 can hardly have evoked any particular surprise. Zinoviev, too, was 大いに 尊敬(する)・点d. Everybody regarded him as Lenin's closest assistant and confidant. Knowing him to be a talented (衆議院の)議長 and 新聞記者/雑誌記者, as a man who was hard-working, quick-witted, wholly 充てるd to the social 革命 and to his Party, anybody could have 予報するd that Zinoviev would play a major 役割 in the 革命 and in a 革命の 政府. But Zinoviev has undoubtedly より勝るd many people's 期待s.

I 井戸/弁護士席 remember how during the organization of the Third International the Menshevik Dan, then still in Russia, said with wry sarcasm: 'What a magnificent 宣伝 for the Third International - to be 長,率いるd by Zinoviev.' Of course the First International had been 長,率いるd by Marx and there can be no comparison between them, but it would be 利益/興味ing to know whom the scornful Dan was thinking of as the 長,率いる of the Second International? The Second International had at さまざまな times some very big men in 告発(する),告訴(する)/料金 of it but the chairman of the Third International has no grounds to 恐れる comparison with any of them. Here his enormous abilities have been given 十分な play and here he has acquired his unquestionable 当局.

From the very beginning it was obvious that Zinoviev was not discouraged by the 鎮圧するing 責任/義務 of the 地位,任命する with which he had been ゆだねるd. From the start, and in 増加するing 手段 with time, he has 陳列する,発揮するd astounding level-headedness in the 発射する/解雇する of his 機能(する)/行事s. Always 安定した, ever ingenious, he has 現れるd with honour from the most trying circumstances. People often say with a smile of Zinoviev that he is a man who has acquired such 広大な experience as a 議会人 that he can easily 支配する any 対立. Zinoviev's 技術 as a chairman has indeed earned general 賞賛, but of course the occasionally 公正に/かなり difficult problems of 外交 which Zinoviev has to solve are 緩和するd for him to a 重要な degree by the fact that in the 階級s of the Third International there rarely arise problems which cannot be dealt with within the 枠組み of Party discipline and links of 深遠な friendship.

There is not a 選び出す/独身 element in the whole 広大な 現在の of 事件/事情/状勢s of the International which escapes Zinoviev's attention. In so far as one person is 有能な of しっかり掴むing world politics, he is that person. Who does not know Zinoviev's 革命の 決意 in all international 論争s, his implacability, his exacting 需要・要求するs, his strict 固守 to 原則, thanks to which many of our foreign 隣人s - and at times renegades within our own 階級s - talk of the アイロンをかける 手渡す of Moscow, of 独裁的な ロシアの methods? Yet whilst 存在 会社/堅い where necessary, Zinoviev 同時に 陳列する,発揮するs the 最大限 of adaptability and ability to 妥協 in 再構築するing a 粉々にするd world.

To this one must 追加する that Zinoviev has won the 評判 of 存在 one of the most remarkable orators on the international scene - a very difficult feat. It is one thing to speak in one's native tongue, as do the 圧倒的な 大多数 of our comrades in the Comintern, but やめる another to 持つ/拘留する 前へ/外へ in a foreign language. Although he has a good しっかり掴む of German, Zinoviev still, as he himself 強調する/ストレスs, cannot speak it like a German. It is all the more astonishing, and all the more to his credit, therefore, that his speeches always make a colossal impression not only by their content but by the 軍隊 and precision of their 配達/演説/出産. Not for nothing did the bourgeois 圧力(をかける) 明言する/公表する after Zinoviev's famous three-hour speech, made in the very heart of Germany at the Parteitag in Halle: 'This man 所有するs a demonic 力/強力にする of eloquence.'

Zinoviev also brings these 質s of firmness, 戦術の 技術 and calmness to the very difficult 仕事 of running the 行政 of Petrograd, which has made him irreplaceable in this 職業, too, にもかかわらず the Comintern's たびたび(訪れる) requests to the Central 委員会 that Zinoviev should work 十分な-time for them.

I should like to について言及する one more characteristic of Zinoviev - his 前向きに/確かに romantic dedication to his Party. The 普通は sober and 事務的な Zinoviev rises to dithyrambic 高さs of love for the Party in his solemn speeches made on the occasion of さまざまな Party 周年記念日s.

There is no 疑問 whatever that in Zinoviev the ロシアの 労働者s' movement has put 前へ/外へ not only one of its own 広大な/多数の/重要な leaders but has also, と一緒に Lenin and Trotsky, produced one of the 決定的な 人物/姿/数字s of the world-wide 労働者s' movement.


公式文書,認める: Anatoly Lunacharsky (1873-1933) wrote the 調書をとる/予約する "革命の Silhouettes" in 1918. It was 問題/発行するd in a couple of 版s until 1924, now this now that biography was 削減(する) out or put in. This text is taken from the 1923 版. In the last 版, the profiles of Trotsky, Zinoviev and others were omitted. The 調書をとる/予約する was never published again. Stalin was almost not について言及するd at all in the 調書をとる/予約する, which maybe was the biggest problem with it. /KET



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