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| A hundred and fifty years of misuse of 水銀柱，温度計 and dental amalgam |
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| — still a lesson to learn |
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| by Mats Hanson |
| (på svenska) |
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MERCURY HAS LONG BEEN USED as a 薬／医学 to 扱う／治療する さまざまな 病気s, such as syphilis and typhoid fever, or parasites. Certainly a 治療 with such a "powerful" 薬／医学 impressed 患者s, and when 毒（薬）ing symptoms appeared they could always be 非難するd on より悪くするing of the 初めの 病気. The use of 水銀柱，温度計 in 薬／医学 繰り返して led to 論争s because of 有毒な 影響s which often were very difficult to differentiate from the symptoms of the 病気 for which the metal was 治めるd.
One of the first careful descriptions of the symptoms of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing was an 試みる／企てる to 解決する the question of whether 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing produced symptoms distinctly different from those of syphilis for which 水銀柱，温度計 was the preferred 治療 (Kussmaul, 1861). （危険などに）さらすs in the 熟考する／考慮するd mirror factories were 一般に high, but already Kussmaul 公式文書，認めるd that sensitivity に向かって this metal was 高度に individual and 予測できない. Kussmaul's 調書をとる／予約する is still 高度に readable and also 含む／封じ込めるs a long section on the history of 水銀柱，温度計 and its uses and misuses. From this source you get the （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） that the 指名する "quack" for a person without formal 医療の education, but who is practicing 薬／医学, 起こる／始まるs from "Quecksalber", someone who is using 水銀柱，温度計 ointments to 扱う／治療する 病気s. Since also 正規の／正選手 薬／医学 extensively used 水銀柱，温度計 for the same 目的s, the professions of 薬／医学 and dentistry have come up with other strange explanations for the origin of the word.
” ... a 解散 of the tooth will occur ... Amalgam destroys the teeth.”
In the USA, the use of 水銀柱，温度計 as a 全世界の／万国共通の 薬／医学 for almost any 病気 made large parts of the 全住民 turn their 支援するs on 設立するd 薬／医学 from the middle of the 1800s (Risse, 1973). The worst 医療の 毒（薬） use was 徐々に abandoned. But not in dentistry. Both the American 医療の 協会 and the Americal Dental 協会 were 設立するd to defend the use of 水銀柱，温度計, the former for calomel (mercurous chloride) and the latter for amalgam. 明らかに we have a very 類似の 開発 today; people turn to 代案／選択肢 care and health foods and the 設立 defending 現在の practice and 否定するing 危険s.
From society's point of 見解（をとる）, the amalgam question hardly 与える／捧げるs to 増加するd 信用／信任 in 当局, health care and 研究員s. Almost every person in Sweden knows that 水銀柱，温度計 is poisonous and that it is part of amalgam. It is an 絶対 absurd 明言する／公表する of 事件／事情／状勢s when 水銀柱，温度計 is considered 有毒な everywhere except in the mouth, when toothpaste, which 貯蔵所d 水銀柱，温度計 from amalgam and 恐らく makes it 害のない, is sold in pharmacies only, when 患者s are not 許すd to take their 抽出するd teeth filled with amalgam home from the dentist, with the argument that it is environmentally 危険な waste, when filters are 任命する／導入するd in crematoria etc.
 Amalgam is the main source of 水銀柱，温度計 （危険などに）さらす in the western world. However, 専門家s from the Swedish 国家の Board of Health and 福利事業 (Socialstyrelsen) have first 明言する／公表するd that no systematic 解放（する） of 水銀柱，温度計 from amalgam has ever been 観察するd, and when this was proven 誤った, they （人命などを）奪う，主張するd that the 量s were far いっそう少なく than is 得るd from food, which is also 誤った. It is astounding that 水銀柱，温度計 研究員s did not （悪事，秘密などを）発見する this fact. If they did notice, but 棄権するd from whistle-blowing, questions of morality and 倫理学 arise. People with amalgam are exposed to from tens to several hundreds of micrograms of 水銀柱，温度計 per day. In several 尊敬（する）・点s this （危険などに）さらす is special, and data and 限界 values from other types of （危険などに）さらす are just not applicable.
The 限界 values for 産業 cannot be used when the whole 全住民 is exposed. The 限界 values for Hg (from here on 水銀柱，温度計 will frequently be referred to by its 化学製品 abbreviation, Hg) are 大部分は based on 条件s in the chloralkali 産業 (producing chlorine and ナトリウム hydroxide with the help of 水銀柱，温度計 electrodes), where 主として male 労働者s are 雇うd. At least half of those exposed to 水銀柱，温度計 from amalgam are women. 水銀柱，温度計 反応するs with chlorine. 現実主義の animal 実験s by Viola and Cassano (1968) 明確に show that the presence of chlorine in such factories 減ずるs the total uptake of 水銀柱，温度計 by half (腎臓 contents) and that the content in the brain is only one tenth compared to 水銀柱，温度計 alone. Precipitated calomel could be swept up from the 床に打ち倒す in chloralkali factories. When ネズミs were exposed to both gases together, the mixture was strikingly いっそう少なく 有毒な than the （危険などに）さらす to 水銀柱，温度計 alone. The Hg-only ネズミs had 厳しい neurological symptoms and the 水銀柱，温度計+chlorine-ネズミs 穏やかな gastrointestinal disorder. The reaction between 水銀柱，温度計 and chlorine gas has been known at least since the turn of the century. Amalgam fillings in cavities will have their hidden surfaces exposed to other 条件s than the 明白な surfaces (oxygen 圧力, 酸性, ionic composition etc.). The variable 条件s will 促進する corosion and metal 解放（する）. In 新規加入 there will be a constant abrasion of the fillings. The metal 解放（する） in the form of イオンs will 生成する a 現在の によれば Faraday's 法律. It should be pointed out that the magnitudes of the oral 現在のs are in the same 範囲 as those induced in the tissues of a human 直接／まっすぐに standing under a high-voltage 伝達／伝染 line. Possible health 影響s of such （危険などに）さらすs are 論争d. More 確かな 影響s of the oral 現在のs are 輸送（する） of metal イオンs from corroding fillings into surrounding tissues, since 肯定的な metal イオンs will follow the direction of the 現在の (Wranglén & Berendson, 1983).
Another 面 of the corrosion 過程 is that crevice corrosion 原因（となる）s hydrochloric 酸性の 世代 with a pH of 2-3 (Marek & Hochman, 1974). From the anodic 地域 calcium is 解放（する）d and from the cathodic one phosphate. Since a tooth おもに consists of apatite, calcium phosphate, a 解散 of the tooth will occur. The 過程 has been 実験的に 論証するd by Wakai (1936) and by Till et. al. (1978). Amalgam destroys the teeth. Since amalgam 含む／封じ込めるs several metals, Faraday's 法律 has to be used with some 警告を与える. However, all metals in amalgam can ionize under oral 条件s (Wranglén and Berendson, 1983) and 調査s of old fillings 明らかにする／漏らす a loss of 水銀柱，温度計 which can reach 560 mg/5-10 years from amalgam-filled molars and premolars, 同等（の） to 150-300 micrograms/day (Radics et. al., 1970) and 10-20 micrograms/cm2 and day (Pleva, 1989). 水銀柱，温度計 has an uncanny ability to 侵入する さまざまな 構成要素s (Trachtenberg, 1974), and a tooth cavity can certainly not 保持する 解放（する）d metal, as also 測定s show (Mocke, 1971). In 新規加入 to the 解散 of metals, the 水銀柱，温度計 in the amalgam fillings will also evaporate. Some will be 吸い込むd, some 直接／まっすぐに 吸収するd. There is no 危険 evaluation for the absorption of Hg in the oral mucosa. High levels have been 手段d. What are the consequences? 水銀柱，温度計 vapour is 吸収するd in the oral mucosa, 関わりなく mouth or nose breathing. Already in 1882 the evaporation of 水銀柱，温度計 from amalgam was 論証するd (Talbot, 1882). 在庫／株 (1926) showed that dental amalgam fillings more than three years old 生成するd 水銀柱，温度計 vapor in the mouth (iodine color 実験（する）). The placement of a new one かなり 増加するd the vapor 放出／発行. The vapor 生成するd from oral amalgam fillings is efficiently 吸収するd in the 肺s. 水銀柱，温度計, evaporating from the fillings after chewing and 手段d in exhaled 空気／公表する or the oral cavity, can in many persons 越える industrially permissible levels (Svare et al, 1981; Patterson et al, 1985; Vimy, 1985 a,b). The results by 在庫／株 led Brecht-Bergen (1933) to 手段 the Hg-vapor 圧力 over amalgam.
手段ing the 集中 of Hg in exhaled 空気／公表する or in the oral cavity leads to difficulties in calculating how much Hg is 現実に 吸い込むd. Abraham et al (1984) introduced 紅潮／摘発するing of the mouth for 15 sec through two tubes between の近くにd lips, 手段ing the evaporation 率 from the fillings. A pre-chewing evaporation during 15 sec of 0.07-0.8 ng/s (nanograms/second) with a mean value of 0.15 ng/s was 設立する. After 3 minutes of chewing, the 放出／発行 was 0.08-10.8 ng/s with a mean level of 1.27 ng/s. The actual values after chewing might be even higher than those 手段d by Abraham et. al. (1984), since the vapor levels continue to 増加する during 30 minutes of chewing (Vimy & Lorscheider, 1985). 手段d evaporation 率s from amalgam fillings in the oral cavity can thus reach 11 ng/s after chewing (Abraham et. al., 1984). A comparison can be made with known evaporation 率s from 水銀柱，温度計. Pure Hg 放出するs vapor at 2.5 ng/s*cm2 at room 気温 and 最大限 空気／公表する flow (1 l/min) (在庫／株 & Heller, 1926). This will correspond to about 6 ng/s*cm2 at oral 気温. The highest values 記録，記録的な／記録するd by Abraham et. al., assuming an amalgam surface of 10 cm2 will correspond to the vapor 圧力s (see （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する above), 手段d by Brecht-Bergen (1933). The actual evaporation depends on the vapor 圧力, the flow of 空気／公表する over the surfaces, abrasion etc. However, nose versus mouth breathing does not seem to have a central 役割. 早期に 言及／関連s (Baader & Holstein, 1933) 示す that the oral mucosa can efficiently 吸収する 水銀柱，温度計, which is not surprising since even the outer 肌 吸収するs both Hg-vapor (Hursh et al, 1989) and 水銀柱，温度計 from grey ointment, an old cure for e.g. syfilis, 含む／封じ込めるing appr. 30% Hg (Schamberg et al, 1918). To 実験（する） for a possible absorption, known 量s of 水銀柱，温度計 vapor (30-120 ng) were 注入するd into the の近くにd oral cavity of an amalgam- and gold-解放する／自由な 支配する (the author) with no detectable 水銀柱，温度計 放出／発行 from 肺s or oral cavity. After 0-3 min., remaining 水銀柱，温度計 was sucked out and the mouth 紅潮／摘発するd with 30 ml of Hg-解放する／自由な 空気／公表する ーするために be able to 正確に 手段 all unabsorbed 水銀柱，温度計. It was not possible to 得る an exact 無-value, but losses in 洗浄器／皮下注射／浣腸器 and tubing 量d to 5.5 ng (the number of 実験s was 6). Breathing through the nose when 水銀柱，温度計 was 現在の in the oral cavity gave the same values as 持つ／拘留するing one's breath, 示すing that 極小の 量s of Hg were transferred from the の近くにd mouth to the trachea (Hanson & Pleva, 1991).
The absorbtion is thus かなりの, 示すing that most of the 水銀柱，温度計 vapor, 生成するd in the mouth, could be 吸収するd, also when breathing and chewing takes place with の近くにd mouth and nose breathing. The その上の 運命／宿命 of the 吸収するd 水銀柱，温度計 is unknown. Fredin (1988) placed an inverted cup against the oral mucosa and introduced known 量s of 水銀柱，温度計 vapor. The result was the same but with a slower absorption because of the smaller Hg-exposed surface (5 cm2). Also the results by Hahn et. al. (1989) on 水銀柱，温度計 解放（する） from amalgam fillings, placed in sheep teeth, show a high 集中 of Hg in the gum mucosa (323 ng/g). The major part of the 水銀柱，温度計 from amalgam is 設立する in feces. One hardly needs any 科学の training to understand that １０年間s of swallowed Hg in a finely 分配するd, probably ionised, form is something 完全に different from an 事故, when metallic 水銀柱，温度計 is swallowed in large gulps, something which usually (!) does not lead to death or serious 毒（薬）ing since the surface area is small compared to more finely divided 水銀柱，温度計. The metal is 激しい and passes 速く through the intestines. No 危険 evaluation 存在するs. Swallowed 水銀柱，温度計 salt is 吸収するd to 15% (8-24%) in humans. Animal 実験s show an absorption of 25-40%, when both uptake and 排除／予選 to the intestines are 手段d. There is no 危険 evaluation for Hg migrating in through the teeth. The 水銀柱，温度計 content in saliva is だいたい 0.5% methylated (Sellars et al, 1996). Methylmercapto-Hg-Cl and methylmercapto-Hg-tiocyanate, formed by bacteria, is 設立する in the roots of teeth (Haley, 1997). 水銀柱，温度計 is not the only metal from amalgam: silver, tin, and 巡査 are also 解放（する）d. From other 復古／返還 work: gold, palladium, etc. Interactions? Palladium induces 免疫の reactions against both palladium itself and nickel in animals. Root filling 構成要素s are a formidable 目録 of 毒（薬）s. To place gold in 接触する with amalgam is definitely incorrect 治療. Any plumber would すぐに understand why you should not 連合させる the two. The unsuitability of gold-amalgam belongs to 19th century science and was 認めるd already in the first evaluation of amalgam from 1844 (Westcott, 1844). The 欠如（する） of knowledge or will to understand this 事柄 leads to grossly incorrect 結論s when 査定する／（税金などを）課すing the amalgam 負担 (Ahlqwist et al, 1988). Middle-老年の women, for instance, do not have just 0-4 明白な amalgam fillings as 明言する／公表するd in this 報告（する）／憶測; they have gold 栄冠を与えるs and gold 橋（渡しをする）s placed on 最高の，を越す of amalgam, resulting in 激しい corrosion (Halling et al, 1981). The combination gold-amalgam is malpractice and can not be defended by any 科学の argument. New types of amalgam, e.g. 非，不，無-gamma-2-amalgam, with an 増加するd 巡査 content have been introduced with 申し立てられた／疑わしい 改善するd 所有物／資産／財産s. The 放出／発行 of 水銀柱，温度計 has not been taken into consideration. This type of amalgam sweats out 水銀柱，温度計 already at room 気温 and 放出する much more 水銀柱，温度計 vapour than 従来の amalgam (Ferracane et. al., 1995). The 非，不，無-gamma-2-amalgams are hybrids of 巡査 and silver amalgam and have the poor 所有物／資産／財産s of the 巡査 amalgams with regard to 水銀柱，温度計 放出／発行s. Easily soluble 巡査 salts are also 解放（する）d. 非，不，無-gamma-2-amalgam should be 分類するd as 巡査 amalgam. 巡査 amalgam was 非難するd already in the 1920s but was still used in child dentistry 井戸／弁護士席 into the 1960s.
"Normal" values of 水銀柱，温度計 in 血 and urine were 設立する in the sheep (について言及するd above) with amalgam fillings (Hahn et al, 1989), 反して tissue levels were high. The first reliable 測定s of Hg in 血 and urine すぐに 論証するd that 血 values remained low until the （危険などに）さらす was かなりの. A small 増加する was 設立する in urine and much higher levels in feces (在庫／株 & Cucuel, 1934). Amalgam placement 原因（となる）s a transient 頂点（に達する） of 水銀柱，温度計 in urine (Frykholm, 1957; Storlazzi & Elkins, 1941; Schneider, 1977). There are several 不確定s relating to 血 and urine Hg-levels as diagnostic 道具s. Most 産業の 熟考する／考慮するs relate these parameters to the 百分率 of 影響する／感情d 労働者s, not to the severity of symptoms. Low-level （危険などに）さらすs to 水銀柱，温度計 during long periods of time can be 完全に 破滅的な for the 影響する／感情d individual, as 在庫／株's own 事例／患者 論証するs (在庫／株, 1926). The latter's and several other 観察s during the ages 示す that such "micromercurialism" produce symptoms after a long time. Human 実験s with 選び出す／独身 doses of swallowed 放射性の ionic or 吸い込むd elemental 水銀柱，温度計 show that 1-2 % of the 吸収するd dose is 除去するd in the urine during the week after （危険などに）さらす (Rahola, 1973; Cherian, 1978). The 観察するd 頂点（に達する） in 水銀柱，温度計 excretion after amalgam placement thus corresponds to several hundred micrograms of total absorption. The direct demonstration of Hg/amalgam 配当 in sheep 確認するs the low urinary excretion and that the fecal 大勝する is likely to be quantitatively more important but very difficult to differentiate from abraded and swallowed amalgam.
Older type of amalgam 規模 (to the left) and flat pliers for condensation. It is still not unusual that dental care 職員／兵員 work 直接／まっすぐに with amalgam, without a ガス／煙 cupboard or even rubber gloves when 圧力（をかける）ing out 過度の 水銀柱，温度計 from the amalgam, which is frequently done either 完全に by 手渡す or with the help of a pair of flat pliers.
Few 測定s of fecal 水銀柱，温度計 levels have been made. Tompsett & Smith (1959) 設立する levels of 50-180 micrograms/day, not considering amalgam fillings as a source. A 最近の 熟考する／考慮する (Engqvist et. al., 1998) 論証するd that 水銀柱，温度計 in feces, derived from amalgam, was 解散させるd to about 70% and the 残り／休憩（する） was in the form of 不変の, abraded amalgam 粒子s. Only one controlled 熟考する／考慮する (in mice) has 査定する／（税金などを）課すd 血 Hg levels in relation to さまざまな levels in 吸い込むd 空気／公表する (Eide & Syversen, 1982). 血 Hg was 設立する to relate exponentially to the （危険などに）さらす level. If the 状況／情勢 is 類似の in humans, 血 Hg levels can be 推定する／予想するd to show 穏健な changes within a 幅の広い 範囲 of （危険などに）さらすs. The degree of 水銀柱，温度計 （危険などに）さらす from amalgam has 明らかに been かなり underestimated, based on 不十分な 測定s. A simple consideration of the 量 of 水銀柱，温度計 in the teeth, compared to the daily intake from food, makes it 明らかな that amalgam should have to be an exceedingly stable alloy ーするために not 解放（する） more 水銀柱，温度計 than the daily 量 ingested with food. With 5 g 水銀柱，温度計 in the teeth (10 g amalgam), the fillings should last 4,500 years if they do not 解放（する） more than 3 micrograms of 水銀柱，温度計/day, the approximate 量 in food for most persons not eating too much fish. Amalgam fillings seldom last for more than 10 years, although some will remain in the teeth for 2-3 １０年間s. In adults from 13 to 74% of the fillings 生き残るd for 10 years, によれば one 熟考する／考慮する (Meeuwissen, 1985), and others have 報告（する）／憶測d that 50% were 取って代わるd within 5 years and an 普通の／平均（する） life （期間が）わたる of 4-8 years (Boyd & Richardson, 1985). In 6 year old children the median 生き残り time for occlusal amalgam fillings was 2 years and 2 months (塀で囲むs et al, 1985).
Inorganic 水銀柱，温度計 has insidious 影響s, not readily 認めるd unless one is aware of the （危険などに）さらす and the symptoms of chronic 水銀柱，温度計 （危険などに）さらす. 在庫／株 (1926), himself a 犠牲者 of chronic 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing, pointed out that the depressing 影響s of 水銀柱，温度計 vapor on the thought 過程s, makes it even more difficult to 決定する what 原因（となる）s the 悪化／低下 of health. "It was as if my stay in Germany made me more stupid", によれば a visiting 化学者／薬剤師 at 在庫／株's 研究室／実験室s. There is also a 欠如（する） of communication between dentistry and 薬／医学: "The dentists are seldom in a position to 認める general 影響s of amalgam fillings or even learn about them. When the 患者s を煩う nervousness, 知識人 exhaustion, catarrhs etc. they do not go to the dentist whom they also usually do not tell about their problems since they are 妨げるd from talking during the 治療. The family 内科医s, 神経 specialists, laryngologists, internists are the ones they discuss these problems with." (在庫／株, 1926) The 内科医 in turn is 完全に unaware of any dental 治療s, does not 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑う 水銀柱，温度計 from amalgam, has 限られた／立憲的な knowledge of 毒（薬）ing symptoms and also hesitates to 干渉する in the domains of another profession. It is thus not surprising that 報告（する）／憶測s of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing from amalgam are 比較して rare in the 医療の literature. However, they do 存在する and today there are also 非常に／多数の descriptions, in the daily 圧力（をかける） and magazines, of changes in health, 原因（となる）d by amalgam 除去. There are many descriptions of the symptomatology of chronic inorganic 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing. Biochemists have also 供給するd many 熟考する／考慮するs on the 細胞の and molecular 影響s of 水銀柱，温度計, which together 供給する 十分な explanations for the many symptoms 観察するd in 臨床の practice. Some of them appear to be 調停するd by the 免疫の system. Recently, the immunotoxic 影響s of 水銀柱，温度計 has attracted かなりの attention and today inorganic 水銀柱，温度計 is the best 熟考する／考慮するd 実体 with the ability to 原因（となる） autoimmune 病気. 免疫の reactions were also considered to be the factor which 原因（となる）d acrodynia in children after calomel (mercurous chloride) （危険などに）さらす. Acrodynia is probably the best 熟考する／考慮するd form of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing, or "idiosyncrasy", and the very long time from its first 承認 (1828) to the 設立 of its 水銀柱，温度計 etiology (1945), 示すs the devious nature of 水銀柱，温度計 intoxications (more on acrodynia その上の on). However, even more surprising is that the very 可能性 of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing has to be 繰り返して rediscovered, and the very short memory の中で 医療の doctors after the acrodynia 疫病／流行性の.
水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing from amalgam fillings have been 述べるd several times. 在庫／株 (1926) relates 事例／患者s with 破滅的な psychic 影響s and also 悪化させるd symptoms when fillings were 演習d out without 保護の suction. その上の 事例／患者s were 報告（する）／憶測d by 在庫／株 (1928). Fleischmann (1928) 報告（する）／憶測d that 条件s for 毒（薬）ing were 現在の in 運送／保菌者s of 巡査 amalgam fillings (as 裁判官d from the Hg-values in urine and feces), 反して no 結論 could be reached for silver amalgam. Fleischmann, director of the 水銀柱，温度計 clinic at the Berlin Charité, however, 設立する that the 見えなくなる of symptoms after 除去 of silver amalgam 示すd that 毒（薬）ing could occur. Harndt, dentist at the clinic, considered 患者s with gold in 接触する with amalgam as 事例／患者s where the 高めるd corrosion 明確に could 原因（となる） Hg-毒（薬）ing (Harndt, 1930). 付加 事例／患者-報告（する）／憶測s have been published by Wesselhaeft (1896), Hyams (1933), Steffensen (1934), Lain & Caughron (1936), Struntz (1956), Schwarzkopf (1959), Rost (1976), Till (1984), Zamm (1986), Pleva (1983) and several others. Taskinen et al (1989) followed a 患者 who had fillings ground to a 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業 to support a 橋（渡しをする） and 11 more fillings had about 1 mm ground away to 改善する occlusion. In 新規加入, 3 fillings were 取って代わるd during the に引き続いて 開会／開廷／会期. After a week the 患者 developed stomatitis, sore throat, rancid taste, loss of the sense of smell, dizziness and 頭痛 and later 苦痛s in the thorax, fever, elevated sedimentation 率, 弱めるd sense of touch in her left 手渡す and fingers, and 冷淡な sensitiveness in fingers, 弱めるd 手渡す 支配する, cramps in her left foot and loss of sense of touch. The 患者 felt unwell, lost 9 kg of 負わせる and became anxious and depressed. The fillings were 除去するd with extreme 警告を与える. The authors consider the symptoms as corresponding to those of micromercurialism. The experience の中で members of the Swedish 協会 of Dental 水銀柱，温度計 患者s (Tandvårdsskadeförbundet) is that these types of dental 治療s are not at all rare and many persons, because of sensibilization and other factors, 反応する with very 類似の symptoms to lesser dental 治療s. Anorexia hydrargyria has been 述べるd in a 15 year old girl who developed 長，率いる and 共同の ache, vertigo, loss of memory, tiredness, 乱すd sleep and loss of hair. 欠如（する） of appetite led to loss of 負わせる and symptoms of anorexia nervosa. There were, however, no psychic problems. The 患者 had an amalgam-glittering mouth with 10 amalgam fillings. She had at an 早期に school age received 6-8 fillings without problems. In 1986 they were all 取って代わるd with new ones, and a few 完全に new fillings were also placed. The 深い fillings were 孤立するd by cavity liner but not the superficial ones. The girl was 扱う／治療するd with dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS), a 水銀柱，温度計-binding 麻薬, and the fillings 除去するd which brought about 完全にする 回復. 現在の evaluation of the 有毒性 of amalgam fillings by the dental 当局 has hardly considered diffusion of 水銀柱，温度計 through the 低俗雑誌, the number and 質 of the fillings and the 有毒性 of amalgam for 妊娠している women, children and adolescents (Dörffer, 1989). The ありふれた pathology of 水銀柱，温度計 intoxication can be readily 設立する in many 医療の papers and textbooks (e.g. Baader & Holstein, 1933). However, many 事例／患者 報告（する）／憶測s and the acrodynia 疫病／流行性の during the 19th and 20th centuries 原因（となる）d おもに by calomel-含む／封じ込めるing 麻薬s against 腸の parasites and by teething 砕くs, 示す that immunological reactions are 伴う／関わるd in some individuals. 検視d acrodynia children showed 普及した 破壊 of the brain and the 提案するd sequence was an 初期の attack on 血-brain/神経 endothelial 独房s, with a 第２位 免疫の reaction to brain 構成要素s. 最近の 研究 supports such a 機械装置, since also small 量s of 水銀柱，温度計 will 原因（となる） a long-継続している impairment of the 血-brain 障壁 (Chang & Hartmann, 1972).
There are few descriptions in 科学の literature of what it feels like to have chronic 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing. 在庫／株's paper from 1926 (a) is a classic and gives a vivid description of the 影響する／感情d person's 哀れな 状況／情勢. He emphazises the psychic 影響s which were 特に troublesome for a person with an 知識人 work. In 新規加入 to a number of somatic symptoms, 在庫／株 について言及するs: "知識人 exhaustion and 不景気, 欠如（する） of energy and ability for work, 特に 知識人 work, 増加するd need for sleep ... most 厳しい for a person with 知識人 work was the loss of memory ... 特に the ability to calculate, to do mathematical thinking, also to play chess, was 厳しく 影響する／感情d. The depressed ability to remember and the difficulties in calculating seem to be a special 調印する of insidious 水銀柱，温度計 vapor 毒（薬）ing. The 知識人 capacity was also in other ways depressed although not as 厳しく as memory. In 新規加入 there was psychic 不景気, a painful inner 不安, with time also 原因（となる）ing 乱すd sleep. By nature fond of company and 十分な of enjoyment of life, I withdrew in 悲惨 into myself, 避けるd public relations, people and social 接触するs, lost the love for art and nature. Humor rusted in. Difficulties which I earlier had managed with 緩和する (and today again can manage with 緩和する) appeared insurmountable. The 科学の work 要求するd かなりの 成果／努力s. I 軍隊d myself into my 研究室／実験室 but could not produce anything of value にもかかわらず all 成果／努力s. My thoughts were 激しい and pedantic. I had to give up 参加するing in 事柄s which were not of 即座の importance. The lectures, 以前 something I liked, became tormenting. The 準備 of a lecture, the 令状ing of a paper, even a simple letter, 要求するd 巨大な 成果／努力s in 扱うing the contents and language. Not seldom it happened that I wrote words wrongly or forgot letters. To be aware of these shortcomings, not to know their 原因（となる）, to know no way of getting rid of them, to 推定する／予想する その上の 悪化／低下 - that was not nice!"
在庫／株 (1936) 述べるs the slow 開発 of 水銀柱，温度計 hypersensitivity, resulting in 逆の reactions to levels of Hg vapor which do not at all 影響する／感情 other people and also not the 影響する／感情d person earlier. This sensibilization does occur both in 激しい 産業の （危険などに）さらすs, 述べるd by Baader & Holstein (1933) and in the "はしけ" 毒（薬）ing which 在庫／株 述べるd (1926). "To 刺激する a first reaction to 水銀柱，温度計 vapor, a stronger and longer （危険などに）さらす is needed than if one has already been 影響する／感情d. Then symptoms can appear within an hour after （危険などに）さらす to much lower levels. If その上の （危険などに）さらす is 避けるd, the sensitivity disappears slowly, more so if the 毒（薬）ing has been 厳しい and 長引かせるd. This can take years." (在庫／株 1936) Three dental 事例／患者s (dentists) were 述べるd by Smith (1978). The first dentist had 手渡す （軽い）地震, impaired モーター 支配（する）／統制する, 無関心／冷淡 に向かって family and friends and some visual 騒動. They experienced irritability, 批判的な excitability, fearfulness, restlessness, melancholy, 不景気, 証拠不十分, timidity (one 事例／患者), 疲労，（軍の）雑役 (two 事例／患者s) indecisiveness (one 事例／患者) and 頭痛 (two 事例／患者s). An ophthalmologist 設立する deposits on the レンズs of one of the 患者s, 示唆するing 激しい metal 毒（薬）ing. The urine in one of the 事例／患者s was 設立する to 含む／封じ込める more than 300 micrograms of 水銀柱，温度計 per リットル. The two other 事例／患者s were 類似の. The dentists 強調する／ストレスd the fact that the mental 影響s of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing were most 苦しめるing and 脅すing. Each was so 深く，強烈に 影響する／感情d by the feeling of hopelessness, 不景気 and futility that they 勧めるd the 内科医 (Smith) to bring the 事例／患者s to the attention of the 医療の profession. The paper ends with the words: "the 医療の profession must be on the 警報 for the 外見 of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing." This is also the 主題 of a paper in 包括的な Psychiatry (Ross et al., 1977): "Need for alertness to neuropsychiatric manifestations of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing." Nine persons, 研究室／実験室 staff at a hospital, had the same symptoms as 述べるd earlier. The authors 強調する／ストレス "that the presence of several of these symptoms and 調印するs should 警報 the diagnostician to take a careful occupational history and to 得る 研究室／実験室 測定s of 水銀柱，温度計 in the urine or hair before coming to a final diagnosis which might be a low grade inorganic 水銀柱，温度計 intoxication." The most ありふれた form of （危険などに）さらす to inorganic 水銀柱，温度計 is by inhalation of vapor. There is general 協定 that this leads to a slowly developing and insidious 毒（薬）ing, which まず第一に／本来 gives psychic 影響s and is very difficult to 認める until more 客観的な symptoms appear. There are 非常に／多数の more or いっそう少なく 広範囲にわたる descriptions. The one below by Baader is a moderately long one. Others have 公式文書，認めるd 付加 symptoms or more rare 影響s (Baader, 1933, 1961; 在庫／株 1926, 1936; Moeschlin, 1980; Poulsson 1949; Oettingen 1958; Burgener & Burgener, 1952; Schulz 1907; Kussmaul, 1861).
It seems that most symptoms could be 原因（となる）d by 影響s on the nervous system, together with endocrine 騒動s and 地元の 影響s where the metal enters and leaves the 団体／死体. In 新規加入 to the general symptoms of 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing, there are 非常に／多数の 報告（する）／憶測s on individual 事例／患者s of いっそう少なく ありふれた forms. Some 警告を与える is 要求するd, since いつかs these are 事例／患者s where 水銀柱，温度計 has been 治めるd to 扱う／治療する さまざまな 病気s. This has been 認めるd as a problem since the 早期に days of syphilis 治療 (Kussmaul, 1861). The types of symptoms depend on the 水銀柱，温度計 構内／化合物 and the 方式 of 行政. An ALS-like syndrome has been 報告（する）／憶測d after （危険などに）さらす to ethylmercury (Kantarjian, 1961), 水銀柱，温度計 vapor (Adams et al, 1983) and 吸い込むd mercuric 酸化物 (Barber, 1978). Other forms have been called neurasthenia mercurialis, epilepsia mercurialis, dementia mercurialis, schizophrenia mercurialis and さまざまな forms of paralysis, 影響する／感情ing different parts of the nervous system: polyradi-culoneuritis, Guillain-Barré and also 多重の sclerosis (Kussmaul, 1861, Zangger, 1930, Baader & Holstein, 1933). If the 水銀柱，温度計 （危険などに）さらす is 認めるd and interrupted, most 事例／患者s 回復する, いつかs slowly but often surprisingly 速く. In the late 1940s, when the 水銀柱，温度計 etiology of acrodynia was 明らかにするd, also the 可能性 of MS as an adult form of acrodynia was considered. No general and widespead source of 水銀柱，温度計 was then regognized. However, in 1966 Baasch, a スイスの neurologist, 認めるd the 可能性 of amalgam fillings as 存在 such a source. He 結論するd that a 水銀柱，温度計/amalgam etiology could explain the known facts about MS. 付加 保護の or 悪化させるing factors in the 環境 could play a 役割. Lead was also considered as a possible 与える／捧げるing factor because of its 普及した occurrence, known demyelinating activity and some 報告（する）／憶測s on MS after lead （危険などに）さらす. Today we have another 重要な factor, not 認めるd by Baasch: selenium (which is 保護の against 水銀柱，温度計). Both MS and a high DMF 索引 (病気d, 行方不明の and filled teeth) correlate 井戸／弁護士席 with low selenium levels as do a number of other 病気s. Baasch 公式文書，認めるd the presence or absence of amalgam fillings in 500 連続した MS 患者s in Zürich. All except one or かもしれない two had amalgam fillings. However, amalgam fillings are ありふれた and this 証明するd nothing. On the other 手渡す there are also other sources of 水銀柱，温度計. For instance, a 長引かせるd stay in a house where a 晴雨計 had been broken is known to have 原因（となる）d acrodynia (Gädeke, 1962), and in another 事例／患者 the 水銀柱，温度計 source was sublimate-impregnated 支持を得ようと努めるd which was used to heat the house (Gädeke, 1966). The latter 事例／患者 was only 認めるd as 水銀柱，温度計-関係のある because the author 認めるd the symptoms from the first, more obvious （危険などに）さらす. Other sources are broken 温度計s or fluorescent lights, old 水銀柱，温度計 mirrors, 塀で囲む paint etc. Three 事例／患者s were 述べるd by Baasch. Two of these had their amalgam fillings 除去するd and they 改善するd. Nothing was done to the third one, a 完全に 麻ひさせるd 患者, whose 事例／患者 is 述べるd, however, since the 病気 started a few months after she had her first amalgam fillings, 19 years old, and then had a very 早い progression. She had, 8 years old, been 扱う／治療するd with 水銀柱，温度計 for congenital syphilis. 水銀柱，温度計 in 地雷s is usually 設立する in combination with イオウ; as cinnabar, mercuric 硫化物. When the 鉱石 has been 地雷d, a simple distillation 解放（する）s the 水銀柱，温度計. After さまざまな 肉親，親類d of use, where people become exposed to 水銀柱，温度計, when 取引，協定ing with, for instance, 温度計s, paints, amalgam, etc, some 水銀柱，温度計 will enter the human 団体／死体 and again 連合させる with イオウ, usually in the form of sulfhydryl groups (-SH) in amino 酸性のs and proteins (cysteine and methionine). It is やめる （疑いを）晴らす that enough 水銀柱，温度計 will inactivate any enzyme or 過程 which depends on sulfhydryl groups for its 機能（する）／行事, e.g. the energy 生産／産物 in the 独房.
”水銀柱，温度計 is a radiomimetic metal with the same 影響s as 放射（能）.”
The 解放する／自由な-過激な nature of 水銀柱，温度計 有毒性 was 心配するd very 早期に. Already at the turn of the century, Schulz (1907) wrote that 水銀柱，温度計 was in a constant 交換 between calomel and sublimate (monovalent and divalent 水銀柱，温度計, それぞれ), 促進するing oxidation reactions. Such a 行為 will also explain why the undoubtedly small 量s, which are 吸収するd even during 大規模な poisonings, have such pronounced 影響s on tissue sulfhydryl groups. The イオウ-水銀柱，温度計 社債 has a short lifetime, にもかかわらず the theoretically high affinity of Hg for sulfhydryl groups (Rabenstein & Isab, 1982). Clarkson (1972) pointed out that not even in the 腎臓s will there be enough 水銀柱，温度計 to 占領する more than a fraction of 利用できる sulfhydryl groups. 水銀柱，温度計 機能（する）／行事s as a catalyst in oxidation of sulfhydryl groups. A direct demonstration of enzymatic 世代 of 過激なs by HgCl2 (mercuric chloride) was 現在のd by Cantoni et. al. (1984). There was a concomitant 形式 of デオキシリボ核酸 選び出す／独身 立ち往生させる breaks, 示すing hydroxyl 過激な 形式 or something 平等に reactive. It is likely that some of the mercuric chloride was 変えるd to the mercurous form by enzymes or sulfhydryls and then reoxidized with a concomitant 形式 of 過激なs. A 解放する／自由な-過激な 見解（をとる） of 水銀柱，温度計 toxicology gives a coherent picture of why the metal has such diffuse and 普及した 影響s on the human metabolism. It will also give a （疑いを）晴らす 指示，表示する物 of possible 治療s with antioxidants. Hg in low amalgam 集中s in 独房 and animal 実験s produces serious 騒動s in basal metabolic 過程s: Calcium balance (Chavez & Holquin, 1988), microtubuli of the 独房 骸骨／概要 (Pendergrass et al, 1997), 解放する／自由な 過激な 生産／産物 (Cantoni et al, 1984), glutamate balance (Brookes, 1988), 免疫の system (Hultman et al, 1994), etc. 水銀柱，温度計 is a radiomimetic metal with the same 影響s as 放射（能）. A spectrum of pathological 影響s can be 推定する／予想するd and have been seen both in amalgam 患者s and in other （危険などに）さらすs to 水銀柱，温度計. With regard to 水銀柱，温度計 as a 原因（となる） of 明確な／細部 illnesses, it is 安全な to 結論する that 水銀柱，温度計 gives 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing. It is then up to the 医療の doctors to 診断する 正確に. On the other 手渡す, if you have been labeled with a diagnosis which 伴う／関わるs 確かな 調印するs and symtoms, you should 絶対 not be exposed to a 実体 which produces the same symptoms and is likely to 影響する／感情 the same biochemical 過程s.
How many 内科医s have heard the story of how 医療の science eradicated the 病気 called acrodynia? Very few probably since the 発見 and 停止 of a major 毒（薬）ing is hardly anything to be proud of. However, 医療の science せねばならない learn an important lesson from a 病気 which cost 非常に／多数の children's lives. Acrodynia has obvious relations to the amalgam 問題／発行する since there are 非常に／多数の, now-living persons, who developed acrodynia in childhood but 回復するd. At older age they received amalgam fillings, and their 毒（薬）ing symptoms quickly 再現するd, but now they did not realize their origin. It is やめる rewarding to 熟考する／考慮する the 出版（物）s on acrodynia, since there are careful descriptions from both before and after the 水銀柱，温度計 etiology was 認めるd. Even the psychosomatization was not 行方不明の. Spitz and Wolf (1946) 述べるd under the 肩書を与える "Anaclitic 不景気" a syndrome の中で children in a nursery (5-11 months of age). Several of the children died and 逮捕（する）d 開発 was 公式文書，認めるd in others. The authors considered the illness to be 類似の to melancholia in the adult and 原因（となる）d by "撤退 of the love 反対する". The psychic diagnosis is discussed (and 拒絶するd) in a review paper by Leys (1950), where these 事例／患者s were considered typical of acrodynia.
”How many 内科医s have heard the story of how 医療の science eradicated the 病気 called acrodynia?”
The first 外見, at least in a 十分な number of 事例／患者s to be 認めるd as something special, was in a 封鎖する at Rue d'Orsay in Paris in September 1828. In this house a number of children, and also adults, fell ill. An 感染性の スパイ／執行官 was 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd. The 疫病／流行性の was 述べるd in 医療の 定期刊行物s and subsequently 事例／患者s were 報告（する）／憶測d from other places, often 孤立するd 事例／患者s の中で children, but いつかs groups of children and also adults were 影響する／感情d. 疫病／流行性のs from 刑務所，拘置所s and 軍の （軍の）野営地，陣営s were 報告（する）／憶測d. The 病気 spread during the 1800s, and at the end of the century it had 拡大するd to large parts of the world. In England, Australia, the southern USA and other English-speaking countries おもに children below 2 years of age were 影響する／感情d. The 頂点（に達する） was at 9 months of age. On the continent the 頂点（に達する） was at 2 1/2 years and continued up to 9 years. In England 585 deaths because of acrodynia were 公式に 登録（する）d between 1939 and 1948. In the year 1952-53, acrodynia 事例／患者s 構成するd 3.6% of all visits to the children's hospital in a British city. In Australia the 病気 had 疫病／流行性の forms. The responsible ウイルス was discussed and its 方式 of 伝達／伝染 from person to person. 疫病／流行性のs could occur in 孤立するd, 田舎の areas. The 原因（となる） was unknown. The 病気 had other 指名するs besides acrodynia. Because of the swollen, painful 手渡すs and feet with peeling 肌 and a 赤みを帯びた color, it was called "pink 病気". 肌 problems in other parts of the 団体／死体 were also ありふれた. After 内科医s who 述べるd さまざまな features, it was also called Feer's 病気, Selter's 病気 and Swift's 病気. More symptom-述べるing was erythema arthriticum epidemicum, vegetative neurosis of childhood, vegetative encephalitis, erythroderma polyneuritis, throphodermatoneurosis, 最初の／主要な emotional disorder. A 内科医 wrote: "... it is difficult to imagine anything more pathetic than a baby 苦しむing from pink 病気 with 完全にする apathy and loss of 利益／興味 in his surroundings." (Southby, R. "Pink 病気 with 臨床の approach to possible etiology", Med J. Austr. 2, 1949, 801, 引用するd in Warkany, 1966.) The children had 苦痛s in 手渡すs and feet and those were often swollen, damp, 極度の慎重さを要する to touch and felt 冷淡な. Demyelination, i.e. degeneration of the insulative lipoid sheath surrounding the 神経, was 公式文書，認めるd in 生体検査s. There were 騒動s of 血 循環／発行部数 and 気温 規則; in 厳しい 事例／患者s fingers and toes could be lost by gangrene. 血 圧力 and levels of the "強調する／ストレス hormone" adrenalin were often high. The 犠牲者s 展示（する）d extreme muscle 証拠不十分; they usually couldn't stand nor walk. Loss of 負わせる, （軽い）地震 and shaking, cramps and uncontrolled movements, 復部の tenderness and gastrointestinal troubles belonged to the 臨床の picture. Also conjuctivitis and fever was 報告（する）／憶測d in earlier descriptions. Fever was 明らかに very ありふれた in Germany and Switzerland, where the most ありふれた misdiagnosis was scarlet fever. In a かなりの number of 事例／患者s there were salivation, swollen gingiva, loss of teeth and necrosis of the jaws. What 原因（となる）d the 病気? Guesses were 非常に／多数の. ビタミン 欠陥／不足, neurosis, endocrine 騒動, adrenal insufficiency, electrolyte 不均衡, アレルギー, hysteria, trikinosis, rye fungus (病麦角). The similarity to pellagra (ビタミン B3-欠陥／不足) was pointed out several times. There were 熟考する／考慮するs to 査定する／（税金などを）課す possible 接触するs with animals; unknown ウイルスs and a variety of microorganisms were 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd. The similarity to arsenic 毒（薬）ing was 公式文書，認めるd in 1889. 水銀柱，温度計 毒（薬）ing and the similarity in symptomatology to 影響s of 水銀柱，温度計 治療s with grey ointment was first 示唆するd in 1846 and again in 1922. That year a 内科医 wrote: "For a while I had the idea that it could be a metal 毒（薬）ing. Several of my 患者s had been 扱う／治療するd with large doses of calomel at the onset of the 病気. There were, however, 事例／患者s where no calomel 治療 could be 設立する and this 麻薬 could be 除去するd." (Zahorsky J. "Three 事例／患者s of arythredema [Acrodynia] in 幼児s", Med Clin N. Amer, July 1922, 97, 引用するd in Warkany, 1966.) Why did he think of 水銀柱，温度計? The 推論する／理由 was the oral changes: "A symptom which is almost unknown in every 病気 except 毒（薬）ing with 水銀柱，温度計 or phosphorus." In the USA the idea of 毒（薬）ing also appeared. Bilderback 述べるd a number of 事例／患者s in 1920 and 公式文書，認めるd that the 病気 "was more like a low-grade 毒（薬）ing or a 欠陥／不足 病気 than an 感染. The children were, however, 井戸／弁護士席-fed. Low-grade toxemia remained." In 1945 an American 内科医, Warkany, got the idea to send a urine 見本 to a 研究室／実験室 for metal 分析, because of the similarity in symptoms with arsenic and thallium poisonings. The urine 含む／封じ込めるd 360 micrograms Hg per リットル and no other metals. 付加 測定s 論証するd 水銀柱，温度計 in most urine 見本s, however not in all. Careful 熟考する／考慮するs showed 水銀柱，温度計 （危険などに）さらす in every 事例／患者, most often from teething 砕くs. Warkany wrote that "its seems rather 半端物 that one could not （悪事，秘密などを）発見する the injurious 水銀柱，温度計 at the 入り口 of the alimentary canal, 反して it could be 論証するd at the end of the urinary tract." The onset of 病気 could be 延期するd weeks to months after the 水銀柱，温度計 （危険などに）さらす. There were also 事例／患者s of typical, 激烈な／緊急の, poisonings, すぐに or after weeks followed by acrodynia (示唆するing the 関与 of 免疫の reactions). Often the （危険などに）さらす to 水銀柱，温度計 could be difficult to find. In a 一連の 40 患者s, 19 had been exposed to calomel in teething 砕くs, 6 to 水銀柱，温度計 in other types of tablets or 砕くs, and 7 to calomel in worm-薬／医学. Four 事例／患者s had been exposed to ammoniated 水銀柱，温度計 for 肌 治療 and 3 事例／患者s had been exposed to mercuric chloride after washing diapers in sublimate 解答. Another 事例／患者 had been exposed to mercuric iodide. Broken 晴雨計s, sublimate-impregnated 支持を得ようと努めるd, paint and recently broken fluorescent lamps had been other sources of （危険などに）さらす. The 水銀柱，温度計 etiology was 疑問d, since many children had high 水銀柱，温度計 levels in urine without showing the symptoms of acrodynia. An 見積（る） 示すd that about one child of 500 exposed developed acrodynia. There was never any 熟考する／考慮する if there were any other 調印するs of 病気 or if 水銀柱，温度計-exposed children got other 診断するs, when symptoms were different from those usually connected with pink 病気. The sale of calomel 砕くs was forbidden or 制限するd in several countries, first in Australia. The 疫病／流行性のs quickly disappeared. USA followed, but in England the 病気 continued since the 水銀柱，温度計 etiology was slow to be 受託するd. In USA the FDA had 試みる／企てるd to 除去する calomel-含む／封じ込めるing teething 砕くs as 早期に as 1931. In England a 法廷，裁判所 事例／患者 got the 準備s off the market in 1953. Still, 時折起こる 事例／患者s are 報告（する）／憶測d from さまざまな parts of the world, always in 協会 with 水銀柱，温度計 （危険などに）さらすs. Warkany pointed out that the 病気 disappeared without any acrodynia 創立／基礎, no parent support group, no 研究 money and in silence. "A subtle, 複雑にするd, and no 疑問 molecular 病気 was eradicated by such a prosaic 手段 as 除去するing calomel from oldfashioned teething 砕くs and worm 薬／医学s," Warkany wrote (1966), and he also said: "There were data on electrolyte changes explaining the symptoms of acrodynia and their alleviation by subtle 塩の 治療s. But these data did not take into account the one electrolyte that 事柄d, すなわち 水銀柱，温度計."
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Med. 20, 1978, 667-669. Bernaudin, J.F., Druet, E., Druet, P. & 集まり, R., "Inhalation or ingestion of 有機の or inorganic 水銀のs produces autoimmune 病気 in ネズミs." Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 20, 1981, 129-135. Boyd, M.A., and Richardson, A.S., "Frequency of amalgam 交替／補充 in general dental practice." J. Can. Dent. Ass. 10, 1985, 763-766. Brecht-Bergen, N., "Korrosionsuntersuchungen an Zinn-Silber-Amalgamen." Zeitschr. Elektrochemie 39, 1933, 927-935. Brookes, N., "Specificity and reversibility of the inhibition by HgCl2 of glutamate 輸送（する） in astrocyte cultures." J. Neurochem. 50, 1988, 1117-22 Burgener, P. & Burgener, A., "Erfahrungen über chronische Quecksilbervergiftungen." Schw. Med. Wochenschr. 8, 1952, 204-210. Cantoni, O., Christie, N.T., Swann, A., Drath, D.B. & Costa, M., "機械装置 of HgCl2 cytotoxicity in cultured mammalian 独房s." Mol. Pharmacol. 26, 1984, 360-368. Chang, L.W. & Hartmann H.A., "血-brain 障壁 dysfunction in 実験の 水銀柱，温度計 intoxication." Acta Neuropathol. 21, 1972, 179-184. 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Copyright © Mats Hanson, 2003. (Fact boxes interspersed in the main text were written or 収集するd by the Art 貯蔵所 editor, except for the one about immunological reactions to 水銀柱，温度計, which was written by Mats Hanson. （米）棚上げする／（英）提議するs are by Mats Hanson.)
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Alfred 在庫／株 (1876-1946), German 化学者／薬剤師, 任命するd professor of inorganic chemistry at the polytechnicum of Breslau in 1909. In 1916 he joined the Kaiser Wilhelm 学校／設ける in Berlin and became its director in 1921. 在庫／株 was renowned for his 実験s with boron, silicon, phosphorus — and 水銀柱，温度計. He coined the 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 ligand for a 分子 or イオン bound to a central 原子 in a コンビナート／複合体 構内／化合物. The system of 場内取引員／株価 oxidation number in synonymous 構内／化合物 指名するs with a Roman numeral, as in アイロンをかける(III)酸化物, was 初めは also his 概念.