Please 公式文書，認める: All とじ込み／提出するs 示すd with a copyright notice are 支配する to normal copyright 制限s. These とじ込み／提出するs may, however, be downloaded for personal use. Electronically 分配するd texts may easily be corrupted, deliberately or by technical 原因（となる）s. When you base other 作品 on such texts, 二塁打-check with a printed source if possible.

These three articles have 以前 been published in the Swedish daily Svenska Dagbladet in 1994:
Svensk 見解／翻訳／版 från Svenska Dagbladet 1994.

I. The electronic age - on the 瀬戸際 of total memory loss?
II. The hacker - archaeologist of the 未来?
III. Dare we 信用 the authenticity of electronic texts?

I. The electronic age - on the 瀬戸際 of total memory loss?

by Karl-Erik Tallmo

Computers have memory. Our civilization has a 肉親，親類d of memory 同様に, a 集団の／共同の memory, in the form of libraries, 古記録s and museums.

What will happen to all this, when so much is and will be published and 蓄える／店d 単独で on electronic マスコミ? 全世界の computer 網状組織s can 送信する／伝染させる （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） as 急速な／放蕩な as we think. But, is there a 危険 that this 全世界の memory could just as 急速な／放蕩な be stricken with cybernetic amnesia?

副／悪徳行為-大統領，／社長 Al 血の塊／突き刺す 想像するs an （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） superhighway that will 供給する both schoolchildren and scientists with （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） and 言及／関連 構成要素s from all corners of the world. Within the 欧州共同体 there are 事業／計画（する）s along the same lines. 繊維-視覚の cables are able to 送信する／伝染させる 100 Gigabytes a second, which means that everything ever written could be transmitted in an hour with such cables.

The コンピューター化 of public libraries started with the 目録s. Now the collections themselves are 存在 transferred to electronic マスコミ, partly by digitizing old printed or microfilmed 構成要素 and partly by aquisition of new 構成要素 that has never been published in any other way than electronically.

The 中心 for Electronic Texts in the Humanities (CETH, at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey) 見積（る）s that 8,000 一連の source texts within the humanities already have been 変えるd to machine-readable form world-wide.

Thesaurus Linguae Graecae is text-only, but text in abundant 量: 57 million words. This database 供給するs 使用者s in at least 32 different countries with classical Greek source-texts. Patrologia Latina, published by Chadwyck-Healey in Alexandria, Virginia, is a database 含む／封じ込めるing the Latin part of Jacques Paul Migne's 版s of the Church Fathers.

Pictures are also accessible through computers and modems. The Smithsonian 学校／設ける in Washington hosts a 抱擁する database with images of 反対するs from their collection. In the 広大な／多数の／重要な 事業／計画（する） American Memory, 追求するd by the Library of 議会, selected parts of the collections are transferre d to 数字表示式の マスコミ, for instance texts by the 設立するing fathers. Apart from historical 文書s, there are also some 40,000 photographs that will be digitized and put on CD-ROM (the same 肉親，親類d of disk that the 記録，記録的な／記録する-産業 now uses for 音声部の). The pictures in question are, for instance, the famous Mathew Brady photographs from the civil war, street scenes from New York at the turn of the century, etc.

Perseus is a database at Harvard (also 利用できる on CD-ROM), 含む／封じ込めるing classical Greek texts 同様に as pictures of vases, urns, coins, sculptures and 地図／計画するs showing archeological 場所／位置s.

You hear a lot today about the 事実上の library, which is not a place but an electronic 代表. The collection that appears on the computer 審査する might 現実に be several collections, several databases 据えるd on different continents. The keyword for the library of tomorrow is 接近, not 貯蔵.

There are 実験s going on, for instance at the university library in Milan, Italy, to visualize 調書をとる／予約する 目録s on the computer 審査する with pictures of 棚上げにするs that you can browse through. When you find something 利益／興味ing you can 選ぶ up the 調書をとる／予約する from the 事実上の shelf, and in an instant you will be connected to a database, where the work is 蓄える／店d in 十分な-length.

構成要素 that is not 利用できる in any 十分な-text database may be scanned and digitized on 需要・要求する and then transmitted 経由で telephone and modem. Such 実験s are 存在 carried out in, for instance, Holland, where different libraries are 責任がある different 定期刊行物s. They are obligated to 配達する any article within 24 hours. North Carolina 明言する／公表する University has developed a special 道具 with their own interface for 伝達／伝染 of articles scanned on request.

Pictures of 反対するs do not need to be static. With a new filming technique you can get a three-dimensional 影響. Here, the film does not 伝える 動議 but dimension. The film is 見解（をとる）d on the computer 審査する, and you can turn the 反対する around and look at it from all 味方するs. Such ビデオ f ilms may be transmitted on the computer 網状組織s.

の中で the new electronically published 構成要素 are encyclopedias with sound and moving pictures. Both Grolier and Compton have a 多数伝達媒体を用いる encyclopedia. In a small window you can see for instance the airship Hindenburg catching 解雇する／砲火／射撃 over New York in 1937 or hear John F. Kennedy speak... There are also 定期刊行物s, which are published 排他的に in 数字表示式の form, and a lot of technical documentation is 解放（する）d on CD-ROM.

The prophecies, made by the 開拓するs within （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） 科学（工学）技術, are now indeed coming true.

支援する in 1937, H. G. 井戸／弁護士席s had a dream of a "永久の World Encyclopedia," a 合成 of bibliography and documentation with the 索引d 古記録s of the world:

There is no practical 障害 whatever now to the 創造 of an efficient 索引 to all human knowledge, ideas and 業績／成就s, to the 創造, that is, of a 完全にする planetary memory for all mankind. And not 簡単に an 索引; the direct reproduction of the thing itself can be 召喚するd to any 適切に 用意が出来ている 位置／汚点／見つけ出す. A microfilm, coloured where necessary, 占領するing an インチ or so of space and 重さを計るing little more than a letter, can be duplicated from the 記録，記録的な／記録するs and sent anywhere, and thrown 大きくするd upon the 審査する so that the student may 熟考する／考慮する it in every 詳細（に述べる）.

Just change microfilm here to computer とじ込み／提出するs! 井戸／弁護士席s also （人命などを）奪う，主張するd that facts and （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）, however multitudinous, can be managed and 解任するd once they have been put in place in a 井戸／弁護士席-ordered 計画／陰謀 of 言及／関連 and reproduction. This 全世界の memory need not be concentrated in any 選び出す／独身 place and thus it would not be 攻撃を受けやすい:

It can be 再生するd 正確に／まさに and fully, in Peru, 中国, アイスランド, Central Africa, or wherever else seems to afford an 保険 against danger and interruption. It can have at once, the 集中 of a craniate animal and the diffused vitality of an amoeba.

A few years later (1946), Roosevelt's 科学の 助言者 Vannevar Bush (who 任命するd Robert Oppenheimer to direct the 核の 実験s in New Mexico) 想像するd a machine, Memex, which would 蓄える／店 the 業績／成就s of human thought:

[...] the intricacy of the 追跡するs, the 詳細（に述べる） of mental pictures is awe 奮起させるing [...] Man cannot hope to fully duplicate this mental 過程 artificially, but he certainly せねばならない be able to learn from it.

The intricate 追跡するs of human thought also 奮起させるd author and interactive ソフトウェア designer Ted Nelson. In 1965 he coined the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 hypertext, a notion that now is realized as "intelligent links" between words or 反対するs in one or a number of databases.

Hypertext 存在するs 単独で on computers. Through ありふれた word 過程ing we are now accustomed to text that can be formed and re-formed like a piece of clay, time after time. With hypertext you can in 新規加入 turn a word (or a paragraph or a headline) into a sort of button, which you can 圧力（をかける） or click on (with the "mouse"). Then a footnote appears, or maybe a bibliographic 言及／関連; perhaps you will be able to read the whole work that was just 引用するd in the main text, or you will see a picture, a diagram or hear or watch a short 音声部の or ビデオ 記録，記録的な／記録するing. These texts and pictures might then be linked その上の.

"令状ing is sequential, since it grew out of speech," Ted Nelson 令状s in his 調書をとる／予約する Dream Machines. "But the structure of ideas is not sequential. They tie together every whichway."

Electronic 出版（物）s are often cheaper to produce than printed ones. The collection "The Papers of George Washington" 含む／封じ込めるs some 135,000 文書s, which are 存在 published in a very expensive 17 容積／容量 調書をとる／予約する 版 同様に as on CD-ROM. The publishers （人命などを）奪う，主張する that the CD-見解／翻訳／版 will be affordable even for smaller libraries, colleges and schools. Updating of technical documentation is much cheaper when 蓄える／店d on electronic マスコミ, since you don't need to reprint perhaps hundreds of 調書をとる／予約するs.

One 広大な／多数の／重要な advantage with source text 蓄える／店d in large databases is the 可能性 to ex ecute very 急速な／放蕩な and 柔軟な searches. Suppose you are 令状ing an essay on stomach 病気s through the ages. Usually you search through encyclopedias and 調書をとる／予約する 目録s for keywords such as `stomach', `metabolism', `ventricle', etc. But if you search with the computer in a database, 含む／封じ込めるing the same encyclopedia and the same 調書をとる／予約する 目録, and the search 決まりきった仕事s 許す not only searching の中で the 入ること／参加（者）s but in the whole 団体／死体 of text, you would of course find the word `stomach' in 状況s you never could have imagined さもなければ. 研究員s and scientists may find source 構成要素 very 急速な／放蕩な, and it can be 分析するd in different ways with the computer: the structure of Rembrandt's 小衝突 一打／打撃s, the occurrences of a 確かな word together with a 確かな other word in Milton.

Many people - Elli Mylonas, managing editor for the Perseus 事業／計画（する） for one - （人命などを）奪う，主張する that the 推論する／理由 for digitizing source 構成要素 is not only for 研究 目的s, but to 保存する knowledge for the 未来. This could be a better method than microfilming or photocopying old brittle 調書をとる／予約するs, now 悪化するing 予定 to the acidic paper on which they were printed. Such paper was 製造（する）d from around 1850 and a hundred years on. 権利 now printed 事柄 from a whole century is 存在 silently destroyed on library 棚上げにするs 世界的な, a loss that could be far worse than the 燃やすing of the library in Alexandria.

So, let us discuss vulnerability. H. G. 井戸／弁護士席s was aware of the importance of not putting all the eggs in the same basket. But is it 十分な that this 抱擁する 量 of 全世界の digitized （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） is divided の中で thousands of computers all over the world? Most people know that computer 科学（工学）技術 develops very 急速な／放蕩な. だいたい every five years the 産業 現在のs a 全く new 世代 of computers, with new 加工業者s, which need new operating systems and new ソフトウェア. Dare we hope that all this 数字表示式の （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） that is supposed to save us all from oblivion, will still be readable 20, 50 or 100 years from now?

We alrea dy have 広大な／多数の／重要な difficulty with other マスコミ. Suppose somebody gives you a Betamax ビデオ from the 70's. Where can you find a player for such a tape today? Many of us also have 音声部の tapes on large 7-インチ reels at home, but we only have cassette decks in our stereo systems.

Not many 国家の 古記録s and libraries have a 戦略 for 取引，協定ing with electronically published 作品. The Library of 議会 in Washington has arranged some very 利益／興味ing セミナーs about digitizing older 構成要素 but they have no 指導基準s yet for new 構成要素s. In Europe most libraries を待つ the technical 開発, although some (Sweden for instance) have 始める，決める up 委員会s for 調査／捜査するing this 事柄. Norway, however, has a unique 法律 that 規制するs 合法的な deposits of electronic 文書s.

国家の 古記録s 蓄える／店ing old 政府 とじ込み／提出するs often find themselves on the 辛勝する／優位 of a 科学技術の time-out. Many still have 接近 to old 金物類／武器類 and spare parts, but for how long? At 正規の／正選手 intervals old tapes must be recopied to 妨げる the 磁石の field from 悪化するing. And like winery 労働者s who turn シャンペン酒 瓶／封じ込めるs, 古記録 staffs have to 回転／交替 the computer reels on their 棚上げにするs 90 degrees every sixth month - for 保護 against earth magnetism.

"Several １０年間s of U. S. 国勢（人口）調査 （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） are 報道によれば 蓄える／店d by an electronic data 過程ing 科学（工学）技術 that is now so obsolete as to make all such 記録，記録的な／記録するs 完全に inaccessible," says Steven Newcomb, who 作品 with 標準化 問題／発行するs with TechnoTeacher Inc. in Tallahassee, Florida.

航空宇宙局 has hundreds of thousands of obsolete computer tapes with earth 衛星 （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） that is already unreadable.

Many 古記録s have 決まりきった仕事s for recopying and some 計画（する） to copy the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） to some more 抵抗力のある medium, because this 維持／整備 is very expensive.

But nobody 現実に knows today what medium to choose. The CD-ROM is a 候補者, but some 専門家s believe that oxygen might diffuse through the plastic surface and then 影響する／感情 the metal 失敗させる／負かす where the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） is engraved. And if the disk lasts, the problem to 持続する 金物類／武器類 remains.

We hear a lot about how much space is saved by 蓄える／店ing on 光学の disks compared to keeping piles of paper and 列／漕ぐ／騒動s of 調書をとる／予約するs. But what if the libraries of the 未来 have to be museums too - with hundreds of antique computers 始める，決める up in hundreds of different configurations?

The difficulty is 広大な／多数の／重要な enough when we を取り引きする simple 文書s 含む／封じ込めるing pure alphanumerical （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）. But when it comes to 多数伝達媒体を用いる 出版（物）s, with text, pictures, ビデオ and sound, the 複雑さ is almost incalculable. Today this mostly 関心s dictionaries and other 言及／関連 作品, but in the years to come this will be an art form we come across every day, as we do now with ordinary 調書をとる／予約するs or VCR-tapes.

The James Joyce and Orson 井戸／弁護士席s of the 未来 might 表明する themselves through some form of 多数伝達媒体を用いる 科学（工学）技術. Suppose a groundbreaking work is created around the year 2010. Will anybody in the year 2050 be able to read/listen to/watch this work as the artist ーするつもりであるd?

Many persons within the computer 産業 and the library community think that it will be possible in the 未来 to 回復する older とじ込み／提出するs, at least to get a rough idea of what an old masterpiece is all about. What they have in mind is the 救助（する） of some text and maybe a picture or two but not to make it run together によれば the artist's 初めの 意向s. Imagine if today, instead of watching the movie 国民 Kane, we would have to be content with reading a short 要約 in plain text, because no projectors could run the film 判型 that Orson 井戸／弁護士席s used.

Is something 存在 done to 妨げる this 暗い／優うつな 未来? Can anything be done? In the next article in this series some 代表者／国会議員s from the computer 産業 and the library community will comment on this.

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Copyright Karl-Erik Tallmo 1993, 1994.