Please 公式文書，認める: All とじ込み／提出するs 示すd with a copyright notice are 支配する to normal copyright 制限s. These とじ込み／提出するs may, however, be downloaded for personal use. Electronically 分配するd texts may easily be corrupted, deliberately or by technical 原因（となる）s. When you base other 作品 on such texts, 二塁打-check with a printed source if possible.

These three articles have 以前 been published in the Swedish daily Svenska Dagbladet in 1994:
Svensk 見解／翻訳／版 från Svenska Dagbladet 1994.

I. The electronic age - on the 瀬戸際 of total memory loss?
II. The hacker - archaeologist of the 未来?
III. Dare we 信用 the authenticity of electronic texts?

II. The hacker - archaeologist of the 未来?

by Karl-Erik Tallmo

An 増加するing 量 of the world's literature is now 存在 transferred to 数字表示式の マスコミ and 蓄える／店d on computer 網状組織s and CD-ROM disks. We are 長，率いるing for an Infotopia, 想像するd by, for instance, 副／悪徳行為-大統領，／社長 血の塊／突き刺す. Anyone equipped with a computer will have 接近 to the knowledge of the world.

But electronic publishing is also a method to 保存する old （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） that would さもなければ be destroyed. However, computer 科学（工学）技術 develops very 急速な／放蕩な. Will anybody be able to read our とじ込み／提出するs a hundred years from now?

A 代表者／国会議員 for a large 多国籍の computer company said to me that if we today can 解釈する／通訳する old papyrus scrolls, in the 未来 we certainly will be able to read everything created today. And another 代表者／国会議員 from the same company （人命などを）奪う，主張するd that computer とじ込み／提出するs have the best 標準化 there is - 無s and ones.

But that is not the point. Of course some 未来 hacker with an inclination に向かって cyber-archaeology will 喜んで spend weeks 再建するing old computer とじ込み／提出するs. But what about the much touted 平易な 接近 for everybody? What about having 制限のない knowledge of the world only a mouseclick away?

Monica Ertel at Apple Computer's library in Cupertino, California, does not 信用 the 無s and ones: "We keep one of each computer ever 製造（する）d by Apple up and running because いつかs someone needs to read that old Visicalc とじ込み／提出する or LisaDraw 文書. It's a little 脅すing. Paper is so 全世界の／万国共通の and 平易な."

There is a lot 存在 done today when it comes to 標準化 between different computer 壇・綱領・公約s, countries, etc. It will be possible to 移転 とじ込み／提出するs and port 使用／適用s between Macintosh, Windows and UNIX 環境s. One of the 最新の 流行の／上流の words in the 商売／仕事 is "数字表示式の 集中," which 言及するs to a fusion of computers, 遠隔通信, cable TV and 結局 - Hollywood. As for 基準s, the acronyms are innumerable and continue to 増加する: SGML, IGES, 政府開発援助, CDA, RTF, TeX, PREMO, PREGO... There is unfortunately a large amou nt of 法人組織の／企業の egotism 伴う／関わるd here. Each company wants to 支配する the market with its own proprietary 基準. This 機械装置 延期するs the 出現 of a true, 機能（する）／行事ing 基準.

SGML (基準 Generalized Markup Language) is an ISO-基準 that enables one to 述べる the structure of an electronic 文書 - words in italics, hypertext links, the 索引ing of a whole 調書をとる／予約する or the markup of pictures 同様に as descriptions of their content.

"The 長，指導者 客観的な of SGML has been to return 支配（する）／統制する of the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） 代表 to the 使用者 - not the 製品 vendor," says the inventor of SGML, Charles Goldfarb at IBM. "Every time a word 加工業者 vendor introduces an `改善するd' update with a `わずかに 相いれない' とじ込み／提出する 判型, more （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） becomes inaccessible."

Steven Newcomb, chairman of SGML Special 利益／興味 Group in Tallahassee, Florida, （人命などを）奪う，主張するs that some companies use SGML internally, but 辞退する to 供給する their 顧客s with SGML 道具s:

"Microsoft 報道によれば uses SGML internally for a variety of 目的s, 含むing the 創造 of its much-先触れ（する）d Cinemania CD-ROM 製品. One can only wonder how Microsoft 推定する／予想するs its 顧客s to use Microsoft's 非，不，無-SGML 道具s to create 類似の 製品s," Newcomb says.

にもかかわらず, Carl Fleischhauer, 調整者／コーディネーター at the Library of 議会 事業／計画（する） American Memory, thinks that SGML is 伸び（る）ing ground: "I have the impression that SGML is coming into more 普及した use in 商業の publishing. And it may be that 改革（する）s will come from the 底（に届く） up rather than from the 最高の，を越す 負かす／撃墜する," Fleischhauer says.

SGML is a very 約束ing 基準, but is it not, after all, a 解答 valid mostly for 現在の day 科学（工学）技術? What about 標準化 over time?

"The 採択 of 基準s will not help, because this problem goes beyond 基準s," says Don Norman, professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California at San Diego, also 助言者 for Apple Computer. "基準s work 井戸／弁護士席 within a 科学（工学）技術 反して this problem occurs because the 科学（工学）技術 itself changes, bringing in new 科学（工学）技術s and making obsolete the old."

The publishing houses and the computer companies will probably update their most profitable electronic 調書をとる／予約するs (i. e. encyclopedias and 財政上の 記録，記録的な／記録するs) and continually 移転 them to new 数字表示式の 判型s. But a very large 部分 of electronically published 作品 will probably be 支配する to oblivion.

"I think most of the 事業／計画（する）s will be 回復 oriented, rather than use 決まりきった仕事 転換 as a 維持／整備 操作／手術, so a lot of いっそう少なく important （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） may not be moved to new 判型s," says Steve Cisler at Apple's 事業／計画（する） Library of Tomorrow.

その為に, those 肩書を与えるs will be 事実上 lost. In the physical world you can つまずく on an 利益／興味ing forgotten 調書をとる／予約する on some dusty shelf. But a forgotten electronic 調書をとる／予約する in an unknown technical 判型 will not attract serendipity.

If the only かなりの method, from an 経済的な viewpoint, is retroactive 回復, shouldn't it be our 義務 today to help the 未来 with this 過程 by inventing special "embedded 再建 code 始める，決めるs" or some other means to tell 未来 machines how our とじ込み／提出するs せねばならない be read?

Maybe 未来 libraries will be equipped with 最高の-computers that can emulate or ふりをする さまざまな sorts of antique 金物類／武器類 and ソフトウェア. If so, this emulation 過程 should start here and now with discussion, planning and 指導基準s for developers. It would really be a paradox if the high-tech culture of today would leave a smaller 遺産 behind than other historical periods.

But Steven Newcomb 反対するs: "It is the 保護 of （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）, and the ability to 接近 that （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） in any 考えられる way, which is important. The ability to 再生する 正確に／まさに the 使用／適用 that was 初めは used to 伸び（る） 接近 to the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） is much いっそう少なく important."

The 最高位の 問題／発行する is, of course, to 保存する archival 構成要素 for the 未来 in any form どれでも. We are fortunate today that, for instance, some musical notation from the middle ages has surviv ed and some Elizabethan plays have been 保存するd. We are not familiar, in 詳細（に述べる）, with the 条約s and 支配するs that guided 業績／成果 in those days, but at least we have 接近 to the raw 構成要素 the musicians and actors used then. In olden days, a work that 連合させるd 多重の art forms (for instance 早期に オペラ) was impossible to 保存する ーに関して／ーの点でs of its 死刑執行. Today, we should be able to do that.

It is something of a paradox that short-lived PR 構成要素, 贈呈s and so on can "afford" to use the 最新の 科学（工学）技術, but anyone who produces literary or 教育の 構成要素 meant to last some １０年間s, has to 限界 himself/herself to some sort of lowest ありふれた denominator when it comes to 科学技術の 複雑さ.

It would be very 悲劇の if the cultural field of 見解（をとる） in the 未来 would get narrower and narrower. Today we can, perhaps with a little help, read Chaucer. Without any special deciphering 装置s we can read text that is 600 years old! But in the year 2600, will people be able to read (watch and listen to) anything electronically published that is older than 10 or 20 years?

International 当局 関心d with 核の safety を取り引きする a 関係のある problem: how can we 知らせる 未来 世代s about where 核の waste repositories are 据えるd and what they 含む／封じ込める? This is not a question of hundreds of years, but of thousands of years, so far into the 未来 that nobody even knows if any language spoken today will be understood then.

If we refocus this discussion from the language of man to the language of machines, this problem will occur much earlier. Only 50 years from now, there may not be a machine using any language machines use today.

Hopefully this is an exaggeration, since it would be a 大災害 if 未来 世代s were 奪うd of history. Pedagogy and school systems might change, a 世代 or two might get an unsatisfactory education, but if the sources for knowledge about our civilization 死なせる／死ぬ, it will be impossible to 回復する.

"No one really seems to be aware and the people who are, just don't know what to do," says 示す Needleman at the library of University of California at Oakland. "People are worried that as publishers produce more 構成要素 electronically they won't be 利益／興味d in 保存するing it past a point where it has 経済的な value."

"I recommend, even in this age of 数字表示式の マスコミ, that we keep important 構成要素 古記録d on paper," says professor Don Norman.

Steven Newcomb 示唆するs that the owners of the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） 配達するd today 主張する on keeping the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） in their own 丸天井s in a canonical, 科学（工学）技術-中立の form: "That way, when new 科学（工学）技術s come along, their 投資 is 保護するd, and can be 偉業／利用するd all over again using the new 科学（工学）技術s." But a 生産／産物 with a 確かな combination of text, sound and moving pictures is hard to keep in a 科学（工学）技術-中立の form. 示す Needleman again:

"If you take the 態度 that the culture and history of the 20th century is as much if not more in things like movies and TV than in print 構成要素 we have a very serious problem."

From an 経済的な 見地 perpetual 転換 is a very expensive 戦略. Such 手続きs are already in 十分な 進歩, for instance to 保存する nitrate film or 調書をとる／予約するs printed on acidic paper. All sorts of 構成要素 is 存在 microfilmed, retyped, scanned and photocopied. If it was possible to carry out one 選び出す／独身 転換 to a 数字表示式の medium, with some 肉親，親類d of coded （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） regarding necessary 金物類／武器類 for 未来 reading, millions of man-years of work could be spared.

Much trivia that the 研究員 of today can indulge in will probably not be at 手渡す for 未来 scholars. Today you can read loose 公式文書，認めるs made by Strindberg or 熟視する／熟考する over George Washington's laundry 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s. In a few years everyone may be carrying around electronic notebooks. No 捨てるs of paper there for posterity.

It will also be difficult for 研究員s to follow an author's work in 進歩, through さまざまな 始める，決めるs of 草案s and 輪郭（を描く）s, since computerized writers leave very little trace.

Some debaters wish for 広範囲にわたる 法律制定 to 規制する 合法的な deposit of copies of 網状組織 会議／協議会s and electronic mail. Apart from this 存在 a possible 違反 of personal 正直さ, such an 請け負うing would be almost unfeasible. E-mail is now 交流d within and between at least 140 countries and the number of transmitted messages 増加するs by 15 パーセント each month.

Maybe we must 受託する that each 時代 has its own form of amnesia. The 計算／見積りs Archimedes wrote upon the sand are irretrievably upset. 確かな historic 絵s have edured the passage of time only as copperplate reproductions.

But a whole 時代 must not be 削除するd - neither from computer memory nor from human memory. 特に not an 時代 that has turned （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） into its 枢機けい／主要な virtue.

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Copyright Karl-Erik Tallmo 1993, 1994.